Academic literature on the topic 'Lending methodology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lending methodology"
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Hidajat, Taofik. "Unethical practices peer-to-peer lending in Indonesia." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2019-0028.
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Purpose This paper aims to highlight the existence of illegal peer-to-peer (P2P) lending in Indonesia, unethical practices of P2P lending operators to borrowers, regulatory weaknesses and offer recommendations to reduce unethical practices. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a general discussion through desk research using secondary data from journal papers, research reports, books and papers online. Findings There are regulatory weaknesses in regulating illegal P2P lending. There are no strict legal sanctions for P2P lending operators who act unethically to borrowers. Originality/value This paper discusses the unethical actions of P2P lending operators and the inability of regulations to take legal action against illegal P2P operators.
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Cohen, Edward E. "Commercial Lending by Athenian Banks: Cliometric Fallacies and Forensic Methodology." Classical Philology 85, no. 3 (July 1990): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/367198.
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Zabchuk, Halyna. "ACTIVATION OF BANKING LENDING OF THE REAL SECTOR OF ECONOMY AS A PRECONDITION OF RESTORATION OF ECONOMIC GROWTH." Economic Analysis, no. 28(1) (2018): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.01.172.
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Introduction. The article deals with the main problems of bank lending. The proposals on the activation of bank lending in the real sector of the economy are substantiated. Purpose. The article aims to study the factors that restrain bank lending to the real sector, and to determine the directions of lending activating of the real sector of the economy by domestic banks. Method (methodology). The research has been conducted with the help of general scientific methods of analysis, namely, method of induction, method of deduction, method of systematization and generalization. Results. Economic growth in modern conditions cannot be ensured without attracting bank capital into the real economy. The main factors hindering the development of investment banking lending have been analysed. The basic mechanisms of further reformation of the banking sector in order to increase lending activity have been substantiated. A set of recommendations for improving the system of lending to the real sector of the economy by commercial banks at the present stage has been offered.
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Liu, Wei, and Li-Qiu Xia. "An Evolutionary Behavior Forecasting Model for Online Lenders and Borrowers in Peer-to-Peer Lending." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 34, no. 01 (February 2017): 1740008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595917400085.
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Online peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is an emerging financial mode that combines the Internet with private lending to provide unsecured lending among individuals. The interest rate and risk depend on online lenders and borrowers’ behavior choices and game in the context of P2P lending. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary behavior forecasting model for online participants based on the risk preference behavior of lenders and the credit choice of borrowers. We highlight four evolutionary equilibrium states of online lenders and borrowers’ behavior and their effects on the risk of online P2P lending platforms. We run a numeric experiment using the Paipaidai platform in China as a case and find that the evolutionary behavior of online lenders and borrowers is determined by the mutual effect of the interest rate, information gathering cost, borrowing cost, and yield rate. This paper uses evolutionary game methodology to analyze online P2P lending behavior in China and explores P2P fund success from the dual perspective of lenders and borrowers.
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Sutomo, Sutomo, and Johadi Johadi. "ANALISIS RIGIDITAS LENDING RATE PERBANKAN DI INDONESIA PERIODE JANUARI2001 - JUNI2004." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 5, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v5i2.4042.
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The research aim's to know the influence of interest rate ofSBI, exchange rate, total bank lending, supply of funds and commercial bank amount to rigidly bank lending rate in Indonesian period of January 2001 until June 2004. The research use secondary data by character of time series. The research methodology used a partial adjustment model that rigidly bank lending rate are influence by all independent variable such interest rate of SBI, exchange rate, and total bank lending, supply of fund and commercial bank amount in banking sector. The empirical results that rigidly bank lending rate are influenced by all independent variable are collectively such interest rate of SBI, exchange rate, and total bank lending, supply of fund and commercial bank amount in banking sector. But as partial, rigidly bank-lending rate are influenced by an interest rate of SBI, exchange rate, total bank lending and supply of funds and commercial bank amount, which don't have an effect to rigidly bank lending rate.The result that is suitable with the theory, where monetary instrument (interest rate of SBI) can be used to influence bank-lending rate as process transmission mechanism monetary policy by price channel approach. Adjustment coefficient is equal to 0,5484 which meaning 54,84 % represents the difference between bank lending rate actual with bank lending rate that desired which fulfilled to be reached in one period, where speed of adjustment bank lending rate in response change of independent variable equal to 5 months 27 day, with mean lag independent variable equal to 1,1812867 months.
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Kristianti, Ika. "Analisis Profil Penggunaan Layanan Peer-to-peer Lending Pada UKM di Kota Salatiga." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan 8, no. 3 (December 5, 2020): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v8i3.343.
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The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has inflicted an inevitable income drop to many businesses, including Small Medium Enterprise (SME). In order to continue running their operational activities and keep fulfilling its obligations, some SMEs started to use P2P lending services as one of its capital sources. The purpose of this study is to portray the profile of P2P lending user, especially in Salatiga. This research is conducted by using qualitative research methodology with descriptive approach. Some SMEs believe that P2P lending can provide them with support in fulfilling their obligations. But in the other hand, there are others which argue that the services provided by P2P lending are inefficient and ineffective in fulfilling their business obligations.
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Kislitsyna, Larisa Viktorovna, Alexander Vladislavovich Karachev, and Natalya Vladimirovna Karacheva. "METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE FINANCIAL POTENTIAL OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR LENDING PURPOSES." Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 2 (2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47576/2712-7516_2022_2_1_6.
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Delis, Manthos D., and Panagiotis Papadopoulos. "Mortgage Lending Discrimination Across the U.S.: New Methodology and New Evidence." Journal of Financial Services Research 56, no. 3 (March 17, 2018): 341–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10693-018-0290-0.
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Osken, Latif Cem, Ceylan Onay, and Gözde Unal. "Estimating defaults in organized security lending markets." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 24, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-07-2015-0032.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of the security lending process and lending markets to identify the market-wide variables reflecting the characteristics of the stock borrowed and to measure the credit risk arising from lending contracts. Design/methodology/approach Using the data provided by Istanbul Settlement and Custody Bank on the equity lending contracts of Securities Lending and Borrowing Market between 2010 and 2012 and the data provided by Borsa Istanbul on Equity Market transactions for the same timeframe, this paper analyzes whether stock price volatility, stock returns, return per unit amount of risk and relative liquidity of lending market and equity market affect the defaults of lending contracts by using both linear regression and ordinary least squares regression for robustness and proxying the concepts of relative liquidity, volatility and return constructs by more than variable to correlate findings. Findings The results illustrate a statistically significant relationship between volatility and the default state of the lending contracts but fail to establish a connection between default states and stock returns or relative liquidity of markets. Research limitations/implications With the increasing pressure for clearing security lending contracts in central counterparties, it is imperative for both central counterparties and regulators to be able to precisely measure the risk exposure due to security lending transactions. The results gained from a limited set of lending transactions merit further studies to identify non-borrower and non-systemic credit risk determinants. Originality/value This is the first study to analyze the non-borrower and non-systemic credit risk determinants in security lending markets.
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Rakhaev, V. A. "Upgrading the financial model of corporate lending in the agri-industrial complex to replenish working funds." Finance and Credit 26, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 931–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.4.931.
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Subject. Lending transactions always imply terms of lending for the bank and the borrower. Modeling lending processes, users can evaluate terms of lending transactions, efficiency of lending projects and the borrower’s ability to repay a loan. Objectives. I substantiate the approach to setting a financial model of the AIC lending so that entities could replenish their working funds. Methods. The study is based on general research methods, such as a systems and logic analysis and synthesis, principles of induction and deduction, techniques of higher financial computations. In the analytical part, we apply the balance sheet method, financial ratios, feasibility studies. The data were analyzed and summarized through the correlation of resultant and partial indicators, index method, factors analysis and forecasting. Results. I reviewed the existing lending methodology and methods that banks use for lending. The literature mainly focuses on the design, principles and distinctions of financial models for lending from perspectives of borrowers. In the proposed financial model, lending is viewed from perspectives of banks. The model describes terms of a lending transaction, computes banks’ earnings on interests under loan agreements, additional financial terms of loans. I suggest applying the technique for assessing the effective margin adjusted for predicted proceeds from the transaction and the loan balance. I outline a mechanism for using financial covenant to assure the borrower fulfill terms of the deal. Conclusions and Relevance. Computations will be made more accurately if the production and financial operations of the borrower is considered in the predicted period and the way they influence terms of lending. There should be a correlation among the financial position, cash flows and demand for loans. Banks can use the model to assess terms of lending transactions and make lending decisions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lending methodology"
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Zollinger, Lance M. "Probability of default rating methodology review." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18811.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Institutions of the Farm Credit System (FCS) focus on risk-based lending in accordance with regulatory direction. The rating of risk also assists retail staff in loan approval, risk-based pricing, and allowance decisions. FCS institutions have developed models to analyze financial and related customer information in determining qualitative and quantitative risk measures. The objective of this thesis is to examine empirical account data from 2006-2012 to review the probability of default (PD) rating methodology within the overall risk rating system implemented by a Farm Credit System association. This analysis provides insight into the effectiveness of this methodology in predicting the migration of accounts across the association’s currently-established PD ratings where negative migration may be an apparent precursor to actual loan default. The analysis indicates that average PD ratings hold relatively consistent over the years, though the distribution of the majority of PD ratings shifted to higher quality by two rating categories over the time period. Various regressions run in the analysis indicate that the debt to asset ratio is most consistently statistically significant in estimating future PD ratings. The current ratio appears to be superior to working capital to gross profit as a liquidity measure in predicting PD rating migration. Funded debt to EBITDA is more effective in predicting PD rating movement as a measure of earnings to debt than gross profit to total liabilities, although the change of these ratios over time appear to be weaker indicators of the change in PD rating potentially due to the variable nature of annual earnings of production agriculture operations due to commodity price volatility. The debt coverage ratio is important as it relates to future PD migration, though the same variability in commodity price volatility suggests the need implement multi-year averaging for calculation of earnings-based ratios. These ratios were important in predicting the PD rating of observations one year into the future for production agriculture operations. To further test the predictive ability of the PD ratings, similar regression analyses were completed comparing current year rating and ratios to future PD ratings beyond one year, specifically for three and five years. Results from these regression models indicate that current year PD rating and ratios are less effective in predicting future PD ratings beyond one year. Furthermore, because of the variation in regression results between the analyses completed for one, three and five years into the future, it is important to regularly capture ratio and rating information, at least annually.
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Солошенко, Олександр Миколайович. "Моделі і методи оцінювання кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб." Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2016. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/17461.
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Дослідження спрямоване на вдосконалення системної методології побудови скорингових моделей у кредитуванні, програмну реалізацію системи підтримки прийняття рішень для побудови скорингових карт та на створення конкретних прогнозних моделей. Наукова новизна дослідження включає пропонований метод дискретизації неперервних змінних, пропонований метод розрахунку показників предикативності категоріальних змінних при агрегованих вхідних даних, вдосконалення методу розрахунку рівнів статистичної значимості, вдосконалення методу k-найближчих сусідів, узагальнення логістичної регресії, ваги категорії змінної, індексу Джині та статистики Колмогорова-Смирнова для ймовірнісної цільової змінної та вдосконалення ключових методів включення та аналізу відхилених заявок. Зокрема, на прикладі моделі аплікаційного кредитного скорингу для роздрібного споживчого кредитування продемонстровано переваги вдосконаленого методу ітеративної класифікації для включення та аналізу відхилених заявок, використовуючи дворівневі узагальнення для випадку ймовірнісної цільової змінної. Отримані результати свідчать, зокрема, про швидшу збіжність пропонованого вдосконалення при використанні обмеження 10-6 та відстані Чебишева для оцінювання зміни прогнозованих ймовірностей на множині відхилених заявок та кращу якість прогнозів на тестовій вибірці (значення індексу Джині дорівнює 40,11% проти 38,59%). Подальше комплексне методологічне узагальнення, включаючи узагальнення та розширення області визначення показників якості суто бінарних моделей, дозволяє дослідникам розширити область застосування методології кредитного скорингу на випадок неперервної ймовірнісної цільової змінної, що не раніше виконувалося. Також вперше отримано аналітичну формулу безпосереднього обчислення рівнів статистичної значимості коефіцієнтів логістичної регресії після оцінки середньоквадратичних відхилень. Доведено переваги пропонованого методу дискретизації перед бінарними деревами рішень. Розроблено інформаційну систему для побудови скорингових моделей.відхилених заявок, використовуючи дворівневі узагальнення для випадку ймовірнісної цільової змінної. Отримані результати свідчать, зокрема, про швидшу збіжність пропонованого вдосконалення при використанні обмеження 10-6 та відстані Чебишева для оцінювання зміни прогнозованих ймовірностей на множині відхилених заявок та кращу якість прогнозів на тестовій вибірці (значення індексу Джині дорівнює 40,11% проти 38,59%). Подальше комплексне методологічне узагальнення, включаючи узагальнення та розширення області визначення показників якості суто бінарних моделей, дозволяє дослідникам розширити область застосування методології кредитного скорингу на випадок неперервної ймовірнісної цільової змінної, що не раніше виконувалося. Також вперше отримано аналітичну формулу безпосереднього обчислення рівнів статистичної значимості коефіцієнтів логістичної регресії після оцінки середньоквадратичних відхилень. Доведено переваги пропонованого методу дискретизації перед бінарними деревами рішень. Розроблено інформаційну систему для побудови скорингових моделей.
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Naphambo, Edward James. "Lending methodology for SMMEs in the South African construction industry." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9552.
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A lending methodology refers to the design of the service and the way in which it is delivered. Components of a lending methodology include: product design and pricing; collateral; screening mechanisms; disbursement and repayment procedures; and delinquency management procedures.
Although finance is available from various institutions namely government agencies, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the private sector, Small Medium Micro and Survivalist enterprises (SMMEs) in the construction industry are still experiencing problems in accessing finance to fund their projects. Current domestic and international literature suggests that the lack of finance is attributed to political interference and inefficiencies in government and NGOs operations; mistrust of third party agencies by SMMEs and ineffective service provision. Commercial banks on the other hand are ideally placed to provide finance to SMMEs because they are well regulated institutions and have vast branch networks. However, commercial banks are wary of providing microfinance to SMMEs because they do not have the appropriate lending methodology to provide the required finance and still make a return adequate enough to make the services provided to SMMEs sustainable. By administering questionnaires to regional managers of the SMME divisions of various commercial banks in the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area (GJMA), this research report investigates whether commercial banks in the GJMA have the appropriate lending methodology to provide microfinance to SMMEs in the construction industry. This study concludes that commercial banks do not have the appropriate lending methodology to provide microfinance to SMMEs in the construction industry. The findings of the study further indicate that an opportunity exists to create lending methodology for SMMEs in the construction industry by reducing transaction costs and adopting relationship lending techniques utilised by Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) internationally
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Wang, Guan-Chian, and 王冠倩. "A Study on Lending Efficiency of Financial Institution─Applied by The Data Envelopment Analysis methodology." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99758068214409022327.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融營運所
92
This paper focuses on the largest capital assets of old bank-Taiwan Bank and new bank-Tai Shin Bank in Taiwan. We compare their lending firms’ credit quality separately with efficiency scores. Our empirical evidences are summarized as follow: We find that the lending policy of Tai Shin Bank was better then Taiwan Bank. Tai Shin Bank’s lending firms were produced with both more technical and scale efficiency. But no matter Taiwan Bank or Tai Shin Bank, their lending efficiency has to be improved. We take DEA scores as the dependent variable, and the financial ratios as the independent variable to test the explanatory power. In the part of Taiwan Bank, the average R-squared is 53%. And constant terms are significantly at 1% level, says the DEA scores still influenced by other factors. For Tai Shin Bank, the average R-squared is 59%. We also use DEA scores to classify the firms into two groups. Firms subscribed as good (bad) firms when their scores is higher lower) than average level. For Taiwan Bank, the average discriminant ratio of good (bad) firms is 71%(88%). For Tai Shin Bank, the average discriminant ratio of good (bad) firms is 73%(87%). We find no significant differences between two banks.
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Ario, Ario. "Lending methodologies, sustainability and depth of outreach of microfinance institutions in Indonesia." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42003/.
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Microfinance is a term used to describe the provision of small-scale financial services aimed primarily at the poor, and to small scale enterprises. A substantial information gap and lack of collateral cause lending in this market segment to be riskier than in other segments. In the past, policy to eradicate poverty in rural areas in many developing countries involved direct intervention, including the provision of subsidised credit at low interest rates to poor people. However, many subsidised credit programs failed and required continuous and costly funding from government (Al-Azzam, et al., 2012; Morduch, 1999; & Wenner, 1995) such as BIMAS or KUPEDES program in Indonesia (Arsyad, 2005; Baskara, 2014; & Berenbach, 1997). Microfinance emerged as an alternative way of supporting poor people, although often still involving government support. In recent decades there has been growing emphasis on the provision of microfinance on a commercial basis, without government or donor support. This has raised the question of whether, without such support, microfinance can still reach out deeply to the poorer borrowers while maintaining financial sustainability. The potential conflicts between the objectives of depth of outreach and financial sustainability are the central focus of this thesis. Although a trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability is evident in many empirical studies (Awaworyi Churchill, 2018; Kodongo and Kendi, 2013; & Necesito, 2016), other studies suggest that non-subsidised microfinance can also possibly achieve both sustainability and depth of outreach (Ault, 2016; Gutierrez-Goiria, et al., 2017; & Quayes, 2015). It may reflect differences in lending methodology: lending through groups can help microfinance to reduce credit risk and to be sustainable for a given level of outreach, relative to lending to individuals. To see this possibility, this study specifically examines the link between the depth of outreach, sustainability, and lending methodology.
The study was approached by a mixed research methodology, involving both qualitative and quantitative components. For the qualitative approach, the primary data was collected by semi-structured interviews of the managers of the 20 institutions. Information from the interviews was analysed thematically to understand the lending methodology of the institutions. For the quantitative approach, data on more than 2,000 individual loans was collected, from a sample of 20 microfinance institutions. A probit model and a multiple linear regression model were applied to analyse the quantitative data.
A key finding of the study is that there is evidence of a trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability in Indonesian microfinance lending. The trade-off occurred only in individual lending where, although lending to females or smaller scale lending earned higher interest revenues to microfinance, it was exposed to higher risks because of a higher probability of default. On the other hand, this study did not find any evidence of trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability in group lending. In addition, group lending makes the most of strong and close connectedness of group farmer members to obtain information about the borrowers and enforce loan repayment. The localised operation of the microfinance institutions in the area of a village might also facilitate an information search for borrower screening. The interviews also revealed that although individual lending was frequently secured by collateral, the collateral was rarely taken over in the case of defaulted loans. This situation might lead to a “mission drift” of the institutions, by shifting the target market for individual lending to wealthier borrowers with lower credit risk.
These results have implications for both microfinance and government policy. They suggest that, to improve depth of outreach with a given level of sustainability, microfinance institutions should provide more loans with the group lending methodology. Two financial issues constrain the extent to which MFIs can pursue this course: the generation of sufficient operating income to at least cover operating costs, and the availability of capital to support an increase in group lending. For some institutions a possible solution for this issue might be giving a greater allocation of funds for group lending while keeping a substantial proportion in individual lending. Alternatively, the microfinance institutions might be given access to cheaper loanable funds, with some government support, to assist them to cover the operating costs of a higher level of group lending to achieve social objectives. Thus if there is to be pronounced shift to group lending this will probably need to be supported by policy action on the capital front also.
Furthermore, it may be useful for the microfinance institutions to optimize the benefits of the joint liability approach by further developing appropriate group lending methodologies including peer selection, peer monitoring, and peer pressure. If group lending is indeed a key way of achieving the goal of increasing the income and welfare of low-income and poor people, the microfinance regulations should be redrafted to address the coverage restrictions for group lending separately from those for lending to individuals, perhaps with a view to requiring more localised operations for the former. Lastly, if the Indonesian Government is interested in expanding group lending as a way of reducing poverty in rural areas it needs to address the two financial issues. First, how a portfolio of small loans to poor men and women can generate sufficient net revenue to cover operating costs in a sustainable way. Second, how capital to expand group lending can be raised from such a low income group. Possible solutions might involve the provision of interest rate subsidies and/or additional capital to microfinance institutions, targeted only to group lending.
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Chang, Sen-chuan, and 張森全. "A Study on Efficiency of Domestic Banks’ Lending to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan- Applied by The Data Envelopment Analysis Methodology." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95546830225355299818.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融營運所
95
The first financial institution restructuring started in 2001, the second financial institution restructuring happened in 2004, and lending practice redesigning starting from 2005 for fulfillment of the requirements set by BASEL II, three waves of changes happened in the financial sector. The combined impacts of the three changes on banks’ lending practice, especially on their attitude toward lending to the SME sector is one of the purposes of this study. The other purpose is to examine operation efficiency of each domestic bank and examine relative difference among them due to the three changes. In this study the author adopts the viewpoint of Intermediation Approach, selects interest expense, non-interest expense as input variables; interest income, non-interest income, the transformed value of SME-loan amount as output variables. It examines operating performance, the changes of productivity, efficiency stability of 36 domestic banks by means of DEA, Malmquist-index and Window analysis from 2001 to 2005 . Empirical results of cross-section analysis conclude that 32% are the efficiency banks. In the non-efficiency banks, 63% of them caused by the non-pure technical efficiency. In non-scale efficiency banks, 35% are large-scale banks, while 55% is small bank. The large-scale banks increase in number because of expands or the merges, but the efficiency banks of all banks actually reduce in number. Empirical results of vertical-section analysis conclude that 32% are the efficiency banks. The medium-sized and the large-scale banks’ 5 year technology efficiencies are higher than that of all banks while that of the small bank is lower. The average variation of production technology is smaller than that of the overall technical efficiency. In the Window analysis, the average overall efficiency values of medium-sized banks are the best. However the range of fluctuation by all banks is unstable. In addition, this study uses regression analysis to investigate the influence of other factors on efficiency of banks. The return on assets, the ratio of deposits to loans and the business scale present positive correlation demonstrate while it shows a negative correlation in terms of the volume of the loans covered by credit guarantee. The default rate of loans covered by credit guarantee shows a positive correlation and has notable influence. The nonperforming loan ratio which is also used to appraise the quality of assets has a negative correlation but has not much influence. Perhaps these contradictory phenomena are the evidence of the inconsistence between the efficiency of lending to SMEs by the banks and the efficiency of utilizing credit guarantee.
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Габдулхакова, Л. А., and L. A. Gabdulkhakova. "Совершенствование анализа кредитоспособности заемщика физического лица : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/64163.
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Ипотечное кредитование является объективным драйвером роста экономики России, с одной стороны, важным элементом социальной политики и поддержки населения, и в первую очередь молодежи, с другой стороны. С позиции кредитных организаций, выступающих в лице кредиторов, ипотечное кредитование представляет собой источник финансовых рисков. Данные аспекты всесторонне рассмотрены в дипломной работе.
В качестве основного направления оптимизации рисков и расширения рынка ипотеки предложены дополнения в существующую модель анализа кредитоспособности заемщика. Сделано интересное и технологически целесообразное предложение: использование информационных ресурсов ИФНС в целях повышения достоверности и качества данных для анализа потенциальных заемщиков, что одновременно даст положительный сдвиг в плане сокращения сроков. Отдельного внимания заслуживает предложение нового сервиса – режим «одного окна», который позволит оптимизировать временные затраты, повысить качество кредитования, даст возможность оперативного использования налоговых вычетов, право на которые закреплены в Налоговом кодексе.On the one hand mortgage lending is an objective driver of the growth of the Russian economy and on the other hand it’s an important element of social policy and support of the population, and primarily of young people. From the position of credit organizations acting in the person of creditors, mortgage lending is a source of financial risks. These aspects are comprehensively considered in the graduate thesis. As the main direction of risk optimization and expansion of the mortgage market, additions are proposed to the existing model of the borrower's solvency analysis. An interesting and technologically reasonable proposal was made: using the information resources of the IFTS in order to improve the reliability and quality of data for analysis of potential borrowers, which will simultaneously give a positive shift in terms of reducing the time. Special attention should be paid to the offer of a new service - the "one-stop" mode, which will optimize time costs, improve the quality of crediting, and enable the operative use of tax deductions, the right to which is fixed in the Tax Code.
Books on the topic "Lending methodology"
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Ross, Stephen L. The color of credit: Mortgage discrimination, research methodology, and fair-lending enforcement lending. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002.
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1947-, Yinger John, ed. The color of credit: Mortgage discrimination, research methodology, and fair-lending enforcement. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2003.
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Adams, Mignon S. Teaching library skills for academic credit. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press, 1985.
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Office, General Accounting. Government sponsored enterprises: Freddie Mac's and Fannie Mae's accounting for costs of foreclosed property : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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Office, General Accounting. Government-sponsored enterprises: Advantages and disadvantages of creating a single housing GSE regulator : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Securities and Government-Sponsored Enterprises, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Office, General Accounting. Government-sponsored enterprises: Development of the federal housing enterprise financial regulator : report to the Chairman, Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, and the Chairman, House Committee on Banking and Financial Services. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
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Office, General Accounting. Government-sponsored enterprises: Federal oversight needed for nonmortgage investments : report to the Chairman, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): General Accounting Office, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Government-sponsored enterprises: Advantages and disadvantages of creating a single housing GSE regulator : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Securities and Government-Sponsored Enterprises, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Ross, Stephen L., and John Yinger. Color of Credit: Mortgage Discrimination, Research Methodology, and Fair-Lending Enforcement. MIT Press, 2002.
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Ross, Stephen L., and John Yinger. Color of Credit - Mortgage Discrimination, Research Methodology, and Fair-Lending Enforcement. MIT Press, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Lending methodology"
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Saqib, Muhammad Amjad, and Aneeqa Malik. "Akhuwat’s lending methodology." In Integral Finance – Akhuwat, 205–17. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Transformation and innovation series: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315183282-11.
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Pijanowski, Thomas. "Research Methodology." In Lending Behavior toward Family Firms, 85–106. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06683-3_4.
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Alukhanyan, Arthur, and Olga Panfilova. "Methodology of Comparative Analysis of the Use of Leasing and Net Lending in the Technical Re-equipment of the Machine and Tractor Fleet." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1777–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11051-1_183.
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"Methodology And Elements Of Risk And Compliance Intelligence." In Fair Lending Compliance, 23–49. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119198888.ch2.
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Tambunan, Tulus T. H. "Development of Financial Technology With Reference to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending in Indonesia." In Handbook of Research on Disruptive Innovation and Digital Transformation in Asia, 144–64. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6477-6.ch009.
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This study aims to explore the growth of financial technology (fintech) and its impact on the ability of small businesses to access funding in Indonesia with reference to peer-to-peer (P2P) lending. It adopted a case study methodology using a semistructured interview and a series of focus group discussions (FGDs) with 10 owners of small businesses and 30 owners or managers of peer-to-peer (P2P) lending companies. Two important findings were (1) the sampled small businesses benefited from P2P lending and (2) banks are the most important investor in P2P lending companies. However, this study has its limitations. First, the sample was too small to generalize to a broader population. Second, there is no national data on credit to small businesses from P2P lending to support the findings of the case. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study on this topic, specifically in Indonesia. It takes stock of the empirical evidence in the literature through the lens of small business owners.
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Nkwocha, Obinna Udodiri, Javed Hussain, Hatem El-Gohary, David J. Edwards, and Ernest Ovia. "Dynamics of Group Lending Mechanism and the Role of Group Leaders in Developing Countries." In Research Anthology on Microfinance Services and Roles in Social Progress, 151–70. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7552-2.ch009.
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Group lending mechanisms have increasingly become popular among microfinance providers in recent years. This is largely due to its ability to leverage joint liability to increase loan repayments whilst promoting an entrepreneurial spirit among borrowers. Meanwhile, a group-lending mechanism is also very important in promoting women's empowerment through cooperative engagements of all group members. However, the effectiveness of the group lending methodology in the delivery of microfinance within a developing country context is largely under-researched. Using data from extensive focus groups interviews of women borrowers held in Nigeria among participants from 150 different groups, this article analyses the dynamics of group lending mechanism (group formation, peer monitoring, pressure and support). The article widens the current narrow literature on group leaders by providing a detailed empirical account of the activities of group leaders in a microfinance intervention. The findings showed that because group leaders are primarily held liable for loan delinquency of group members, they are more highly motivated than other members to monitor and pressure members. The results also suggest that while group leaders were found to perform vital roles, some of these group leaders abused their positions in ways that undermine group cohesion and microfinance sustainability. Lastly, the article introduces the “multiple card phenomenon” in group-based microfinance intervention.
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Pomazanov, Mikhail. "Risk Management Tools to Improve the Efficiency of Lending to Retail Segments." In Risk Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108527.
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This chapter discusses the issue of assessing the quality of risk management for a wide segment of retail lending (from consumer loans to loans for self-employed persons and SMEs). The quality of risk management is assessed using the generally recognized approach of the ROC analysis methodology and assessment of the optimal level of discrimination, taking into account risk-return. The chapter substantiates a marginal formula for assessing the economic benefits of improving the discriminatory power of the scoring models on which risk management is based. Based on the presented approach, it is possible to economically justify the costs of investment resources aimed at improving models and their technical implementation in credit business processes. An assessment of the quality of risk management in the mass lending segment reveals problems in lending strategies caused by the inefficiency of return in relation to risk in individual segments. This provides evidence-based grounds for adjusting strategies. The review of perspective modern directions of development and improvement of scoring models is presented.
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Thrall, Grant Ian. "Introduction." In Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195076363.003.0004.
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This book shows how to answer questions that provide guidance to the most important decisions in real estate: Should I buy? Should I build? Will the market support the decision? Before developers or investors commit to a project, they must have answers to these questions if they are to remain profitable in the long run. No generic answers will fit all real estate decisions at all times, because the circumstances differ so much between projects. Therefore, in addition to examples of the methodology that is generally accepted in the industry, this book provides explanations for why the methodology is used. True understanding provides the versatility that is needed in ever-changing markets. May I build a residential subdivision here? May I build a class A office building there? Such questions are important, but are better dealt with by planners, zoning officials, and attorneys. Is appropriate zoning available? If not, what would be involved in changing the present zoning to accommodate the proposed development? Answering “permission” questions often involves political considerations, which reflect the taste preferences of citizens and politicians and are a byproduct of the local power structure. Therefore, real estate development involves political decisions, as well as market analysis. The market analyst addresses a different scope of issues than the permission questions address. The market analyst provides information and guidance to the investor, buyer, seller, financier, and planner (See Pyhrr et al. 1989, Vernor 1986, Fanning et al. 1995, Delisle and Sa-Aadu 1994, Brueggeman and Fisher 1996). Funding for development or purchase usually falls upon lending institutions. Lending institutions require market analysis as input for their consideration before they commit to funding. Otherwise, they are jeopardizing the financial viability of their institution. The decision to lend without appropriate market analysis is no more than gambling. Some projects may be successful, some may not. Banking regulations require due diligence in the lending decision to evaluate the exposure to risk by the lending institution. So business geographic real estate market analysis is central to the risk management of those who carry the burden of responsibility for the investment.
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Majewski, Grzegorz, Abel Usoro, and Pattarin Chumnumpan. "Building a Conceptual Model of Factors affecting Personal Credit and Insolvency in China based on the Methodologies used in Western Economies." In Leveraging Developing Economies with the Use of Information Technology, 204–15. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1637-0.ch012.
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Chinese economy is developing at an unprecedented pace. This expansion is prominent not only in the external aspect (increased export), but also internally in the increase in the demand for goods and services by common Chinese families. This demand cannot always be met by the monthly salary and therefore the need for personal credit. Because of the substantial risk involved in lending, there is need for robust and reliable credit evaluation procedures, strategies, policies, and systems. Lessons learned from the subprime mortgage crisis in U.S. are that lending can be a very risky activity that can lead to recession for a whole economy. Banks and other financial institutions in China are in need of appropriate procedures and systems should a barrier to further economic development be avoided. Besides, existing models and systems that are prevalent in the West may not fully match Chinese banking environment or the society itself. An appropriate personal credit rating methodology should take into account the differences between the Western and Chinese society and culture. There apparently does not exist such a methodology in literature that takes into consideration the unique Chinese situation. The aim of this chapter is to begin to fill this gap in knowledge by building a conceptual model of factors influencing demand for consumer credit and insolvency (bad debts) in China, based on the available methodologies used in the Western societies.
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Gibranata, I., and M. L. Singgih. "Developing a business strategic model using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) approach for a fintech lending start-up based on lean start-up methodology." In Contemporary Research on Business and Management, 258–62. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003035985-60.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lending methodology"
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Ya’u Usman, Abdullahi. "Transmittal Group Lending Model as an Innovative Alternative for Managing Risk and Reducing Cost in Micro-Lending." In 2nd International Conference on Business, Management and Finance. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icbmf.2019.11.765.
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The relevance of micro-lending in battling poverty and encouraging sustainability of the poor is more vividly seen after the emergence of Bangladesh-based Grameen Bank as a successful microfinance institution in 2006. Creating a sustainable microfinance institution largely depends on the two important factors; cost and risk. This paper examines the common risks and costs associated with micro lending, vis-à-vis the trade-off that results into higher costs the more risks are well managed, and higher risks the more costs are highly reduced. As the popular ‘group lending’ model is patronised by the majority MFIs around the world, this paper has gone beyond to suggest the adoption of a new concept in group lending management; the Transmittal Lending model. This new model is theoretically described to optimise the two conflicting variables of risk and costs, so as to enhance an MFI’s profitability and sustainability, simultaneously. The general methodology applied is a review on relevant literature so as to find previously established research opinions that will support the new group lending model. Nevertheless, this new model needs to be quantitatively tested by researchers in the field to deeply understand the dynamics of its applicability in the industry.
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Freimanis, Kristaps, and Maija Šenfelde. "Credit creation theory and financial intermediation theory: different insights on banks’ operations." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.033.
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Purpose – already for more than one hundred years there is an ongoing discussion about the role and function of banks, which subsequently has affected banking regulation. Three theories of banking were dominant in different periods of the 20th century: Credit creation theory (the oldest), Fractional reserve theory, Financial intermediation theory. Authors are contributing to the theoretical discussion with research showing that Credit creation theory and Financial intermediation theory reflect different insights on banks’ operations. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), financial ratio calculations (Loans-to-Deposits ratio); Findings – using Loans-to-Deposits ratio calculations for several banks researchers have found that banks’ lending process can be explained by Credit creation theory however banks’ Strategic Asset-Lability Management can be explained by Financial intermediation theory. Research limitations – (a) only domestic banks were selected as in this research it is important to get the needed relationship between deposits and lending. Subsidiaries of foreign banks could have not balanced balance sheet from Loansto-Deposits ratio perspective as their funding could come from abroad if the business model in Baltics is primarily lending oriented, (b) Baltic market was taken because of know-how of researchers about banks operations here and history of their transformation, (c) audited financial reports were used as they gave a sufficient picture of banks Loansto-Deposits ratio. Practical implications – theoretical discussion in this paper enlightens the role and function of the banks thereby improving understanding of better banking regulation. Authors propose to adjust the current banking regulatory framework which is focused on capital requirements. Originality/Value – current research provides some link between existing banking theories (Credit creation theory and Financial intermediation theory) shaping a new hybrid concept and proposing an adjusted regulatory framework based on this hybrid concept
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Arefjevs, Ilja, Aivars Spilbergs, Andris Natrins, Atis Verdenhofs, Inese Mavlutova, and Tatjana Volkova. "Financial sector evolution and competencies development in the context of information and communication technologies." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.038.
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The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) has a significant impact on the business model of companies operating in the financial sector. Digital transformation leads to changing existing business model rapidly, as well as necessity of developing new processes specifically related to the use of ICT in business processes, development of new products and updating existing ones. At present, changes in the demand for ICT related processes in financial sector are observed both through the development of different technologies and their applications core or ancillary processes (e.g. innovations in payment systems including crypto currencies, blockchain-assisted smart contract, credit markets and insurance including peer-to-peer lending). Based on the opportunities offered by ICT, new business models need to be developed in the financial sector to transform these capabilities into new products and services that respond to changing customer demand. The aim of research to investigate the changes taking place in financial sector in the light of developments in ICT for acquisition of necessary competencies. Research methodology includes systematic review of scientific literature, analysis of selected financial sector statistics, semi-structured industry expert interviews and statistics analysis. The empirical study is limited to the financial sector of Latvia. Although due to the global nature of the financial sector the research findings could be applied internationally.
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McGrath, E. Lee, and James H. Leylek. "Physics of Hot Crossflow Ingestion in Film Cooling." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-191.
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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to isolate the flow physics responsible for hot crossflow ingestion, a phenomenon that can cause failure of a film cooled gas turbine component. In the gas turbine industry, new compound-angle shaped hole (CASH) geometries are currently being developed to decrease the heat transfer coefficient and increase the adiabatic effectiveness on film cooled surfaces. These new CASH geometries can have unexpected flow patterns that result in hot crossflow ingestion at the film hole. This investigation examines a 15° forward-diffused cylindrical film hole injected streamwise at 35° with a compound angle of 60° (FDIFF60) and with a length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of 4.0. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of computed results agreed well with measurements, thus lending credibility to predictions. The FDIFF60 configuration is a good representative of a typical CASH geometry, and produces flow mechanisms that are characteristic of CASH film cooling. FDIFF60 has been shown to have impressive downstream film cooling performance, while simultaneously having undesirable ingestion at the film hole. In addition to identifying the physical mechanisms driving ingestion, this paper documents the effects on ingestion of the blowing ratio, the density ratio, and the film hole Reynolds number over realistic gas turbine ranges of 0.5 to 1.88, 1.6 to 2.0, and 17,350 to 70,000, respectively. The results of this study show that hot crossflow ingestion is caused by a combination of coolant blockage at the film hole exit plane and of crossflow boundary layer vorticity that has been re-oriented streamwise by the presence of jetting coolant: Ingestion results when this re-oriented vorticity passes over the blocked region of the film hole. The density ratio and the film hole Reynolds number do not have a significant effect on ingestion over the ranges studied, but the blowing ratio has a surprising non-linear effect. Another important result of this study is that the blockage of coolant hampers convection and allows diffusion to transfer heat into the film hole even when ingestion is not present. This produces both an undesirable temperature gradient and high temperature level on the film hole wall itself. Lessons learned about the physics of ingestion are generalized to arbitrary CASH configurations. The systematic computational methodology currently used has been previously documented and has become a standard for ensuring accurate results. The methodology includes exact modeling of flow physics, proper modeling of the geometry including the crossflow, plenum, and film hole regions, a high quality mesh for grid independent results, second order discretization, and the two-equation k-ε turbulence model with generalized wall functions. The steady, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a fully-elliptical and fully-implicit pressure-correction solver with multi-block unstructured and adaptive grid capability and with multi-grid convergence acceleration.
Reports on the topic "Lending methodology"
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Morandi, Paula, and Amy Lewis. 2021 IDB Climate Finance Database. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004645.
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Under the current IDBG Corporate Results Framework (CRF) 2020-2023 (https://crf.iadb.org/en), the IDB committed to reach 30% of the total amount approved (including all lending operations) of climate finance during this period. In 2021, the IDB Group - composed of the IDB, IDB Lab (formerly the Multilateral Investment Fund) and IDB Invest - approved US$6 billion in climate finance as per the MDB climate finance tracking methodology. This resource is aimed at development activities carried out by the public and private sectors that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus mitigate climate change, and/or that reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute to an adaptation process. The IDB only climate finance in 2021 was equivalent to US$ 4.5 billion.
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Almeida, Juliana, and Rossemary Yurivilca. 2020 IDB Climate Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003253.
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Under the current IDBG Corporate Results Framework (CRF) 2020-2023 (https://crf.iadb.org/en), the IDB committed to reach 30% of the total amount approved (including all lending operations) of climate finance during this period. In 2020, the IDB Group - composed of the IDB, IDB Lab (formerly the Multilateral Investment Fund) and IDB Invest - approved US$3.9 billion in climate finance as per the MDB climate finance tracking methodology. This resource is aimed at development activities carried out by the public and private sectors that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus mitigate climate change, and/or that reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute to an adaptation process. This amount represented 19.5% of the IDB Groups total approved amount for 2020. The IDB only climate finance in 2020 was 15%, equivalent to US$ 2 billion. If the COVID-19 related investments are excluded, the IDB climate finance reached 30%. Changes in demand from countries to respond to the pandemic affected the overall climate finance results by shifting the priority to social and fiscal sectors and to projects that could provide faster liquidity.