Academic literature on the topic 'Lentic system'

Odonata are the bioindicators of freshwater ecosystem health and is recognised as an excellent ‘flagship’ group among insects. Baseline knowledge on the diversity and distribution of odonates over spatiotemporal scale is the key to biodiversity conservation. Rani Reserve Forest of Assam is a mosaic of all the habitat types suitable for odonates. The present work aims at studying the diversity and distribution of Odonates in Rani Reserve Forest. The study was carried out from December 2014 to November 2017 by categorising the study area into three major habitat types: 1. lentic system, 2. lotic system and 3. terrestrial woodland. A total of 67 species belonging to 44 genera, representing 11 families were recorded. First published records of three species, Onychothemis testacea (Libellulidae), Philoganga montana (Philogangidae) and Indocnemis orang (Platycnemididae) from the state are also provided herewith. Species richness was the highest in lentic system whereas recorded the lowest in running waters of larger forested streams. Shannon diversity index also indicated that the lentic system is relatively diverse (2.95) and smaller streams of the lotic system showed the highest species evenness (0.87). Libellulidae (43%) was found to be the most dominant family belonging to suborder Anisoptera followed by Coenagrionidae (22%) of suborder Zygoptera. Philogangidae (1%) recorded the lowest number of species. Taxonomically related species showed distinct ecological segregation within these different habitat types occupying different microhabitats therein.

AbstractSpatial and temporal variability are essential considerations in the study of aquatic insects. Traditionally, these two sources of variability are treated separately; however, they should be considered together because they occur concurrently in natural systems. To illustrate this interaction, we constructed two-way variability tables in which spatial (habitat, reach or zone, system, intersystem) and temporal (within a day, within a season, within a year, year to year) scales were ordered on separate axes, and examples of concurrent spatial and temporal variability were entered at the intersects of the scales. We examined three aspects of aquatic insect life histories in lotic and lentic waters using such tables: emergence, feeding and growth, and movements and migrations. It proved easier to find examples for the stream tables than for the lake tables, perhaps because of greater spatial and temporal variability in lotic than lentic waters. Also, more papers have been published on stream than on lake insects over the last decade or so. Spatial and temporal scales at which lotic and lentic research is done were determined by examining the recent contents of five key aquatic journals (≈ 500 articles). Research on aquatic insects appears generally to be done at relatively long temporal scales, but at smaller spatial and shorter temporal scales in lotic than lentic systems. Perusal of the literature to find examples of concurrent spatial and temporal variability revealed the prevalence of a “mean-values” appproach to data analysis, in which investigators “homogenize” data to reduce spatial and temporal variability. However, it is this spatial and temporal variability that often provides an explanation of factors causing the patterns observed. A “variance” approach, in which data are disaggregated and fluctuations or extremes are considered, may be far more informative and may elucidate underlying mechanisms.

The Canal da Piracema is the longest (nearly 10 km) fish pass system in the world. The construction of this fish pass was somehow controversial, because it connected two distinct ichthyofaunistic provinces. This study evaluated the ichthyofauna present in the Canal da Piracema and the abundance and distribution of long-distance migratory fish species along this fish pass system (evaluated possible selectivity). The Canal da Piracema was shown to be difficult to sample because of its environmental heterogeneity: artificial ponds, ladders and nature-like fish pass. To solve this problem, we used several fishing gears, adequate for the several biotopes present (unstructured and structured littoral were sampled with seining nets and electrofishing; lentic were sampled with gillnets and longlines (deeper areas); and rapid water areas were sampled with cast nets). The ichthyofauna of the Canal da Piracema followed the pattern for South America and the Paraná River, with a predominance of Characiformes and Siluriformes. The most representative families were Characidae, Anostomidae, Pimelodidae and Loricariidae. We captured 116 species (17 were long-distance migratory) during the period studied. Small-sized species were predominant in unstructured and structured littoral areas, especially Bryconamericus exodon and Apareiodon affinis.The most abundant species was Hypostomus spp. in lentic areas, followed by Iheringichthys labrosus. Hoplias aff. malabaricus predominated in deeper lentic areas. Long-distance migratory species were abundant in rapid waters; they were Prochilodus lineatus and Leporinus elongatus. The sharp reduction in the number of species, including migratory ones, is an indication that the Canal da Piracema is selecting the species that ascend it. Therefore, the search for information on the efficiency of the various fish passes present in the Canal da Piracema is fundamental, to facilitate upward movements of fish. If this is reached, this polemic fish pass has the potential to contribute to the conservation of fish stocks in Itaipu Reservoir and upstream stretches, because of the presence of spawning and development (nurseries) areas for migratory species.

Anadromous Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, typically construct nests and reproduce in lotic environments. In the summer of 1984, Pacific lamprey were observed spawning in shallow lentic water in two regions of the Babine Lake system, British Columbia. Nests were subject to wave action but an obvious unidirectional flow was not observed.

Pseudocurimata boulengeri is an endemic species of Ecuador, which sustains a large group of fisher families. The biological data of this species correspond to reports from lotic systems of Los Ríos province; nevertheless, their trend in a lentic system is not yet known. This paper describes the sex ratio, length-weight relationship, gonad development, spawning season and size at reproductive maturity of P. boulengeri, inhabiting the lentic system of Chongón dam, Ecuador. Fish were caught between 2003 and 2009 using gill nets (2.5"). The total length (Lt) of caught specimens ranged from 10.5 to 35.5 cm, spawning occurred between the months of October and March, and size at first maturity for females was estimated at 17.9 cm (Lt) and 20.0 cm (Lt) for males. Between May and October male and female ratios were as expected (1:1), whereas for May, November and April, females ratios were higher than males, situation that coincided with the spawning season. The limnetic conditions and high production characteristics of Chongón dam, have promoted the availability of a great amount of food for this species, which may have allowed P. boulengeri to have a more extended reproductive season in this favorable environment.

AbstractParasite distribution patterns in lotic catchments are driven by the combined influences of unidirectional water flow and the mobility of the most mobile host. However, the importance of such drivers in catchments dominated by lentic habitats are poorly understood. We examined parasite populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from a series of linear-connected lakes in northern Norway to assess the generality of lotic-derived catchment-scale parasite assemblage patterns. Our results demonstrated that the abundance of most parasite taxa increased from the upper to lower catchment. Allogenic taxa (piscivorous birds as final host) were present throughout the entire catchment, whereas their autogenic counterparts (charr as final hosts) demonstrated restricted distributions, thus supporting the theory that the mobility of the most mobile host determines taxa-specific parasite distribution patterns. Overall, catchment-wide parasite abundance and distribution patterns in this lentic-dominated system were in accordance with those reported for lotic systems. Additionally, our study highlighted that upper catchment regions may be inadequate reservoirs to facilitate recolonization of parasite communities in the event of downstream environmental perturbations.

In the present study, we test the relevance of a number of environmental factors on alpha and beta ostracod diversities, at species and family level. Ostracods were sampled from several substrates, including sediment and root systems of various floating aquatic macrophytes, from 48 environments (both lentic and lotic habitats, ranging from the river itself, over connecting channels linking with open lakes, and, finally closed lakes), belonging to four different systems (Paraná, Ivinheima, Baía and Taquaruçu), in the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River. The faunistic survey recorded the presence of 54 species of Ostracoda, belonging to the families Cyprididae, Candonidae, Limnocytheridae and Darwinulidae. Various diversity estimators indicated that these recorded levels of specific diversity should be close to true values. Higher values of ostracods species richness (alpha diversity) were observed in the Baía and Ivinheima systems, while lotic habitats were richer than lentic ones. In addition, open lakes appeared to be more affected by the variable 'system' than closed ones, which can to some extend be explained by the putative effects of flood pulse on benthic communities. The two investigated factors have different effects on the four ostracod families. The present study also indicated that there is a large homogeneity within and between systems, as exemplified by the low beta-diversity levels.

Cladocera communities were studied in lotic and lentic environments of the Upper Paraná River floodplain, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. A total of 63 species of Cladocera were identified in 108 samples. Of these, 24 species are considered new records for that floodplain, and one is a new record for Brazil. Chydoridae was the most representative family with 19 genera and 39 species.

AbstractThis study assessed the physico-chemical status of sediments in the Agbede Wetlands with the aim to create a reference archive for the Edo North catchment and to further identify the characteristics mostly influenced by the natural and anthropogenic activities going on at the watershed. Nutrients, zinc, nickel and lead were identified to be mostly of anthropogenic origin, while alkali metals and alkaline earth metals were from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The clustering of stations 1 and 4 indicates that the sediment quality in the lentic systems was not completely excluded from the lotic system, suggesting that principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) techniques are invaluable tools for identifying factors influencing the sediment quality. The mean values of the particle size distribution were in the following order across the ecosystems: sand (61.86–80.53%) > silt (9.75–30.34%) > clay (7.83–13.89%). The contamination of the water bodies was primarily derived from agricultural run-offs and through geochemical weathering of the top soils. Therefore, our analysis indicates that the concentrations of cations, anions and nutrients in the sediments of the lotic and lentic ecosystems in Agbede Wetlands are not at an alarming level.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Nas últimas décadas, a crescente conscientização ambiental levou ao reconhecimento da necessidade do uso responsável dos recursos hídricos. Para garantir isso, a boa gestão de reservatórios hídricos requer um monitoramento ambiental adequado, com medições confiáveis dos parâmetros de qualidade da água em vários pontos do reservatório, permitindo o controle da qualidade da água e seus impactos na fauna, flora e comunidades ribeirinhas dos reservatórios. O monitoramento das variáveis ambientais dos reservatórios é atualmente realizado por processo tradicional de coleta manual. Infelizmente, no Brasil, as iniciativas de produzir um sistema robótico aquático com tecnologia nacional e de baixo custo, quando comparado a equivalentes importados, são ainda raras e se restringem a algumas poucas instituições acadêmicas, não tendo sido localizado nenhum fabricante comercial deste tipo de veículo no país. Visando preencher esta lacuna, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema robótico aquático capaz de se locomover autonomamente em lagoas, lagos e reservatórios, coletando informações físico-químicas da água e armazenando estes dados na memória. Além disso, foi incluído no protótipo uma câmera de vídeo, sistema de iluminação e um sistema de controle remoto, objetivando o controle pela equipe em terra. Nos testes realizados em dias ensolarados e chuvosos, o robô apresentou boa dirigibilidade, estabilidade e manobrabilidade. O vaso de pressão do sistema robótico resistiu às pressões necessárias durante os testes, a eletrônica conseguiu atender as especificações de projeto e o software conseguiu estabelecer um controle de navegação, cumprindo o trajeto de uma rota estabelecida.
In recent decades, the growing environmental awareness has led to the recognition of the need for responsible use of water resources. To ensure this, the good management of water reservoirs requires adequate environmental monitoring, with reliable measurements of water quality parameters in various parts of the reservoir, allowing the control of water quality and its impacts on fauna, flora and riverine communities of the reservoirs. Monitoring environmental variables of the reservoirs is currently performed by traditional process of manual collection. Unfortunately, in Brazil, initiatives to produce a water robotic system with national and low cost technology, compared to imported equivalents, are still rare and restricted to a few academic institutions, and no commercial manufacturer of this type of vehicle was found in the country. Aiming to fill this gap, the main objective of this study was to develop a prototype of a water robotic system capable of autonomously navigate in ponds, lakes and reservoirs, collecting physicochemical information of water and storing this data in memory. Moreover, a video camera, illumination and a remote control system were included in the prototype, allowing the team on the ground to control the prototype. In tests conducted in sunny and rainy days, the robot presented good handling, stability and maneuverability. The robotic system pressure vessel resisted pressures required during testing, the electronics met the design specifications and the software was able to establish a navigation control, fulfilling the path of an established route.

Sediment and nutrient loading in freshwater systems are leading causes of aquatic habitat degradation in North America. The impacts of fine-sediment and nutrient additions on the growth and survival of Bufo boreas tadpoles and emergent metamorphs was investigated in mesocosm and exclosure experiments. Mesocosm tanks received weekly pulses of fine, organic-rich (8% -9%) sediments to create initial concentrations of 0, 130 and 260 mg/L of sediment and bi-weekly additions of nutrients (N-160 μg/L, P-10 μg/L) in a factorial design. Within mesocosms, tadpole exclosures allowed for quantification of tadpole grazing pressure on periphyton biomass, chlorophyll α and sediment deposition. Tadpoles receiving sediment additions experienced slower growth rates and reduced survival to metamorphosis, though no effects of treatment were detected on metamorphic size or timing. Nutrient additions also lowered survival, but had no impact on other measured parameters. Dissections and gut content analysis revealed that tadpoles ingested sediment in large quantities and scanning electron microscopy showed particles were also found in their gill tissues. Together these results suggest that though organic-rich sediments were readily consumed, tadpoles derived little or no net benefit from these materials. Measures from tiles within the exclosures in the mesocosm experiment demonstrated that tadpoles were able to reduce the standing stocks of periphyton by 35-80% and to clear virtually 100% of all deposited sediment from grazing surfaces. Sediment clearing activities via ingestion acted to restructure the benthic abiotic habitat, but at tadpole densities used in the experiment did not have a beneficial effect on underlying periphyton growth. Under natural conditions, such grazing pressure and sediment removal activities could lead to changes in the algal community and consequent shifts in invertebrate grazers. Together, these results highlight a potential role for Bufo boreas tadpoles as ecosystem engineers in temperate pond habitats.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stocked into mid-elevation reservoirs in Utah are vulnerable to predation from piscivorous fish and birds. I determined how effectively juvenile trout used cover to avoid these predators by (1) direct observations (snorkel transects) of habitat selection in two reservoirs and (2) measurements of survival and growth rates in a pond experiment where adult brown trout Salmo trutta were predators. Observations of juvenile trout were conducted within five weeks of stocking in 1988 and 1989. During the day, juvenile trout were abundant in complex inshore habitats and avoided simple habitats such as sand and gravel. Measurements of gut fullness indicated that juvenile trout fed during the day but not during the night. Large Daphnia comprised more than 95% of the diet of juvenile trout. Because large Daphnia were often higher offshore than inshore in both reservoirs, selection of inshore cover is believed to be primarily a response to reduce predation risk. At night, trout in both reservoirs selected more exposed areas and rested on the bottom. In the pond experiment, the presence of brown trout significantly increased mortality of juvenile trout, decreased their growth rates, and caused them to avoid offshore areas. The presence of cover significantly decreased predation rates but did not affect growth of the juvenile trout.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Wide spatial scales of analysis in studies conducted in natural wetlands tend to present the greatest contributions to the total diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates, because they include macrovariables such as hydrographic basins and different types of aquatic systems. However, for agroecosystems such as rice fields (usually converted wetlands), the knowledge on the variation of these communities diversity along wide spatial scales is still scarce, therefore hindering conservationist actions. In this study, aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled in January 2012 in irrigated rice fields from two geomorphological regions (Planície Costeira and Depressão Central), in southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state). Four hierarchical spatial scales of analysis sample, rice field, rice area and geomorphological region were analyzed through the additive partitioning of diversity method. Estimated richness was similar between the studied geomorphological regions and rice areas. However, composition and, specially, dominant and indicator taxa varied between regions, mainly in the wider scales of analysis (regions and rice areas). Mean values of variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and water temperature had greater variation between rice areas, influencing differences between communities in this scale. Differences in accumulated precipitation and mean air temperature between geomorphological regions had strong influence on communities variation. The additive partitioning method showed that the diversity variation was significantly higher than the expected by chance in among rice areas (β3) and among geomorphological regions (β4) scales. However, the percentual contribution of these scales for total diversity (γ) was lower than that of among rice fields scale (β2), due to the influence of differences in management practices and growth stages of the rice plant on macroinvertebrate communties. Although climatic differences strongly affected macroinvertebrate community structure from different geomorphological regions, the enviromental homogeneization and simplification promoted by this agroecosystem interfered in community diversity variation at regional scale. In general, differentiated management practices for each rice field were the most determinant factors for the diversity and special distribution of the aquatic macroinvertebrates communities.
Em áreas úmidas naturais, escalas espaciais mais amplas de análise, que abarcam macrovariáveis como bacia hidrográfica e tipo de sistema aquático, tendem a apresentar as maiores contribuições para a diversidade total das comunidades aquáticas. Contudo, em agroecossistemas como arrozais (usualmente áreas úmidas convertidas), o conhecimento sobre a variação da diversidade destas comunidades ao longo de amplas escalas espaciais ainda é escasso e pouco compreendido, prejudicando ações conservacionistas. No presente estudo, comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos foram amostrados, em janeiro de 2012, em arrozais irrigados de duas regiões geomorfológicas (Planície Costeira e Depressão Central), no extremo sul do Brasil (estado do Rio Grande do Sul). Quatro escalas espaciais hierarquizadas - em ordem crescente: amostra, arrozal, área e região geomorfológica - foram utilizadas para análise. A riqueza estimada foi similar entre regiões geomorfológicas e áreas estudadas, contudo a composição e, especialmente, os táxons dominantes e indicadores variaram entre as regiões, principalmente na maior escala. Valores médios de variáveis como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e temperatura da água variaram mais entre as áreas de estudo, influenciando diferenças entre as comunidades nesta escala. Diferenças nos valores de precipitação acumulada e temperatura média do ar nas duas regiões tiveram forte influência nas variações das comunidades. O método da partição aditiva mostrou que a variação da diversidade foi significativamente maior do que o esperado ao acaso nas escalas entre áreas de arrozais (β3) e entre regiões geomorfológicas (β4). Contudo, a contribuição percentual de ambas para a diversidade total observada (γ) foi menor do o que a de escala entre arrozais (β2), devido à influência de diferenças de técnicas de manejo e estágios de crescimento dos arrozais sobre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados. Embora as diferenças climáticas das regiões afetem intensamente a estrutura das comunidades de macroinvetebrados em arrozais de diferentes regiões geomorfológicas, a homogeneização e simplificação ambiental desse agroecossistema interferiu na variação da diversidade das comunidades em escala regional. De forma geral, as práticas de manejo diferenciadas de cada arrozal foram os fatores mais determinantes para a diversidade e distribuição espacial das comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos.

The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) is the definitive source for wetland resources in the United States. The NWI production unit in Hadley, MA has begun to upgrade their digital map database, integrating descriptors for assessment of wetland functions. Updating is conducted manually and some automation is needed to increase production and efficiency. This study assigned landscape position descriptor codes to NWI wetland polygons and correlated polygon environmental properties with public domain terrain, soils, hydrology, and vegetation data within the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Environmental properties were applied to a non-metric multidimensional scaling technique to identify similarities within individual landscape positions based on wetland plant indicators, primary and secondary hydrology indicators, and field indicators of hydric soils. Individual NWI landscape position classes were linked to field-validated environmental properties. Measures provided by this analysis indicated that wetland plant occurrence and wetland plant status obtained a stress value of 0.136 (Kruskalâ s stress measure = poor), which is a poor indicator when determining correlation among wetland environmental properties. This is due principally to the highly-variable plant distribution and wetland plant status found among the field-validated sites. Primary and secondary hydrology indicators obtained a stress rating of 0.097 (Kruskalâ s stress measure = good) for correlation. The hydrology indicators measured in this analysis had a high level of correlation with all NWI landscape position classes due the common occurrence of at least one primary hydrology indicator in all field validated wetlands. The secondary indicators had an increased accuracy in landscape position discrimination over the primary indicators because they were less ubiquitous. Hydric soil characteristics listed in the 1987 Manual and NTCHS field indicators of hydric soils proved to be a relatively poor indicator, based on Kruskalâ s stress measure of 0.117, for contrasting landscape position classes because the same values occurred across all classes. The six NWI fieldâ validated landscape position classes used in this study were then further applied in a public domain digital data analysis. Mean pixel attribute values extracted from the 180 field-validated wetlands were analyzed using cluster analysis. The percent hydric soil component displayed the greatest variance when compared to elevation and slope curvature, streamflow and waterbody, Cowardin classification, and wetland vegetation type. Limitations of the soil survey data included: variable date of acquisition, small scale compared to wetland size, and variable quality. Flow had limitations related to its linear attributes, therefore is often found insignificant when evaluating pixel values that are mean of selected pixels across of wetland landscape position polygons. NLCD data limitations included poor quality resolution (large pixel size) and variable classification of cover types. The three sources of information that would improve wetland mapping and modeling the subtle changes in elevation and slope curvature that characterize wetland landscapes are: recent high resolution leaf-off aerial photography, high-quality soil survey data, and high-resolution elevation data. Due to the data limitations and the choice of variables used in this study, development of models and rules that clearly separate the six different landscape positions was not possible, and thus automation of coding could not be attempted.
Master of Science

In this work Agrobacterium (KYRT1::pTJK136) mediated gene transfer to lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) embriyo apex and regeneration through micro-grafting in lentil was studied. In micro-grafting two different types root stock stem height and root stock preparations were optimized. According to the results half stem length was found to be more successful then the full. Also lentil root stock was more successful then the chickpea root stock. The types of root stock preparations studied were designated as Z and M. The Z type root stock was superior then the M type, when the micro-grafting, hardening and green-house stages were concerned. In study of Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer to lentil embryo apex the effect of the following parameters on the transformation efficiency were addressed
type and intensity of injury, type of pre-incubation media for injured explants, effect of evacuation, effect of L-cysteine during co-cultivation and Agrobacterium incubation duration. According to the results crushing type of injury was superior over the poking and sonication type of injuries. Following the injury Hogland`s solution was used as pre-incubation media prior to infection. The effect of evacuation parameter was found to be insignificant whereas the effect of L-cysteine during co-cultivation was negative on the transformation efficiency. According to the Agrobacterium incubation duration studies, 240 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of Agrobacterium incubation were the most efficient in terms of transformation efficiency. However, since there was no significant difference among the two 120 minutes chosen to be the optimum bacterial incubation duration.

In this study, optimization of a transformation and regeneration system via indirect organogenesis in cotyledonary petiole tissue of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was investigated. Eight different medium types differing in their plant growth regulator compositions were employed to examine the callus induction potency of cotyledonary petiole. Except two, all other tested medium yielded more than 80% callus induction. Nine different medium types were studied to test the potencies of callus structures for shoot induction. Only the callus induced in medium H (1 mg/L Zeatin riboside + 1 mg/L Naphthalane acetic acid) yielded shoots at 8 to 40 % frequency. The most responsive medium was MS basal medium with no growth regulators. Also five and three different medium types were employed to examine callus induction potency of epicotyl tissues respectively. Each medium type yielded 90% callus induction. Only the callus induced in medium H yielded shoots At 6 to 26% frequency. Preliminary studies were carried out for somatic embryogenesis in cotyledonary petiole. Effects of salicylic acid on somatic embryogenesis were also investigated. Salicylic acid at 200µ
M was found to enhance the percentage of somatic embryos by 25 % and reduce the necrosis 24 %. However none of the globular and heart shape embryos were able to regenerate. Transient GUS expression efficiencies of roots, shoot tips, and cotyledonary petioles were tested after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformation frequencies were 26, 74, and 38 % for cotyledonary petiole, shoot tips, and roots respectively.

Para suprir a carÃncia hÃdrica, o Cearà dispÃe de uma grande rede de reservatÃrios artificiais destinados aos mais diversos usos. PorÃm, Ãguas que permanecem reservadas em aÃudes sÃo limnolÃgicamente vulnerÃveis, sendo o fenÃmeno da eutrofizaÃÃo uma das piores consequÃncias resultantes das atividades antrÃpicas desenvolvidas nas Ãreas de contribuiÃÃo desses reservatÃrios, consequÃncias essas que sÃo agravadas ainda mais em funÃÃo das caracterÃsticas naturais do semiÃrido, um ambiente marcado por baixas precipitaÃÃes pluviomÃtricas e pela sua mà distribuiÃÃo no espaÃo e no tempo. Para auxiliar no estudo trÃfico dessas Ãguas, hà muito vem sendo utilizada pelos limnÃlogos uma ferramenta destinada a classificar os recursos hÃdricos no tocante ao seu estado de trofia, o IET - Ãndice do Estado TrÃfico, desenvolvido por Carlson (1977). A pesquisa aqui desenvolvida consistiu em aprimorar o estudo da correlaÃÃo entre os parÃmetros de Clorofila a, fÃsforo total e TransparÃncia de Secchi, utilizados na composiÃÃo do IET, bem como ajustar a escala logaritmica do Ãndice, basaeando-se nas medidas mÃnimas e mÃximas de Secchi para os reservatÃrios de Ãgua do CearÃ, o que resultou em uma metodologia de classificaÃÃo trÃfica adaptada Ãs condiÃÃes dos sistemas lÃnticos inseridos no semiÃrido cearense.
To meet the water shortage, Cearà has an extensive network of artificial reservoirs intended for various uses. However, waters that remain reserved in dams present limnological vulnerability, and the phenomenon of eutrophication is one of the worst consequences of anthropic activities developed in the areas of contribution of these reservoirs, consequences that are aggravated due to the natural characteristics of semiarid, an environment marked by low rainfall and its poor distribution in space and time. To assist the trophic study of these waters, it has long been used by limnologists a tool to classify water resources in relation to their trophic state, the TSI - the Trophic State Index, developed by Carlson (1977). The research conducted here was to enhance the study of the correlation among the parameters of chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and Secchi Transparency, used in the composition of the TSI, as well as to adjust the logarithmic scale of the index, according to Secchi's maximum and mi nimum measures to the water reservoirs of CearÃ, which resulted in a trophic classification methodology adapted to the conditions of the inserted lentic systems in Cearà semiarid

In this study, 14 days old lentil seedlings (Lens culinaris Medik cv. Sultan), which were subjected to 7 days of drought (20% PEG 6000), and salt (150 mM NaCl ) stress , were examined in a comparative manner for the effects of drought and salt stress treatments. In shoot and root tissues physiological parameters such as wet-dry weight, relative water content, root-shoot lengths, membrane electrolyte leakage, and lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. H2O2 content, proline accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis were also performed. Changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6) ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2) were observed upon stress treatments. In salt treated lentil seedlings, significant decreases in wet-dry weight, RWC, shoot-root length and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements indicated a sensitivity, when compared to drought treated plants. Higher MDA concentration and higher electrolyte leakage amounts are supported these results. APX, GR and proline seem to play important roles in antioxidant defense against salt stress for both tissues by removing reactive oxygen species and protecting macromolecules and membranes. GR and proline are also maintains the main protective mechanism against drought stress effects. SOD is active in drought stressed roots and salt stressed shoots, where the H2O2 contents are also observed to be increased.

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS OF SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CULTIVARS OF LENTIL Cicerali, Iin Nur M.Sc., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Meral Yü
cel Co-supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Fü
sun (nci) Eyidoan June 2004, 90 pages In this study, two lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris, Medik.) (ILL5582-salt tolerant and ILL590) were characterized and compared due to their NaCl susceptibility and antioxidant mechanism was examined under laboratory conditions. Physiological parameters such as wet-dry weight, root-shoot lengths, cell membrane stability, lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, proline contents were determined. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2) were examined and analyzed in 14 days old plant seedlings after 9 days of normal growth and 5 days of 100mM and 200mM NaCl stress conditions. Shoot-root length and wet-dry weight percent decrease were more in ILL590. Especially shoot tissues were affected more from the stress conditions when compared to root tissues. ii According to malondialdehyde (MDA) content and membrane stability results, lipid peoxidation was higher in ILL590 and significant increases were observed in shoot tissues. Proline concentration showed a remarkable increase in salt concentration dependent manner. Higher concentrations of proline in ILL5582 might be the reason of higher salt tolerance when compared to ILL590. Among the antioxidant enzymes SOD was the one which showed highest activity increase. At organ level roots showed highest activity when compared to leaves. In the organelle higher activity percent contribution was achieved by cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD isozyme. Higher percent increase of this isozyme was observed in ILL5582. This might be one of the tolerance mechanisms that get activated against NaCl stress. APX activity showed similar alterations in both cultivars. In leaf tissues significant increase was observed but in root tissues ascorbate peroxidase activity did not change significantly. Glutathione Reductase activity increase was significant in both cultivars leaf tissues but although ILL5582 showed a stress concentration dependent increase, ILL590 did not. The activity of CAT enzyme in leaf and root tissues of both cultivars did not significantly change under increasing salt stress conditions. The results suggested that the leaves were more susceptible to salt stress. Also when two cultivars were compared ILL5582 was found to be more tolerant against salt stress than ILL590 under laboratory conditions and SOD enzyme seemed to be the most active component of the salt tolerant mechanism.

This chapter considers the politics of the Olympic Games. The international sporting system, within which the Olympics reside, had emerged in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as a force of peace and goodwill. It also grew in strength and global popularity because it was built to accommodate national rivalries. That the Olympics quickly emerged as a powerful medium to promote the state and political ideology naturally lent the festival to the propaganda battles of the Cold War. Here was a stage where deeds could be trumpeted and manipulated for psychological significance. Without a doubt, the games provided a global arena for athletes from the east and west to compete head to head in a symbolic war.

Stalin-era cinema was a technology of emotional and affective education. The filmmakers of the period were called on to help forge the emotions and affects that befitted the New Soviet Person—ranging from happiness and victorious laughter to hatred for enemies. Feeling Revolution: Cinema, Genre, and the Politics of Affect under Stalin shows how the Soviet film industry’s efforts to find an emotionally resonant language that could speak to a mass audience came to centre on the development of a distinctively ‘Soviet’ genre system. Its case studies of specific film genres, including the production film, comedy, thriller, and melodrama, explore how the ‘genre rules’ established by Western and pre-revolutionary Russian cinema were rewritten in the context of new emotional settings. ‘Sovietizing’ audience emotions did not prove to be an easy task. The tensions, frustrations, and missteps of this process are outlined in this book with reference to a wide variety of primary sources, including the artistic council discussions of the Mosfil′m and Lenfil′m studios and the Ministry of Cinematography. Bringing the limitations of the Stalinist ideological project to light, Feeling Revolution reveals cinema’s capacity to contest the very emotional norms that it was entrusted with crafting.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

When a gas enclosed in a cavity is heated or cooled, its pressure changes with its temperature as well. If a set of two countermoving “driven” cavity cascades employs the same free wall, then the system will operate as a countercurrent heat exchanger. At the exit points of the heat exchanger the two gases can be brought back to their original (atmospheric) pressure by isentropic processes thus producing useful work. The entire set of thermodynamic processes forms a double Lenoir cycle. The exhausts from the two Lenoir cycles may drive two more sets of corresponding cycles, thus allowing for the cascading of the process, until the added useful work becomes insignificant. When this idea is employed as a bottoming cycle in a Gas Turbine lead Combined cycle, employing four sets of Lenoir cycles, the achievable total thermal efficiencies rise to the 75 to 82 % level, athough the amount of heat transferred in all these processes is about 50 % more than that in a modern Brayton-Rankine combined cycle.

Рассмотрены основные концепции развития судебной системы, выдвинутые В. И. Лениным, этапы формирования судебной системы в постреволюционный период, ее становление и развитие. Изменения в судебной системе в связи с образованием СССР, а также роль, полномочия и значимость судебной власти в тот период. The article discusses the basic concepts of the judicial system put forward by V.I. Lenin, the stages of the formation of the judicial system in the post-revolutionary period, its formation and development. Changes in the judicial system in connection with the formation of the USSR, as well as the role, powers and significance of the judiciary in that period.

The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.

Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.