Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lentivirus – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet'
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Castillon, Nicolas. "Culture tridimensionnelle de cellules épithéliales respiratoires humaines : applications à la thérapie génique et cellulaire." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMM207.
Full text@We have shown that human airway epithelial cells cultured as 3-D spheroid could mimic for a long term an airway surface epithelium structure and functionality. We analyzed the potential capacity of these 3-D structures to regenerate an airway epithelium and to be transduced using a pseudotyped lentiviral vector encoding GFP. Our results demonstrate that the spheroids can regenerate a well-differentiated human airway epithelium and can be efficiently transduced by a pseudotyped lentiviral vector with a sustained and long-term expression of the GFP, without any alteration of the spheroid structure and functionality (ciliary beating frequency and CFTR Cl- channel activity). The spheroids could be proposed as a potential tool for gene and cell therapy in order to repopulate a denuded airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis
Colomb, Charlotte. "Sélection et expansion des cellules souches hématopoietiques pour la thérapie genique de la beta-thalassemie." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077086.
Full textGene therapy by transplantation of vector-transduced hematopoietic stem cells will constitute an ideal therapeutic solution for patients affected by genetic blood diseases with no compatible sibling donor. This method was used successfully during recent clinical trials for gene therapy. However, problems persist and must be resolved: 1) the sub-optimal efficacy of gene transfer and the low number of injected modified cells ; 2) the need, in the absence of selective advantage of the transplanted cells, of proceeding to myeloablative conditioning and the risks connected to the aplasia ; 3) The unpredictable genomic targets of the vectors and the associated leukemic risks. With the aim of contributing to the improvement of gene therapy protocols for the çlinic, we developed Systems of in vitro and in vivo selection of hematopoietic cells transduced by lentiviral vector and tested the effects of molecules and combinations of cytokines on hematopoietic cell growth in vitro. The existence, in several gene therapy trials, of clones within which the therapeutic vector was localized within the HMGA2 oncogene drove us to study the effect of this gene on the process of hematopoietic reconstitution after transplantation
Schmitt, Françoise. "Thérapie génique in vivo des hépatopathies héréditaires cirrhogènes par des lentivirus recombinants à immunogénicité atténuée et dans une approche chirurgicale : application à la maladie de Wilson." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=77773582-ec24-46c0-8d49-bf6003ab59a4.
Full textWilson's disease (WD) is a hereditary liver disease due to mutations in the ATP7B gene, which encodes for a copper transporter in the liver. It leads to a toxic accumulation of copper in the liver and the brain, responsible for early cirrhosis and neuropsychiatric disorders. Current medications are burdensome and may imply liver transplantation, which is in favor of alternative therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy (GT). In this work we have first validated different biological markers for WD diagnosis and acute liver disease progression, as well as the use of computerized morphometric analysis of liver fibrosis in the LEC rat, an animal model for WD. We have then developed a surgical approach for the injection of the lentiviral vector (LV) into an isolated liver in hyperpressure. Its use allowed a restoration of the transduction efficacy after LV injection in rats pre-immunized against the LV envelop protein, and we have addressed its potential for GT in a fibrotic liver. We have then injected in young LEC rats a LV encoding for the cDNA of the ATP7B gene, under control of a liver-specific promoter and containing target sequences of the miR142-3p, to prevent the development of a specific immune response. It allowed a long-term restoration of the ATP7B enzymatic activity, but did not prevent the occurrence of liver fibrosis. Thus, we have demonstrated that in vivo lentiviral GT could be applied to WD, but that a very high initial hepatocytes transduction level was mandatory to achieve a therapeutic efficiency and to prevent the development of liver failure
Doenaga, Diana. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'action de Grb14 sur la différenciation, le métabolisme adipocytaire et la prolifération cellulaire." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T027.
Full textCurrently, obesity and type 2 diabetes are pathologies in full expansion in the developed countries. These two diseases are linked to insulinoresistance, phenomenon which is characterized by the loss of effectiveness of insulin action. The subject of my study, Grb14, is a molecular adapter of the Grb7 family which is expressed specifically in insulin sensitive tissues. It is an inhibitor of insulin signaling which interacts with the IR and blocks its tyrosin kinase activity. My work consisted in determining the influence of Grb14 on adipocytes function, and studying the molecular determinants of Grb14 molecular interactions in insulin signaling. I highlighted a new role of Grb14: its inhibiting influence on the secretion of leptin. New assumptions were raised in order to understand the link between Grb14 and insulin sensitivity, but also in order to determine if Grb14 could be implicated in cancer. Thus, my results showed that Grb14 is a protein which is involved in multiple cellular events
Begriche, Karima. "Désordres métaboliques induits par un déficit partiel en leptine : influence du régime alimentaire et prévention." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077197.
Full textLeptin , an adipokine mainly expressed in adipose tissue, plays a central role in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Total leptin deficiency due to missense leptin (ob) gene mutation leads to morbid obesity, type 2 diabetes and massive steatosis in ob/ob mice or in men. Although total leptin deficiency is extremely rare in humans, a larger number of individuels could have low levels of leptin as the consequence of a heterozygous mutation within the ob gene (partial leptin deficiency, PLD). PLD mice (ob/+ mice) could be an experimental model to study genetic predisposition to overweight and metabolic abnormalities. In the first part of my thesis, by feeding ob/+ mice with an hypercaloric diet (HC diet), we try to show how a calorie excess can dramatically increase body fat mass and promote associated metabolic disorders. Our results clearly demonstrated that a PLD under HC feeding promotes obesity, glucose intolerance (associated with a mild insulin résistance), post-absorptive hypertriglyceridemia and steatohepatitis. In the second part of my thesis, we try to determine if a leptin supplementation or whether a β- aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA, a catabolite of thymine) administration could prevent or not most of the disorders in ob/+ mice fed the HC diet. Our results showed that leptin supplementation and BAIBA administration were susceptible to prevent totally or partially most of the metabolic disorders in ob/+ mice fed the HC diet
Muzard, Julien. "Glycoprotéine VI plaquettaire : développement d'un fragment d'anticorps recombinant anti-thrombotique et d'un peptido-mimétique." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077174.
Full textGlycoprotein VI (GPVI), the major receptor for platelet activation by collagens, plays an important role in arterial thrombosis, a pathologic process common to cardiovascular diseases. Inhibition of GPVI-collagen interaction could represent an attractive strategy to develop antithrombotic molecules. Two approaches were evaluated in this study : 1) Blocking GPVI with a recombinant antibody fragment, and 2) Using a soluble peptidomimetick witch compete with GPVI for binding to collagen. Strategy 1 : Starting from 9O12. 2 hybridoma secreting a monoclonal IgG, a recombinant single chain antibody fragment was design and expressed as a recombinant protein in the periplasm of bacteria. It retains the binding proprietes of the parental IgG (high affinity, neutralisation of GPVI-collagen interaction). Purified scFv is able to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen in vitro in conditions which mimick the arterial flow. The humanized scFv were next obtained an it can be use as a starting block to design a recombinant therapeutic humanized Fab fragment. Strategy 2 : After screening of a random dodecapeptide library expressed at the bacterial surface with the neutralizing antibody IgG 9O12. 2, solubles peptidomimeticks of human GPVI were identified. One of them were synthetized as constrained peptide. It binds to collagen, compete with GPVI for binding to collagen (KD=10"8M). Fibrosis (collagen accumulation) was detected in vivo using radiolabelled peptide. This capacity to bind to collagen is used to develop an non invasive isotopic imagery method for the diagnostic and the evolution of fibrosis
Bidet, Philippe. "Caractérisation génétique d'un sous-groupe hautement virulent de Escherichia coli responsable de pathologies extra-intestinales." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T020.
Full textUsing DNA-array method, we developed a PCR able to detect the highly virulent E. Coli subgroup characterized by ribotype B2i and Sequence-Type 29 (EcMLST). Combining MLST and serotyping, we were able to distinguish among E. Coli strains belonging to this subgroup and causing invasive diseases in infants, three «sequence-O-types» associated with urosepsis (STc2902), meningitis (STc29018) or both syndromes (STc29O4S). Strain S88, representative of the STC29045 emerging clone in France has been sequenced in the Coliscope project. We found that two different traits of this strain, a new O antigen and a ColV plasmid close to those of avian pathogenic strains, are essential for its virulence in a neonatal meningitis rat model. Unraveling the origin of this clone will be aided by the molecular tools we have developed
Fourmond, Vincent. "Etudes électrochimiques de chaînes de transferts d'électrons photosynthétiques : ou Vers une photoproduction biomimétique d'hydrogène." Paris 7, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361224.
Full textTo secure the energetic future of humanity, it is of crucial importance to find alternatives to fossil fuels. Optimized in hundreds of million years of evolution photosynthesis is a very efficient System to convert light into Chemical energy. Some algae are able to produce molecular hydrogen from water using photosynthetic electron-transfer chains to feed reducing power to enzymes called hydrogenases that catalyse the reduction of protons. The present work is part of a long term project to fully characterize and understand these Systems in order to mimick their functions with artificial Systems. During this thesis, electron-transfer chains involving photosynthetic enzymes (photosystem I) were studied ex-vivo in an electrochemical cell by means of cyclic voltammetry. The catalytic activity of the photosystem upon illumination is the origin of a linear electron transfer from the electrode to the final accepter. A method based on the measure of photocatalytic currents was designed and applied to the study of the interactions of the different partners of the photosynthetic chain. It was shown that it is possible to choose the reaction to be studied by chosing the concentration of the different partners. This method was used with success for the study of the direct partners photosystem I (cytochrome c6, ferredoxin) and also for the exploration of some aspects of the function of ferredoxin:NADPH oxydoreductase. This work sets a solid basis for the study of photoreduction of hydrogenases
Cochard, Fabien. "Utilisation d'indoles 2-substitués pour la préparation de nouveaux dérivés spiranniques de l'indole et de 1,2,3,4-tétrahydro(thia)carbazoles. Approche multicomposant." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP204.
Full text@In a first part, in the aim to prepare thia-b-carbolines, we realized the synthesis of functionnalized tetrahydro-b-carbolines by aza-Wittig reaction, followed by electrocyclisation. In some cases, these reactions give original compounds, wich may be biollogically active. In a second part, a synthesis access to b-substituted tryptophans has been developped. This spiro[pyrrolidinon-3,3'-indoles]synthesis, based on a trimolecular condensation (indole/aldehyde/Meldrum's acid) followed by a domino-reaction (acylazide formation-Curtius rearrangement-intramolecular spirocyclization), has been applied to 2-substituted indoles and also oxindole. This multicomponent approach has been extended to the one pot preparation of polyfunctionnalized tetrahydrocarbazoles, from 2-substituted indoles, by a pseudotetramolecular reaction (y-4CR). The synthesized tetrahydrocarbazoles have been modified by intramolecular cyclisation to obtain new complex heterocycles
Scandiuzzi, Lisa. "Study of the role of mast cells in an experimental model of glomerulonephritis." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T045.
Full textWe studied the role of mast cells (MC) in anti-GBM-induced glomerulonephritis. MC-deficient W/Wv mice showed aggravated disease over +/+ mice associated with deteriorated renal function, macrophage infiltration and glomerular deposits. Deposits in W/Wv mice were enriched in fibrin and collagen due in part to defective urinary tPA/uPA activity. MC-specific MCP-4 chymase was examined as a candidate protective mediator. MCP-4-/- mice showed improved renal function with less prominent leukocyte infiltration and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiotensin. Our data reveal a complex role of MCs. While their global action is protective some of their mediators are pro-inflammatory. The final outcome in a given disease may critically depend on a given pathophysiological context
Le, Meur Muriel. "Mise au point sur la sismothérapie dans les années 1990 et étude portant sur 30 dossiers." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT219M.
Full textAbou-Haila, Aïda. "Etude de la regionalisation structurale, metabolique et fonctionnelle de l'epididyme de souris." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S009.
Full textBatawila, Komlan. "Diversité, écologie et propriétés antifongiques des Combretaceae du Togo." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMP201.
Full text@This work illustrates the valuation of Combretaceae with therapeutic potentialities in Togo. The phytoecological study show that the species of Combretaceae are variously distributed in the ecological zones of Togo. They growth in identified ecological conditions and are associated to relatively well defined plant groups. Species belonging to Anogeissus, Combretum and Terminalia genus are most widespread. In vitro antifungal investigation show that hydroethanolic extracts of Combretaceae were inhibit in different degrees the growth of tweenty one pathogenic fongic. The extracts of Anogeissus, Pteleopsis and Terminalia plant species showed good antifungal effects. Phytochemical screening shows that the extracts of these plants contained tannins, flavonoids and saponins which might be responsible for their activity
Bigot, Armelle. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la multiplication intracellulaire de Listeria monocytogenes." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077209.
Full textL. Monocytogenes is an ubiquist Gram positive bacteria which is able to infect human and numerous mammal species. The virulence factors of this bacteria are mainly secreted or cell wall-associated proteins which participate to the intracellular replication cycle and to the dissemination in the organs of the host. In the environment, bacterial mobility is mediated by a peritrichous flagellation. The basal body of the flagella is a secretion apparatus which allows export of flagellar protein. We studied the role of fliF and flil, two genes encoding basal body protein, in the flagellum biogenesis. In vitro, at 30°C, the lack of flagella impairs adhesion and subsequently entry inside the eukaryotic cells. However, the deletion of these genes only have a moderate impact in the mouse model of infection. Secondly, we studied the rnhB gene of L monocytogenes. An rnhB deletion impairs significantly bacterial virulence in the mouse. However, virulence factor expression does not seem to be impaired. Strikingly, when rnhB is over-expressed, bacterial virulence is also impaired and expression of numerous genes, mainly implied in metabolism or amino-acid acquisition, is modified. These results suggest a pleotropic regulatory role of rnhB during infection. Finally, we undertook the study of ABC transporter Systems involved in amino acids and oligopeptides uptake. Amino acid acquisition belongs to metabolic pathways which are regulated during intracellular life. Our first results indicate that in vitro these Systems do not play an important role in intracellular multiplication. However in vivo studies show that some of them are important during infection of the host
Cohen-Solal, Martine. "Cytokines monocytaires et resorption au cours des pertes osseuses." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05S008.
Full textRenault, Éric. "Dynamique reactionnelle de l'etat excite triplet et des especes radicalaires de l'antitumoral pazelliptine en milieu aqueux et vis a vis des acides nucleiques : une etude par photolyse laser et radiolyse pulsee." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S001.
Full textDossou, Yovo Omer Placide. "Recherche de gènes modificateurs de l'expression clinique de la drepanocytose." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077186.
Full textClinical expression of sickle cell disease is quite variable. Interplay of both environmental and genetic factors, linked and unlinked to the globin loci (α and β clusters), indeed contribute to such variability. We focus our attention on the potential contribution of genetic modifiers unlinked to the two globin loci viz MBL2, RANTES, VCAM-1 and ET-1 to two major complications of sickle cell disease namely vaso occlusive crisis and susceptibility to severe infections in two population groups; an unselected benin general population and a clinically followed cohort of sickle cell children. We demonstrated a) an over representation of low MBL2 expressor p. G57E allele at heterozygote state in non sickle cell adults as compared to new born controls (30,2% versus 25% p=0. 01) suggesting a selective advantage ; b) protection against susceptibility to infections in sickle cell children by the variant g. Lnl. 1T>C allele of RANTES, highlighting, for the first time, an association between a pro inflammatory cytokine polymorphism and attenuation of one of the major complication of sickle cell disease. This surrogate marker may find clinical application in targeting susceptible patients eligible for efficacious anti infectious measures
Huet, Eric. "Contrôle des cascades protéolytiques (système plasminogène/plasmine et métalloprotéinases matricielles) impliquées dans la progression tumorale : stimulation par les peptides d'élastine et inhibition par l'acide oléique." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMM206.
Full textWe here investigated the control of the proteolytic cascades implicated in tumoral progression (plasminogen/plasmin system and matrix metalloproteinases). Thus, we showed that elastin peptides stimulated proteolytic cascades by both BZR and HT-1080 cells. This stimulation enhanced the invasive capacity of cells toward Matrigel or type I collagen matrix. We could also evidenced the acceleration of angiogenesis when HUVECs were incubated with elastin peptides. This effect was correlated with an enhancement of MT1-MMP secretion and MMP-2 activation. The control of the proteolytic cascades appeared to be important for cancer treatment. Long chain unsaturated fatty acids as oleic acid were found to inhibit both proteolytic cascades activation and activity
Berber, Hatice. "Synthèse de trifluorométhylpyrimidines à potentialité antivirale, antibactérienne ou antiparasitaire." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP203.
Full textVarious trifluoromethylpyrimidines were obtained from precursors such as enaminoketone and b-ketonitrile. The cyclocondensation occurs with amidines such as O-methylisourea, acetamidine or guanidine. Some cyclic and acyclic nucleoside analogues were also prepared from pyrimidones according to the Vorbrüggen's procedure. An other application towards fluorinated analogues of antibacterial sulfapyrimidines was initiated starting from 2-methylpyrimidine. A novel type of cyclisation between enol ether of fluorinated b-ketonitrile and guanidine was described
Morre, Jacqueline. "La calmoduline au cours de la spermatogenese et de la maturation epidymaire." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05S002.
Full textCoutelis, Jean-Baptiste. "Vesicular traffic in axis specification during Drosophila melanogaster oogenisis : a study of rab6 gene function in organization of the egg-chamber and in oskar mRNA localization." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077208.
Full textDrosophila melanogaster body axes are defined by precise localization and restriction of molecular determinants in the oocyte. Polarization of the oocyte during oogenesis is critical for this process. The directed traffic of membranes and proteins is a crucial component of polarity establishment in various cell types and organisms. During my phd work, i investigated the role of the small monomeric gtpase rab6 in organization of the egg-chamber and asymmetric localization of the body axis determinants during oogenesis. I found that absence of rab6 function causes egg-chamber disorganization and loss of nurse cell plasma membranes. I also observed that exocytosis is affected in rab6 null egg-chambers, providing an explanation for the observed phenotypes. Rab6 is also required for polarization of the oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton and localization of oskar mrna at the oocyte posterior pole. Furthermore, i showed that, in vivo, rab6 is found in a complex with bicaudal-d, known for its role in mrna localization in drosophila. Genetic analysis reveals that, in the oocyte, rab6 and bicaudal-d cooperate in oskar mrna localization. As a conclusion, i propose that during drosophila oogenesis, rab6-dependent membrane trafficking is doubly required, first for general organization and growth of the egg- chamber, and second, more specifically, for polarization of the microtubule cytoskeleton and localization of oskar mrna. These findings highlight the central role of vesicular trafficking in establishment of polarity and determinant localization in drosophila
Chauvier, David. "Camptothécine versus homocamptothécine : approche moleculaire et cellulaire. Induction de l'apoptose et modulation de la résistance multiple." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP206.
Full textHomocamptothecin (hCPT), a topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitor, combines higher cytotoxicity and lactone stability in aqueous buffer than camptothecin (hCPT). Spectrofluorometry has allowed the real-time investigation of its hydrolysis kinetic in absence and presence of top1 and/or ADN. The stabilisation of the cleavable complex by hCPT implies steric contacts of the b-hydroxylactone ring with the DNA-top1 complex, rather than opening of the lactone ring, as observed for CPTs. HCPT/CPT have been detected in the cytoplasm of MCF7 and HT29 cancer cells by 2-photon laser confocal microspectrofluorometry,. The induction of apoptosis by hCPT is mediated in HT29 cells by DYm disruption, cytosolic acidification, reactive oxygen species, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 activation, gene expression, de novo synthesis of ceramide. HCPT/CPT have been identified to be substrates of MRP1 but not Pgp proteins. Sub-toxic doses of hCPT/CPT potentiated daunorubicin (DNR) cytotoxicity by inhibition of MRP1 activity, in correlation with increase of the nuclear accumulation of DNR in anthracyclins-resistant K562 and MCF7 cells
Hollender, Patrick. "Capacités migratoires et activité métalloprotéase de cellules impliquées dans le développement tumoral métastasiant et la réponse immune : cas des cellules leucémiques et des cellules dendritiques dérivées de monocytes." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP207.
Full textCaillet-Saguy, Célia. "Etude de l'interaction de l'hémophore HasAsm avec ses partenaires : l'hème et le récepteur spécifique de membrane externe HasR." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077185.
Full textThe extracellular hemophore HasA from S. Marcescens is a heme carrier protein that extracts heme from host hemoproteins and shuttles it to a specific outer membrane receptor HasR. In HasA, heme iron is ferric and has an original coordination with a Histidine 32/Tyrosine 75 axial ligands pair. A third residue of the binding pocket, H83, forms a tight hydrogen bond with Y75, increasing the tyrosinate character of Y75 and stabilizing the Y75-heme iron coordination. Wild-type and mutated holoproteins, H32A, Y75A and H83A, were characterized by UV, NMR, rR and EPR spectroscopies. Using 13C/15N-direct detection NMR experiments, optimized for paramagnetic proteins, it has been possible to assign backbone nuclei and Cb of holoHasA. Resonances of the axial ligands have been detected by 1D NMR experiments. We have shown that HasA presents a thermal high spin/low spin equilibrium related to the modulation of the strength of the heme iron-Y75 axial ligand coordination bond which is modulated by the Y75-H83 H-bond. In the Y75A mutant, H83 becomes an alternatif ligand. In the H83A mutant, removal of H83 causes detachment of the Y75 ligand, thus giving rise to a series of pH dependent equilibria among species with different axial ligation. The five coordinated species detected at physiological pH, with H32 as axial ligand, may represent a possible intermediate of the heme transfer mechanism to the membrane receptor HasR. The heme release process from HasA to HasR were investigated by CRINEPT-TROSY HSQC NMR experiments on apoHasA-HasR and holoHasA-HasR complexes in DPC micelles allowing the mapping of the regions of HasA involved in the HasA-HasR interaction
Pineau, Jean-Claude. "Interpretation biometrique de donnees objectives concernant les sportifs : l'avenir des performances envisage dans un concept general d'evolution." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S002.
Full textLefevre, Fabrice. "Relations entre matrice extracellulaire et metabolisme nucléolaire dans les fibroblastes en culture." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMM202.
Full textDrouet, Ludovic. "Mise au point d'un modèle expérimental d'étude des intéractions entre le sang circulant et la paroi vasculaire." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S018.
Full textBertholon, Jean-François. "Modelisation des regulations biologiques : application au controle de la ventilation." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05S001.
Full textThieriot-Prevost, Geneviève. "Etude d'un effet stimulant du sérum sur l'incorporation de thymidine dans le lymphocyte humain: "l'activite thymidine du sérum" : Son application à la physiologie et à la pathologie humaines pré et post-natales." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S007.
Full textHoudiard, Soizic. "Rôle des ERKs dans la régulation de l'hématopoièse murine : étude de l'isoforme ERK1." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077089.
Full textHematopoiesis is a highly regulated process, initiated by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which implies a dynamic regulation of the functions of HSC and its descent. The ERKs kinases are keys regulators of proliferation and differentiation of different cells types. Their role could be important in hematopoiesis and have not been studied in vivo yet. We have examined the role of ERK1 in adult hematopoiesis in ERK1 ̄/ ̄ mice. Loss of ERK1 resulted in an enhanced splenic erythropoiesis, characterized by an accumulation of erythroid progenitors and an enhanced number of immature erythroblasts in the spleen. Splenic stress erythropoiesis response has been shown to require BMP4-dependent signalling in vivo and to rely on the expansion of stress BFU-Es. A great expansion of stress BFU-Es and an increased level of BMP4 mRNA were found in ERK1 ̄/ ̄ spleens, suggesting that ERK1 controls a BMP4-dependent step, regulating thé steady state of splenic erythropoiesis. Study of medullar hematopoiesis had also show an enhanced numbers of HSCs and a defect in granulo-macrophagic differentiation in ERK1 ̄/ ̄ mice. X-Rays analysis of wild-type and ERK1 ̄/ ̄ mice allowed us to observe an enhanced bone density in ERK1 KO mice. So, loss of ERK1 induces osteopetrosis. Mechanisms involved will be caracterised by HSCs transplantation experiments, analysis of monocyte and megacaryocyte differentiation and by study of osteogenesis
Courtois, Matthieu. "Application de forces au moyen d'un gradient de champ magnétique sur un système biomimétrique du mouvement généré par la polymérisation de l'actine." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077167.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the dynamics of the protein actin, which generates in part the phenomenon of cellular migration. Actin assembles into filaments that contribute to cellular architecture and cell crawling behavior. In addition to its role in cell movement, actin polymerization generates forces which are capable of propelling bodies such as the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In order to study the mechanical and dynamic properties of actin polymerization, we developed a magnetic tweezer experimental set-up. Force is applied via a magnetic field gradient on a biomimetic System inspired by Listeria. An actin cornet grows from a metal-containing bead, which is coated with an actin polymerization activator. By using a program which permits us to control the bead position in real time, we apply a precise force which can reach 10 nanonewtons. Using this setup, we study the effect of proteins that interact with actin and modify polymerization dynamics and actin gel structure. We measure the relation between the applied force and the bead's displacement velocity, as well as the tail elastic modulus in order to determine how actin polymerization produces force
Essayagh, Sanah. "Interactions entre endothélium vasculaire et microparticules d'apoptose ou d'activation cellulaire : étude des conséquences fonctionnelles et des mécanismes impliqués." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077173.
Full textMicroparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles shed by ectocytosis from activated or apoptotic cells. Their involevement in trans-cellular communication is now established. During vasculopathies, especially thrombotic events, their number increases in the systemic circulation and their cellular origin depends on pathology. MPs are physiopathological mediators and may change the endothelial phenotype. We investigated the effects of MPs interaction on prothrombotic activity, Weibel-Palade bodies secretion, cell adhesion molecules expression and blood cell recruitment. We show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are second messengers for monocyte derived MP (M-MPs) effects. M-MPs induced ROS induce transient platelet recruitement at the endothelial surface and TF-dependant activity via the p38/MAPK pathway. MPs derived from apoptotic smooth muscle cells induce endothelial dysfunction by reducing NO bioavailibility. This effect also involve ROS generation and is dependant on the adhesion of microparticles to the endothelial cells mediated by beta-3 integrin. Besides, we compared endothelial effects of MPs derived from monocytes, platelets and smooth muscle cells on cell adhesion molecule expression and ROS generation
Val, Stéphanie. "Réponses de l'épithélium respiratoire à des particules atmosphériques de tailles et origines différentes : mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires mis en jeu." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077126.
Full textAtmospheric particle (PM) exposure induces airway inflammation and is suspected to exacerbate chronic obstructive respiratory diseases that exhibit mucus overproduction. The aim of this study was (1) to identify physico-chemical characteristics of PM implicated in biological effects using ultrafine (UF), fine (F) and coarse (C) fractions of five different aerosols (2 French and 3 African) and (2) to deepen the mechanisms of mucin induction by PM on human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Whatever the aerosol, UF and F PM are the more reactive on a panel of biomarkers that are mostly sensitive to oxidative stress. These effects are associated to organic components of PM. Moreover, we demonstrated that PM. ₂,₅ induce expression and production of MUC5AC, a bronchial mucin, in in vitro conditions as well as in vivo in intratracheally instilled mice. MUC5AC induction results on EGF receptor activation by AREG, an EGFR ligand whose release is induced by PM demonstrating an autocrine effect. This work showed that finest fractions of PM have a high reactivity, which is in accordance with the new regulations limiting PM₂,₅ emissions. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time MUC5AC mechanisms of induction by PM, suggesting their implication in respiratory obstructive disease aggravation
Nazeyrollas, Pierre. "Effet cardio-protecteur de l'amifostine vis-à-vis de la cardio-toxicité induite par la doxorubicine chez le rat. Evaluation sur cultures cellulaires, coeur isolé et in vivo." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMM205.
Full textIn the first part of our study, we review the data regarding doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and amifostine(WR 2721). Amifostine is an aminothiol compound with free radical scavenging properties and has demonstrated a protective effect of normal tissue submitted to alkylating agents and radiations. We have demonstrated a cardioprotective efficacy of amifostine against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in culture of neonate-rats cardiomyocytes, isolated rat hearts with constant pressure perfusion, and rats in vivo. The cardioprotective effect should now be evaluated during longer lasting doxorubicin treatments and should be compared to dexrazoxane's. However, our results give hints to important therapeutic perspectives, since cardiotoxicity is the main factor limiting anthracyclin prescription
Deshayes, Caroline. "Biosynthèse et export des glycopeptidolipides à la surface des mycobactéries." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077211.
Full textMycobacterial cell wall is rich in lipids, which play an essential role in pathogenicity. Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are major glycolipids at the surface of non-tuberculous mycobacteria like the opportunistic species M. Avium. These metabolites are implicated in bacteria-cells interaction and possess various biological activities like the TNF-a induction by murine macrophages. Althought M. Smegmatis synthesizes diglycosylated GPLs in majority, some triglycosylated ones are produced in carbone starvation. We have shown that Gtf3 is a glycosyltransferase involved in triglycosylated GPLs biosynthesis. Production of these GPLs is implicated in modifications of cell surface properties. By comparative analyses, we have shown that all genes necessary for GPLs production are present and conserved in M. Abscessus et M. Chelonae, two human pathogens, and that the acetyltransferase is duplicated. These proteins have evolved specifically and are able to transfer one acetyl group sequentially. During this thesis, we have also demonstrated that Gap, an integral membrane protein, is necessary for GPLs export to cell surface. MmpS and MmpL proteins, specific to mycobacteria, are facilitators of GPLs biosynthesis and are necessary to achieve a high level of GPL production. In our model, they act as scaffold of a membrane complex interacting with GPL biosynthesis enzymes. This study leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms of biosynthesis and export of lipid metabolites in mycobacteria
Coutanceau, Emmanuelle. "Fonctions immunomodulatrices de la mycolactone, principal facteur de virulence de Mycobacterium ulcerans." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077214.
Full textMycobacterium ulcerans (Mu) is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a skin disease destroying both cutaneous and sub-cutaneous tissues. The pathology is linked to bacterial production of mycolactone, a lipophilic toxin. During my PhD thesis, the immune responses developed by host during infection by Mu, and the mycolactone contribution to these processes were studied. Firstly, the humoral and cellular responses developed in a mouse model of infection by Mu were characterized. These studies revealed Hsp65 immunogenicity and we tested the efficiency of a DNA vaccine encoding this antigen. Phagocytic cells internalized Mu during the primary stages of infection. This was a surprising result because Mu bas always been described as strictly extracellular. In addition, macrophages infected by Mu had a different expression profile for cytokines and chemokines compared to cells infected with a mycolactone deficient mutant. These observations led us to suggest that endogenous production of mycolactone may modulate the host immune response. Then, mycolactone impact on immune cells was characterized. Mycolactone blocked TNF-α production by macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, its immunosuppressive effect was also observed in dendritic cells, in which it causes cytotoxic effects, inhibition of maturation and inhibition of lymphocyte priming. In vivo, our preliminary pharmacological study shows that mycolactone is transported to lymphoid organs, where it acts by blocking lymphocyte proliferation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that mycolactone is a novel immunosuppressive molecule, with a mode of action distinct from other well-known immunosuppressors such asFK506
Wackenaer-Descleves, Estelle. "Les β-lactamases chromosomiques des Raoultella spp : support pour la résistance aux antibiotiques et outils de diagnostic étiologique." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T037.
Full textThe three species of Raouliellu (formerly Klebsiella). R. Planticola (Rp), R. Ornithinolytica (Ro) and R. Terrigena (Rt) cannot be distinguished from the species of Klebsiella spp. By the tests used in the routine by microbiological laboratories. After having (i) cloned the p-lactamases of the 3 Raoultella species (PLA, ORN and TER), (ii) evaluated the percentage of identity between each other (94% between PLA and ORN, and 78% with TER) and with other class A P-lactamases (70% with TEM-1, 68% with SHV-1 and 38% with KOXY), and (iii) studied the p-lactamase activity of PLA and TER, the reliability of the bla gene for Rp and Ro identification was determined in comparison with that of the 16S rDNA and rpoB genes in 35 Raoultella spp. Isolates. This study allowed us to discover that 70% of the isolates identified as Ro were negative for the ornithine decarboxylase test, meaning negative for the biochemical character on which Ro definition was based, and to develop a new test, bla RFLP. To unambiguously identify Ro and Rp
Baruthio, Frédérique. "Identification et caractérisation des protéines associées aux microdomaines membranaires et potentiellement impliquées dans la progression mélanome." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077181.
Full textHuman skin is composed of the epidermis and the dermis separated by a basement membrane. In the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes deliver melanin to keratinocytes, thereby protecting the skin from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet light. During their malignant transformation into melanoma cells, melanocytes physically dissociate from keratinocytes and express new growth factors or adhesion receptors, allowing them to interact with cell partners like fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Such interactions promote malignant cells dissemination and metastases formation in distant organs. Up to date, no therapy was successfully used for melanoma treatment. The idea is to assess molecular changes occurring in melanoma cells in order to develop new therapeutic targets. Data in the literature support the role of lipid rafts, specialized membrane microdomains enriched in particular lipids and proteins, in the modulation of important signaling events. We raised the hypothesis that the association of specific proteins with lipid rafts might be relevant to melanoma progression. We investigated by proteomics the lipid raft content of human melanoma cell lines derived from tumors at different stages of the disease and performed a differential analysis. We showed that 46 proteins were up- or down- regulated in lipid rafts of metastatic melanoma cells compared to non-invasive cells. For instance, Lactadherin was found to partition only in microdomains of the metastatic cells. Our characterization of this glycoprotein suggests that a Lactadherin splice form is implicated in primary tumor development and would thus constitute a promising molecular target for melanoma treatment
Roisman, Gabriel. "Rôle des peptides pro-inflammatoires et des peptidases dans l'inflammation des voies aériennes : application dans l'asthme et la rhinite allergique." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05CD08.
Full textRodríguez, Pedro. "Controle de la permeabilite des jonctions serrees (tight) dans divers types d'epitheliums." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05S022.
Full textMehul, Bruno. "Mise en evidence et role d'une interaction laminine-ecto-5'-nucleotidase au cours du developpement du muscle srtie chez le poulet." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S013.
Full textKoutsouris, Dionissios. "Etude de la deformabilite erythrocytaire par la methode du debit initial de filtration et l'analyse du temps de transit cellulaire." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S015.
Full textRoux, Damien. "Impact de la colonisation des voies aériennes à Candida albicans sur l'émergence de pneumopathies bactériennes." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T045.
Full textAirway colonization with Candida is frequent in ventilated patients in intensive care units and could favor bacterial pneumonia. An original model of airway colonization with C. Albicans in rats was developed through intratracheal instillation, A Th1 and Thl7 Immune response was observed in lungs. This fungal colonization increased the incidence of P. Aeruginosa pneumonia. This facilitating effect was observed with other laboratory strains of P. Aeruginosa and with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia colij showing the lack of interaction specificity between these microorganisms. The phagocytosis capacity of alveolar macrophages was altered in the presence of C. Albicans, with a decreased production of reactive oxygen species, and also in the presence of IFN-y, with a marked decrease of internalization of non-opsonized bacteria. Antifungal treatments allowed a higher pulmonary clearance of C. Albicans, and a decreased incidence of bacterial pneumonia as compared to untreated colonized
Drissi, Moulay Hicham. "Etude de l'expression et de la regulation du gene calci dans les cellules osteoblastiques humaines ; caracterisation d'un recepteur du cgrp." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05S014.
Full textLe, Minor Jean-Marie. "Anatomie comparée et aspects évolutifs des os sésamoïdes métacarpo-et métatarso-phalangiens ventraux." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S023.
Full textMedjahed, Halima. "Développement d'outils génétiques pour étudier la virulence de Mycobacterium abscessus." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077077.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species that can be involved in pulmonary and disseminated infections in immunosuppressed or young cystic fibrosis patients. It is an emerging pathogen and has attracted recent attention due to the numerous cases of infection; furthermore, genomic tools have been developed for this species. Nevertheless, the study of this species has until now been limited to spontaneous variants. We have compared three different mutagenesis Systems : the ts-sacB, the phage, and the recombineering Systems, and show that there are important differences in their efficiency for the construction of allelic-exchange mutants. We show, using the mmpL4b gene of the glycopeptidolipid pathway as a target, that allelic-exchange mutants can be constructed with a reasonable efficiency ( 7%) using the recombineering System. Studies on this species were limited so far to natural spontaneous variants. These studies have nevertheless showed that the Rough variants of M abscessus which are characterized by a low production of glycopeptidolipids are hypervirulent in human and also in in vivo models. Interestingly, these highly virulent isolates strongly induce TNF-α secretion by macrophages. However, the mechanism of the higher virulence process is currently unknown. The mutant constructed in this study, which is low glycopeptidolipids producer, is unable to slide and it loss the ability to form biofilms. These confirm the role of glycopeptidolipids in the modification of cell surface. Using in vivo model the virulence of this mutant has been tested. This study shows that other factor is involved with the lack glycopeptidolipids in the virulence of M abscessus. The study of the mechanism of the virulence of M abscessus is a pre-requisite to develop new drugs or vaccine candidates against this emerging pathogen
Surdeau, Natacha. "Biofilms et infections nosocomiales : évaluation de l'efficacité d'un nouveau désinfectant OXSIL® 320N." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMO201.
Full text@Nosocomial infections are hospital acquired infections. They are not present or incubating when the patient is admitted to the hospital, and are either endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous ones are caused by organisms present in the patient own flora and exogenous infections are caused by organisms originating from medical devices, hospital staff, or environment. This contamination might be the result of a lack of efficiency in cleaning and disinfection procedures, those deficiencies being often attributed to the state in which these harmful microorganisms are found (biofilms). To reduce the risks of contamination, two parts have been developed in this thesis: at first, predictions of adhesion between stainless steel AISI 304 (major component of equipment in operating room) and four nosocomial strains (E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. Aeruginosa et E. Hirae), and in the second part, we determine, the efficient concentration of a new disinfectant OXSILÒ 320N in order to eliminate biofilms. Physico-schemical studies demonstrated the complexity of interactions involved in the initial phase of adhesion. We suggest that a change of the stainless steel surface properties could theoretically limit bacterial adhesion. However it was nearly impossible to limit adhesion between the four studied bacterial strains and the support AISI 304. It is then necessary to optimise preventive hygienic conditions. The bactericidal concentration of OXSILÒ 320N against planktonic cells, according to AFNOR Norm NF T 72-150, was 3,13%. Furthermore, biofilms were commonly more resistant than their planktonic counterparts due to the presence of known resistance mechanisms. According to the SODIFRA recommendations, the optimal conditions, required to avoid any contamination, were a concentration 12,52% and 10 min contact. These conditions can eliminate infection risks during short or long laps between two interventions in an operating room. These results revealed the necessity to use this disinfectant at appropriate concentration and but also the consequences of using it in infradose, although this concentration is considered as an efficient concentration by AFNOR Norm
Labit, Hélène. "Régulation de l'initiation de la réplication chez les vertèbrés : analyse du programme temporel d'activation des origines de réplication dans les extraits d'oeufs de xénope." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077176.
Full textIn Vertebrates, replication origins are activated according to a spatial and temporal program. In early Xenopus embryos, origins are located at apparently random sequences and are activated in clusters that fire at different times throughout S phase. The main object of the present work is to characterize the temporal regulation of replication in Xenopus egg extracts through analysis of origin activation on single DNA fibers and replication foci distribution in sperm nuclei. Using molecular combing of DNA, we compared the distributions of replication origins fired at the beginning of two following S phases. Absence of significative coincidence between origins shows that the temporal order of replication does not depend on genomic position. Furthermore, no epigenetic central regulates the moment of origin firing. However the detection of coincidence between replication foci labeled at the beginning of two following S phases suggests that the chromosomal organization may influence the replication timing. Using FISH, we showed that the replication of the ribosomic DNA is delayed compared to the replication of whole genomic DNA. An altered chromatin structure may be responsible for this delay. Mapping of origins revealed that initiation frequency is two fold lower in the G+C rich intergenic spacer than in the coding rDNA sequence. At the rDNA, local parameters such as nucleotide composition may influence the localization of replication origins
Robinet, Arnaud. "Régulation de l'expression et/ou de l'activation de la Gélatinase A par deux peptides issus de la thrombospodine et de l'élastine : Implication dans l'invasion tumorale et angiogénèse." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMM208.
Full textNeoangiogenesis, the formation of new blood capillaries from preexisting vessels, plays an important role in a number of physiological and pathological processes, particularly in tumor growth and metastasis. Extracellular proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinases or other neutral proteinases is an absolute requirement for initiating tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Cryptic segments or preexisting domains within larger proteins, most of them belonging to the extracellular matrix, can be exposed by conformational changes and/or generated by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. They can positively or negatively regulate important functions of endothelial cells including adhesion, migration, proliferation, cell survival and cell-to-cell interactions. Such regulations by cryptic segments and proteolytic fragments led to the concept of matricryptins and matrikines, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinases and matrikines in conjunction with other pro -or anti- angiogenic factors might act in concert at any step of the angiogenesis process. A number of matrikines have been identified as potent anti-angiogenic factors, which could provide a new alternative to anti-proteolytic strategies for the development of anti-angiogenic therapeutic molecules aimed at inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Some of them are currently being investigated in clinical trials
Dilda, Pierre. "Caractérisation de CFTR dans des vésicules membranaires purifiées a partir d'épithélium de trachée bovine : approche pharmacologique." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD08.
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