Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Leones'

Ce travail de recherche constitue une étude du dispositif militaire dans le Stato da Mar, les territoires maritimes de l’empire vénitien, pendant la seconde moitié du XVe siècle. Au cours de cette période, deux guerres opposent la république de Venise à l’Empire ottoman. Elles se concluent par des pertes territoriales pour Venise. Nous avons analysé l’articulation entre les trois outils de la défense du Stato da Mar, – les garnisons, la flotte de guerre et les stradiotes (cavaliers légers d’origine balkanique) – et les tentatives des dirigeants vénitiens de répondre au défi de la lutte contre les Ottomans. L’accent est mis sur les acteurs de la guerre, afin d’apporter une vision moins verticale de l’organisation de la défense du Stato da Mar, en utilisant notamment des correspondances publiques, jusqu’ici peu sollicitées par les historiens. Le Frioul, région appartenant à la partie italienne de l’empire, a été inclus dans l’analyse car sa population est touchée par des attaques ottomanes. De plus, la conservation d’une documentation exceptionnelle sur cette région permet d’étudier sa perception des conflits vénéto-ottomans et ses relations avec les combattants de l’armée vénitienne
This research is based on a study of the military organization of the Stado da Mar, the maritime territories of the Venetian empire, during the second half of the XVth century. For most of the period, the Republic of Venice is fighting two wars against the Ottoman empire which end with territorial looses for Venice. We have analysed the cooperation of the three tools of the Stato da Mar’s defence – the garrisons, the war fleet and the stradiots (light mounted soldiers with Balkan origins) – and the Venetian leaders attempts to challenge and struggle with the Ottomans. We have insisted on the protagonists of the war, to show a less vertical vision of the Stato da Mar’s defence organization, using for this purpose public letters, few studied by historians until now. Friuli, region that belongs to the italian part of the empire, has been added in the analysis because its population suffers ottoman attacks during the period and because of the exceptional preservation of documents dealing with his perception of Venetian-Ottoman wars and his relationship with the venetian army soldiers

Las áreas naturales protegidas representan un importante producto para la actividad turística debido a la belleza de sus paisajes y su diversidad biológica. Sin embargo, el turismo ha cobrado especial relevancia para la conservación de las áreas protegidas, para el disfrute del ser humano y para contribuir al desarrollo económico de las comunidades locales. El visitante, por ser uno de los actores principales dentro de estos espacios, constituye un factor determinante para su conservación o por el contrario para su degradación.

Esta dissertação nasceu da seguinte inquietação: compreender como a ficção brasileira contemporânea tem absorvido e reelaborado a contaminação que sofre do cinema. Afinal, tendo em vista o lugar-comum segundo o qual vivemos atualmente na “sociedade da imagem”, nossa preocupação é examinar de que modo a literatura mimetiza a linguagem cinematográfica, joga com suas propriedades, tenta se fazer cinema. Para tanto, optamos por dividir o texto em três partes. Primeiramente, visamos demonstrar como o cinema surgiu na incipiente sociedade do espetáculo do século XIX e tornou-se uma autêntica forma de arte ao criar uma linguagem própria, a qual foi sedimentada no cinema clássico, entrou em crise no cinema moderno e se emancipou no “pós-cinema”. Em seguida, por meio da intermidialidade, investigamos como se dá o fenômeno da hibridização entre cinema e literatura, além de buscarmos o instrumento metodológico para a análise ulterior das obras que compõem o nosso corpus. Por fim, com base nas discussões anteriores, a nossa intenção é analisar os romances Hoje está um dia morto (2005) e Como desaparecer completamente (2010), ambos de autoria do escritor goiano André de Leones. É importante ressaltar que, embora busquemos verificar a presença da linguagem cinematográfica em obras literárias, não é de nosso interesse analisar obras fílmicas comparativamente, ou seja, o cinema é visto apenas de uma perspectiva teórica; afinal, o que nos interessa é o objeto literário.
This dissertation is the result of the following concern: understanding how the contemporary Brazilian fiction has been absorbing and reworking the contamination that it suffers from film language. After all, owing to the cliché accoding to which we currently live in the “society of images”, our concern is to examine how the literature imitates the film language, plays with its properties and tries to become cinema. To this end, we chose to divide the text into three parts. Firstly, we aim to demonstrate how cinema emerged into the incipient society of spectacle of the nineteenth century and became a genuine art form after creating its own language, which was sedimented in the classical cinema and got into crisis in modern cinema, and was emancipated in the “post-cinema”. Then, through intermediality, we investigate how the phenomenon of hybridization between film and literature happens, besides seeking the methodological tool for the ulterior analysis of the works that compose our corpus. Finally, based on the previous discussions, our intention is to analyze the novels Hoje está um dia morto (2005), and Como desaparecer completamente (2010), both written by writer André de Leones, born in Goiás. It’s important to note that, although we seek to verify the presence of film language in literary works, it’s not our interest to comparatively analyze film works, i.e., cinema is seen only from a theoretical perspective; after all, we are interested in the literary object.

El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de dar a conocer a los jóvenes lectores italianos la obra narrativa y el estilo literario de Xosé Neira Cruz, uno de los autores más representativos de la literatura infantil contemporánea gallega y española. Con este fin, se ha traducido y analizado uno de los libros más famosos del autor, Gatos y leones, finalista en el concurso catalán Lola Anglada poco tiempo después de su primera aparición. El trabajo consta de cinco capítulos. En el primero, se presenta al autor, detallando su vida, su estilo y sus obras, a través de una entrevista que es el fruto del encuentro con el autor en Santiago de Compostela (enero de 2015). En el segundo capítulo, se ofrece un análisis del texto original, profundizando los aspectos más significativos de la obra en general y de cada cuento en particular (trama, narrador, personajes principales, tiempo y espacio, estilo y temas). El tercer capítulo está dedicado a la figura del gato, protagonista indiscutible de los cuentos que forman el libro e inspiración de la obra literaria y artística de muchos escritores, poetas y pintores, a lo largo de los siglos. En el cuarto capitúlo se encuentra la propuesta de traducción, en la que se ha preservado el formato del original y se han añadido ilustraciones para enriquecer el texto. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo, se expone la metodología adoptada para traducir el texto y se comentan las estrategias empleadas a lo largo del proceso de traducción para resolver los problemas que han surgido.

Memoria para optar al título de Arquitecta
Este proyecto busca recuperar el Caracol Comercial Los Leones para uso público, convirtiéndolo en un centro de actividad cultural y social, generando nuevas conexiones a nivel urbano, y buscando que la vida peatonal cobre relevancia por sobre la vehicular. Ante los altos niveles de contaminación en Santiago y el país, la reconversión se presenta como una respuesta sustentable y sostenible. Para adaptar el edificio a los requerimientos de un nuevo uso programático se propone conectar, integrar, recuperar y promover la inclusión mediante la continuidad y la conectividad tanto espaciales como humanas al interior y exterior del edificio, conservando las características propias de la tipología comercial. El nuevo programa busca acoger a los inmigrantes a través de actividades mixtas que incentiven la integración y que generen nuevas relaciones con la comunidad local y su entorno.

Actividad de formación Equivalente, AFE, para optar al grado de Magíster en Gestión Cultural
El presente trabajo consiste en la realización de una Actividad de Formación Equivalente (AFE), el cual plantea un plan de gestión para contribuir, desde la gestión cultural, a reactivar un lugar en deterioro como un nuevo espacio cultural. Se aborda el caso específico del edificio comercial Caracol Los Leones en la comuna de Providencia, que hoy en deterioro, ocurre un fenómeno de apropiación particular del espacio e iniciativas de autogestión por parte de la comunidad de locatarios con tendencias artísticas, para rescatar este lugar. Esto se constata mediante varias iniciativas ya realizadas como eventos y actividad culturales, mejoras en la infraestructura, y la intención de formalizar el grupo organizado en una corporación cultural para la gestión del espacio. Por otro lado, se reconoce un valor en su diseño arquitectónico, tanto por ser el primero en su tipología arquitectónica en Chile como por su configuración espacial que convoca al encuentro por medio de un espacio central. Además de estas cualidades, cuenta con una ubicación privilegiada de la comuna. Con estas variables, aparece la oportunidad de desarrollar junto a los locatarios organizados un proyecto que permita reactivar este edificio como un espacio cultural, mediante un plan de gestión con una programación en conjunto con el programa comercial existente. Con el fin de contribuir a las demandas del sector artístico cultural y a las necesidades de la comunidad local. En ese contexto, se analizan espacios culturales autogestionados, en cuanto a sus estrategias y planes de gestión que desarrollan para revitalizarlos e integrarlos desde el campo de las artes a la ciudad. Este documento de elaboración propia, cuenta con el apoyo del equipo directivo de la futura corporación cultural “Corporación Caracol Los Leones” con el objetivo de poner en marcha un espacio para la cultura y las artes mediante la implementación de un plan de gestión para los años 2019-2021.

„Hic sunt leones“ is a printed publication that represents the outcome of diploma thesis Map of Brno. It is a pocket-size map in a form of a book describing the dark side of Brno, fitting contextually within the scope of urban exploration. Locations described within the publication are far beyond the general interest of the majority, and even the alternative minority, of population within the city. These are locations whose visit may result not just in dirty pants or possible conflict with the police, but also in injuries or even death. The inaccessibility of these places is emphasized by the inaccessibility of the map itself, which is being tested at it's very edge of usability. Accurate cartographic mapping is not the intention of this project, neither it is the process of making these places easily accessible. Mediation of their unique atmosphere and providing the evidence of their mere existence is the primary intention here. More so because of the fact that such places are subjects to very fast perdition.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Dirección y Administración de Proyectos Inmobiliarios
El desarrollador inmobiliario está en constante búsqueda de nuevos proyectos, el negocio se basa en la detección y aprovechamiento de oportunidades que rentabilicen el capital invertido. Generalmente, el punto de partida es la búsqueda de nuevas localizaciones para inversión, basándose en la información del mercado y las condiciones normativas urbanas que las rigen, pero en otros casos, es el terreno el pie forzado desde donde se evalúan las posibles alternativas de negocio. Este es el caso de estudio, esta investigación tiene como objetivo el poder reconocer el producto inmobiliario que mejor rentabilice un terreno en particular, conformando el estudio en sí como un modelo básico factible de replicar acotado a terrenos urbanos, de uso mixto en áreas consolidadas y con una superficie entre los 501 y 2500 mt2. Entonces, partiendo de la base de que la localización no es una variable, se busca reconocer los factores determinantes en la toma de decisiones para el desarrollo de uno u otro proyecto inmobiliario. Se tomará como caso de estudio y comprobación un terreno ubicado en Los leones 2025, comuna de Providencia, Santiago de Chile.

La seguente tesi è divisa in due parti. Nella prima parte viene presentata la traduzione dal russo in lingua italiana di tre racconti di Leonid Leonov: “Derevjannaja Koroleva”, “Uchod Chama” e “Buryga”. La seconda parte consiste in un commento, volto in primo luogo a tracciare il profilo biografico dell’autore preso in esame, nonché il contesto storico-letterario in cui è inserito, e in secondo luogo ad analizzare nel dettaglio i racconti per i quali è stata proposta una traduzione.

La condena del profeta Daniel al foso de los leones es uno de los pasajes veterotestamentarios más representados en el arte cristiano desde su aparición en las catacumbas. Durante siglos la imagen va modificando algunas de sus características e incorporando nuevos elementos, sin embargo, la postura y gesto del profeta permanecen prácticamente invariables, hasta que en la escultura monumental durante los siglos XI y XII experimentan una notable diversificación de sus variantes y modelos iconográficos. Buena parte de estas mutaciones formales son reflejo de la polisemia alegórica tanto de Daniel como del león, las cuales, además, están detrás de la fortuna que conoce esta imagen en el románico. La abundante utilización de este pasaje veterotestamentario en la escultura monumental románica se inicia en importantes edificios regidos por benedictinos y canónigos, para extenderse, posteriormente por iglesias parroquiales. Las élites de la sociedad civil ven en Daniel, no solo un personaje al que rogar por la salvación del alma, sino también como un elemento de prestigio y un ejemplo de justicia. También es un ejemplo para los miembros de las comunidades monásticas que llevan una vida retirada. La flexibilidad y riqueza simbólica del profeta activa los diferentes sentidos de la lectura tipológica, lo que le permite desempeñar un rol clave en bastantes programas iconográficos. En bastantes de ellos, la condena de Daniel es una imagen que no solo interactúa con los receptores a los que va dirigida, sino con el resto de imágenes del conjunto, con las que establece un dialogo simbólico en el que entran en juego figuras retóricas como los paralelismos y las alegorías. Abordamos todo este estudio teniendo como herramienta fundamental un completo corpus iconográfico que, integrado con sistemas de información geográfica, está diseñado para ofrecer la más completa información sobre las características y evolución de esta polivalente imagen.
The condemnation of the prophet Daniel to the lions’ den is one of the Ancient Testament passages most represented in Christian art since its appearance in the catacombs. For centuries the image has modified some of its characteristics and has incorporated new elements, however, the posture and gesture of the prophet remains practically unchanged, until they experience a remarkable diversification of its variants and iconographic models in monumental sculpture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Much of these formal mutations reflect the allegorical polysemy of both Daniel and the lion, which, moreover, are behind the fortune that knows this image in the Romanesque. The abundant use of this Ancient Testament passage in the monumental Romanesque sculpture begins in important buildings governed by Benedictines and canons, to be extended, later by parochial churches. The elites of the civil society see in Daniel, not only a character to beg for the salvation of the soul, but also as an element of prestige and an example of justice. It is also an example for members of monastic communities who lead a retired life. The flexibility and symbolic richness of the prophet activates the different senses of typological reading, which allows him to play a key role in many iconographic programs. In many of them, Daniel's condemnation is an image that not only interacts with the receivers to which it is directed, but with the rest of the images of the ensemble, with which it establishes a symbolic dialogue in which rhetorical figures come into play as Parallels and allegories. We approach this study having as a fundamental tool a complete iconographic corpus that, integrated with geographic information systems, is designed to offer the most complete information about the characteristics and evolution of this polyvalent image.

Parue tout récemment, "La Pyramide" de Leonid Leonov (1899-1994) est le roman-testament de l'un des écrivains russes majeurs du XXe siècle. L'étude entreprise vise à mettre en évidence ce qui, dans cette somme magistrale, relie la représentation que Leonov nous propose de la "Russie des moujiks" à l'image qu'il en donnait, en particulier, dans sa production des années vingt et qui était, pour une large part, à l'origine de sa célébrité d'alors. Le travail effectué, en deux parties, fait ressortir que Leonov- romancier a réalisé, à travers l'intégralité de son oeuvre, un véritable tableau épique centré sur la représentation du monde paysan et de ses destinées et ceci en plusieurs volets qui s'emboîtent parfaitement les uns dans les autres. La Pyramide laisse transparaître que c'est dans ce monde qu'il place ses espoirs de renouveau et de renaissance pour la Russie. La dernière image qu'il nous donne de celle-ci est positivement embellie en comparaison de ce qu'on peut trouver dans ses oeuvres antérieures. Au début des années 1930, Leonid Leonov avait dû, comme beaucoup d'autres, se résoudre à passer sous les fourches caudines du "réalisme socialiste". Aussi est-ce de de l'expérience socialiste de ces années-là qu'il nous parle dans cette dernière œuvre, qu'il a qualifiée lui-même de "roman-hallucination" et où la doctrine soviétique déchaînée et le réalisme utopique font l'objet d'une satire grinçante. La thèse contient en annexe le texte original des citations, une bibliographie et un index
Published quite recently "The Pyramid" by Leonid Leonov (1899-1994) is a testament-novel by one the major Russian writers of the 20th century. The present thesis aims at revealing to what extent the representation he gives of the 'Russia of the muzhik' in that outstanding literary survey, links up to he image of it one can find in his former works on the 20S' which made him famous at the period. The paper composed of two parts brings to light that Leonov-novelist has realised through the whole of his works a real epic picture focused upon representing the peasants' world (as well as their destiny) and shows that the author puts his hopes in this world for the renewal and revival compared to that which can be found in his earlier works. At the beginning of the 30S', Leonid Leonov as many others had to bow to so-called 'socialist-realism". It is the socialist experience of these years that he depicts in his last work that he qualifies as 'novel-hallucination' and where the 'unleashed' Soviet doctrine along with the 'Utopian realism' form the subject of a caustic satire. The paper contains annexed the original text of quotations, a bibliography and an index

Natural resources as well as mineral resources are one among several important factors needed for the existence of human beings, and many countries which posses few of these resources are likely to improve in development. But the opposite has been seen in many underdeveloped country’s that are rich in natural resources, but they still lack development, and above all they suffer from conflict in their societies.  The aim of this study is to look into the role which diamonds has played in the conflict between Sierra Leonean government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). And also to relate the behavior’s of both parties in the 1991 conflict to the issue of greed and grievance in detecting the actual causes. I was able to conclude in my study that diamonds in Sierra Leone was not the main cause of the conflict, but it acted as a propelling factor, due to its ability to prolong the war by generating income for both rebels and government. But grievances emerging from Sierra Leone’s history are more likely to have been the main driving force for the rebellion which took place.

Every football fan must know of a great footballer by name Lionel Messi. Messi has accumulated many fans for himself as a result of his skills in football. This great and talented footballer who stands as a role model to many football fans and players has made his way to the top in the field of soccer. Barcelona FC is known to be celebrated today because of this great football titan. Messi‘s abilities in the football pitch has made people perplexed and amazed at the way he handles and controls ball in the pitch. His soccer talent is simply unimaginable. He is an excellent genius as far as football is concerned. Messi‘s soccer skills made me develop interest in his background and success story. Surely, Messi had his limitations but he strived to overcome them and today, he is the most celebrated, highest paid and world‘s best soccer player ever known.

Peace operations are considered to be hard to solve but Sierra Leone is by many thought to be a success despite major problems during the operations. Solving this conflict involved several dif-ferent actors which all contributed to the creating of peace. The purpose of this essay is to examine whether similarities between the way the conflict in Sierra Leone was solved and the method that Galula presents led to the positive outcome. This will be done by a qualitative textual analysis to demonstrate presence and absence of those parts that Galula claim are crucial to counter an insur-gency. Similarities between the method used at the solving of the conflict in Sierra Leone and Galulas method for counterinsurgency can be found. The similarities are not sufficient enough to claim that it was thanks to similarities to Galulas methods that peace was restored in Sierra Leone.
Fredsoperationer anses av många vara svåra att lösa men i Sierra Leone lyckades man trots att man stötte på stora problem under historiens gång. Vid lösandet av denna konflikt användes ett flertal olika aktörer som alla bidrog till skapandet av fred. Syftet med denna uppsats är att under-söka huruvida likheter mellan sättet man löste konflikten på och Galulas metod för upprorsbe-kämpning ledde till den positiva utgång man hade i fallet. Detta kommer att genomföras genom en kvalitativ textanalys för att påvisa förekomster och avsaknad av de delar som Galula menar är avgörande för att stävja ett uppror. Likheter mellan metoden som man använde sig av vid lösandet av konflikten i Sierra Leone och Galulas metod för upprorsbekämpning går att finna. Likheterna är inte tillräckligt stora för att kunna påstå att det beror på likheter med Galulas arbetssätt som man lyckades uppnå fred i landet.

Since the 1980s many developing countries have moved away from state intervention/control, to more openness and market-determinism in the conduct of their economic affairs. This has re-opened the debate on the relative merits and demerits of state control and market-determinism in the formulation of economic policy. This study takes this debate a step further; in addition to investigating the effects of direct and indirect government intervention in Sierra Leone's agricultural sector, it also analyses the relationship between intervention and the development of alternative trading channels - called parallel markets. In recent decades the manipulation of pricing policy (direct intervention) and the adverse effects of macreconomic policy (indirect intervention) have made official trading channels unattractive. This disincentive has discouraged producers, and exporters, from trading in official channels. Consequently, official output and the contribution of tax revenue have fallen. On the other hand, parallel market activity has fared considerably better; its output and share of total output have increased. This study analyses the origins, causes and consequences of such trends, and their implications for the Sierra Leone economy. Analyses in most previous studies focus on the estimation of total intervention; this study extends such analyses by using the Decomposition technique to determine the level of direct and indirect intervention in Sierra Leone's agricultural export sector, from 1970 to 1992. This allows a more comprehensive examination of the scale and type of government intervention. The results indicate persistently high levels of total intervention throughout the study period, with indirect intervention being the more significant component. Parallel market activity showed a sharp increase in the 1980s, which is the period of failed macroeconomic stabilisation programmes. The OLS regression model suggests a positive relationship between parallel market activity, and both direct and indirect intervention.

This thesis assessed the effectiveness of the Special Court in relation to the impact is has made in cultivating the rudiments of a human rights culture, dispensing justice, ending a culture of impunity, effecting unity and national reconciliation in post war Sierra Leone.

Thesis (S.B. in Art and Design)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71).
After years of British rule and a decade of civil unrest, rural communities in Sierra Leone were left with the residues of a colonial mentality and the psychological, physical and economic ravages of war. As a result, people are trapped in a mindset that discards vernacular architecture as obsolete and unpractical, and that associates modernity with the "concrete and zinc" model. Thriving to overcome extreme poverty, these villages plan to develop stronger economies and encourage education by building permanent school structures. The aim of this thesis is not to just provide villages with an economical school design, but to inspire a new mentality towards architecture and a construction system that can adapt to a diverse range of situations and be applied in Sierra Leone and beyond. In order for them to propose a new architecture; I suggest they 5 look back to their roots. The only way to produce sustainable and practically cost-free buildings is by making the most of locally abundant and renewable resources, such as earth to their full potential, thus giving an effective and interesting twist to traditional architecture. The new system breaks up the school into subunits that serve as a "kit of parts" that may be arranged to suit any condition. Furthermore, these individual units must take into consideration function, daylighting, waterproofing, and ventilation. When an entire community comes together to create exciting and innovative architecture, a new window of opportunity will be opened and a better standard of living can be reached.
by Joanna Rodriguez-Noyola.
S.B.in Art and Design

No
Sierra Leone came to world attention in the 1990s when a catastrophic civil war linked to the diamond trade was reported globally. This fleeting and particular interest, however, obscured two crucial processes in this small West African state. On the one hand, while the civil war was momentous and brutal, affecting all Sierra Leoneans, it was also just one element in the long and faltering attempt to build a nation and state, given the country’s immensely problematic pre-colonial and British colonial legacies. On the other, the aftermath of the war precipitated a huge international effort to construct a ‘liberal peace’, with mixed results, and interrupted by the devastating Ebola pandemic. This made Sierra Leone a laboratory for both post-conflict and health crisis interventions. Sierra Leone examines over 230 years of its history and sixty years of independence, placing state–society relations at the centre of an original and revealing investigation of those who have tried to rule or change Sierra Leone and its inhabitants, and the responses engendered. It interweaves the historical narrative with sketches of politicians, anecdotes, the landscape and environment and key turning-points, alongside theoretical and other comparisons with the rest of Africa. It is a new contribution to the debate for those who already know Sierra Leone and a solid point of entry for those who wish to.

A Firenze durante gli anni universitari comincia l'attività di traduttore di Leone Traverso. Vi si era recato per studiare filologia classica e nell'ambiente fiorentino conosce personaggi come Poggioli, Landolfi, Bo, poi Luzi, Macrì, Baldi. Il gruppo di studenti ventenni è spinto dalla necessità urgente di esperienze nuove e moderne, in poesia specialmente, che filtrano troppo lente e scarse dai canali della letteratura ufficiale. Per avere a disposizione in breve tempo un numero consistente di opere decidono di dividersi il lavoro: Poggioli e Landolfi scelgono l'area russa, Bo da tempo si interessa di poesia francese, a Traverso tocca l'area germanica. Da traduttore fornisce alla cerchia fiorentina testi di capitale importanza per la nascita dell'ermetismo. L'incontro di Traverso con i poeti di lingua tedesca, a parte qualche evasione, costituirà l'impegno della sua vita: non può tradurre su commissione, ma deve essere sempre convinto della validità estetica (ed anche etica nel senso di una onestà intellettuale, della sincerità della poesia, della generosità, dell'impegno profuso) di ciò che studia. E' giusto parlare di incontri perché fra l'opera da tradurre e il traduttore si instaura un rapporto di scambio reciproco, attraverso l'affinità del sentimento Traverso "scopre" la traduzione, come se fosse sempre esistita attendendo di essere ritrovata. Egli confessa che a volte le sue versioni sono nate da un raptus improvviso, da un momento in cui non più padrone di sé diventa strumento di "qualcos'altro". A questo stato d'animo giunge anche per l'innamoramento che lo prende dei poeti e dei loro versi e che lo spinge a volersi confondere con essi. C'è molto di Rilke in questo atteggiamento e, come in Rilke, all'impeto iniziale segue un lungo ed accurato labor limae, perché Traverso ha una concezione molto aristocratica dell'arte. Traverso condivide il pensiero di Mallarmé secondo cui compito della poesia è l'interpretazione orfica del mondo, così scorge la linea virtuale che collega Hòlderlin a Rilke: Holderlin è il Titano, il grande nostalgico che soffre per la lontananza dal divino, Rilke alla fine è colui che riesce a ricomporre l'unità perduta, scoprendo che ildivino permea l'uomo e tutto l'universo. Tra questi due poli si muove la ricerca traversiana: per affinità elettiva si accosta a George e Rilke, poi al grande amante della metamorfosi che è Hofmannsthal, dalle liriche giovanili della "preesistenza" alla disperazione di Lord Chandos; dall'Austria portatrice di civiltà passa all'angoscia esistenziale, alla dissoluzione nella guerra con Trakl. Legge Kleist, un espressionista ante litteram, appassionato e schiacciato dal peso della vita e del suo talento. Sulla linea espressionista si colloca anche la novità e atroce lucidità della lirica di Benn. Poi c'è un ritorno a Hòlderlin, già frequentato in passato e riconosciuto ispiratore dei modi di Trakl, di cui pubblica degli Inni e frammenti (siamo già nel 1955). Dopo i Titani approda all'Olimpico, Goethe, a cui arriva dopo lunghi anni di meditazione, quasi di palestra, riesce a tradurre solo Torquato Tasso. Sembra che alla fine volesse occuparsi di Paul Celan . Non si ferma però alla sola poesia tedesca: nel 1939 traduce Yeats, si occupa di poesia spagnola e nel suo tentativo di raggiungere le fonti della poesia oltre che per il suo antico amore per la filologia classica non può che risalire fino a Pindaro, quasi un padre spirituale di Hòlderlin, e ai grandi tragici greci Eschilo, Sofocle, Euripide. L'interesse di Traverso per i "suoi" poeti è costante e non si esaurisce nell'edizione, ma è frutto di varie riprese nel tempo, in seguito a stimoli diversi, sia personali che scientifici, come la pubblicazione di inediti, di commenti ed esegesi in progressiva elaborazione in Italia e all'estero. Inoltre la riedizione delle sue traduzioni lo chiama sempre ad interrogarsi sull'opportunità di apportare modifiche ai testi o aggiungere commenti, fornire prefazioni più dettagliate ed esaurienti. La precisione e perizia delle prefazioni ai volumi, nel pur limitato spazio concessogli dagli editori, ne fa dei veri brevi saggi critici con interessanti aperture sui poeti e la loro opera tanto che molte di queste verranno poi riunite in due volumi: Studi di letteratura greca e tedesca (1961) e Sul " Torquato Tasso " di Goethe e altre note di letteratura tedesca. E' anche un grande prosatore e di questa sua abilità dà prova in una serie di corrispondenze per alcuni quotidiani e riviste in cui descrive famose città che ha occasione di visitare o letterati e artisti stranieri che conosce. Scrive anche dei versi che pubblica con parsimonia, forse per umiltà perché il suo lavoro era un altro. Le sue poesie hanno un timbro ben definito, sono nutrite di letteratura; legate alla sua terra d'origine, sono pervase di insoddisfazione per il presente e dominate da un anelito di morte. Non ci sono parole di speranza nella sua lirica. Leone Traverso (1910-1968) moved from Padua to Florence to attend lessons at the Faculty of Literature. His aim was to study classical philology. In Florence he met Poggioli, Landolfi, Bo, then Luzi, Macri, Baldi. This group of twenty-year-old university students was in urgent need of brand new experiences, especially in poetry, which filtered too slowly and too scarcely through the established channels of the official literature (at those times a regime literature). To obtain access to a large body of foreign literature in the shortest amount of time, these young men decided to share the work of translation: Poggioli and Landolfi chose the russian area, Bo spent his time studying french poetry and the german area was the concern of Traverso. That was how Leone Traverso started his career as a translator and contributed many important texts to the birth of the hermetic movement. A regular attendance of german poets, apart from rare evasions, was Traverso's life engagement: he was not able to translate on demand because he had to be always persuaded of the aesthetic value of a subject (sometimes he needed also an ethical value that meant intellectual honesty, a sincere poetry, generosity and a serious application). Attendance, in Traverso's way, means a real meeting in the sense of establishing a deep relationship between him (the translator) and the text he was about to translate, i.e. it means a mutual exchange in which Traverso discovered the perfect translation through a spiritual affinity, as if it always existed just waiting to be found. He confessed that sometimes his versions were suddenly originated from a raptus, when he was not able to control himself so that he became an instrument of "something else". He was in this state of mind because he fell in love with the poets and the verses so that he was nearly forced to mix with them. This attitude came from Rilke and, as Rilke did, a long an careful labor limae followed the impetuous beginning, because Traverso had an aristocratic idea of the art. In accordance with Mallarmè, Traverso thought that the task of the poetry was an orphic interpretation of the world, so he saw a virtual thread which ties Holderlin to Rilke: Holderlin is the Giant, the great nostalgic who suffers from being so far away from the Divinity, Rilke, at the end, is the one who succeeds in restoring the lost unity, the one who discovers that the Divinity permeates all of mankind and all the universe. Traverso's research moved between these two poles: an elective affinity drove him to George and Rilke, then to Hofmannsthal, the one who loved the metamorphosis, from the lyricism to the despair of Lord Chandos; from an Austria, leader of courtesy, he went to the other extreme to grief, to disintegration caused by the war in Trakl's poetry. Then he read Kleist, who is described as an ante litteram expressionist, a passionate man, overwelmed by the weight of life and of his talents. Following the expressionist path he met the originality and the cruel lucidity of Benn's lyric. Then Traverso came back to Holderlin and he published a version of Himns and Fragments (1955). After the Giants and years of meditation he started focusing on Goethe, the Olympic, but ended up only translating Torquato Tasso. It seems that at the end of his life he intended to work on Paul Celan. Traverso did not work always on german poetry: in 1939 he translated Yeats, then he studied Spanish poetry; trying to reach the sources of poetry and following his former interests in classical philology he went back to Pindarus, nearly a spiritual father to Holderlin, and to the great greek tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. Traverso was always interested "his" poets especially when a new edition or a new commentary appeared in Italy or abroad. When an editor asked him to republish his translations he took the opportunity of modifying the versions, adding notes, giving more detailed and exhaustive prefaces. Even if the editors let him very little space, the precision and the skill of the introductions or prefaces made them real critical essays with interesting overviews on the poets and their works. This prefaces were collected in two books: Studi di letteratura greca e tedesca (1961) and Sul "Torquato Tasso" di Goethe e altre note di letteratura tedesca (1964). He also was a great prose writer. Owing to this skill of his, he produced a series of reports published on newspapers and magazines in which he described the famous cities he visited, the foreign men of letters and the artists he met. Traverso wrote some verses, published sparsely, perhaps because he was modest and a translator, not a poet. His lyric has a well marked and learned timbre: it is tied to his homeland and it is dominated by a sort of disappointment for the present life and by the longing for death. In his lyric there are no words of hope.

This thesis concerns religion as a peacemaking tool in Sierra Leone. The vast majority of people in Sierra Leone consider themselves to be Christians, Muslims and / or adherents of African Traditional Religion (ATR). This thesis examines the role of religious leaders and religious communities in the peacemaking process during and after the Sierra Leone Civil War from 1991 - 2002. In previous studies about violence and religion, the role of religion in the peacemaking process has often been neglected, particularly in studies about the African continent. This study aims to fill this gap. The research is based on theoretical approaches in the field of religion and violence and religion and peace, as well as a qualitative and an empirical study in Sierra Leone comprising participant observation, interviews and data collected from archives. The thesis develops the praxis of peace based on the Sierra Leone context. It argues that since independence from Britain in 1961, subsequent governments have woefully marginalised religion. The thesis demonstrates that Christian leaders, churches, and ecumenical organisations were resources that contributed to peacemaking in Sierra Leone. Christians and their leaders influenced by ATR also led and supported the works of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Sierra Leone (TRCSL) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Christians provided leadership for truth-telling and reconciliation, relief, advocacy for peace, and confidence-building as peacemakers in action. By combining a theoretical discussion of Girard, Juergensmeyer, Schmidt, Huntington, Bowie, Johnston and others with the qualitative and empirical case study of Sierra Leone, the research adds new dimensions to the general academic debate on religion and violence, as well as religion and peacemaking, with respect to the clash of civilisations, faith-based diplomacy and other theories on religion and violence, and religion and peacemaking, in Sierra Leone.

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This thesis examines the near failure and ultimate success of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone. This operation is an interesting case study as it followed failed attempts at regional peacekeeping, in many ways mirrored them, but ultimately ended the conflict. This was the last operation the UN started before the Brahimi report and was effectively a tipping point for UN operations in general. This research analyzes the strategy and actions of the UN force as the situation progressively deteriorated to near total failure and the changes made to both that led to the dramatic turnaround in a short period of time. The overall strategy of the UN mission, mandates and their interpretation, troop levels, and responses to threats are considered. The shift from a peacekeeping to peace enforcement strategy and the simultaneous shift in tactics to favor aggressive response to threats earned the credibility necessary to deter aggression. This underscores the need to tailor strategy and mandate to the specific conditions on the ground and to allow the force the flexibility to adapt quickly.

Over the past decade, child soldiers have inundated the media. Images of boys armed with AK-47s appear ever-present, providing a cautionary story of innocent childhood gone awry (Rosen, 2005). As these representations turn commonly held assumptions of a protected and innocent childhood on its head, what they conceal is as challenging as what they reveal. These media images tell us little about the children behind the guns or the complexity of their wartime and post-war experiences. I was concerned with girl soldiers in Sierra Leone as an unexplored group of ‘war affected’ citizens. I quickly discovered that this was a growing and global phenomenon, one that few analysts and policy makers were aware of. Little was understood of the issue of girl soldiers, not only where, why, and how the practice of using girls in war came about, but also what it means for girls and, most importantly, what to do about it. in the aftermath of conflict, there is often the expectation that people’s lives will improve. Girl soldiers’ post-conflict reality in Sierra Leone was somewhat different. In a rapid time span countless girls unlike boys’ were confronted with the reality of establishing new identities that depended not on the rebel forces, but on factors such as access to family and community support — factors that were lacking for girl soldiers at war’s end.

Youth unemployment has been presented as a security risk to countries emerging from civil war. These assessments often rely on the assumption of a direct relationship between labour market exclusion and political violence. This thesis challenges this assumption, not by denying that the connection exists, but by suggesting that we need a better understanding of how the two are related. Through qualitative research with young people engaged precariously on the margins of the informal economy in Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown, the thesis explores how labour market experiences influence different patterns of political mobilisation. It puts forward that violence is not inherent to unemployment, but that the impact of joblessness on mobilisation is mediated by social factors and the specific nature of the post-war political economy. For Freetown's youth, labour market exclusion has implications for social status, identities, norms and the nature of social relations. This in turn shapes their political subjectivities and claims on the state; it structures the opportunities and constraints to their collective action; and influences their trajectories towards political violence. These processes reflect a fraught articulation between tactics employed expediently to respond to structural circumstances and longer-term aspirations. Individual attempts to survive adverse economic and political terrains coexist with work-based political claims placed on the state and aspirations of social and political inclusion, even if the two are often at odds and the former undermine the latter.

Le Tribunal Spécial pour la Siena Leone fut créé le 16 janvier 2002 à Freetown, sur la base d'une initiative commune au gouvernement Sierra -léonais et à l'ONU. L'accord international conclu par les deux autorités, mettra sur pied un tribunal international « spécial », doté d'une formation judiciaire « mixte censée appliquer le droit international humanitaire et le droit sierra -léonais. Le Conseil de sécurité chargera ce nouveau TPI de poursuivre les responsables de crimes contre l'humanité, de crimes de guerre et des graves violations du droit international humanitaire,commis en Sierra Leone depuis 1996. L'institution du Tribunal spécial en Siena Leone a été décidée sur la base d'observations effectuées par l'ONU et portant sur le fonctionnement des TPI pour l'ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda. L'issue de ces constatations orientera les autorités politiques onusiennes vers l'avènement d'un Tribunal intemational délibérément soumis à des contraintes juridiques et financières. La configuration finale de cette juridiction répressive obéira à une nouvelle charte propre aux TPI ad hoc et résumée par la trilogie suivante : rapidité, économie et efficacité. Cette conception de la justice pénale internationale, soumise aux graves difficultés politiques et financières de l'ONU, entraînera des effets juridiques, judiciaires et sociaux, largement contestés. D'où une interrogation légitime sur l'avenir de ce nouveau modèle de juidiction internationale partagée entre des considérations d'ordre politique, financière et une mission initiale qui consiste à rendre justice aux victimes, inconditionnellement
The Special Court for Sierra Leone had been set up in Freetown on January 16 th, 2002, thanks to a common initiative of the Sierra Leonan Government and the United Nations. The international agreement signed by both authorities settled a "speciai" international court, constituted by an international and local staff entitled to implement local and international humanitarian law. The Security Council mandated this new International Court to bring to justice the perpetrators of crimes against humanity, war crimes and serious violations of international humanitarian law cormnitted in Sierra Leone since 1996. The establishment (institution) of the Special Court for Sierra Leone has been decided on the basis of remarks notified by the United Nations and made on the functioning of the international Criminal Courts for (former) Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The conclusion of the observations led the UN political authorities to envisage the creation of an International Court, clearly submitted to financial, legal and political constraints. The final outline of this repressive jurisdiction will obey to a new charter specific to ad hoc International Courts, summed up (within) in the following trilogy: "expeditiousness, cost efficiency and effectiveness". This conception of an international penal justice connected with UN political and financial issues, will induce inescapably major legal, judicial and social consequences, which are largely criticised. It is then legitimate to question the prospect of the model of this new international jurisdiction stuck between political constraints and its initial mandate which is to dispense unconditional justice to the victims

Los depredadores marinos pueden cambiar su dieta a través del tiempo como consecuencia de cambios antropogénicos y naturales, por lo que un punto de referencia histórico aporta información básica y necesaria para comprender el papel ecológico que desempeñan estos individuos dentro del ecosistema que habitan. En las costas del Atlántico sudoccidental los registros zooarqueologicos e históricos revelan una importante explotación de los lobos marinos sudamericanos por parte de los colonizadores europeos y en menor grado por parte de los aborígenes cazadores recolectores, sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la influencia de estas explotaciones sobre la dieta de esta especie. Debido a que los lobos marinos sudamericanos se caracterizan por tener un amplio nicho trófico, el determinante principal de la composición de sus dietas es la competencia intraespecifica, por lo que se espera que estos animales muestren un cambio en la posición trófica asociado a la caza indiscriminada por parte de los colonizadores europeos, y un impacto menor sobre sus poblaciones y dietas como resultado de la caza aborigen. En esta tesis doctoral se realizaron análisis de isótopos estables de carbono y nitrógeno en muestras zooarqueológicas y modernas, provenientes del centro-norte y sur de Patagonia Argentina con el objetivo de reconstruir la dieta de los lobos marinos sudamericanos desde el Holoceno tardío al presente. Los resultados revelan un marcado aumento del nivel trófico durante el siglo XX, el cual podría estar relacionado con una disminución del tamaño poblacional del lobo común sudamericano, como consecuencia de la explotación comercial, y una reducción de la competencia intraespecífica. Al contrario, tanto en Patagonia norte-centro como en Patagonia sur, las poblaciones de lobos marinos sudamericanos mostraron una estabilidad en la dieta durante varios milenios de explotación aborigen. Asimismo, no se observaron cambios significativos durante las últimas tres décadas en las razones isotópicas del hueso de machos jóvenes y adultos de lobo marino sudamericano procedentes del sur de Brasil a pesar de un dramático incremento en el desarrollo de la pesquería demersal, lo cual sugiere que la población regional se encuentra muy por debajo de la capacidad de carga. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de los análisis retrospectivos de las razones isotópicos para inferir cambios en la dieta de los depredadores oportunistas, y para identificar la transición ecológica entre ecosistemas prístinos y modificados antropogénicamente.
Marine predators may undergo remarkable dietary changes through time as a result of both anthropogenic and natural changes in the environment, and hence, a historical point of reference provides the necessary basic information to understand the ecological function of individuals in the ecosystem. In the south-west Atlantic coasts, zooarchaeological and historical records revealed a significant exploitation of South American sea lions by European colonizers and to a lesser extent by aboriginal hunter-gatherers, however, little is known about the influence of these exploitations on the diet of sea lions. Because South American sea lions have been reported as broad spectrum, the intraspecific competition plays an important role in the composition of their diets. It is therefore expected a change in the trophic position of these animals associated with the indiscriminate hunting by Western sealing, and less impact on their populations and diets as a result of aboriginal exploitation. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in archaeological and modern samples from northern-central and southern Patagonia, Argentina have been used in this doctoral thesis to reconstruct the dietary changes of the South American sea lion from the late Holocene to the present in the southwestern Atlantic. Results show a marked increase in trophic level during the twentieth century which might be related to the smaller population size resulting from modern sealing and the resulting reduced intraspecific competition. On the contrary, populations of South American sea lions from both in north-central Patagonia and southern Patagonia showed a stability in the diet for several millennia of aboriginal exploitation. Furthermore, no major changes were detected in the diet of male South American sea lions during the past three decades from southern Brazil despite a dramatic increase in the development of demersal fisheries, suggesting that population levels may be below of their optimal carrying capacity Results confirmed the importance of retrospective analysis of the stable isotope ratios to infer changes in the diet of opportunistic predators, and to identify the ecological transition between pristine ecosystems and anthropogenically modified.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia. Second Reader: Mensch, Eugene M. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Sierra Leone, Post-Conflict, Security Sector Reform, SSR, RSLAF, SLP, Police, Sierra Leone military. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-60). Also available in print.

The use of child soldiers in armed conflicts has been common the world over for a long time now. However, over the last few decades, this practice has become widespread in Africa where armed groups recruit children as part of their war strategy and to help sustain their campaigns. This practice has left thousands of children physically and psychologically bruised with many still suffering from post war effects long after the end of such conflicts. Many negative effects still haunt many of the children who were recruited into the ranks of the government and rebel forces during the decade civil war in Sierra Leone. The civil war in Sierra Leone has been considered to be one of the most gruesome in the history of conflicts in Africa not only because of its high level of brutality but also in the manner in which children were forced into combat and abused both physically and psychologically. It is estimated that between 7000 - 10 000 children below the age of 15 years, some as young as seven were recruited into armed forces or groups during the war.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Recent local governance reforms in post-war Sierra Leone emphasise the need to extend the benefits of citizenship to rural inhabitants. Yet, these reforms have tended to focus on the establishment of local councils as the main means to enhance political participation and development, ignoring the salience of unequal relations between ethnic groups, the role of chieftaincy, and historically complex centre-local relations. This thesis focuses on the relationship between Sierra Leone's dual local government system and inter-ethnic relations, and the implications for centre-local relations. It examines the extent to which recent post-war local governance reforms address the type of colonial and post-colonial politics that had disenfranchised the vast majority of rural Sierra Leoneans. The thesis also examines whether top-down reorganisation of local democratic politics can provide sufficient autonomy for local institutions to influence the attainment of local citizenship. The thesis found that the attainment of rural citizenship has increasingly come to be defined by emerging contestations and negotiations between ethnic groups in both local councils and chieftaincy. These interactions and contestations have their roots in the colonial imagination, but have also been shaped by the turpitude of Sierra Leone's post-colonial politics characterised by ethno-political divisions and centralisation. The thesis concludes that the ability of local government institutions- particularly local councils-to influence inter-ethnic relations is severely undermined by the failure of post-war local governance reforms to deal with the legacy of Sierra Leone's complicated centre-local relations and incorporate chieftaincy, which enjoys some legitimacy and support among rural inhabitants due to its proximity and influence over rural socio-economic life. Consequently, devolution has created significant opportunities for an indirect central takeover of local politics and intensified local ethnic conflicts. This situation is made possible through a veiled triangle of centralisation characterised by limited fiscal resources, power, and centralised ethno-political mobilisation within the council system. In this context, chieftaincy has emerged as the main conduit through which these inter-ethnic relations are negotiated because of the relative autonomy it enjoys from central . political elites.

The conflicts between pursuing mining activities to foster economic development and protecting the environment in which such activities take place is a recurring dilemma for mineral reliant countries like Sierra Leone. The concept of sustainable development was designed on the international platform to ameliorate such dilemmas. The concept functions as an arbiter to reconcile biases between developmental goals and environmental objectives, by advocating an integration of one in the other. This study presents sustainable development as valuable recipe, by which mining ventures could be pursued as an economic imperative (to meet the needs of present and future generations), while protecting the environment and its components in the pursuit of such developments. The thesis begins with an introduction into mining in Sierra Leone. It illustrates the international breeding of sustainable development in environmental protection (as oppose to economic development), and emphasise the importance of sustainability principles for sound legal and policy guidance at the national level. It also establishes the applicability of the concept to mineral resourced evelopmentsg enerally. Mineral-specificla ws and other legal controls in Sierra Leone are then examined as a case study; their sustainability content is ascertained and their capacity as a legal regime to direct or achieve sustainable mining in that country is explored. Finally, aspects of implementation of sustainable development in Sierra Leone's mining and its domestic implications are examined. This study shows that despite the definitional questions, sustainable development has direct and primary relevance for environmental protection in the economic exploitation of natural resources. It identifies a legal character in the concept beyond legislative processes, and a flexibility in its principles that allows for their interpretation within legal rules to enhance environmental protection at the national level. It also illustrates the link between effective implementation and ensuring sustainable mining.

En depit d'une diversite de produits vivriers agricoles en sierra leone, le riz reste de loin la principale culture vivriere ; une situation qui date de plusieurs siecles. L'insuffisance de la production nationale du riz conduit les pouvoirs publics a recourir a l'importation de cette denree depuis les annees cinquante. A partir de 1973, des projets de vulgarisation agricole, visant essentiellement les unites de production rizicole ont ete mis en oeuvre par le gouvernement sierra leonais grace aux credits et dons financiers, materiels et techniques obtenus aupres de certaines organisations internationales et de quelques pays etrangers. Deux strategies ont ete poursuivies, du point de vue technique : l'intensification du systeme de production a base de consommations intermediaires et celle a base de tracteurs. Sur le plan economique, les ressources productives ont ete distribuees aux riziculteurs par le biais de credits bonifies et de prix subventionnes. Quatre projets ont assure, au cours de la periode 1973-1982, la production d'environ 50 000 tonnes du paddy. Mais cette periode se caracterise egalement par un certain nombre d'echecs, dont figurent un taux tres eleve d'abandon de perimetres de bas fonds amenages et un faible niveau de remboursement des credits accordes par les projets. Le degre de reussite (ou d'echec) des projets a toutefois varie d'une region a l'autre ainsi que d'une strategie de production rizicole a l'autre. L'approche de systemes pluridisciplinaire axee sur l'analyse micro-economique nous a permis de reperer les contraintes a l'evolution de l'economie vivriere rizicole pendant la periode 1973-1982: le systeme de commercialisation du riz et des ressources productives ; la politique de vulgarisation agricole ainsi que les facteurs demographiques, macro-economiques, socio-culturels et agronomiques
Despite the availability of a variety of agricultural food products in sierra leone, rice remains by far the main food crop ; a situation which dates from many centuries ago. Insufficient domestic production has led the authorities to revert to rice importation since the 1950s. Since 1973 agricultural projects focusing mainly on rice farmers have been set up by the sierra leone government with the help of loans and financial, material and technical aid obtained from international organizations and foreign nations. Strategies adopted by these projects include intensive farming practices using intermediate goods and tractors services, which are provided to farmers on a credit basis at subsidized price and interest rates. During the period 1973-1982 four projects ensured the production of about 50. 000 tons of paddy. But a number of drawbacks have also been experienced including a high proportion of irrigated swamps being abandoned and a low loan repayment rate. The degree of success (or failure) of the projects has, however, varied from one region to the other and from one rice production technique to the other. The application of farming systems analysis at microeconomic level has revealed some of the constraints to the evolution of the rice economy between 1973-1982 : rice and input marketing systems, agricultural extension policies as well as demographic, macroeconomic, socio-cultural and agronomic factors

Note:
An estimated 48,000 child soldiers were involved in the violent civil war in Sierra Leone between 1991 and 2002. It is suggested that approximately 12,000 were girls. Lacking material possessions and facing other negative structural factors, the majority was in need of some form of assistance post-conflict. Although international aid response was substantial, only 500 girls entered the countrywide Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) program. The remainder followed a variety of different courses. Giddens' structuration theory offers a useful theoretical framework to explore the reasons for their absence in the program, as it permits a focus on the role of structure and agencyin understanding behaviour. Social stigmatization and a gender-biased DDR program, within a broader structure of gender inequality, are identified as the principal problems .
On estime que 48,000 enfants soldats ont été impliques dans la violente guerre civile en Sierra Leone entre 1991 et 2002.11 est suggéré que prés de 12,000 d'entre eux étaient des filles. Avec des lacunes importantes au niveau matériel et faisant face a d'autres problèmes d'ordre structurel, la majorité de ces filles ont eu besoin d'une certaine forme d'assistance post-conflit. Bien que l'aide internationale ait été importante, seulement 500 filles ont été inscrites au programme national de Désarmement, démobilisation et réinsertion (DDR). Les autres filles ont suivies différents parcours. La théorie de structuration de Giddens offre un cadre théorique utile pour étudier les raisons de leur absence dans le programme car il permet de focaliser sur le rôle de la structure et de I' agence dans la compréhension du comportement. La stigmatisation sociale et une inégalité de genre au sein du programme de DDR, situe dans une structure plus généralisée d'inégalité de genre, sont identifiées comme étant les problèmes principaux .

We present an intensive monitoring of high-resolution spectra of the Ca II K line in the A7IV shell star phi Leo at very short (minutes, hours), short (night to night), and medium (weeks, months) timescales. The spectra show remarkable variable absorptions on timescales of hours, days, and months. The characteristics of these sporadic events are very similar to most that are observed toward the debris disk host star beta Pic, which are commonly interpreted as signs of the evaporation of solid, comet-like bodies grazing or falling onto the star. Therefore, our results suggest the presence of solid bodies around phi Leo. To our knowledge, with the exception of beta Pic, our monitoring has the best time resolution at the mentioned timescales for a star with events attributed to exocomets. Assuming the cometary scenario and considering the timescales of our monitoring, our results indicate that phi Leo presents the richest environment with comet-like events known to date, second only to beta Pic.

x, 91 p. : ill., music
In this study I examine representations of antisemitism, fantasy, and cultural imperialism in the 1864 ballet The Little Humpbacked Horse, composed by Cesare Pugni and choreographed by Arthur Saint-Leon. As the creative team adapted the story from verse to ballet, they literally morphed the titular character into new fantastical forms. They also added Jewish, Muslim, and other oriental characters and ended the ballet with a parade of the Russian nations. Drawing on the works of Richard S. Wortman, Julie Kalman, and Roger Bartra, I place these transformations in the context of a larger Russian ambivalence around the shift from a rural and woodland economy to an urban one, the inclusion of Eastern provinces in the rapidly expanding nation, and the emancipation – and inclusion of – internal minorities. I then explain how the music, choreography, and focus of the ballet change as the relevance of these mid-nineteenth century concerns fades.
Committee in charge: Loren Kajikawa, Co-Chairperson; Marian Smith, Co-Chairperson; Anne Dhu McLucas, Member

This study attempts to elucidate aspects of the complex relationship between internal migration and development in Sierra Leone, a country marked by pronounced dualism. It argues that internal migration and its developmental facets such as remittances should be examined within their socio-economic and ecological context. The major findings can be summarised as follows: 1. Interregional migration was shown to be positively and significantly correlated with a composite index encompassing social and economic dimensions of development. 2. Since the trends in migration and development in the two sets of regions delineated positive net migration/more developed and negative net migration/less developed - have been in force for at least two decades and show no signs of narrowing regional inequality, suggest disequilibrium rather than equilibrium tendencies. This feature of the migration process was confirmed by analysis performed at the local level, which explicitly took into account, socio-economic and ecological factors along with the effects of government policies on rural outmigration. 3. A study of the determinants of interregional migration for a whole system, Sierra Leone, and its component economic sub-systems underline the importance of taking into consideration development dimensions in such analyses, 4. Finally, on the role of remittances in development, the study established that - a. Overall, that there was a net transfer of resources from the urban to the rural areas; b. In-remittances were found to be important to poorer rural households; c. Remittances received were used mainly for consumption purposes; and d. For the decision to send remittances, the common, significant variables for rural and urban households were those showing ties with origin areas; while for the decision on the size of remittances, they were the income of the head of the household and whether an unskilled manual worker or not.