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Journal articles on the topic 'LEMON'
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1
Mieszkalski, Leszek. "Geometrical Model of Lemon Fruit." Agricultural Engineering 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2017-0020.
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AbstractA proposal of a mathematical method of modelling of the lemon shape with Bézier's curves was presented. Lisbon, Verna, Genoa lemon cultivars were selected for verification of the modelling method. The lemon contour, which is its meridian, was described with three smoothly combined Bézier's curves. Pictures taken in 10 locations changing every 36o were the basis for description of lemon contours. Bézier's curves, which approximate meridians located on the surface of lemons, are their 3D models. The presented method may be applied for mathematical modelling of the lemon shape.
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Wang, Shuyang, Qianjun Li, Tao Yang, Zhenghao Li, Dan Bai, Chenwei Tang, and Haibo Pu. "LSD-YOLO: Enhanced YOLOv8n Algorithm for Efficient Detection of Lemon Surface Diseases." Plants 13, no. 15 (July 26, 2024): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13152069.
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Lemon, as an important cash crop with rich nutritional value, holds significant cultivation importance and market demand worldwide. However, lemon diseases seriously impact the quality and yield of lemons, necessitating their early detection for effective control. This paper addresses this need by collecting a dataset of lemon diseases, consisting of 726 images captured under varying light levels, growth stages, shooting distances and disease conditions. Through cropping high-resolution images, the dataset is expanded to 2022 images, comprising 4441 healthy lemons and 718 diseased lemons, with approximately 1–6 targets per image. Then, we propose a novel model lemon surface disease YOLO (LSD-YOLO), which integrates Switchable Atrous Convolution (SAConv) and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), along with the design of C2f-SAC and the addition of a small-target detection layer to enhance the extraction of key features and the fusion of features at different scales. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LSD-YOLO achieves an accuracy of 90.62% on the collected datasets, with mAP@50–95 reaching 80.84%. Compared with the original YOLOv8n model, both mAP@50 and mAP@50–95 metrics are enhanced. Therefore, the LSD-YOLO model proposed in this study provides a more accurate recognition of healthy and diseased lemons, contributing effectively to solving the lemon disease detection problem.
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Du, Yuxia, Jinxue Li, Jianmei Dong, Chengxiao Hu, Danping Li, Qiling Tan, Jinzhi Zhang, et al. "Effects of Different Regulating Measures on the Floral and Nutritional Physiology of Lemon." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102381.
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Lemon is an important economic crop in the world and can bloom several times each year. The Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province is one of the main lemon-producing areas in China, and is a suitable area for planting high-quality lemons in China. However, the hot and rainy summers in Yunnan are not conducive to flower bud differentiation, which leads to low lemon yield. Therefore, normal flower bud differentiation is important to guarantee lemon production and quality. In this study, we selected some lemon trees for a pot experiment, and we sprayed the lemon leaves with gibberellin and paclobutrazol to regulate lemon flower formation. We set four separate concentration gradients for each regulator: 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L. The PBZ concentration gradients were 200, 400, 600, and 1200 mg/L. After the experiment, we determined and analyzed the morphological index and fruit quality of the lemon trees. The results showed that under the same cultivation and management conditions, spraying paclobutrazol substantially inhibited the growth of lemon shoots, increased the fruit setting rate, and improved the fruit yield. However, gibberellin considerably reduced the number of lemon flowering branches and promoted the vegetative growth of the lemons. When the concentration of paclobutrazol was 600 mg/L, the amount of lemon fruits reached the maximum, which remarkably increased the titratable acid and soluble solids contents of the fruit and ultimately increased the fruit quality compared with the control. Altogether, selecting the appropriate concentration of regulators to control the flowering and fruit setting of fruit trees is important and has value in guiding actual production.
4
Bekmirzaevich, Saimnazarov Yuldash, and Ibadullaev Khusniddin Ibadulla O‘G‘Li. "The Microclonal Propagation Of The Meyer Variety Of Lemon Under In Vitro Conditions." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue12-09.
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The article describes the technology of micro-clonal propagation of lemon Meyer variety in vitro. In vitro, the stages of sterilization, culture, branching, rooting of lemons in the propagation of the Meyer variety of lemon were studied. Different ratios of MS nutrient medium and different concentrations of auxin and cytokinin to the development of lemon exclusions were elucidated.
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Herlina, Listri, Andre Suryaningprang, and Ridma Meltareza. "OPTIMIZATION OF MARKETING CHANNELS TO INCREASE BUSINESS INCOME OF LEMON FARMERS IN LEMBANG, INDONESIA." Inaba of Community Services Journal ( Inacos-J) 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56956/inacos.v1i1.23.
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West Bandung Regency, West Java has various types of agricultural products. One of the agricultural products produced is lemon. From the time the pandemic occurred at the end of 2019 until it peaked in 2020 and 2021 demand for lemons increased by 81%. However, at this time in 2022, there is a 50% decrease in demand which has resulted in the income of lemon farmers dropping significantly. One of the causes of the decline in demand is that lemon farmers only focus on a few regular consumers who order large quantities of lemons, as a result, when market demand falls, these consumers will automatically lower their orders. In addition, farmers are unskilled in marketing lemons because they are only used to relying on a few consumers, which makes their garden yields pile up, causing losses. The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimization of effective marketing channels so as to increase the income of lemon farmers.
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Vashpanov, Yuriy, Gwanghee Heo, Yongsuk Kim, Tetiana Venkel, and Jung-Young Son. "Detecting Green Mold Pathogens on Lemons Using Hyperspectral Images." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041209.
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Hyperspectral images in the spectral wavelength range of 500 nm to 650 nm are used to detect green mold pathogens, which are parasitic on the surface of lemons. The images reveal that the spectral range of 500 nm to 560 nm is appropriate for detecting the early stage of development of the pathogen in the lemon, because the spectral intensity is proportional to the infection degree. Within the range, it was found that the dominant spectral wavelengths of the fresh lemon and the green mold pathogen are 580 nm and 550 nm, respectively, with the 550 nm being the most sensitive in detecting the pathogen with spectral imaging. The spectral intensity ratio of the infected lemon to the fresh one in the spectral range of 500 nm to 560 nm increases with the increasing degree of the infection. Therefore, the ratio can be used to effectively estimate the degree of lemons infecting by the green mold pathogens. It also shows that the sudden decrease of the spectral intensity corresponding to the dominant spectral wavelength of the fresh lemon, together with the neighboring spectral wavelengths can be used to classify fresh and contaminated lemons. The spectral intensity ratio of discriminating the fresh lemon from the infected one is calculated as 1.15.
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Badiche-El Hilali, Fátima, Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca, Jéssica Silva, Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira, Maria João Pires, Rui M. Gil da Costa, Francisco Peixoto, Paula A. Oliveira, and Daniel Valero. "The Effect of Lemon Juice (Citrus limon L.) Treated with Melatonin on the Health Status and Treatment of K14HPV16 Mice." Antioxidants 13, no. 5 (May 10, 2024): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050588.
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Lemon is a fruit rich in antioxidant properties and has several health benefits, namely the reduction of skin edema and anticarcinogenic properties, which are due to its high content of bioactive compounds. Melatonin can improve and preserve the properties of lemon for longer and also has health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of lemon juice after melatonin treatment on murinometric parameters of wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice carrying human papillomavirus (HPV). Two trials were performed for oral administration of the lemon extract compound: in drinking water and in diet. First of all, lemons were treated by immersion with melatonin at 10 mM. Then, lemons were squeezed, and the juice obtained was freeze-dried and stored to be subsequently added to drinking water or diet, according to the assay. Thus, mice were divided into eight groups in the drink assay (each with n = 5): group 1 (G1, WT, control), group 2 (G2, WT, 1 mL lemon), group 3 (G3, WT, 1.5 mL lemon), group 4 (G4, WT, 2 mL lemon), group 5 (G5, HPV16, control), group 6 (G6, HPV16, 1 mL lemon) group 7 (G6, HPV16, 1.5 mL lemon) and group 8 (G6, HPV16, 2 mL lemon). The diet assay was divided into four groups: group 1 (G1, WT, control), group 2 (G2, WT, 4 mL lemon), group 3 (G3, HPV16, control) and group 4 (G4, HPV16, 4 mL lemon). In the drink assay, the highest concentration of melatonin (308 ng/100 mL) was for groups 4 and 8, while in the food assay, there was only one concentration of melatonin (9.96 ng/g) for groups 2 and 4. Both trials lasted 30 days. During this time, body weight, food and water were recorded. Afterward, they were sacrificed, and samples were collected for different analyses. At the concentrations used, the lemon juice with melatonin had no adverse effects on the animals’ health and showed a positive outcome in modifying weight gain and enhancing antioxidant activity in mice. Moreover, a reduction in the incidence of histological lesions was observed in treated animals. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of lemon extract on health and treatment outcomes in this animal model.
8
Freeman, B., P. Broadbent, and P. Nicholls. "Evaluation of rootstocks for five lemon scions in replant ground." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 6 (1986): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860751.
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In an experiment planted in 1971 at the Horticultural Research Station, Somersby, N.S.W., nucellar lemons (Lambert and Taylor Eureka, Villafranca and Prior Lisbon) and 1 old-line cultivar carrying exocortis (Monroe Lisbon) were compared on 5 rootstocks (Troyer citrange, Narara Rough lemon, Rangpur lime, Smooth Seville and trifoliate orange). In the second experiment, planted in 1973, 2 nucellar lemon scions (Taylor Eureka and Prior Lisbon) were compared on 16 rootstocks (4 Rough lemons, 4 Smooth and 1 Rough Seville, New Guinea citron, citremon 1449, Poorman orange, 3 citranges and trifoliate orange). Eureka lemon selections on Troyer citrange and trifoliate orange rootstocks exhibited symptoms of yellow ring incompatibility. Eureka lemon, however, was compatible with Benton citrange; cumulative yield and cropping efficiency were high and tree canopies dense and compact. Trees on Narara and Watkins selections of Rough lemon had high cumulative yields but their size and vigour made harvest difficult. One of the red Rough lemon selections (57-228-502) produced a high yielding and more manageable compact tree with a large proportion of summer crop fruit. Prior Lisbon lemon on trifoliate orange was a medium-sized, compact tree with high cropping efficiency and good juice quality. Villafranca performed well on all rootstocks except Smooth Seville. The results are discussed with respect to planting densities, proportion of summer and main crop fruit and juice yield and quality.
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Damayanthi, Ni Putu Desy, IGKG Puritan Wijaya ADH, Ni Nyoman Utami Januhari, I. Made Surya Adi Putra, I. Gusti Agung Indra Muliawan, I. Putu Kusa Satrialandipa Putra, Komang Nova Triana Putra, I. Made Bhaskara Gautama, I. Nyoman Rudy Hendrawan, and I. Made Arya Budhi Saputra. "Pelatihan Pembuatan Desain Kemasan Produk Pada UKM Sari Ne Lemon." Journal of Community Development 2, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/comdev.v2i2.50.
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Sari Ne Lemon in East Denpasar is an UKM that is active in lemon cultivation. The lemon plantation owned by Sari Ne Lemon is located in Pelaga Village, Petang District, Badung Regency. Although the lemon plantation is currently still in the village of Petang, the production and sales center is located in East Denpasar. Initially the results of the cultivation of lemon plantations were only in the form of lemons that had not undergone further processing. Currently, Sari Ne Lemon has developed lemon juice into packaged lemon juice. In its effort to develop lemon juice products, Sari Ne Lemon encountered difficulties in terms of packaging and marketing. The packaging owned by Sari Ne Lemon is still very simple, namely lemon juice is packaged and sold in plastic bottles. Therefore, the resulting product has not been able to compete in the industrial market. This service activity aims to find and implement solutions to the problems experienced by partners. Packaging that is only in the form of plastic bottles without labels will be changed into 2 types of packaging, namely labeled plastic bottle packaging and labeled plastic press glass packaging. With the activities of making branding and training on packaging of processed lemon juice products, it will produce products that have higher competitiveness and selling value. UKM Sari Ne Lemon has been helped by the successful development of their new product packaging through packaging design and implementation in 14 oz glass cups and small plastic bottles.
10
Amelia, Julfi Restu, Fildzah Hashfi Safitri, Giyatmi Giyatmi, and Intan Nurul Azni. "Comparative Study of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Tropical Citrus Fruits (Juice and Peels)." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 13, no. 1 (February 22, 2024): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v13i1.242-249.
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Tropical citrus fruits contain important bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study provided comparative data on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of tropical citrus (local lemons, imported lemons, and limes) juice and peel. Antioxidant activity of citrus fruits was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and expressed as IC50. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against pathogens (E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus) using agar diffusion method. The results showed that very strong antioxidants were detected in domestic and imported lemon juice (33.45 ppm; 31.43 ppm) and peel (15.89 ppm; 44.50 ppm). However, lime juice and peel had stronger antioxidant activity (60.35 ppm and 59.54 ppm). The highest zone of inhibition was observed against S. aureus and the lowest was recorded against E. coli. The diameters of the zones of inhibition of local lemon, imported lemon, and lime juice against S. aureus were 26.40 mm, 27.95 mm, and 27.31 mm; E. coli was 15.64 mm, 16.84 mm, and 16.63 mm; and B. subtilis was 17.88 mm, 21.77 mm, and 21.24 mm, respectively. Tropical citrus juice showed higher activity against Grampositive than Gram-negative bacteria tested. Local lemon, imported lemon, and lime peels did not inhibit E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Lemon, limes, Tropical citrus
11
Thapa, Surendra, Kamala Poudel, Shova Kumari Limbu, Ganesh Dahal, and Shanta Pokhrel. "Phytochemical Screening, GC Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus limon Peel Extract and Essential Oil." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 43, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46961.
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Lemon (Citrus limon) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The fresh lemons were collected from the local market of Kathmandu, Nepal. Hexane and methanol extracts of plant material i.e. lemon peel were screened for the analysis of the presence of phytochemicals as well as their antibacterial activity. Methanol extract of lemon peel showed the maximum positive phytochemical test with the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, tannins etc. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from fresh peels of lemon using the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Twenty six (26) chemical components were identified in the essential oil of lemon peel. Lemon peel essential oil indicated the presence of Pinene (β) (15.46 %), Limonene (28.94 %), and Terpinene (γ) (8.64), Terpinen-4-ol (3.29 %), Neral (4.20 %), Geranial (5.28 %) as major components. The lemon peel essential oil was found to be a potent antibacterial agent against the Bacillus subtilis (21 mm).
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Jahan, Mashrat, Keya Das, Linnet Barman, and Preetilata Burman. "Modeling of Lemon Production: A Stepwise Regression Approach." Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 21, no. 4 (2023): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jbau.157099.
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Lemon, which is both tropical and subtropical fruit, was formerly used for only entertaining the guests, but today, as a result of its many different uses; it is highly popular with both consumers and producers. Bangladesh is home to extensive lemon groves due to the fruit's high nutritional value, favorable growing conditions, and widespread demand on both domestic and international markets. This study examined the combined impact of farm specific factor and climatic variable on lemon production in Bangladesh. Here the stepwise regression technique with various diagnostic plots in R studio was used to assess the suitable multiple linear regression model and an effective autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model-based time series analysis was produced for future projection of lemon. The study found a positive link between lemon output and price but a negative correlation with climate variables. Annually, one substantial drop in the lemon cultivars as a result of climatic stress is initiated due to the most significant aspects of which are temperatures and rainfall. Result found, with each millimeter of increased AMR, output diminished by 0.0006419 times on average. The production drops by 0.3564144 times on average for every unit increase in annual mean temperature (AMT). Price increases for lemons may be traced back to covid-19, when production was increased in response to increasing demand about the health benefits of lemons. Also, the investigation found ARIMA (1,1,1) model with drift to the best for future projections of lemon production.
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He, Xiaoying, Hanqi Zhang, Jinxue Li, Fan Yang, Weifeng Dai, Cheng Xiang, and Mi Zhang. "The Positive Effects of Humic/Fulvic Acid Fertilizers on the Quality of Lemon Fruits." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081919.
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Humic acid (HA) is a kind of organic substance that has shown good effects in regard to promoting crop growth. In the current study, the influences of three kinds of fertilizers mainly containing humic/fulvic acids, including water-soluble fertilizer containing humic acid (WHA), fulvic acid potassium (FAP), and fulvic acid distillate (FAD), on the qualities of ‘Eureka’ lemon fruits were investigated systematically at their different harvest times. As demonstrated by the results, the indexes used to assess the quality of lemon fruit showed that all lemons treated with those three humic/fulvic acid fertilizers at different harvest times improved in quality. Notably, the single fruit weight, edible rate, and juice yield of lemon fruit in the WHA- and FAP-treated groups, as well as the contents of vitamin C, total acid, total sugar, and total soluble solid, were higher than those in the blank control (CK) group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the contents of total flavonoids and phenols in the peels, pulps, and seeds of lemons in humic/fulvic acid fertilizer–treated groups were all higher than those in the CK group at the three harvest times (p < 0.05). This result indicated that humic/fulvic acid fertilizers produced positive effects on the quality of lemon fruits and could be used in lemon planting to improve the quality and added value of lemons.
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Serna-Escolano, Vicente, Alicia Dobón-Suárez, María J. Giménez, Pedro J. Zapata, and María Gutiérrez-Pozo. "Effect of Fertigation on the Physicochemical Quality and Antioxidant System of ‘Fino’ Lemons during Postharvest Storage." Agriculture 13, no. 4 (March 26, 2023): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040766.
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Fertigation is a technique of injecting fertilizers along the irrigation lines, allowing a precise control of the moisture and the application. Nowadays, the main fertilizers used are nitrogen and potassium. Usually, an excess of fertigation is applied to achieve an early harvest of the lemon fruit. However, there is no literature available regarding the effects of excess fertigation on lemon fruit quality and antioxidant systems at harvest and during cold storage. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate these effects. This experiment was developed by comparing two plots: the first one with standard fertigation (SF) and the second one with intensive fertigation (IF). The yield per tree in the early harvest was higher in the IF than the SF plot; however, total yield was similar under both fertigation strategies. Lemons from the SF plot maintained higher total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity compared with lemons from the IF plot. In addition, firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity were also higher in SF lemons. Furthermore, weight loss, ethylene production, colour (parameter a*) and decay incidence were reduced in lemon fruits from the SF plot. Early lemons harvested from the standard fertigation plot showed high physicochemical quality and antioxidant properties, reducing lemon fruit decay during cold storage and providing high-quality fruits to consumers.
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Viloria, Zenaida, and Jude W. Grosser. "Acid Citrus Fruit Improvement via Interploid Hybridization Using Allotetraploid Somatic Hybrid and Autotetraploid Breeding Parents." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 2005): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.3.392.
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Interploid hybridization was conducted using `Key' lime [Citrus aurantifolia (Cristm.) Swing.], `Lakeland' limequat hybrid [C. aurantifolia × Fortunella japonica (Thumb.) Swing.], Palestine sweet lime (C. limettioides Tan.), `Etrog' citron (C. medica L.), and seven lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. F.] varieties as female progenitors and five allotetraploid somatic hybrids {`Hamlin' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] × `Femminello' lemon (C. limon)]; `Key' lime × `Valencia' sweet orange (C. sinensis); `Valencia' sweet orange × rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush); Milam lemon (purported C. jambhiri hybrid) × `Femminello' lemon (C. limon); and `Valencia' sweet orange × `Femminello' lemon} and two autotetraploids [`Giant Key' lime (C. aurantifolia) and `Femminello' lemon] as pollen progenitors. A few tetraploid × diploid crosses were also performed. Thirty-five parental cross combinations were accomplished in 2000, 2001, and 2002. The breeding targets were seedlessness, cold-tolerance, and disease resistance. Triploid hybrids were recovered through embryo culture. Generation of triploid citrus hybrids was affected by several factors including sexual compatibility, cross direction, embryo developmental stage, pollen viability, as well as horticultural practices and climatic conditions. Efficiency of triploid hybrid production was higher in diploid × tetraploid crosses than the reciprocal. Many more triploid hybrids were generated from lemon seed progenitors compared to the other acid citrus fruit progenitors. `Todo el Año', `Lisbon', and `Limonero Fino 49' showed the highest sexual compatibility. Embryo germination rate and normal plant recovery were also higher in lemons as compared to the other seed progenitors. Low winter temperatures might have affected the hybrid production efficiency from tropical acid fruit progenitors. A total of 650 hybrids (mostly triploid) were transferred to soil. The novel genetic combinations of these progenies should be valuable for the genetic improvement of acid citrus fruit (lemons and limes).
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Kang, Heejin, Sunmee Lee, Jaecheol Kim, Hyosun Park, and Suna Kim. "Physicochemical characteristics and volatile profile of novel lemon varieties, Minimon and Jeramon." Korean Journal of Food Preservation 30, no. 5 (October 2023): 770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2023.30.5.770.
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Although most lemons are imported into Korea, their consumption is increasing. Development of domestic varieties of Jeramon and Minimon is currently underway in an effort to meet the increasing demand for fresh lemons. In this study, an analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of Jeramon and Minimon, including their flavor components and antioxidant properties, was conducted. The results revealed that these new varieties of Korean lemon can be regarded as good sources of antioxidants and phytochemicals. Compared to Sunkist, the most consumed lemon variety in Korea, Minimon contained more than twice as much β-cryptoxanthin, and the content of L-ascorbic acid was more than three-four-fold higher in both Minimon and Jeramon. In addition, results from measurement of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities indicated that Jeramon extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. In the volatile profile analysis, the profiles of volatile components showed high similarity among the three lemon samples, and the composition ratio was largely dominated by terpenoids. A markedly higher ratio of d-limonene and thymol was detected in the Minimon variety compared with that in the other two varieties. Collectively, the findings from this study on Korean lemon varieties provide a basis as well as valuable guidance for breeding domestic lemon varieties.
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Liu, Zhixiang, Peng Wang, Chengcheng Liu, and Xin Tang. "Flavonoid Profiles in the Pulp of Different Lemon Cultivars and Their Antioxidant Activity Based on UPLC–Q–TOF–MS." Molecules 29, no. 15 (July 24, 2024): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153464.
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Previous studies have indicated that there may be differences among the varieties of lemon flavonoids, but the details have not yet been made clear, which limits the comprehensive use of different cultivated lemon varieties. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–time-of-flight–mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q–TOF–MS) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) were used to investigate the types and contents of flavonoids in the flesh of the main cultivated variety (Eureka) and five common lemon varieties, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. A total of 21 compounds were identified, five of which were common compounds. Among them, Verna, Lisbon, and Bearss each have characteristic components that can serve as potential criteria for variety identification. Each of the six varieties of lemon has strong antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of different lemon varieties is related to flavonoids. Therefore, Eureka and the other five varieties of lemon are good natural antioxidants, and the cultivation and industrial production of lemons should consider the needs and selection of suitable varieties.
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Martínez-Nicolas, Juan José, Dámaris Núñez-Gómez, Vicente Lidón, Rafael Martínez-Font, Pablo Melgarejo, Francisca Hernández, and Pilar Legua. "Physico-Chemical Attributes of Lemon Fruits as Affected by Growing Substrate and Rootstock." Foods 11, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11162487.
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Due to its high content of bioactive compounds, the lemon is considered one of the most relevant species around the world. Its great economic importance is motivated, in addition to its fresh consumption, by its applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, etc. However, the chemical and nutritional composition of lemon is not constant and can be influenced by external factors such as variety, weather conditions, crop management, etc. Determining the compositional variations of the fruit, essential to defining its potential use, was the main objective of this study. The physicochemical characteristics of the ‘Verna’ lemon were studied as a function of two controlled variables, the growing substrate and the rootstock. For this, 90 lemon trees were cultivated in three rootstocks and three different culture media. Lemon trees cultivated with 50% sediment/peat mix substrate presented a higher total production (590 lemons and 90.53 kg) while this production was 80% lower on trees cultivated with 75% marine sediment. Citrus macrophylla and Citrus aurantium/Citrus sinensis rootstocks showed a significantly higher production than the Citrus aurantium. All the fruits presented a predominantly yellow color appropriate for the market (0 < CI < +5). Nutritional and chemical parameters were consistent with data reported for the ‘Verna’ clones. All the obtained lemons were suitable for marketing and consumption both in fresh and processed forms. The results indicated the limited influence that the studied variables have on the quality parameters of lemon fruits, but they also could confirm the potential of marine sediment as a culture substrate.
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Pravita, Christivanny Sheila, and Crescentiana Emy Dhurhania. "Penetapan kadar flavonoid total perasan lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) secara spektrofotometri UV-Vis." Health Sciences and Pharmacy Journal 7, no. 1 (May 4, 2023): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32504/hspj.v7i1.653.
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One of the fruits whose juice can function as an antibacterial is a lemon. This is related to the flavonoid content in lemons. The purpose of this study was to determine the total flavonoid content in local and imported lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) juice using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The filtered juice was used for qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis using concentrated HCI reagent plus magnesium powder, 10% NaOH, and concentrated H2SO4 showed that lemon juice was positive for flavonoids. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with an operating time of 28 minutes, the maximum wavelength of 439 nm. The total flavonoid content in local lemon juice was 38.42 ± 0.448 mg QE/100 ml of juice, with a coefficient of variation obtained was 1.165%. The total flavonoid content in imported lemon juice was 39.76 ± 0.199 mg QE/100 ml of juice with a coefficient of variation was 0.501%.
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Septiana, Winda, Sukarno Sukarno, and Slamet Budijanto. "Aplikasi response surface methodology pada optimalisasi proses direct acidification terhadap karakteristik produk keju lunak dari penggunaan air lemon [Application of response surface methodology to optimize direct acidification using lemon juice process for soft cheese properties]." Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Hasil Pertanian 28, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtihp.v28i1.30-42.
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Lemon juice can be used as an acidifier to separate curd and whey from milk by decreasing the pH until it reaches the isoelectric point. This study observed the effect of lemon juice as a coagulant for soft cheese-making characteristics using direct acidification that variates the temperature point and the level of lemons maturity classify by the fruit-peel color ratio between yellow and green. Response surface methodology was used in this experimental design with 29 total runs by Design Expert 13 software to search for the optimum formula for the soft cheese-making process. The result shows that the optimum formula reached 70% yellow and 30% green lemon-peel color of fruit maturity, several lemon juice concentrations at 5%, 10%, and 15, and the coagulation temperature point at 30 °C. This research showed that there was an effect of using lemon juice as an acid coagulant in the soft cheese-making process based on the concentration added as an acidifying agent on the characteristic results.
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Wibowo, Muhammad Dila, Hamdan, T.H. Wahyuni, N. Ginting, and S.Sepriadi. "The Effect of Lemon (Citrus limon) as a Coagulant on Fresh Cheese Chemical Composition And Storage." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v8i2.4823.
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Demand for fresh cheese increases along with welfare. As Indonesia has a muslim population around 200 millions therefore there is a demand for halal cheese starter. The purpose of this research was to prove that the use of lemom juice as a replacement rennet is able to coagulate milk while produce fresh cheese which is also a halal because it comes from plants.This study aims to determine the lemon juice (citrus limon) in the process of milk coagulation. This research method used a 4 x 4 Factorial Completely Randomized Design with 2 replications of factor A, levels of lemon juice, namely A0 = 0.01% rennet, A1 = 5% lemon juice, A2 = 10% lemon juice, A3 = 15% lemon juice, and factor B storage time B0 = 0 days, B1 = 5 days, B2 = 10 days and B3 = 15 days. The variables measured were chemical compositions including moisture content, dry matter content, fat content, protein content. Based on the research results, it was found that from the addition of four levels of lemon juice used and four variations of storage time, giving 10% lemon juice (A2) and storage time of 15 days (B3) was the optimal treatment to increase moisture content, dry matter content, fat content, protein content in cheese and can be used as an alternative of halal cheese starter.
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Wibowo, Muhammad Dila, Hamdan, T.H. Wahyuni, N. Ginting, and S.Sepriadi. "The Effect of Lemon (Citrus limon) as a Coagulant on Fresh Cheese Chemical Composition And Storage." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v8i2.4823.
Full textAbstract:
Demand for fresh cheese increases along with welfare. As Indonesia has a muslim population around 200 millions therefore there is a demand for halal cheese starter. The purpose of this research was to prove that the use of lemom juice as a replacement rennet is able to coagulate milk while produce fresh cheese which is also a halal because it comes from plants.This study aims to determine the lemon juice (citrus limon) in the process of milk coagulation. This research method used a 4 x 4 Factorial Completely Randomized Design with 2 replications of factor A, levels of lemon juice, namely A0 = 0.01% rennet, A1 = 5% lemon juice, A2 = 10% lemon juice, A3 = 15% lemon juice, and factor B storage time B0 = 0 days, B1 = 5 days, B2 = 10 days and B3 = 15 days. The variables measured were chemical compositions including moisture content, dry matter content, fat content, protein content. Based on the research results, it was found that from the addition of four levels of lemon juice used and four variations of storage time, giving 10% lemon juice (A2) and storage time of 15 days (B3) was the optimal treatment to increase moisture content, dry matter content, fat content, protein content in cheese and can be used as an alternative of halal cheese starter.
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Rahayu, Vitaloka Guci, and Evi Hanizar. "The Effect of Lemon (Citrus limon) Extracts On The Quantity and Quality of Mice (Mus musculus) Sperm." Elkawnie 7, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v7i2.9389.
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Abstract: Vitamin C has been proved as a nutrient to improve the quality of sperm. Society believed that consuming the lemons could potentially enhance the sperm quality of humans. However, the appropriate concentration should be well studied to obtain the optimum concentration to improve the sperm quality and quantity. The present research tried to provide information on how lemon could improve the sperm quality by designing a true experimental using a series concentration of lemon extract (25%, 50% and 75 % concentrations) given to the male mice (Mus musculus). The investigation was made by giving the lemon treatment three times a day for 5 weeks. To investigate the effect of lemon extract, the mice sperm were taken from the epididymis and observed using a multimedia microscope and counted using Neubauer’s counting rooms, while motility and morphology were observed using object-glass. The result showed that the high concentration of lemon could not provide the greatest improvement of sperm quality and quantity. The optimum condition was seen in 25% of lemon extract, where the increase of lemon concentration suppressed the lemon improvement effect, which reduced the sperm quality and quantity. However, the improvement was still made if the result was compared to control, meaning consuming lemon was better than consuming any lemon treatment. The result was in accordance with quality improvement of sperm, where 25% of lemon concentration treatment provided the highest average motility and normal morphology of sperm. However, the high concentration of lemon extract (50% and 75% of lemon concentrations) provided a lower effect due to the adverse effect. The result proved that lemon could be used to boost the quality and quantity of sperm in an appropriate concentration where the excess lemon extract could reduce the effect of lemon in improving sperm quality and quantity.Abstrak: Vitamin C telah terbukti sebagai nutrisi untuk meningkatkan kualitas sperma dimana masyarakat percaya bahwa mengkonsumsi lemon berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas sperma manusia. Namun, konsentrasi yang tepat harus dipelajari dengan baik untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi yang optimal untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas sperma. Penelitian ini mencoba memberikan informasi bagaimana lemon dapat meningkatkan kualitas sperma dengan merancang eksperimen nyata menggunakan serangkaian konsentrasi ekstrak lemon (konsentrasi 25%, 50% dan 75%) yang diberikan kepada mencit jantan (Mus musculus). Penyelidikan dilakukan dengan memberikan ekstrak lemon sebanyak tiga kali dalam sehari selama 5 minggu. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak lemon, sperma mencit diambil dari epididimis dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop multimedia dan dihitung menggunakan kamar hitung Neubauer, sedangkan motilitas dan morfologi diamati menggunakan kaca objek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi lemon yang tinggi tidak dapat memberikan peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas sperma yang tertinggi. Kondisi optimum terlihat pada ekstrak lemon 25% dimana peningkatan konsentrasi lemon menekan efek perbaikan lemon yang menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas sperma. Namun perbaikan tetap dilakukan jika hasilnya dibandingkan dengan kontrol, artinya mengkonsumsi lemon lebih baik daripada tanpa mengkonsumsi lemon. Hasil tersebut sesuai dengan peningkatan kualitas sperma dimana perlakuan konsentrasi lemon 25% memberikan rata-rata motilitas dan morfologi sperma yang normal paling tinggi. Namun, konsentrasi tinggi ekstrak lemon (50% dan 75% konsentrasi lemon) memberikan efek yang lebih rendah karena efek samping. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa lemon dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas sperma dalam konsentrasi yang sesuai dimana kelebihan ekstrak lemon dapat mengurangi efek lemon dalam meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas sperma.
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Zhang, Pei-Wen, Ya-Zhen Huang, Chihhao Fan, and Tsun-Kuo Chang. "Application of Waste Lemon Extract to Toxic Metal Removal through Gravitational Soil Flushing and Composting Stabilization." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145751.
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The present study aims to investigate the treatment efficiency of soil flushing using waste lemon extract for samples collected from contaminated farmland, in which the copper concentration was measured as 2487 ± 139 mg/kg. The flushing solution, containing 9.9 g/L citric acid, was prepared from the waste lemon extraction process. The soil-flushing treatment using a solution containing commercial citric acids of 10 g/L was also conducted for comparison. Additionally, the collected soil was mixed with crushed waste lemons and the mixture was subjected to a composting process for subsequent stabilization study. After 120-min batch experiments, the desorbed copper concentration for waste lemon-extract experiment was 36.9 mg/L, which was higher than that (28.6 mg/L) for commercial citric solution experiment. The reduction in soil copper concentration (1504 mg/kg) treated by waste lemon-extract flushing was more than that treated by commercial citric solution (1256 mg/kg) at the comparable citric acid concentration. More metals were removed by waste lemon-extract flushing. This is because the waste lemon-extract solution contains additional co-dissolved organic substances with a longer flushing time, which allows more exchange reactions between adsorbed metals and flushing solution. For the treatment with waste lemon extract, the soil pH values were 4.56, 5.70 and 6.29 before, after flushing and after compost treatment, respectively. The observed variation in soil pH also showed that waste lemon extract might be a better flushing agent, while flushing with commercial citric solution decreased the pH in the soil environment. The plant copper availability dropped from 677 mg/kg to 156 mg/kg after waste lemon-extract flushing and stabilization with composted waste lemon. Therefore, the use of waste lemon extract for soil flushing not only removed toxic metals from the soil but also prevented the occurrence of soil acidification, an often-observed phenomenon using an acidic solution in conventional soil flushing. After soil flushing, the application of composted waste lemon could stabilize the toxic metals and increase the pH to a range suitable for plant growth.
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Ziogas, Vasileios, Epameinondas Kokkinos, Antonia Karagianni, Evgenia Ntamposi, Apostolis Stilianos Voulgarakis, and Syed Bilal Hussain. "Effect of Rootstock Selection on Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Lemon Varieties Cultivated in Greece." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (August 28, 2023): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092265.
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Lemon is a prominent citrus fruit that supports regional economies worldwide. Several agronomic and fruit quality attributes are affected by the rootstock selection, thus its selection is essential for a successful grove. This study aims to compare the agronomic and quality attributes of four lemon cultivars (‘Mikrokarpo Messaras’, ‘Nouvel Athos’, ‘Femminello Commune,’ and ‘Zia gara Bianca’) grafted onto three rootstocks (‘Sour Orange’, ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’, and ‘Volkameriana’). The yield and rootstock/scion ratio were estimated along with fruit morphological characteristics (size, equatorial, and polar diameter). Internal fruit quality was also estimated (total soluble solids, total acidity, juiciness, ascorbic acid, total phenols, and total antioxidant activity). ‘Volkameriana’ rootstock stood out among the studied rootstocks, as all grafted lemon varieties increased their productivity. Its combination with the Italian cultivar ‘Femminello Commune’ exhibited enhanced tree vigor and tree yield. For all studied cultivars, the use of ‘Volkameriana’ or ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’ rootstocks decreased the total soluble content and total acidity, increased the ascorbic acid content, and did not influence the TSS/TA ratio, total phenols or total antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the vigorous ‘Volkameriana’ and ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’ rootstocks are a promising replacement for ‘sour orange’. This research provides valuable insights into the potential use of ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’ as a rootstock for lemons, as existing literature is rather limited.
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Rienoviar, Lukman Junaidi, Nami Lestari, Eddy Sapto Hartanto, Anna Sulistyaningrum, and Husein Smith. "Characterization of the essential oil content of lemon (Citrus limon burm f.) peel and the active component of the cohobation waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1266, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1266/1/012080.
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Abstract Lemon (Citrus limon burm f.) peel is a waste from processing lemons that has not been utilized optimally. One effort to utilize lemon peel waste is by extracting essential oils. In the process of extracting essential oils of lemon peel, a waste by-product will be produced in the form of solid waste (cohobation waste). In order to increase the economic value of lemon peel, it is necessary to evaluate the content of active components in the cohobation waste of the lemon peel extraction process. This study aims to examine the essential oil components in lemon peel and the active components contained in the cohobation waste resulted from the extraction process. The essential oil extraction method used was cohobation. The testing method used was the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed that the essential oil components extracted from lemon peel were: d-limonene (79.38%), citral (5.98%), neral (3.62%), 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, α.,α.4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol (2.94%), linalool (2%), β-myrcene (1.18%), and p-mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol (1.85%). While the results of the cohobation waste test contained various active components, such as: 9,12 octadecadienoic acid (20.66%), g-sitosterol (11.47%), hexadecanoic acid (9.85%), β-bisabolene (9.45%), β-fenchol (7.57%), α-bergamotene (5.47%), vitamin E (2.57%), and campesterol (2.24%).
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Fu, Kang, Guanghui Yan, Hao Luo, Wenwen Chang, and Jingwen Li. "Research on a Link Prediction Algorithm Based on Hypergraph Representation Learning." Electronics 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12234842.
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Link prediction is a crucial area of study within complex networks research. Mapping nodes to low-dimensional vectors through network embeddings is a vital technique for link prediction. Most of the existing methods employ “node–edge”-structured networks to model the data and learn node embeddings. In this paper, we initially introduce the Clique structure to enhance the existing model and investigate the impact of introducing two Clique structures (LECON: Learning Embedding based on Clique Of the Network) and nine motifs (LEMON: Learning Embedding based on Motif Of the Network), respectively, on experimental performance. Subsequently, we introduce a hypergraph to model the network and reconfigure the network by mapping hypermotifs to two structures: open hypermotif and closed hypermotif, respectively. Then, we introduce hypermotifs as supernodes to capture the structural similarity between nodes in the network (HMRLH: HyperMotif Representation Learning on Hypergraph). After that, taking into account the connectivity and structural similarity of the involved nodes, we propose the Depth and Breadth Motif Random Walk method to acquire node sequences. We then apply this method to the LEMON (LEMON-DB: LEMON-Depth and Breadth Motif Random Walk) and HMRLH (HMRLH-DB: HMRLH-Depth and Breadth Motif Random Walk) algorithms. The experimental results on four different datasets indicate that, compared with the LEMON method, the LECON method improves experimental performance while reducing time complexity. The HMRLH method, utilizing hypernetwork modeling, proves more effective in extracting node features. The LEMON-DB and HMRLH-DB methods, incorporating new random walk approaches, outperform the original methods in the field of link prediction. Compared with state-of-the-art baselines, the proposed approach in this paper effectively enhances link prediction accuracy, demonstrating a certain level of superiority.
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Putranto, Kelik, R. Haerudjaman, and Andri Gunawan. "PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ETHEPHON PADA PROSES DEGREENING BUAH JERUK LEMON (Citrus limon L.) CALIFORNIA." AGRITEKH (Jurnal Agribisnis dan Teknologi Pangan) 4, no. 2 (February 27, 2024): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32627/agritekh.v4i2.891.
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The color of the peel of the California type lemon when harvested is generally green. Degreening technology using ethepon solution can improve the color of lemon peel to yellow. Degreening is the process of chemically remodeling the green pigment (chlorophyll) in orange peel and forming a yellow color (carotenoids) without affecting the internal quality of the fruit. The study aims to examine the effect of ethepon concentration to stimulate yellow pigments (carotenoids) and its effect on the physicochemical properties of California lemons from Majalengka. Degreening lemons using concentrations of 0 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm and 1000 ppm solutions dipped for 10 seconds. Observations were made after one of the treatments had the effect of changing the color of lemons to full yellow (Value 5). Other physicochemical observations include weight loss, total acid, vitamin C and total soluble solids. The results showed that changes in fruit skin color began to occur on day 4 after degreening treatment. The best ethepon concentration is 1000 ppm i.e. it can improve the color quality of lemon fruit from full green to full yellow without negative influence on weight loss, total dissolved solids, vitamin C, and total acid.
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Badiche-El Hilali, Fátima, Juan Miguel Valverde, María E. García-Pastor, María Serrano, Salvador Castillo, and Daniel Valero. "Melatonin Postharvest Treatment in Leafy ‘Fino’ Lemon Maintains Quality and Bioactive Compounds." Foods 12, no. 15 (August 7, 2023): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12152979.
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Spain is a great producer of organic lemon; however, it is necessary to reduce the losses caused by post-harvest diseases. Melatonin (MEL) is a naturally occurring compound with physiological functions in fruit growth and ripening and is able to modulate postharvest ripening and senescence, most of it being concentrated in climacteric fruit. Thus, the aim of this study was to apply MEL to organic lemon fruit with stems and leaves (LEAF) and to organic lemon without those components (LEAFLESS) after harvesting and storage during 21 days at 2 °C to understand the effects of this treatment on the fruit quality. For this purpose, two experiments were carried out. First, MEL was applied at 0.01 mM, 0.1 mM and 1.0 mM by immersion for 15 min on lemon fruits, and the quality parameters and bioactive compounds of the fruit were analysed. Subsequently, a second experiment was carried out where the best concentration (1 mM) was selected and another time (15 and 30 min) was added, with the same quality parameters being analysed. As a result, we observed that all MEL treatments showed positive effects on weight loss reduction, softening (higher fruit firmness), total acidity and lower colour changes. Total phenols increased in MEL-treated lemons, both in peel and juice. For the three concentrations tested, the best efficiency was obtained with MEL at 1.0 mM, while LEAF lemons were the most effective. In conclusion, lemons containing stems and leaves (LEAF) improved preservability by using MEL at 1.0 mM with better organoleptic quality and enhanced phenolic compounds.
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Aloi, Francesco, Mario Riolo, Rossana Parlascino, Antonella Pane, and Santa Olga Cacciola. "Bot Gummosis of Lemon (Citrus × limon) Caused by Neofusicoccum parvum." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040294.
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Neofusicoccum parvum, in the family Botryosphaeriaceae, was identified as the causal agent of bot gummosis of lemon (Citrus × limon) trees, in the two major lemon-producing regions in Italy. Gummy cankers on trunk and scaffold branches of mature trees were the most typical disease symptoms. Neofusicoccum parvum was the sole fungus constantly and consistently isolated from the canker bark of symptomatic lemon trees. It was identified on the basis of morphological characters and the phylogenetic analysis of three loci, i.e., the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) as well as the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB2) genes. The pathogenicity of N. parvum was demonstrated by wound inoculating two lemon cultivars, ‘Femminello 2kr’ and ‘Monachello’, as well as citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) ‘Carrizo’ rootstock. In artificial inoculations, the fungus was very aggressive on lemons and weakly virulent on citrange, consistently with symptoms observed in the field as a consequence of natural infections. This is the first report of N. parvum, both in a wide and in a strict taxonomic sense, as a pathogen of lemon in Italy.
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Yunita, Citra Nurma, Lilik Eka Radiati, and Djalal Rosyidi. "Effect of Lemon Marination on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Quality of Chicken Satay." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 6 (June 25, 2023): 4723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i6.4269.
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This study aims to determine the effect of different lemon marinates on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quality of chicken satay. The percentages of lemon used 0%, 5 %, 10 % and 15 %. Chicken meat was marinated for 10 minutes in a homogeneous. The study used a Nested Completely Randomized Design. Parameters used were physical quality (pH, cooking loss and WHC), chemical quality (moisture, fat and protein content) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if the results of statistical analysis significant or very significant differences were obtained Duncan's test (UJBD) and descriptive PAH. The results of statistical analysis showed that the use of lemons marinates with different proportions had a very significant effect (P<0,01) on pH, cooking loss, WHC and moisture, fat content had a significant effect (P<0,05) but had no significant effect (P>0,05) on protein content. Chicken satay with 15% lemon marinates showed non-detectable results PAH. The study concluded that lemon marinates can reduce the content of PAH carcinogens and affect the quality of chicken satay. The lowest levels of PAHs were found in the chicken satay that was marinated with a 15% lemon marinates.
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Kovács, Gergő, Éva Zámbori-Németh, and Géza Nagy. "SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis L.) VARIETIES TO SEPTORIA LEAF SPOT (Septoria melissae Desm.) IN HUNGARY." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.1.5.
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Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is a widely cultivated plant in Europe. Septoria melissae Desm. is the most important pathogen of lemon balm crops, which may cause serious yield loss by the severe leaf fall. As chemical control of the pathogen is restricted, alternative plant protection methods, like the use of tolerant varieties, should be taken under consideration. The goal of our work was to evaluate the susceptibility of three lemon balm varieties to Septoria leaf spot in field. The trials were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in Budapest-Soroksár, Hungary. Dynamics of infection showed characteristic sharp increase from the beginning of August in both years. The lowest infection levels were observed in cultivar ‘Lemona’. The disease incidence in the middle of August was 19% in the first year and 59% in the second year, while these values were over 40% and 70% in the other cultivars ‘Soroksári’ and ‘Quedlinburger Niederliegende’, respectively. The manifestation of symptomps was also significantly lighter on the ‘Lemona’ plants and they had the highest ratio of healthy leaves (81%) compared to the other cultivars. According to the data, weather conditions might modify the range of the differences among the cultivars. It was concluded that appropriate selection of varieties could be an effective and enviromental friendly plant protection method in the practice of lemon balm cultivation.
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M, Haritha, Greeshma Raju, Anila Mary Jacob, and Geethu Thampi. "Remediation of waste water through natural coagulants such as lemon and banana peel." E3S Web of Conferences 529 (2024): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452903004.
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Water is not only necessary for survival, but it also adds significantly to the quality of our lives. The rapid increase in population, economic expansion, and industrialization in developing nations has led to an unexpected need for water in cities. The capacity for water uses and wastewater generation in residential sectors has significantly risen during the past few decades. Wastewater treatment is an essential procedure in the sanitation system. Reusing resources and adhering to environmental regulations require efficient treatment and pollution management of municipal wastewater resources. The most preferred method for treating wastewater among the many options currently available is the coagulation and flocculation processes. People widely use this treatment due to its low energy consumption, reliability, affordability, and ease of use. This study evaluated the use of banana and lemon peels as coagulants in water treatment using coagulation-flocculation procedures as a potential substitute for alum. We determined the pH and coagulant dose for both banana and lemon peel combinations. The results of this experiment show that lemon peel works well as a coagulant to absorb biological oxygen demand. It has been discovered that the dehydration procedure works better with peels from bananas and lemons. The ideal duration of contact between lemon and banana peels is 90 minutes. For peels of bananas and lemons, the optimal particle size is 300μm, and the ideal dosage of adsorbent is 0.3g.
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Rilyani, Rilyani, Aryanti Wardiyah, and Tri Widiyanti. "Efektivitas Inhalasi Aromaterapi Lemon Mengurangi Hiperemesis Gravidarum Pada Kehamilan Trimester I Di Desa Way Sari Kecamatan Natar Lampung Selatan." JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) 5, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 1568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v5i5.4770.
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ABSTRAK Mual dan muntah pada kehamilan mengakibatkan setiap tahunnya 500 ribu ibu meninggal akibat langsung dari kehamilan. Kejadian mual dan muntah atau emesis gravidarum pada wanita hamil mencapai angka 50–90%, sedangkan hiperemesis gravidarum mencapai angka 10-15% pada tahun 2015 di provinsi Lampung. Mual muntah pada kehamilan memberikan dampak signifikan pada tubuh dimana ibu menjadi lemah, pucat dan kekurangan cairan tubuh. Tujuan pemberian terapi ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas inhalasi aromaterapi lemon untuk klien yang mengalami hiperemesis gravidarum. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian kepada masyarakat yaitu pendidikan kesehatan yang menggunakan 2 subjek yang berdomisili di Desa Way Sari Kecamatan Natar Lampung Selatan Tahun 2021. Bahan yang digunakan untuk pengabdian kepada masyarakat yaitu citrus lemon dan tissue. Hasil pengabdian kepada masyarakat menunjukkan bahwa setelah dilakukan inhalasi aromaterapi lemon terjadi penurunan hiperemesis gravidarum tingkat II, yaitu sebelum dilakukan inhalasi aromaterapi lemon mual dan muntah pasien dalam sehari lebih dari 5 kali dan turun menjadi 2 kali dalam sehari setelah dilakukan inhalasi aromaterapi essensial lemon. Kata Kunci: Hiperemesis, Inhalasi aromaterapi Lemon ABSTRACTNausea and vomiting during pregnancy cause every year 500 thousand mothers to die as a direct result of pregnancy. The incidence of nausea and vomiting or emesis gravidarum in pregnant women reaches 50–90%, while hyperemesis gravidarum reaches 10-15% in 2015 in Lampung province. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy have a significant impact on the body where the mother becomes weak, pale, and lacks body fluids. The purpose of this therapy is to determine the effectiveness of inhalation of lemon aromatherapy for clients who experience hyperemesis gravidarum. The method used in community service is health education using 2 subjects that are domiciled in Way Sari Village, Natar District, South Lampung in 2021. The materials used for community service are citrus lemons and tissue. The results of community service showed that after inhalation of lemon aromatherapy there was a decrease in level II hyperemesis gravidarum, namely before inhalation of lemon aromatherapy the patient had nausea and vomiting more than 5 times a day and decreased to 2 times a day after inhalation of lemon essential aromatherapy. Keywords: Hyperemesis, Inhalation Aromatherapy Lemon
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Twinomuhwezi, Hannington, Awuchi Chinaza Godswill, and Daphine Kahunde. "Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Orange (Citrus sinensis), Lemon (Citrus limon) and Tangerine (Citrus tangerina)." American Journal of Physical Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ajps.1049.
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Purpose: The study focused on the extraction and characterization of pectin from orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limon), and tangerine (Citrus tangerina)
Methodology: Pectin was extracted from lemon (Citrus limon), tangerine (Citrus tangerina) and orange (Citrus sinensis) peels. The feasibility of the citrus peel pectin for use in food processing was assessed. Pectin from these citrus fruit peels was extracted under the same extraction conditions. The pectin extraction was carried out using hydrochloric acid (0.05N, pH 2.22; 0.04N, pH 1.54 and 0.03N, pH 1.27).
Findings: Pectin from the acidified fruit peels was extracted at 70 ± 0.5°C for 1 hour at the different pH values. The highest pectin yield from all fruit peels was obtained at pH of 1.27, with lemons having the highest yield followed by oranges and lastly tangerine in the order; 16.61%, 16.01% and 15.23% respectively. Second highest yield was obtained at pH 1.54 in the same order; lemon (15.65%), orange (15.23%) and tangerine (13.87%). The least yield was obtained at a pH of 2.22; lemon (10.52%), oranges (11.01%) and tangerine (9.45%). The average yield was highest in lemon, orange and lastly in tangerine with percentages of 14.36%, 14.08% and 12.82% respectively. Chemical characterization of the citrus peel pectin revealed that the equivalent weight of pectin from all samples was generally low as compared to that of commercial pectin. The average equivalent weight in mg/mL was found to be 150.43, 116.78 and 97.15% for lemon, orange and tangerine respectively. Methoxyl content showed that the pectin obtained for all the samples was high (HM); lemon (11.49%), orange (14.94%) and tangerine (12.02%). Anhydrouronic acid (AUA) values were lemon (76.92%), orange (100.03%) and tangerine (86.38%) which are above the minimum of 65% set by FAO, while the degree of esterification (DE) was high for all; lemon (84.54%), orange (84.68%) and tangerine (78.88%) indicating that all were rapid-setting pectin. The colors of pectin obtained from lemon and orange were pale yellow while that obtained from tangerine was brown.
Unique contribution to theory, practice, and policy: Depending on the AUA, lemon pectin was the purest of all the three samples, followed by tangerine and lastly orange peels. For commercial use of this pectin, lemon pectin is most suitable then tangerine and lastly orange basing on the methoxyl content. It is recommended that for better yields, pectin should be extracted on a dry basis instead of a wet basis.
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Arpi, N., M. Muzaifa, R. Andini, H. P. Widayat, C. Nilda, and F. Nisa. "Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of cascara syrup with the addition of lemon (Citrus limon) extract." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1177, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1177/1/012028.
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Abstract Cascara is a drink made from dried coffee cherry skin that has the potential aspects to be further developed into syrup. The processing of cascara syrup with the addition of lemon (Citrus limon) is expected to produce a preferred syrup. This study aims to determine the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of cascara syrup with the addition of lemon extract. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors, the concentration of cascara extract (C1 = 20% and C2 = 25%) and lemon extract (L1 = 0%, L2 = 3% and L3 = 5%). The parameter analyzed were pH, total soluble solid (TSS), total fenol, vitamin C and hedonic taste. The results showed that the addition of lemon affects the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the cascara syrup produced. The higher cascara extract added, the total soluble solid of cascara syrup produced will be increased. The more lemons added, vitamin C content and the hedonic taste also increase, but pH value decreased. The best treatment was obtained from cascara syrup with 25% cascara extract and 5% lemon extract (C2L3) with a pH value of 3.91; total soluble solid 4.89 °Brix; vitamin C 10.83 mg/100g; total phenol 31.62 mg/ml and hedonic taste 3.72 (like).
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Allegra, Maria, Filippo Ferlito, Biagio Torrisi, Sara Trovato, Giuseppe Cicciarello, and Maria Concetta Strano. "Quality of cold stored lemon fruit from orchards consociated to ancient olive trees." Advances in Horticultural Science 37, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-13910.
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In the hilly area of Gioia Tauro (Calabria, Southern Italy), lemon orchards are grown in consociation with centuries-old olive trees. Lemons are partially shaded by olive canopies and the microclimate at the level of their canopies is suitable for plants growth and quality productions. Under these conditions, lemon trees are grown even without irrigation, providing, despite this limitation, a quality product. This study aimed to i) investigate the qualitative characterisation of two clonal selections of the lemon cultivar Femminello, F. Siracusano (S) and F. Zagara bianca (ZB), from the described intercropping, on irrigated (I) and non-irrigated (NI) crops; ii) assess the quality preservation during cold storage, in order to evaluate the availability of lemons for marketing in a period of shortage such as the summer season. Fruits were harvested at commercial maturity, and cold stored at 10±1°C and RH 85-90%, for 60 days. Decay incidence, physiological disorders, weight loss, and the main physical-chemical parameters were assessed at harvest (T0) and every 15 days (T15, T30, T45, T60). The absence of decay and physiological disorders was observed throughout the 60-day storage period, in both clonal selections under the two management conditions. The weight loss was greater in fruits from irrigated lemon groves of both S and ZB. S_I showed significantly lower fruits weight and higher titratable acidity than S_NI. Total soluble solids and titratable acidity were statistically lower for ZB_I than for NI fruits.
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Crooker, Barbara. "Lemon." Christianity & Literature 55, no. 4 (September 2006): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310605500403.
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Russell, R. Alan. "Pick's Theorem: What a Lemon!" Mathematics Teacher 97, no. 5 (May 2004): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.97.5.0352.
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Now that I have your attention, let me calm your concerns. The fact is that Pick's theorem is useful in many different ways, just like a lemon. I first started buying fresh lemons solely for the juice. After watching my grandmother cook, listening to my family, and drawing connections, I have learned to use the zest from the lemon, as well as the fruit. In much the same way, I have grown as a consumer of Pick's theorem by watching my students interact with the theorem, listening to their comments, and drawing connections with other mathematical topics. With this analogy in mind, I invite you as an informed consumer to consider this mathematical tidbit.
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Russell, R. Alan. "Pick's Theorem: What a Lemon!" Mathematics Teacher 97, no. 5 (May 2004): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.97.5.0352.
Full textAbstract:
Now that I have your attention, let me calm your concerns. The fact is that Pick's theorem is useful in many different ways, just like a lemon. I first started buying fresh lemons solely for the juice. After watching my grandmother cook, listening to my family, and drawing connections, I have learned to use the zest from the lemon, as well as the fruit. In much the same way, I have grown as a consumer of Pick's theorem by watching my students interact with the theorem, listening to their comments, and drawing connections with other mathematical topics. With this analogy in mind, I invite you as an informed consumer to consider this mathematical tidbit.
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Gulsen, O., and M. L. Roose. "Lemons: Diversity and Relationships with Selected Citrus Genotypes as Measured with Nuclear Genome Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 3 (May 2001): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.3.309.
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Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR) and isozymes were used to measure genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 95 Citrus L. accessions including 57 lemons [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.], related taxa, and three proposed ancestral species, C. maxima (Burm.) Merrill (pummelo), C. medica L. (citron), and C. reticulata Blanco (mandarin). The ancestry of lemons and several other suspected hybrids was also studied. Five isozyme and five SSR loci revealed relatively little variation among most lemons, but a high level of variation among the relatively distant Citrus taxa. Eight ISSR primers amplified a total of 103 polymorphic fragments among the 83 accessions. Similarity matrices were calculated and phylogenetic trees derived using unweighted pair-group method, arithmetic average cluster analysis. All lemons, rough lemons, and sweet lemons, as well as some other suspected hybrids, clustered with citrons. Most lemons (68%) had nearly identical marker phenotypes, suggesting they originated from a single clonal parent via a series of mutations. Citrons contributed the largest part of the lemon genome and a major part of the genomes of rough lemons, sweet lemons, and sweet limes. Bands that characterize C. reticulata and C. maxima were detected in lemons, suggesting that these taxa also contributed to the pedigree of lemon.
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James, DG. "Energy Reserves, Reproductive Status and Population Biology of Overwintering Biprorulus-Bibax (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in Southern New-South-Wales Citrus Groves." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 4 (1990): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900415.
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Information is presented on energy reserves, reproductive status and population biology of over- wintering Biprorulus bibax (Breddin) in southern New South Wales citrus groves. Large numbers of adult bugs overwintered in clusters on orange trees adjacent to a lemon grove at Cudgel in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (M.I.A.). Clusters of up to 50 tightly packed bugs were found on single trees, and dispersed into the adjacent lemons in early October. Clustering was observed on all citrus except lemon. Overwintering bugs were non-reproductive. Individuals obtained from overwintering clusters at Dareton in Sunraysia were larger, heavier and contained greater lipid reserves than bugs which overwintered alone. These differences did not occur in cluster and non-cluster bugs from the M.I.A. Bugs overwintering on lemons in the M.I.A. weighed less and contained lower reserves of lipid than did individuals which overwintered on orange, mandarin and grapefruit. Lipid reserves of B. bibax were not greatly depleted during overwintering. Overwintering in clusters on citrus hosts other than lemon appears to be an important and successful behavioural strategy for B. bibax in commercial citrus groves in southern New South Wales.
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Neves, Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro, Ives Massanori Murata, Neusa Maria Colauto Stenzel, Cristiane de Conti Medina, Andrey Vetorelli Borges, Sergio Hideki Okumoto, Roberto Huo Chian Lee, and Hernandes Takeshi Kanai. "Root distribution of rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 1 (February 2004): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000100016.
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Field studies on citrus roots are important for genetic selection of cultivars and for management practices such as localized irrigation and fertilization. To characterize root systems of six rootstocks, taking into consideration chemical and physical characteristics of a clayey Typic Hapludox of the Northern State of Paraná, this study was performed having as scion the 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime [Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka)]. The rootstocks 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia Osbeck), 'Africa Rough' lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), 'Sunki' mandarin [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tan.], Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., 'C13' citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf] and 'Catânia 2' Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.) were used applying the trench profile method and the SIARCS® 3.0 software to determine root distribution. 'C-13' citrange had the largest root system. 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Africa Rough' lemon presented the smallest amount of roots. The effective depth for 80 % of roots was 31-53 cm in rows and 67-68 cm in inter-rows. The effective distance of 80 % of roots measured from the tree trunk exceeded the tree canopy for P. trifoliata, 'Sunki' mandarin, and 'Volkamer' and 'Africa Rough' lemons.
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Sánchez-Bravo, Paola, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Juan Martínez-Tomé, Francisca Hernández, and Esther Sendra. "Effect of Organic and Conventional Production on the Quality of Lemon “Fino 49”." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12050980.
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Since the end of the 20th century, organic foods have gained interest within the world population. The lemon is a fruit that is acquiring great prominence in the markets. Its use is based on its appreciated aroma and its content of bioactive compounds, but these attributes are greatly influenced by agronomic practices. To study the influence that organic farming has on the quality of “Fino 49” lemon variety in Spain, this citrus fruit has been characterized based on its morphological, functional, aromatic, and sensory properties. The results showed that conventional farming led to larger and elongated fruits (121.75 g of fruit weight and 58.35 and 79.66 mm of equatorial and polar diameter, respectively), with a higher lightness (L*) in lemon skin (73.38) and higher content of organic acids (malic, citric, and succinic) and sugars (glucose and fructose). On the other hand, organic farming had a higher content of volatile compounds in lemon juice (2537 mg L−1), especially limonene (increase of ~20%), which is related to the greater odor and flavor found in the organic samples by consumers (4.8 and 5.2, respectively). Furthermore, organic lemons had a better acceptance rate by consumers.
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AlShammary, N. S., and A. M. Omran. "Estimation of secondary compounds content of some citrus leaves and their relationship by dietary preference for yellow scale insect Aonidiella. Orientalis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1252, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012007.
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Abstract The yellow scale insect Aonidiella orientalis is an important pest of citrus trees as it absorbs sap from leaves and fruits, causing leaves to turn yellow and deform fruits and drop them. The results of study showed nutritional preference of the insect over some of studied citrus species, as sour orange was the most preferred, followed by lemon and grapefruit, mandarin and oranges were least preferred, with a rate of 22.3, 13.3, 11.7, 10.8, 3.9, and insect / 2 inch2, respectively. while results showed a difference in the content of citrus leaves from the secondary compounds, with highest concentration of phenols and total flavonoids in orange leaves compared to the lowest concentration in grapefruit, the highest concentration of alkaloids was in sour orange compared to the lowest concentration in lemons. highest concentration of total terpenes was in lemon and the lowest concentration was in orange, as for concentration of Lemonic acid, the highest concentration was in lemon leaves, and the lowest was in grapefruit, sour orange, mandarin and orange, respectively. The results also showed that Ascorbic acid in citrus gave the highest concentration in sour orange leaves, and the lowest was in lemon, grapefruit, mandarin and orange, respectively.
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Levine, Aaron. "Aspects of the Lemons Problem as Treated in Jewish Law." Journal of Law and Religion 23, no. 2 (2008): 379–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400002332.
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Commercial transactions are often characterized by asymmetric information between the buyer and seller: one side of the market, usually the seller, knows more about the quality of the product or service offered than the other side. In his 1970 seminal article, George Akerlof predicted that unless counteracting forces are in place, this asymmetric information phenomenon will cause the volume of transactions in this marketplace to shrink to the point where only the most inferior version of the product, called a lemon, will be traded.Practically speaking, numerous institutions mitigate the asymmetrical information problem so that the marketplace does not deteriorate into a lemons market. These countervailing forces include seller guarantees, brand names, product liability laws, consumer screening, third-party comparisons, and the institution of standards and certification by the government or consumer and industry groups.My purpose here will be to analyze one aspect of the lemons problem from the perspective of an imagined society governed entirely by Jewish law and ethics. I will refer to this society as a Torah society. Specifically, I will show how Jewish warranty law counteracts the lemons problem and compare its solutions to those of American warranty law as well as state lemon laws in the U.S.Warranty law works best to counteract the lemon problem if it operates in an environment of trust. As I will show, Jewish law puts the task of moral education in the hands of parents and teachers with the goal of producing the character trait of trustworthiness.
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Richards, Timothy J., Albert Kagan, Pamela Mischen, and Richard Adu-Asamoah. "Marketing Order Suspensions and Fresh Lemon Retail-FOB Margins." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 28, no. 2 (December 1996): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080000729x.
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AbstractIn August 1994, the Secretary of Agriculture announced the termination of the marketing order and the associated flow-to-market, or prorate, controls for fresh California and Arizona (CA/AZ) lemons. Lemon growers and handlers have expressed concern over the impact of this decision on retail-FOB margins. This study presents an econometric model of fresh lemon marketing margins that tests for the presence of buyer and seller market power during previous periods of marketing order suspension. The results show that buyer and, to a lesser extent, seller market power cause retail-FOB margins to widen during periods of prorate suspension.
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Swartling, Daniel J., and Charlotte Morgan. "Lemon Cells Revisited - The Lemon-Powered Calculator." Journal of Chemical Education 75, no. 2 (February 1998): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed075p181.
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Alvin, Karani, Dancan Wakoli, Lagat Micah, Malago Zablon, and Ouma Julia. "ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND SYNERGISM OF Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, AND Citrus limon peel ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Tinea capitis." African Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine 2, no. 1 (October 16, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58460/ajpam.v2i1.37.
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The burden of Tinea infections, common dermatologic fungal diseases remains high globally, especially in Africa. This is sustained mainly by the emergence of resistance to current antifungal drugs in use. Alternative treatment and preventive measures need to be sought to eradicate these infections. Antifungal activity and synergism of garlic in combination with ginger and lemon peel essential oils against Tinea capitis is assessed using inhibition assays. Ginger, lemons, and garlic samples were randomly collected from the Nakuru town market in Nakuru County, Kenya. They were identified by a botanist and then extracted and, analyzed. Antifungal activity against Tinea capitis and synergism among extracts were assessed by the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. The average essential oil yield for ginger, lemon, and garlic was 22%, 20%, and 16%, respectively. Ginger, lemon, and garlic essential oils depicted a comparable antifungal activity against Tinea capitis isolates (P value > 0.05). The combined essential oils formulation of ginger, lemon, and garlic showed the highest activity compared to single extracts (P > 0.05). The MIC for the combined essential oils was 6.25 mg/ml. A combination of the three extracts acts in synergy against the Tinea isolates. The rate of inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration of the extracts. Ginger, lemon, and garlic are sources of molecules that act in synergy in controlling Tinea spp infections. They can be leveraged to support the Ministry of Health in achieving its universal healthcare goal.
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Dong, Meichao, Tuo Yin, Dongguo Zhou, Hanyao Zhang, Fan Yang, Shaohua Wang, Chunrui Long, et al. "Transcriptome differential expression analysis of defoliation in different lemon varieties under drought treatment." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): e0299261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299261.
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’Allen Eureka’ is a bud variety of Eureka lemon with excellent fruiting traits, but severe winter defoliation affects the following year’s yield, and the response mechanism of lemon defoliation is currently unknown. Two lemon cultivars (’Allen Eureka’ and ’Yunning No. 1’) with different defoliation traits were used as materials to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of different leaf abscission periods in lemons. The petiole abscission zone was collected at three different defoliation stages, namely, the predefoliation stage (k15), the middefoliation stage (k30), and the postdefoliation stage (k45). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the gene expression differences between these two cultivars. A total of 1141, 2695, and 1433 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in k15, k30, and k45, respectively, and the number of DEGs in k30 was the largest. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs between the two cultivars were mainly enriched in processes related to hydrolase activity, chitinase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and transcription regulator activity in the defoliation stages. KEGG analysis showed that the DEGs were concentrated in k30, which involved plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of amino acids. The expression trends of some DEGs suggested their roles in regulating defoliation in Lemon. Seven genes were obtained by WGCNA, including sorbitol dehydrogenase (CL9G068822012_alt, CL9G068820012_alt, CL9G068818012_alt), abscisic acid 8’-hydroxylase (CL8G064053012_alt, CL8G064054012_alt), and asparagine synthetase (CL8G065162012_alt, CL8G065151012_alt), suggesting that these genes may be involved in the regulation of lemon leaf abscission.