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1
Zerkoune, Mohammed, Glenn Wright, David Kernz, and William McCloskey. "Organic Lemon Production." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226074.
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This experiment was initiated in March 2000 to study the feasibility of growing organic lemon in the desert southwest of Arizona. A ten-acre field planted to lemons in 1998 was selected on Superstition sand at the Yuma Mesa Agricultural Research Center. The initial soil test in top 6 inches was 5 parts per million (ppm) NO₃⁻ and 4.9-PPM NaHCO₃⁻-extractable P. Soil pH was 8.7 in the top 6 inches. Seven treatments were applied in randomized complete block design repeated three times. The treatments were control, compost and clover, compost and perfecta, compost and steam, manure and clover, manure and perfecta and manure and steam Leaf tissue analysis indicated that nitrate level was significantly influenced by treatment. Organic insect control treatments for citrus thrips were as equally effective as the non-organic commercial standards.
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Goosen, Dominique. "Factors influencing fruit shape in lemons (Citrus limon L.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52842.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lemons with an elongated fruit shape achieve premium prices in certain discerning markets. Factors influencing the fruit shape of lemons were investigated to fmd means to produce a crop with a higher percentage of elongated lemons. Intra-plant factors were investigated to understand the variation in fruit shape within a single tree and even within the same fruit cluster. Bearing position (leafy vs. leafless inflorescences) and position in the canopy (inside vs. outside) were taken into consideration, along with the number of seeds, number of segments and rind thickness in the center of the fruit as well as stem- and stylar-ends. Bearing position and position in the canopy had no effect on fruit shape, while the number of seeds was positively correlated with elongated lemons. Rootstocks were evaluated to determine the influence of rootstock type on fruit shape. Twelve rootstocks were evaluated in total, at Addo, Citrusdal and Nelspruit. At all three locations rootstock type had no or little influence on fruit shape. Different scions were also evaluated at both Addo and Citrusdal to determine whether a certain scion characteristically produces elongated fruit. A total of 20 different scions were evaluated, and as opposed to rootstocks, there were larger variations between scions. Of the commercially-produced scions, 'Fino' lemon had the least variation, producing elongated lemons more consistently than 'Lisbon' and 'Eureka' lemons. Of the other scions, 'Cicily' lemon produced fruit with the smallest L:D ratio, while 'Vema' lemon was the scion producing fruit with the largest L:D ratio. 'Vema' lemon is, however, not an attractive fruit, having a thick rough rind. In the case of grapefruit, unwanted "sheepnosed" fruit with thick rinds are common in areas with a low winter temperature at night. 'Eureka' lemon fruit from six different climatic areas were compared to evaluate the difference in fruit shape. Cooler areas, such as Vaalharts, had more elongated fruit than areas with a higher winter temperature, such as Nelspruit. Altering lemon fruit shape was also attempted by chemical manipulation, usmg gibberellin, cytokinin or auxin containing products. Promalin® (GA4+7, BA), Accet" (GA4+7, BA), Corasil E® (2,4-D), Provide® (GA4+7) and ProGibb® (GA)) were sprayed at different times and different concentrations. Promalin'" was partly successful in altering fruit shape, but these changes were not large enough from a commercial point of view. Promalin'" also resulted in a lower percentage fruit set. Accel'", Corasil E®, Provide® and ProGibb® were not successful in altering fruit shape favorably, with Corasil E® having a strong thinning effect.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fakore wat die verlenging van suurlemoene beïnvloed Suurlemoene met 'n verlengde vrugvorm behaal hoë pryse in sekere markete. Faktore wat die vrugvorm van suurlemoene beïnvloed is bestudeer om praktyke te vind wat die produksie van verlengde suurlemoene kan verhoog. Intra-plant faktore is bestudeer om die variasie in vrugvorm binne 'n enkele boom en ook in dieselfde vrugtros te verstaan. Dra-posisie ("wit" en "groen" blomme) asook posisie in die boom (binnevrugte vs. buitevrugte ) is in aanmerking geneem. Die invloed van die hoeveelheid sade en segmente per vrug, asook skil dikte in die middle van die vrug en aan stingel- en kelkkant is ook bestudeer. Dra-posisie en posisie van vrug in die boom, het geen invloed op vrugvorm gehad nie, terwyl die hoeveelheid sade per vrug die beste met vrugvorm gekorreleer was. Die invloed van onderstam tipe op vrugvorm is ook geëvalueer. Vrugvorm van twaalf onderdstamme in totaal is te Addo, Citrusdal en Nelspruit ondersoek. By al drie areas is klein verskille in vrugvorm van verskillende onderstamme opgemerk. Saam met die onderstamme is 20 seleksies te Addo en Citrusdalondersoek, om te bepaal of 'n sekere seleksie 'n karakteristieke verlengde vrugvorm openbaar. In teenstelling met onderstamme, is groter variasie tussen seleksies gevind. Vandie kommersiële kultivars, het 'Fino' suurlemoen die minste variasie openbaar en deurgans verlende vrugte gelewer, terwyl 'Lisbon' en 'Eureka' suurlemoene groter variasie gehad het. Vandie ander seleksies, het 'Cicily' suurlemoen geneig om vrugte met die kleinsteL:D verhouding te lewer, terwyl'Vema' suurlemoen deurgans vrugte met 'n groter L:D verhouding gelewer het. 'Vema' suurlemoen is egter nie 'n aantreklike vrug nie, aangesien dit 'n dik skil het. In die geval van pommelos word ongewenste vrugte met 'n "skaapneus" vorm algemeen aangetref in areas met 'n lae mininmum winter temperatuur. Vrugvorm van 'Eureka' suurlemoene van ses verskillende klimaats areas is vergelyk. Koeler areas, soos Vaalharts, het meer verlengde vrugte gehad, terwyl Nelspruit met 'n hoër winter temperatuur, ronder vrugte produseer het. Daar is ook gepoog om suurlemoen vrugvorm te manipuleer d.m.v. chemiese bespuitings. Ouksiene, gibbereliene en sitokiniene asook kombinasies daarvan, is gebruik. Promalin® (GA4+7, BA), Accel® (GA4+7,BA), Corasil E® (2,4-D), Provide® (GA4+7) en ProGibb® (GA3) is by verskillende tye en verskillende konsentrasies gespuit. Promalin® was gedeeltelik suksesvol in verlenging van vrugte, maar die veranderinge was te klein uit 'n kommersiële oogpunt. Promalin® het ook tot uitdunning van vrugte gelei. Accel", Corasil E®, Provide® en ProGibb® was nie suksesvol in verandering van suurlemoen vrugvorm nie. Corasil E®het tot strawwe vruguitdunning gelei.
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Sanchez, Charles A., and Glenn Wright. "Response of Lemon to Micronutrient Fertilization." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197971.
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A study was initiated in the spring of 2003 to evaluate the response of lemons to soil and foliar applied micronutrients for two growing season (2003-2005). Soil applied Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu was applied in sulfate form and B as Solubor in shallow holes around the skirt of each tree. Foliar applied micronutrients were all applied as “Metalosate” products. Lemon leaf tissue analyses show marginal levels of Zn, Mn, and Cu throughout the study. In 2003-2004, soil fertilization sometimes increased leaf nutrient composition but there was no effect to foliar fertilization. In 2004-2005, ,leaf B and Zn increased to soil fertilization and leaf Mn and Cu increased to foliar fertilization Overall, there were no significant differences in yield or quality to micronutrient fertilization in either growing season.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Residual activity of insecticides to citrus thrips on lemon foliage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222511.
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The residual activity of insecticides to second instar citrus thrips was measured on lemon foliage in 1998. In April, Dimethoate and Agri-Mek provided only knockdown control of thrips, dropping to <70% mortality by 3 days after treatment (DAT). Baythroid performed slightly better, providing 95% mortality 3 DAT, but by 7 DAT was giving about 74% mortality. Alert, Carzol, Success and AZEXP-2 provided the longest residual activity, lasting 7 days, but began to slip at 14 DAT. AZEXP-1 induced only 74% 0 DAT. Although, residual activity in general was greater in June than April, however this increase in residual activity did not necessarily increase the length of commercially acceptable residual. Agri-Mek and Dimethoate still only provided knockdown activity, and Baythroid was still giving 3 days of good activity. AZEXP-1 performed much better following the June application relative to the April application, providing 3 days of adequate activity. Although we are not certain the reason for this result, it maybe due to the adsorption properties of this chemical relative to leaf physiology. Alert performed similarly in June and April, and Carzol, Success and AZEXP-2 each lasted about 1 week longer.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Biology and Control of Lemon Tree Wood Rot Diseases." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223658.
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Brown heartwood rot is commonly found in mature lemon groves in southwestern Arizona. Two basidiomycete fungi, Antrodia sinuosa and Coniophora eremophila, have been isolated from symptomatic trees. A major difference between the two pathogens is that Antrodia forms spore-producing fruiting bodies on infected wood within lemon groves, whereas fruiting on lemon wood infected by Coniophora has not been observed. A third fungus, a species of Nodulisporium, recently was recovered from small dead lemon tree branches with an internal white wood rot. Experiments were conducted to compare the severity of wood rot caused by each of these pathogens. The highest rates of wood decay for each pathogen occurred from May through October, when the mean length of wood decay columns for Antrodia, Coniophora and Nodulisporium was 183, 94 and 146 mm, respectively, and the mean air temperature was 29°C. In comparison, the mean length of wood decay columns from November through April for the same pathogens was 35, 18 and 38 mm, respectively, with a mean air temperature of 17°C. When inoculated with Antrodia, Coniophora or Nodulisporium, the length of wood decay columns on 40- mm-diameter branches was 26, 38 and 24% larger, respectively, compared to wood decay on 10-mm-diameter branches. The length of wood decay columns on inoculated Lisbon lemon was always numerically greater than that on tested orange, grapefruit and tangelo trees. Compared to lemon, wood decay columns ranged from 45 (on grapefruit) to 62 %( on orange) shorter when inoculated with Antrodia, 52 (on orange) to 59% (on tangelo) for Coniophora and 20 (on tangelo) to 51% (on grapefruit) for Nodulisporium. Compared to non-treated branches, suppression of wood decay in the presence of a test fungicide ranged from 28 to 79% for Antrodia, 77 to 91% for Coniophora and 71 to 92% for Nodulisporium. For each pathogen, the lowest numerical degree of wood rot suppression occurred in the presence of trifloxystrobin (Flint), whereas the highest level of suppression was observed with propiconazole (Break). On greasewood, mesquite, Palo Verde and salt cedar, the length of wood decay columns ranged from 20 to 60 mm when inoculated with Antrodia, 1 to 63 mm for Coniophora and 24 to 90 mm for Nodulisporium. For all three wood-rotting fungi, resultant wood decay columns were always much greater on lemon compared to tested desert-dwelling plants. Current disease management strategies include minimizing branch fractures and other non-pruning wounds as well as periodic inspection of trees and removal of infected branches, including physical removal of all wood infected with Antrodia from the grove site.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Residual Activity of Insecticides to Citrus Thrips on Lemon Foliage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223838.
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The residual activity of insecticides to second instar citrus thrips was measured on lemon foliage in 1998 and 1999. Dimethoate, Agri-Mek and acetamiprid provided only knockdown control of thrips, dropping to <70% mortality by 3 days after treatment (DAT). Baythroid performed slightly better, providing about 95% mortality 3 DAT during three of the evaluation periods, but by 7 DAT was giving about 75% mortality. Alert, Carzol, and Success provided the longest residual activity, lasting 7 to 14 DAT. Residual activity in general appeared to be greater in the May and June evaluation, relative to the April evaluation. The apparent shorter residual activity under cooler condition in April 1998 is not understood but maybe due to a difference in the physiological nature of the leaves earlier in the season.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Studies of the Biology and Control of Brown Heartwood Rot on Lemon Trees in 2000." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226093.
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Brown heartwood rot is commonly found in mature lemon groves in southwestern Arizona. Two basidiomycete fungi, Antrodia sinuosa and Coniophora eremophila, have been isolated from symptomatic trees. Similarities between the two pathogens include the following: each fungus grows optimally at 30 to 35°C, neither organism produces a fleshy fruiting body, they colonize lemon trees primarily through branch fractures and other non-pruning wounds, and both cause a brown wood rot in infected trees. A major difference between the two pathogens is that Antrodia forms spore-producing fruiting bodies on infected wood within lemon groves, whereas fruiting on lemon wood infected by Coniophora has not been observed. The rate of wood decay in lemon branches inoculated with Antrodia is at least three times greater than that caused by Coniophora. Wood decay columns produced by either fungus from late spring to early autumn were at least three times larger than those that developed from late autumn to early spring. When inoculated with either pathogen, the length of wood decay columns on branches 10 mm in diameter was numerically smaller than those on branches 20 and 40 mm in diameter. Wood decay on Lisbon lemon branches inoculated with either Antrodia or Coniophora was significantly greater than that on Marsh grapefruit, Orlando tangelo, and Valencia orange. Treatment of lemon branch inoculation sites with azoxystrobin or propiconazole at 20 g of active ingredient per liter of solution reduced the resultant length of wood decay columns by 61 and 77%, respectively, for Antrodia, and 92 and 85%, respectively, for Coniophora. When selected desert plants were inoculated, Antrodia produced wood decay columns on Palo Verde, salt cedar, greasewood, and mesquite branches that were much shorter than those recorded on Lisbon lemon branches. On the other hand, Coniophora produced longer wood decay columns on salt cedar and mesquite than on Lisbon lemon, whereas wood rot on lemon was greater than that on Palo Verde and greasewood. Current disease management strategies include minimizing branch fractures and other non-pruning wounds, and periodic inspection of trees and removal of infected branches, including physical removal of all wood infected with Antrodia from the grove site.
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Al-Kateb, Huda M. "Aroma characteristics of some lemon-flavoured herbs." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421604.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco A. Peña. "Lemon Rootstock Trials in Arizona – 2002-03." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198117.
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In a rootstock evaluation trial planted in 1993, five rootstocks, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, Citrus macrophylla, ‘Rough Lemon’, Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. 1994-2002 yield and packout results indicate that trees on C. macrophylla, C. volkameriana and ‘Rough Lemon’ are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield. C. macrophylla is outperforming C. volkameriana. For the second year in a row, ‘Rough Lemon’ trees performed similarly to C. macrophylla and better than C. volkameriana. ‘Swingle’ and Carrizo’ are performing poorly. In two other rootstock evaluation trials, both planted in 1995, C. macrophylla and/or C. volkameriana are outperforming other trifoliate and trifoliate-hybrid rootstocks under test.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco A. Peña. "Lemon Rootstock Trials in Arizona – 2005-06." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198101.
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In a rootstock evaluation trial planted in 1993, five rootstocks, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, Citrus macrophylla, ‘Rough Lemon’, Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. 1994-2005 yield and packout results indicate that trees on C. macrophylla, C. volkameriana and ‘Rough Lemon’ are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield. C. macrophylla is no longer outperforming C. volkameriana. ‘Swingle’ and Carrizo’ are performing poorly.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco A. Peña. "Lemon Rootstock Trials in Arizona - 2006-07." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223663.
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In a rootstock evaluation trial planted in 1993, five rootstocks, 'Carrizo' citrange, Citrus macrophylla, 'Rough Lemon', Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. 1994-2006 yield and packout results indicate that trees on C. macrophylla, C. volkameriana and ‘Rough Lemon’ are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield. C. macrophylla does not consistently outperform C. volkameriana. 'Swingle' and Carrizo’ are performing poorly.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco Peña. "Lemon Rootstock Trials in Arizona - 2001-02." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223675.
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In a rootstock evaluation trial planted in 1993, five rootstocks, 'Carrizo' citrange, Citrus macrophylla, 'Rough Lemon', Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. 1994-2002 yield and packout results indicate that trees on C. macrophylla, C. volkameriana and 'Rough Lemon' are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield. C. macrophylla is outperforming C. volkameriana. For the second year in a row, 'Rough Lemon' trees performed similarly to C. macrophylla and better than C. volkameriana. 'Swingle' and 'Carrizo' are performing poorly. In two other rootstock evaluation trials, both planted in 1995, C. macrophylla and/or C. volkameriana are outperforming other trifoliate and trifoliate-hybrid rootstocks under test.
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McCarthy, Meghan E. "THE LEMON TREE: MY TREE OF LIFE." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/49.
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The Lemon Tree is a collection of poems that arose from my attempt to capture memories of influential experiences in growing up. The poems are written in prose blocks and move in and out of childlike and adult sensibilities, creating the disillusion of time and memory. The poems themselves are comments on the unreliability and limited scope of memory and compare remembrance to dreams. This suggests that time moves more fluidly than the waking world accepts. Through looking back, through prisms, the speaker remembers experiences that impacted her development as we follow her on a journey to coming-of-age. The Lemon Tree grapples with becoming and expressing her female fertility and growth as a woman. The speaker constantly searches for love in places of religion, marriage, romantic relationships and friendships. At times, the poems decide what love is by what it isn’t. The act of creating itself was the aim of the manuscript more than the finished project. Some remembrances are intentionally left unclear and messy like wild weeds. The poems are confessional and bear resemblances to a memoir in a lyrical fashion. The Lemon Tree focuses on the processes of life: both the barren and the abundance of fruit, light and dark, winter and summer. The speaker tries to resolve the binaries of trauma and of love and in the process, finds her identity as seen through the symbol of The Lemon Tree, which ultimately becomes her personal tree of life.
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Perches, Cintia Sesso [UNESP]. "Uso de colírios à base de Citrus lemon no reparo de úlcera de córnea induzida em coelhos: avaliação clínica, histomorfométrica e imuno-histoquímca." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99364.
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000692053.pdf: 7043915 bytes, checksum: fa994284baa896bbc842afa959d5378b (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar por meio de exames oftalmológicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímica para PCNA, o processo de reparação corneal de úlceras superficiais induzidas em coelhos, frente à utilização de colírios de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, produto até então não utilizado em oftalmologia. Foram utilizadas 50 fêmeas da espécie leporina, todas submetidas à indução da úlcera superficial, constituindo-se 5 grupos experimentais de 10 animais cada. Em três grupos foram instilados colírios à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, em diferentes concentrações, sendo 1,5% (GL1,5), 3% (GL3) e 5% (GL5). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu substituto da lágrima, e o grupo Tween 80 8% (GT) foi tratado com o diluente utilizado na produção dos colírios de citrus. Todos os protocolos foram realizados quatro vezes ao dia. Os grupos foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em dois subgrupos, de acordo com o período final de avaliação, sendo M1, coelhos avaliados após 24 horas, e M5, após 5 dias. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos utilizados quanto aos sinais clínicos secreção ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, quemose e opacidade corneal. O grupo tratado com colírio de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon na concentração 1,5%, no período final de avaliação, apresentou maior sensibilidade ocular em relação ao GC, além de aumento da celularidade corneal, representada principalmente por células inflamatórias. Nas comparações entre os momentos iniciais e finais, os grupos tratados com substituto da lágrima, Tween 80 8% e colírio à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon 5% promoveram aumento na espessura epitelial na periferia da córnea e maior percentual de proliferação celular, na avaliação final. Quanto à úlcera de córnea, houve redução significativa da extensão total para leve...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare through ophthalmic exams, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PCNA, the repair process in superficial corneal ulcers induced in rabbits using eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, a product not used in ophthalmology yet. Fifty female rabbits were submitted to induction of the corneal ulcer and then divided into 5 experimental groups of 10 animals each. Were instilled into three groups eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, in different concentrations, being 1.5% (GL1, 5), 3% (GL3) and 5% (GL5). The control group (CG) received a tear substitute, and the Tween 80 8% group (GT) was treated with the diluent used in the production of eyedrops of citrus. All protocols were performed four times a day. The groups were divided randomly into two subgroups, according to the final period of evaluation, in the M1 rabbits were evaluated after 24 hours, and in the M5 after 5 days. There was no difference between treatments for clinical signs: ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis and corneal opacity. In the final period of evaluation, the group treated with eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil in the concentration 1.5% showed a higher ocular sensitivity compared to the GC, and increased of corneal cellularity, represented mainly by inflammatory cells. In the comparison between the initial and final moments, the groups treated with tear substitute, Tween 80 8% and eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil 5% led to an increase in epithelial thickness at the periphery of the cornea and a higher percentage of cell proliferation, in the final evaluation. In the clinical evaluation of corneal ulcer, there was significant reduction in total length for mild or absent at the time of final evaluation in all groups; the exception was GL 3%, that showed a lower... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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McCloskey, William B., and Glenn C. Wright. "Applying roundup to the base of lemon tree canopies: effects on leaves, flowers, fruitlets, and yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222513.
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The effect of Roundup on lemon trees (Citrus limon) was evaluated by repeatedly spraying 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 lb. a.i./acre (corresponding to 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 quarts of Roundup Ultra/acre) on the bottom 20 to 24 inches of the tree canopies, over a three year period. The Roundup applications caused significant leaf injury in the sprayed area of the canopies and there was also significant defoliation of branches at the higher Roundup rates in all three years of the study. In 1996 after three Roundup applications, increasing rates of Roundup had no effect on flower or fruitlet production in either the sprayed or unsprayed portions of the tree canopies as judged by the counts collected from branches in each canopy zone. Similarly, in 1997 after five Roundup applications, and in 1998 after nine Roundup applications, increasing rates of Roundup had no effect on flower or fruitlet production in the sprayed or unsprayed portions of the tree canopies. Spraying Roundup on the bottom of the tree canopies did not reduce total lemon yield per tree in 1996, 1997 or 1998 at any of the application rates. In all three years of the study, increasing Roundup rates had no effect on the yield of the first or second ring picks or the percentage of the total crop picked on the first harvest date. Increasing Roundup rates also did not affect fruit size at any harvest date in 1996, 1997 or 1998. Similarly, increasing Roundup application rates did not affect fruit quality at any harvest in 1996, 1997 or 1998. Thus, there was no relationship between the rate of Roundup sprayed on the trees and yield, fruit size or quality in all three years of this study. The three years of data collected in this study indicate that accidental drift or inadvertent application of Roundup onto lemon trees when spraying weeds on the orchard floor has no significant effect on lemon tree productivity.
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Poole, Mervin C. "The role of pectinesterase in fruit ripening." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342021.
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Van, der Merwe Hester E. (Hester Elizabeth). "Factors affecting rind oil content of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50352.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Essential oils are derived from volatile natural oils in plants and have been used by mankind for millennia. Citrus essential oils are widely used in various applications and lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] rind oil is the most important citrus oil in commerce. Rind oil glands are located in the exocarp, or flavedo, of the fruit and are formed schizogenously. The purpose of this study was to quantify the factors affecting rind oil content of lemons. The factors studied were light exposure and canopy position, growing region in South Africa, genotype, i.e. scion and rootstock, as well as the relationship between seedless clones of cultivars and the cultivars from which the seedless clones were derived, and various plant growth regulators were screened to determine whether they influenced rind oil content. Following the sampling of fruit from different positions in the tree's canopy, light exposure was found to affect rind oil content of 'Eureka' lemon fruit. Fruit borne on the outside of trees, higher in the tree, north-facing or not within the hedgerow had the highest rind oil content. Photosynthetically active radiation data supports the hypothesis that rind oil content is correlated with light exposure. To optimise rind oil content of lemons, trees should not be too dense or too high as to overshadow the lower parts of adjacent trees. South Africa has a diverse climate, and rind oil content from fruit produced in different growing regions was compared. 'Eureka' lemon fruit from Upington had the highest rind oil content in all seasons sampled. Fruit from Malelane and Marble Hall ranked second to Upington and rind oil content for fruit from Karino was intermediate. Rind oil content for fruit from Vaalharts was the lowest at each sampling time. When rind oil content was regressed against cumulative heat units there was a positive linear relationship in 2003, but in 2004 the relationship was weak. However, III general, rind oil content increased with increasing heat unit accumulation. A large variation exists among citrus cultivars and rootstocks and their effect on fruit growth and quality. 'Lirnoneira 8A', followed by 'Cicily', 'Lisbon' and 'Genoa' had the highest rind oil content. 'Villafranca', 'Messina' and 'Yen Ben Lisbon' had the lowest rind oil content. Rind oil content from 'Eureka' lemon fruit was disappointingly low. Seedless cultivars, 'Eureka SL' and 'Lisbon SL', had ~18.0% higher rind oil content than the seeded cultivars from which they were derived. With regards to rootstock, fruit from lemon trees budded on non-invigorating rootstocks, e.g. X639 [e. reshni Hort. ex Tan. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], had the highest rind oil content, whereas rind oil content was low on invigorating rootstocks such as rough lemon (e. jambhiri Lush.). Synthetic gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and auxins were applied on lemon trees at different times and concentrations to screen their ability to enhance rind oil content. Of all the gibberellins and cytokinins applied, Promalin®, a combination of gibberellic acid 4/7 and benzyl adenine-phosphate, a cytokinin, had a small, but nonsignificant effect on rind oil content. Ethephon, which induces ethylene synthesis, affected rind oil content in 2004, when applied 8 weeks before harvest. However, ethephon and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) had an inconsistent effect on lemon rind oil content. Auxins did not affect rind oil content. Further experiments should be conducted, especially on the timing and concentration of applied gibberellins, e.g. Promalin®, and ethephon.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Essensiële olies is vlugtige, natuurlike plantolies wat al vir eeue deur die mens gebruik word. Sitrus essensiële olies het verskeie toepassings en van hierdie sitrus olies is dié verkry uit suurlemoenskil [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] die belangrikste. Skiloliekliere is in die eksokarp, of flavedo, van die vrug geleë en vorm skisogenies. Die doelwit van hierdie navorsing was om faktore wat die olie-inhoud van suurlemoenskil affekteer te kwantifiseer. Faktore wat bestudeer is sluit ligblootstelling en posisie in die boom, produksiearea in Suid-Afrika, en genotipe (bo- en onderstam) in. Ook is saadlose klone vergelyk met die kultivars waaruit dit ontwikkel is. Verskeie plantgroeireguleerders se effek op skilolie-inhoud is ook geëvalueer. Ligblootstelling het skilolie-inhoud van 'Eureka' suurlemoene affekteer toe monsters van verskillende posisies in die boomtop vergelyk is. Vrugte aan die noorde- en buitekant, of hoër in die boom het die hoogste skilolie-inhoud gehad. Vrugte binne die plantry het minder skilolie bevat. Fotosinteties-aktiewe ligvlakmetings ondersteun die hipotese dat skilolieinhoud korreleer met ligblootstelling. Vir opitmale skilolie-inhoud in suurlemoene is dit dus belangrik dat bome nie te dig of te hoog moet wees nie, sodat dit nie die onderste dele van aangrensende bome oorskadu nie. Sitrus word in diverse klimaatstreke in Suid-Afrika verbou. Gevolglik is die skilolie-inhoud van vrugte uit verskillende produksieareas vergelyk. 'Eureka' suurlemoenvrugte uit Upington het met elke monsterneming die hoogste skilolie-inhoud gehad, gevolg deur vrugte uit Malelane en Marble Hall. Skilolie-inhoud van vrugte uit Karino was gemiddeld, terwyl vrugte van Vaalhaarts met elke monsterneming die laagste skilolie-inhoud gehad het. Regressie van skilolie-inhoud op kumulatiewe hitte-eenhede het 'n positiewe lineêre verwantskap in 2003 getoon. Hoewel die verwantskap swakker was in 2004, neem skilolieinhoud oor die algemeen toe met toenemende akkumulasie van hitte-eenhede. Sitruskultivars en -onderstamme varieer aansienlik in groeikrag en vrugkwaliteit. 'Lirnoneira 8A', gevolg deur 'Cicily', 'Lisbon' en 'Genoa' het die hoogste skilolie-inhoud gehad, terwyl 'Villafranca', 'Messina' en 'Yen Ben Lisbon' die laagste skilolie-inhoud gehad het. Die skilolie-inhoud van 'Eureka' suurlemoene was teleurstellend laag. Die skilolie-inhoud van die saadlose kultivars, 'Eureka SL' en 'Lisbon SL', was -18% hoër as die skilolie-inhoud van die kultivars waaruit dit ontwikkel is. Vrugte van bome wat op minder groeikragtige onderstamme geënt is, bv. X639 [C reshni Hort. ex Tan. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], het 'n hoë skilolie-inhoud gehad, terwyl vrugte van bome op groeikragtige onderstamme, bv. growweskilsuurlemoen (C jambhiri Lush.), minder skilolie bevat het. Sintetiese gibberelliene, sitokiniene, etileen en ouksiene is op verskillende tye en teen verskillende dosisse op suurlemoenbome toegedien om die effek daarvan op skilolie-inhoud te bepaal. Promalin® (G~+7 en bensieladenienfosfaat) het 'n klein effek op skilolie-inhoud gehad, maar die effek was nie statisties beduidend nie. Ethephon, wat etileensintese induseer, het skilolie-inhoud in 2004 geaffekteer toe dit 8 weke voor oes toegedien is. Ethephon en aminoetoksievinielglisien (AVG, 'n etileenbiosintese inhibeerder) het egter nie 'n konstante effek op suurlemoen skilolie-inhoud gehad nie. Ouksiene het nie skilolie-inhoud geaffekteer me. Verdere eksperimente is veral nodig op die toedieningstyd en konsentrasie van toegediende gibberelliene, bv. Promalin®, en ethephon.
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Cabañas, Mendoza Ingrid Pamela, Ávila Jade Nadia Huarcaya, Chahua Veronica Katherine Montalvo, and Romero Rubi Yesenia Sangama. "Bebidas saludables a base de Panela “Lemon Panelé”." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625419.
Full textAbstract:
Este proyecto se realizó con el propósito de comercializar bebidas saludables con la marca Lemon Panelé, la cual es elaborada a base de Panela, esta es extraída del jugo de la caña de azúcar que es sometida a fuego en el trapiche. En este proceso se obtiene el jugo clarificado y mediante la vaporización el resultado será la formación de la panela, este procedimiento permite asegurar un producto natural, además, de ser muy apreciado, debido a que no contiene ningún proceso de purificación químico por ello, tiene un alto valor nutricional en el mercado nacional e internacional.
En el caso de las bebidas naturales, existe una tendencia mundial que también afecta al Perú en el crecimiento del consumo de productos saludables, nutritivos y del cuidado personal, lo que lleva incluso a empresas ya establecidas a voltear su mira hacia los productos naturales e ingresar a este mercado. (Consumer Products Industry Outlook 2018).
Siendo este un factor importante que determina el consumo de la bebida, es que ingresamos con nuestra propuesta de bebidas a base de Panela que aporta beneficios como minerales y vitaminas tales como hierro, magnesio, manganeso, potasio, calcio, entre otros. Lemon Panelé es un producto que calza en la necesidad y preferencia del consumidor porque se puede beber a cualquier hora del día.
Lemon Panelé está segmentado para los consumidores de nivel socioeconómico A, B y C, enfocado acorde a nuestra investigación en los afortunados, los progresistas y las modernas.
El objetivo del proyecto es dar a conocer e impulsar el consumo de un producto natural, el cual se espera una alta aceptación al momento de introducirlo al mercado nacional.This project had made with the purpose of marketing healthy drinks with Lemon Panelé brand, which elaborated with panela. This had extracted from the juice of the sugar cane that subjected to fire in the sugar mill. In this process, the panela juice is clarified and obtained by through vaporization the final result of sugar cane. This procedure allows to obtain a natural product, also, is appreciated because it does not contain any chemical product in the purification process therefore it has a high nutritional value in the national and international market. In the case of natural beverages, there is a global trend that also affects Peru in the growth of healthy consumption, nutritious and personal care products, which leads even established companies to turn their sights towards natural products and enter to this market. (Consumer Products Industry Outlook 2018). The most important factor that determines the consumption of the drink is that we enter with our proposal of drinks based on panela that provides benefits such as minerals and vitamins as iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, calcium, among others. Lemon Panelé is a product that fits the needs and preferences of the consumers and it can consumed at any time of day. Lemon Panelé segmented for consumers of socioeconomic level A, B and C, focused according to our research on the Fortunate, Progressive and Modern. The main objective of the project is to publicize and promote the consumption of a natural product, and a high acceptance will expected when introducing it to the market
Tesis
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco A. Peña. "Established ‘Lisbon’ Lemon Trials in Arizona – 2002-03." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198116.
Full textAbstract:
Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections, 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected for evaluation on Citrus volkameriana rootstock. 1994-2002 results indicate that the 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' and ‘Corona Foothills Lisbon’ are superior in yield and fruit size. Results for 2002-03 indicate that these cultivars as well as ‘Frost Nucellar’ have superior yield.
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Wright, Glenn C. "‘Lisbon’ Lemon Selection Trials in Arizona – 2004-05." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198089.
Full textAbstract:
Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections, 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected for evaluation on Citrus volkameriana rootstock. 2004-05 results indicate that the 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' and ‘Corona Foothills Lisbon’
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Wright, Glenn C. "‘Lisbon’ Lemon Selection Trials in Arizona – 2005-06." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198120.
Full textAbstract:
Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections, 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected for evaluation on Citrus volkameriana rootstock. 2005-06 results indicate that the 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' and ‘Corona Foothills Lisbon’ are superior to the other two selections tested.
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Fallahi, E., and D. R. Rodney. "Performance of Various Lemon Types in Southwest Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215705.
Full textAbstract:
Long term comparisons of 8 types of lemons (Citrus limon Bunn. F.) on Macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla) rootstock regarding yield, tree growth, and quality under the arid conditions of the Southwest were studied. 'Foothill Lisbon' showed significantly higher cumulative yield and total acid than 'Monroe Lisbon', 'Prior Lisbon', Eureka strains, and Villa Franca, and had larger fruit than other Lisbon strains. 'Prior Lisbon' produced larger tree canopy than all other strains. Overall, Eureka strains and 'Villa Franca' had lower relative cumulative yield, yield efficiency, canopy volume, soluble solids, total acid and fruit seed content , but higher soluble solids to acid ratio than Lisbon strains. All factors considered 'Foothill Lisbon' and 'Prior Lisbon' have good potential for planting in the arid climate and sandy soil of Southwest, when Macrophylla rootstock is to be used.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco Peña. "Established 'Lisbon' Lemon Trials in Arizona - 2001-02." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223659.
Full textAbstract:
Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections, 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected for evaluation on Citrus volkameriana rootstock. 1994-2002 results indicate that the 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' and 'Corona Foothills Lisbon' are superior in yield and fruit earliness.
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Wright, Glenn C. "'Lisbon' Lemon Selection Trials in Arizona - 2006-07." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223664.
Full textAbstract:
Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections, 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected for evaluation on Citrus volkameriana rootstock. Yield was extremely low for 2006-07, but these results do not change the fact that that 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' and 'Corona Foothills Lisbon' are superior to the other two selections tested.
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Perches, Cintia Sesso. "Uso de colírios à base de Citrus lemon no reparo de úlcera de córnea induzida em coelhos : avaliação clínica, histomorfométrica e imuno-histoquímca /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99364.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Cláudia Valéria Seullner BrandãoBanca: José Joaquim Titton Ranzani
Banca: Alexandre Lima de Andrade
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar por meio de exames oftalmológicos, histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímica para PCNA, o processo de reparação corneal de úlceras superficiais induzidas em coelhos, frente à utilização de colírios de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, produto até então não utilizado em oftalmologia. Foram utilizadas 50 fêmeas da espécie leporina, todas submetidas à indução da úlcera superficial, constituindo-se 5 grupos experimentais de 10 animais cada. Em três grupos foram instilados colírios à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon, em diferentes concentrações, sendo 1,5% (GL1,5), 3% (GL3) e 5% (GL5). O grupo controle (GC) recebeu substituto da lágrima, e o grupo Tween 80 8% (GT) foi tratado com o diluente utilizado na produção dos colírios de citrus. Todos os protocolos foram realizados quatro vezes ao dia. Os grupos foram divididos, aleatoriamente, em dois subgrupos, de acordo com o período final de avaliação, sendo M1, coelhos avaliados após 24 horas, e M5, após 5 dias. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos utilizados quanto aos sinais clínicos secreção ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, quemose e opacidade corneal. O grupo tratado com colírio de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon na concentração 1,5%, no período final de avaliação, apresentou maior sensibilidade ocular em relação ao GC, além de aumento da celularidade corneal, representada principalmente por células inflamatórias. Nas comparações entre os momentos iniciais e finais, os grupos tratados com substituto da lágrima, Tween 80 8% e colírio à base de óleo essencial de Citrus lemon 5% promoveram aumento na espessura epitelial na periferia da córnea e maior percentual de proliferação celular, na avaliação final. Quanto à úlcera de córnea, houve redução significativa da extensão total para leve... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare through ophthalmic exams, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PCNA, the repair process in superficial corneal ulcers induced in rabbits using eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, a product not used in ophthalmology yet. Fifty female rabbits were submitted to induction of the corneal ulcer and then divided into 5 experimental groups of 10 animals each. Were instilled into three groups eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil, in different concentrations, being 1.5% (GL1, 5), 3% (GL3) and 5% (GL5). The control group (CG) received a tear substitute, and the Tween 80 8% group (GT) was treated with the diluent used in the production of eyedrops of citrus. All protocols were performed four times a day. The groups were divided randomly into two subgroups, according to the final period of evaluation, in the M1 rabbits were evaluated after 24 hours, and in the M5 after 5 days. There was no difference between treatments for clinical signs: ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis and corneal opacity. In the final period of evaluation, the group treated with eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil in the concentration 1.5% showed a higher ocular sensitivity compared to the GC, and increased of corneal cellularity, represented mainly by inflammatory cells. In the comparison between the initial and final moments, the groups treated with tear substitute, Tween 80 8% and eyedrops of Citrus lemon essential oil 5% led to an increase in epithelial thickness at the periphery of the cornea and a higher percentage of cell proliferation, in the final evaluation. In the clinical evaluation of corneal ulcer, there was significant reduction in total length for mild or absent at the time of final evaluation in all groups; the exception was GL 3%, that showed a lower... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Wright, Glenn C. "Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilization Practices for Surface-Irrigated Lemon Trees - 2012." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/345169.
Full textAbstract:
6 pp.Lisbon lemons were treated with N levels ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 lbs. N per tree annually. Fourth–season yield results from the trial show significant effects of the treatments upon overall yield and leaf N concentrations, but no effect upon fruit packout. Treatments did lead to a significant effect upon leaf nutrient concentration. Total cumulative yields from 2008 to 2012 (not including the freeze-affected 2011-12 season) were significantly affected by the treatments. Trees treated annually with 2.0 lbs N had the greatest yield, which represented a 12% increase over the yield of trees treated with just 0.5 lbs. N annually.
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Pittaway, Timothy Michael. "An investigation of the effect of time of pruning on the growth and fruiting of lemons [Citrus limon(L.) Burmann f.] cv. Eureka." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/106.
Full textAbstract:
Pruning has been used to reduce tree size, allow light penetration into trees, improve yield, improve fruit size and fruit quality, overcome alternate bearing, assist fruit harvest, and assist pest and disease control. The use of pruning has increased due to improving agricultural management techniques such as high planting densities, use of mechanical machinery in orchards and the need for effective pesticide and pathological chemical spray applications. The main objective of this study was to obtain a practical means of manipulating lemon trees at the right time. Pruning at the correct time to cultivate productive trees that produce quality fruit would have financial benefits. Lemon fruit quality is dependent on market demand and involves a number of features such as fruit shelf life, rind thickness, fruit size, rind colour, and juice content. The study was conducted on ’Eureka’ lemon trees budded on C. volkameriana rootstock, bearing the fifth and sixth commercial crops in 1999 and 2000 respectively. Twelve monthly pruning treatments per year were conducted on one row of trees starting in December 1997 (site 1) and repeated in the second year on the adjacent row of the same orchard starting in December 1998 (site 2). Selective pruning heading cuts were applied below the intercalation on the intercalary units. Potential branch bearing units were tagged and assessed during the harvest and flowering periods. Summer pruning between 16 to 19 months before the subsequent April/May harvest, resulted in the longest and most complex (intercalation sprouted per axil) vegetative response. The estimated crop value indicated that summer pruning treatments produced the highest income. This was ascribed not to differences in fruit size or quality, but to an increase in yield. The industry’s trend is to prune citrus from post-harvest to the pre-bloom stage. Results from this study have provided a beneficial cultural practice to prune during the summer months and provides a practice to optimise farm production and profit margins.
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Marquis, Bruno. "Nonenzymatic browning studies using an electrolytic cell." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22769.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigated the possibility of using an electrolytic cell to prevent nonenzymatic browning in lemon juice products. A single-strength, a double strength and a triple-strength lemon juice were subjected to four different current densities (0.116, 0.231, 0.463 and 0.926 A/m$ sp2)$ for 30 minutes using an electrolytic cell. Dissolved oxygen level, conductivity, redox potential, pH in juices and the voltage applied to the electrodes required to maintain constant current density through the cell were monitored. Juice samples were taken at 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes and then stored for one month at 30$ sp circ$C.After one month of storage, juice samples were assessed for browning and quality alteration. The chemical indices used were the browning index and concentrations in furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Although redox potentials and concentrations in dissolved oxygen were significantly reduced by the electrolytic cell treatment, none of the electrochemical treatments significantly retarded detrimental reactions in juices over the storage period. Initial levels in dissolved oxygen and redox potential do not seem to have any significant effect on browning or chemical quality deterioration in lemon juices. Thus, the present study suggests that nonenzymatic browning in lemon juice products may be due to factors other than oxidative reactions.
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Begum, Syeda Nargis. "Microencapsulation of lemon oil by precipitation method using sodium caseinate /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18497.pdf.
Full text
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Kaade, Wael. "Low-energy high-throughput microporous emulsification for lemon oil encapsulation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669482.
Full textAbstract:
L’oli de llimona és ric en terpens insaturats i funcionalitzats amb oxigen, esdevenint-ne d’aquesta manera susceptible a l’oxidació per oxigen, llum i calor. Per tal de minimitzar la degradació i pèrdua d’aromes durant el processament, una pràctica comú és l’encapsulació d’aquests olis mitjançant emulsificació abans d’emprar-los en aliments i begudes. En aquesta tesi, s’han produït emulsions d’oli de llimona en aigua amb una distribució de mida de gota estreta a través d’un nou sistema de membranes dinàmiques de mida de porus ajustable (DMTS) d’alt rendiment i baix cost energètic.
Les emulsions estabilitzades amb complexos WP-CMC van conservar el seu color inicial després de 7 dies a temperatura ambient i sota refrigeració. A més, quan es va emprar un mètode d’emulsificació convencional, les emulsions estabilitzades amb complexos WP-CMC van mantenir el seu perfil aromàtic durant dues setmanes.
Els resultats van mostrar que a través del sistema DMTS, és possible produir emulsions estables d’oli de llimona (amb una mida de porus de 2-3 µm) amb fraccions d’oli de fins un 40% (en pes). Es va aconseguir amb aquesta recerca obtenir la major disrupció de gota reportada fins ara (0.05 < d3,2 / dv < 0.2). Així mateix, una versió modificada del sistema DMTS, anomenada DMTS per capes, va produir emulsions amb una distribució de mida de gota molt estreta (“span” ≤1). Les emulsions estabilitzades amb complexos WP-CMC van tenir el menor “span”, amb un valor de 0.82. Els resultats obtinguts amb el sistema DMTS modificat van demostrar que és possible disminuir el consum d’energia requerit sense comprometre la qualitat de les emulsions (mida de gota, dispersió, estabilitat i flux).
Per aquest mateix motiu, el sistema DMTS, i en particular el DMTS per capes, constitueix una tecnologia d’emulsificació per microporus de baixa energia i alt rendiment que gaudeix d’un major potencial respecte a la seva escalabilitat comparada amb altres sistemes d’emulsificació de baixa energia.El aceite de limón es rico en terpenos insaturados y funcionalizados con oxígeno, haciéndolo susceptible a la oxidación mediada por oxígeno, luz y calor. Para minimizar la degradación y pérdida de aromas durante el procesado y almacenamiento, una práctica común es la encapsulación de estos aceites mediante emulsificación antes de su uso en alimentos y bebidas. En la presente tesis, se han producido emulsiones de aceite de limón en agua con una distribución de tamaño de gota estrecha a través de un novedoso sistema de membranas dinámicas de tamaño de poro ajustable (DMTS) de alto rendimiento y bajo coste energético. Las emulsiones estabilizadas con complejos WP-CMC conservaron su color inicial después de 7 días a temperatura ambiente y bajo refrigeración. Además, cuando se usó un método de emulsificación convencional, las emulsiones estabilizadas con complejos WP-CMC mantuvieron su perfil aromático durante dos semanas. Los resultados mostraron que a través del sistema DMTS, es posible producir emulsiones estables de aceite de limón (con un tamaño de gota de 2-3 µm) con fracciones de aceite de hasta un 40% (en peso). Se consiguió con esta investigación obtener el mayor nivel de disrupción de gota reportado hasta la fecha (0.05 < d3,2 / dv < 0.2). Así mismo, una versión modificada del sistema DMTS, llamada DMTS por capas, produjo emulsiones con una distribución de tamaño de gota muy estrecha (“span” ≤1). Las emulsiones estabilizadas con complejos WP-CMC tuvieron el menor “span”, con un valor de 0.82. Los resultados obtenidos con el sistema de DMTS modificado demostraron que es posible disminuir el consumo de energía requerido sin comprometer la calidad de las emulsiones (tamaño de gota, dispersión, estabilidad y flujo). Por este mismo motivo, el sistema DMTS, y en particular el DMTS por capas, constituye una tecnología de emulsificación por microporos de baja energía y alto rendimiento que goza de un mayor potencial respecto a su escalabilidad comparada con otros sistemas de emulsificación de baja energía.
Lemon oil, is rich in unsaturated and oxygen functionalized terpenes making it susceptible to oxidation caused by oxygen, light and heat. To limit aroma degradation or loss during processing and storage, encapsulation, through emulsification, of essential oils prior to use in foods or beverages is a common practice. In this thesis, lemon oil-in-water emulsions with narrow droplet size distribution were produced by means of a novel low-energy high-throughput dynamic membrane of tunable pore size (DMTS) system. Emulsions were stabilized with a whey protein-carboxymethyl cellulose electrostatic complex to assess the impact of electric surface charge and the interfacial thickness on the physical and chemical stability of the emulsions WP-CMC stabilized emulsions conserved the initial color of the emulsion for 7 days at room temperature and under refrigeration. Also, using a conventional membrane emulsification method, WP-CMC stabilized emulsions maintained their aromatic profile for two weeks. Results showed that using the DMTS system, stable lemon oil emulsions (of 2-3 µm droplet size) can be produced with 40%wt oil fraction. These results are the highest reported droplet break-up for premix membrane emulsification (0.05 < d3,2 / dv < 0.2). Also, a modified version of the DMTS system, called layered DMTS, produced emulsions with narrow size distribution (span ≤1). Emulsions stabilized with the WP-CMC complex had the lowest reported span value of 0.82. Results obtained with the modified DMTS showed that major cutbacks in the system energy requirements can be done without compromising the quality of the emulsions (droplet size and dispersion, dispersion, stability, flux). For that reason, the DMTS system, and the layered DMTS in particular, is a low-energy, high-throughput microporous emulsification technology that has more potential for scaling-up than other low-energy emulsification systems.
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Porter, Shirley. "Transforming Mathematical Tastes: a Twist of Lemon - or a Pretzel?" Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-83008.
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Bigelow, Donna Marie 1954. "Biology and control of Coniophora eremophila on lemon in Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278499.
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A field survey of mature lemon trees showed an average of 30% of the trees with symptoms of brown heartwood rot caused by Coniophora sp. The temperature range of growth in culture for Coniophora is 15-40C with growth optimum at 30C. Vegetative incompatibility trials from one mature orchard show isolates from different trees are incompatible. In wood block decay studies, the average weight loss over 20 weeks was 5-20%. In comparison, decay studies comparing Coniophora with other brown or white rotting fungi, the other fungi decayed 4-8 times more in vitro. Cultural characteristics include simple septate hyphae, moderately growing mycelium that develop crustose brown to brownish-black patches as they mature, and negative for polyphenol oxidases. In vitro fungicide trials show that only NECTEC paste was effective in reducing decay on lemon blocks inoculated 15 weeks with Coniophora. SEM studies show mycelial fragments, pit enlargement, in radial plates, cracking and disintegration of wood.
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Ndibewu, Peter Papoh. "A commercial process development for plant food formulation using polyprotic acids from natural extracts as chelating agents." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/153.
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The citrus industry is one of South Africa's largest agricultural sectors in terms of export earnings with lemon fruits and juice as a trendsetter due to their high grade quality. According to growers, the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa alone produces an excess of about 10-14,000 tons of lemon juice which is presently of no economic value due to the sour taste and “bitterness”. As a result of this excess and in order to make use of the polyprotic acids naturally occurring in the lemon juice, four fertilizer nutrient mixtures are formulated, using lemon juice as base. From a conceptual scientific approach, characterization (physico-chemical and functional properties determinations) of Eureka Lemon fruit juices were undertaken, followed by smaller scale batch formulation experiments. On the basis that these lemon juice-based fertilizer mixtures are prepared following standard liquid fertilizer formulation guidelines, a field test was conducted to evaluate their potential effectiveness to influence plant growth. A growth chamber testing on tomato plants revealed high growth response (> 99.9 % certainty) potential in two of the semi-organic mixtures formulated while the organic mixture showed a relatively good growth rate as compared to the control (pure tap water). According to statistical analysis (ANOVA) comparison, two of the semi-organic mixtures performed considerably better than the two commercial samples evaluated. Potential benefits profoundly associated with these nutrient mixtures as compared to similar liquid fertilizer products on the market is that most nutrients are chelated and dissolved in solution. Also, the mixtures contain all necessary nutrients including plant growth substances required for healthier plant growth. The most important socioeconomic impact is the value addition to the technology chain in the citrus industry. The use of fluid fertilizers in significant quantities is less than twenty years old. Nevertheless, growth has been so rapid that in South Africa demand for mixed liquid fertilizer has greatly increased from 90 000 tons NPK & blended micronutrients in 1955 to more than 600 000 per annum tons today (Report 41/2003, Department of Minerals and Energy). The liquid fertilizers market is sparsely specialized with major competitors like Omnia, Kynoch and Foskor supplying more than 50 % of the market demand. Amongst the nutrient mixtures formulated, mixture one is an NPK (1-1-2) based nutrient mixture containing both secondary nutrients (0.5 % Mg & 1.0 % Ca) and seven micronutrients (0.1 % Fe, 0.05 % Cu, 0.05 % Zn, 0.05 % Mn, 0.02 % B, 0.0005 % Mo and 0.0005 % Co). The composition of this mixture offers the formula a potential to be used as a general purpose (all stages of plant growth) fertilization mixture in view of its balanced composition (containing all essential plant nutrients). Mixture two contains essentially the micronutrients and in higher concentrations (0.3 % Fe, 0.3 % Cu, 0.1 % Zn, 0.2 % Mn, 0.02 % B, 0.0005 % Mo and 0.0005 % Co) as compared to mixture one except for boron, molybdenum and cobalt. The concentration of the micronutrients contained in this mixture is adequately high which offers a potential for it to be used in supplementing nutrition in plants with critical micronutrient-deficient symptoms. Mixture three is very similar to mixture two (1.0 % Fe, 0.05 % Cu, 0.05 % Zn, 0.05 Mn, 0.05 % B, 0.0005 % Mo and 0.0005 % Co) except that the concentrations of all seven micronutrients are considerably less than those of contained in mixture two. However, the concentration of iron in this mixture is as high as 1.0 %. The mixture has a potential to be used in high iron-deficient situations. Mixture four is an organic formula with relatively low nutrient concentrations (NPK-0.02-0.02-1, 0.27 % Mg, 0.02 % Ca, 0.008 % Fe, 0.26 % Cu, 0.012 % Zn, 0.009 % Mn). Nevertheless, this mixture is appealing for organically grown crops where the use of chemicals is prohibited by standards. These lemon juice-based nutrient mixtures were further characterized and tested for stability and storability over a period of eight weeks. This study revealed no major change in the physical quality (colour, pH and “salt out” effect). The basic formulation methodology is a two-step procedure that involves filtration of the lemon juice to remove membranous materials, mixing at ambient temperature and stabilization of the nutrient mixtures. However, for the organic nutrient formula mix, filtration follows after extraction of nutrients from plant materials using the lemon juice.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco Peña. "Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona - 2001." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223679.
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Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that 'Cavers Lisbon' and 'Limonero Fino 49' selections may be suitable alternatives for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco A. Peña. "Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona - 2002." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198109.
Full textAbstract:
Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that ‘Limonero Fino 49’ selections may be a suitable alternative for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today. ‘Cavers Lisbon’ and ‘Villafranca’ might also be planted on an experimental basis
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Wright, Glenn C. "Use of Plant Growth Regulators for Improving Lemon Fruit Size - 2005." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198104.
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Lemons were treated with several plant growth regulators for the 2005-06 season, with the hope of improving fruit size. These PGR’s included CropSet, Accel, Maxim, Messenger and MT350. Although there were some increases in yield, these were just trends, and were not statistically significant. Similarly, there was no improvement in fruit size with application of the treatment
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Wright, Glenn C. "Early Results of Scion and Rootstock Trials for Lemon in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220560.
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Four 'Lisbon' lemon selections from the University of Arizona Citrus Budwood Certification plot were selected for evaluation on Citrus rootstock 'Frost Nucellar', 'Corona Foothills', 'Limoneira 8A' and 'Prior' were selected because of their popularity among Arizona growers or because of the lack of information about their performance under Arizona climactic and edaphic conditions. Trees were planted in 1993. Early results indicate that the 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' selection is outperforming the other selections in both growth and yield. In a similar trial, five rootstocks were selected for evaluation using 'Limoneira 8A Lisbon' as the scion. Carrizo citrange, Citrus macrophylla, Rough lemon, Swingle citrumelo and Citrus volkameriana were chosen. Trees were planted in 1993. Early results indicate that trees on C. volkameriana are superior to those on other rootstocks in both growth and yield.
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Wright, Glenn C. "Use of Plant Growth Regulators for Improving Lemon Fruit Size - 2006." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223662.
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Lemons were treated with several plant growth regulators for the 2006-07 season, with the hope of improving fruit size. These PGR’s included Bluestim, Accel, Maxim and MT1350. Although there were some increases in yield, these were just trends, and were not statistically significant. Similarly, there was no improvement in fruit size with application of the treatments.
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Finger, Jean Sebastien. "Personality in wild juvenile lemon sharks: Consistency, behavioral syndrome and ontogeny." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19996.
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In dieser Doktorarbeit behandle ich verschiedene Persönlichkeitsaspekte von jugendlichen Zitronenhaien (Negaprion brevirostris).
Ich habe wiederholt Individuen in einem neuartigen Testfeld untersucht. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass jugendliche Zitronenhaie sich konstant verschieden verhalten. Außerdem konnte ich durch eine wiederkehrende Exposition in dem neuartigen Testfeld ein Gewöhnungsverhalten aufzeigen. Gewöhnung war ein Indikator, dass dieser Test es möglich macht, Reaktionen auf Veränderungen zu erforschen. Und endlich zeigte dieses Experiment dass Individuen verschiedene Gewöhnungsraten besitzen.
Zweitens testete ich konsistente individuelle Verschiedenheiten in einigen der sozialen Verhaltensweisen über Zeiträume von einigen Tagen bis Perioden von vier Monaten. Während des neuerlichen Tests von Individuen wurde die Zusammensetzung der Gruppen geändert, um sicher zu gehen, dass die Wiederholbarkeit nicht vom gleichen sozialen Umfeld zwischen den wiederholten Versuchen kam. Hier wiederum fand ich, dass jugendliche Zitronenhaie Persönlichkeitsdifferenzen in ihrem sozialen Umfeld besaßen und dies trotz der veränderten Gruppen und einer viermonatigen Periode zwischen den Tests.
Drittens testete ich die Präsenz eines Verhaltenssyndroms zwischen der Sozialisierung und der Reaktion auf ein neues Testfeld unter Berücksichtigung einer möglichen Variation dieses Syndroms durch Ontogenese und den Fangplatz. Dazu untersuchte ich noch die Dauerhaftigkeit von individuellen Unterschieden in verschiedenen Altersklassen und von verschiedenen Fangplätzen. Ich fand eine starke negative Korrelation zwischen der Soziabilität und der Reaktion auf Ungewohntes bei den Haien, in einer von zwei getesteten Kinderstuben, aber nur wenn sie älter als ein Jahr waren. Dazu fand ich, dass Haie, die weniger als ein Jahr alt waren, keine langdauernde Verhaltenskonsistenz zum Gegensatz zu älteren Haien zeigten.In this thesis, I investigated different aspects of personality in juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). I repeatedly tested individuals in a novel open field test. This experiment showed that juvenile lemon sharks consistently differ in their behavior. In addition, repeated exposures to the novel open field, allowed me to demonstrate the presence of habituation. Habituation was used as an indication that this test can be used to investigate reaction to novelty. Finally, this experiment also revealed that individuals have variable rates of habituation. Second, I tested consistent individual differences in some aspects of their social behavior over a few days up to a four-month period. While retesting individuals, group composition was changed to insure that repeatability was not due to the repetition of the same social environment between tests. Here again, I found that juvenile lemon sharks showed personality differences in their social behavior and this despite group composition changes and a four-month period between tests. Third, I tested the presence of a behavioral syndrome between sociability and reaction to a novel open field while considering potential variation in this syndrome through ontogeny and locations of capture. In addition, I investigated the maintenance of individual differences in different age classes and locations of capture. I found a significant negative correlation between sociability and reaction to novelty in sharks from one of the two nurseries tested but only when they were older than a year. In addition, I found that young of year sharks did not demonstrate long term consistency in their behavior as opposed to older sharks.
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Zerkoune, Mohammed, Glenn Wright, and David Kerns. "Effect of Organic Amendments on Lemon Leaf Tissue, Soil Analysis and Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223674.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was initiated in 2000 to study the feasibility of growing organic lemon in the southwest desert of Arizona. An eight-acre field was selected on Superstition sandy soil at the Mesa Agricultural Research Center to conduct this investigation. Lemon trees were planted at 25 feet spacing in 1998. The initial soil test in top 6 inches was 5 ppm nitrate-nitrogen and 4.9 ppm NaHCO3-P. Soil pH was 8.7 in the top 6 inches. Four treatments were applied in randomized complete block design repeated four times. The treatments were beef cattle feedlot manure and perfecta, clover and guano, guano and perfecta, and standard practice treatment. Soil samples were collected from 0-6 and 6-12 inches the first week of March 2001 and analyzed for NO₃-N NH₄-N, total nitrogen, organic matter and available P. Preliminary results showed no difference in NO₃-N, NH₄-N in 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 inches between treatments. Total nitrogen increased significantly from 0.0262% in standard treatment to 0.0375% in the manure treatment. Similarly, soil organic matter increased from 0.297% in standard treatment to 0.4337% in the manure perfecta treatment. Phosphorus level increased significantly from 6.962 ppm in guano perfecta to 11.187 PPM in manure perfecta treatment. Leaf tissue analysis indicated that nitrate level was influenced by treatment. Yields of Guano treatments were significantly greater than yields of the other treatments. Both commercial standard and organic treatments were equally effective in controlling citrus thrips, but repeated applications were required. Mite population has been detected at low level with no significant differences observed among treatments.
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Wright, Glenn C., and Marco A. Peña. "Use of a Slow Release Triazone-Based Nitrogen Fertilizer on Lemon Trees." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223855.
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Trisert CB replaced conventional foliar applied low-biuret urea and liquid urea ammonium nitrate in a typical N fertilization regime, a urea triazone based N source. There was no yield decrease, change in fruit size or grade with the use of the Trisert CB. There were no differences in leaf P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn or Zn concentration. Occasionally, leaf N concentration of trees supplied with foliar applied Trisert CB was higher than that of the control treatment.
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Rector, Ryan Jeffery. "The Use of an Automatic Spot-Sprayer in Western Tree Crops and Weed Control in a Pecan Orchard Using Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194435.
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Weed control is typically achieved by broadcast spraying postemergence herbicides on the entire orchard floor which wastes chemical by spraying bare ground. Growers can account for spatial variation in weed density and only spray weedy areas instead of applying herbicide to entire fields by using the automatic spot-sprayer, WeedSeeker sprayer. We conducted field experiments in flood- and microsprinikler-irrigated lemon orchards, and flood- and sprinkler-irrigated pecan orchards to measure the amount of herbicide applied, weed control, tree yield, and the economic value of adopting the WeedSeeker sprayer compared to conventional boom spray technology. The WeedSeeker sprayer reduced cumulative herbicide use by at least 36% compared to the conventional boom sprayer at all sites. Weed control obtained using the WeedSeeker sprayer was usually similar to the conventional boom sprayer. There were no effects of the treatments on yield at any location. The partial budget analysis, used to determine the economic value of adopting the technology, showed that as the area of the orchard and the cost of the herbicide increased, the time to recover the initial investment in the WeedSeeker sprayer decreased. The investment in the technology can typically be recovered in less than five years in Arizona lemon and pecan orchards.We also conducted greenhouse experiments to determine the effect of various sensitivity settings and leaf area on the operational efficiency of the WeedSeeker sprayer. The WeedSeeker sprayer did not detect and spray all broadleaf and monocot plants unless a sensitive setting was used. The WeedSeeker sprayer was more efficient when detecting broadleaf plants compared to monocot plants. Our results indicate that operating the WeedSeeker sprayer using a sensitive setting (sensitivity level 2) will result in the most efficient detection of weeds.Finally, field studies were conducted in a non-bearing pecan orchard to evaluate weed management systems using various postemergence and preemergence herbicides. Most postemergence herbicides controlled the weed species present in the orchard. Tank mixing the herbicides generally resulted in greater control compared to applying them alone. All preemergence herbicides reduced the weed emergence compared to not using a preemergence herbicide. No pecan tree damage was observed in any treatment.
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Dibattista, Joseph David. "Evolutionary potential of a large marine vertebrate, the lemon shark («Negaprion brevirostris»)." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40721.
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Understanding the evolutionary processes that dictate biological diversity in nature is critical to making predictions about how animals will respond to future environmental change. Despite this, few have been able to overcome the logistic constraints that accompany such studies in the wild. Large marine vertebrates are particularly troublesome owing to their cryptic nature and high vagility, which also leads some researchers to believe that local adaptation will be rare. And yet cases are mounting in which marine organisms, with high dispersal potential, are phenotypically divergent over small spatial scales. In this thesis, I use quantitative genetic methods to provide supporting evidence for local adaptation in a large marine vertebrate, the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris). My study takes advantage of samples obtained from an isolated lemon shark nursery lagoon since 1995 (Bimini, Bahamas), as well as data collected opportunistically at another site in the Florida Keys (Marquesas Key). This system is particularly interesting owing to the differences in juvenile body size and growth rate between sites. I begin this thesis by using newly developed microsatellite markers to reconstruct population pedigrees, and by then characterizing the mating system of the lemon shark in light of early life history differences. Mating system patterns were consistent among sites ─ adult females showed high fidelity to each nursery for parturition and mated with multiple males (i.e., polyandry). The observed polyandry could not be explained by direct or indirect genetic benefits, and so I instead suggest that females mate multiply to avoid harassment by males. I next estimated selection and heritability associated with morphological traits in sharks at Bimini, finding that small, slow growing individuals were favored, and that some of these traits were heritable. These findings support a scenario of “constrained” local adaptation, whereby juveniles are partially adaptAfin de prédire comment les animaux vont réagir aux futurs changements environnementaux, il est important de comprendre les processus évolutionnaires qui dictent la biodiversité de la nature. Par contre, peu ont pu surmonter les contraintes logistiques qui accompagnent de telles études sur le terrain. Les gros vertébrés marins sont particulièrement difficiles en raison de leur nature énigmatique et très ambulatoire. Ceci mène certains chercheurs à croire que l’adaptation locale sera très rare. Cependant, il y a une augmentation de cas ou les organismes marins, avec un haut potentiel de se propager, divergent de façon phénotypique sur des petites échelles spatiales. Dans cette thèse, j’utilise des méthodes génétiques quantitatives afin de supporter l’hypothèse de l’adaptation locale d’un gros vertébré marin, le requin citron (Negaprion brevirostris). Mon étude exploite les échantillons obtenus depuis 1995 d’une pouponnière de requins citron située dans une lagune isolée (Bimini, Bahamas), ainsi que des données récoltées de façon opportune à un autre site dans les Florida Keys (Marquesas Key). Ce system d’étude est particulièrement intéressant à cause des différences de taille des juvéniles ainsi que des taux de croissance entre les sites. Je débute cette thèse en utilisant des marqueurs microsatellitaires, afin de reconstruire le pedigree des populations. Ceci me permet de caractériser le système d’accouplement des requins citron à la lumière des différences des antécédents de leur jeune vie. Les patrons du système d’accouplement étaient consistants entre les sites – les femelles adultes ont démontré une fidélité élevée à chaque pouponnière pour la parturition et elles se sont accouplés avec plusieurs males (i.e., polyandre). Nous ne pouvons pas expliquer la polyandre que nous avons observé par des bénéfices directs ou indirects. Alors je suggère que les femelles s’accouplent a
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Guttridge, Tristan. "The Social Organisation and Behaviour of the juvenile lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515529.
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McGinley, Susan. "Fighting Weeds in Lemon Orchards: Weed-Sensing Sprayer Could be the Key." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622246.
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Zerkoune, Mohammed, Glenn Wright, and David Kerns. "Effect of Organic Amendments on Lemon Leaf Tissue, Soil Analysis and Yield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198114.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was initiated in 2000 to study the feasibility of growing organic lemons in the southwest desert of Arizona. An eight-acre field was selected on Superstition sandy soil at the Mesa Agricultural Research Center to conduct this investigation. Lemon trees were planted at 25 x 25 feet spacing in 1998. The initial soil test in top 6 inches was 5 ppm nitrate-nitrogen and 4.9 ppm NaHCO3-P. Soil pH was 8.7 in the top 6 inches. Four treatments were applied in randomized complete block design repeated four times. The treatments were beef cattle feedlot manure and perfecta, clover and guano from 2000 to 2002, cowpea and guano in 2003, and guano and perfecta, and standard practice treatment. Soil samples were collected from 0-6 and 6-12 inches the first week of March 2003 and analyzed for available nutrients. Results showed a difference for most nutrients in 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 inches between treatments. Nitrate- nitrogen increased significantly from 3.25 ppm in standard treatment to 19.10 ppm in the manure treatment. Similarly, soil organic matter increased from 0.1% in standard treatment to 0.2% in the manure perfecta treatment. Phosphorus level increased significantly from 7 ppm in guano perfecta to 56.5 ppm in manure perfecta treatment. Leaf tissue analysis indicated that nitrate level was influenced by treatment. Both commercial standard and organic treatments were equally effective in controlling citrus thrips, but repeated applications were required. Mite population has been detected at low level with no significant differences observed among treatments.
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Wright, Glenn C. "Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona – 2004-05." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198091.
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Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that ‘Limonero Fino 49’ selections may be a suitable alternative for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today. ‘Femminello’ and ‘Villafranca’ might also be planted on an experimental basis.
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Wright, Glenn C. "Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona – 2005-06." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198102.
Full textAbstract:
Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that ‘Limonero Fino 49’ selections may be a suitable alternative for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today. ‘Femminello’ and ‘Villafranca’ might also be planted on an experimental basis.
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Wright, Glenn C. "Results of New Cultivar Selection Trials for Lemon in Arizona - 2006-07." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223665.
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Three lemon cultivar selection trials are being conducted at the Yuma Mesa Agriculture Center in Somerton, AZ. Data from these trials suggest that 'Limonero Fino 49' and 'Cascade Eureka' selections may be a suitable alternative for the varieties most commonly planted in Southwest Arizona today. 'Femminello' and 'Villafranca' might also be planted on an experimental basis
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Brusewitz, Collin Emanuel, and Andreas Svensson. "The principal agent." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-12765.
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Problem: How can segments on Aktietorget explain how a lemon market can not only survive but grow? Purpose: The purpose is to try to explain how Aktietorget can grow under lemon market conditions by gauging investor groupings investment tendencies. Method: Quantitative archival study regarding returns and price per share depending on investor identity. Conclusion: Finance industry investor yields higher returns, which implicates the possibility of rational investing. This is attributed to either identity inherited capabilities or them being agents in the place of the principal. The private investor on the other hand is full principals and has a tendency towards low price per share. All other capital on Aktietorget conforms to the lottery characteristics of Aktietorget.