Academic literature on the topic 'Leontiev model'

GDP is considered as a critical infrastructure that characterizes the global interaction of consumers and manufacturers of the final product in the national economy. For the analysis and modelling of GDP, the Leontiev model is used to analyze and to model GDP as a critical infrastructure, where costs are interpreted in two ways - as consumer spending and as producer costs. This allows you to determine the degree of their influence on each other through the established production structure. Based on Leontiev's aggregated three-sector model, two scenarios were modelled: a) the impact of final consumer spending on output and the formation of added value and b) the impact of changes in added value on output and final consumer spending. The model includes three sectors – the agricultural sector, industry and service sectors. In the first scenario, the increase in the final consumed product in the agricultural sector by 1000 yen causes an increase in output in the agricultural sector by 1153.5 yen, in industry by 594.4 yen and in the service sector by 358.1 yen. At the same time, total production costs will increase by 1106.0 yen; added value will increase in the agricultural sector by 549.8 yen, in industry – 216.8 yen, in the service sector – 233.4 yen. The volume of production growth can be determined only through the Leontiev model. In the second scenario, an increase in added value in the agricultural sector by 1000 yen brings about an increase in output in the agricultural sector by 1153.5 yen, in industry by 1470.4 yen and in the service sector by 480.7 yen. For both scenarios, the assessment and verification of calculations of GDP growth and output are carried out by the balance method – output and GDP growth is described within the Leontiev model. The three-sectoral model is useful for educational purposes, scientific research; to reach the method in a specific example. The approach can be extended to models of greater dimension and large size.

The present article amounts to an attempt to analyze the Byzantine tradition in the work Byzantinism and the Slavs by Konstantin Leontiev. The thinker finds the heritage of Eastern Christianity an immanent part of the Russian national identity. Moreover, the philosopher defines Byzantinism as a type of culture with centralized power in the hands of the Romanovs. Consequently, Leontiev depicts particular stages of the evolution of this power model in Russia. The author of the paper concludes that the thinker’s considerations are centered on the emphasis on the role of monarchy in contemporary Russia rather than on its Byzantine roots.

Background. Activity theory is the most powerful and influential current of Russian psychology in the world today. It considers the psyche to be a special form or function of object-oriented activity. The level of psychical development of a living being is directly proportional to the variety and freedom of its activities. Objective. The aim of this article is to explore the key growth points in activity psychology through the analysis of arguments among its creators — S.L. Rubinstein, L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, and P.Ja. Galperin. Vygotsky dreamed of building a scientific psychology on the model of Marx’s Das Kapital; his project is resumed in this article. Results. The author traces how, due to Walter Cannon’s experimental research, Vygotsky came to the activity concept of affect, in which he finds the primary “cell” of the psyche. The problem of the relationship between concept and affect became the central problem of his “acmeistic psychology.” While Vygotsky focused on the affective reflection of activity in the subject, Leontiev focused on its cognitive side, directed toward the object. In the objective world, the psyche serves a person’s material life-activity, performing a search-and-orientation function. Leontiev considered consciousness a structural projection of that activity, but Galperin argued that Leontiev never managed to overcome the dualism of consciousness and activity. Conclusion. A new path to the realization of Vygotsky’s dream is outlined. The proposed solution is based on Spinoza’s concept of affect and the idea of freedom, interpreted as “the affect in the concept.” (Vygotsky)

The article reveals the main provisions of the concept of speech influence and describes its theoretical model, which was developed by well-known psycholinguist of the 20th century A.A. Leontiev. The main ideas of this concept are explicated within the scope of the problem of speech communication and conditioned by this verbal act processes of speaking of the communicator (speaker) and listening of the recipient (s). The speech influence is considered by the researcher of this problem at the level of the internal and external stages of the communicative-speech processes generation of the speaker and the recipient. That is why A.A. Leontiev pays great attention in this concept to the analysis of such psycholinguistic phenomena as: «value», «sense», «semantic field of the recipient», «sign», «internal speech», «internal programming», «act of speaking» etc. The article reveals the following aspects: a) established by A.A. Leontiev evolution of the forms of communication and its psychological and semiotic mediation; b) separated by him stages of the historical formation of the activity of communication, in particular its final stage – the speech effect, which becomes a professional activity, motivated «from inside the self»; c) distinguished by the researcher notions of «speech» and «speech activity», d) defined by him the notion of «communication» and its varieties, e) associated with orientation – the criterion of speech communication – speech effect, which is characterized as one of the aspects of psychological content of communication, g) identified by three parameters phenomenon of the sign and applied in its interpretation two methods of scientific analysis important for a deep understanding of speech influence used, through the processes of understanding (the transition from a sign to the thought) and through the objectification of the subjective communicative intention (the transition from a thought to the sign) and other important provisions of the proposed concept. The content of this manuscript also describes the psycholinguistic model of speech effect, which, according to the author, has statuses or psychological actions, or appears as an independent activity with its own motive, has a feedback, acts in various forms of interference with consciousness and subconscious of the personality, etc.; the ways of achieving changes in the recipient’s existing values under the influence of the content of communicator’s speech are represented; the three-layer psycholinguistic structure of the speech influence is substantiated. In the debating section of the article, it is suggested to consider the scientific work of A.A. Leontiev concerning the speech influence as a psycholinguistic theory, by taking into account its theoretical and practical significance for modern science and communicative practice.

Problem and goal. The article actualizes the problem of identifying predictors of viability in University students that influence their successful adaptation and self-development. Viability is considered as a network phenomenon, the elements of which are able to form relationships of various strength and significance with the components of other mental phenomena and phenomena. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze psychological predictors of viability, to prove that creativity and viability can act as such. Methodology. The empirical research was based on the viability model of E. A. Rylskaya, the creativity model of I. Torrens – S. Mednik, and the semantic system model of D. A. Leontiev. Methods corresponding to these models were used: E. A. Rylskaya’s human viability test, I. Torrens nonverbal creativity test, S. Mednik’s verbal creativity test, and D. A. Leontiev’s life-meaning orientations test. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the program Statistica 10.0, using the Spearman correlation analysis method. When interpreting the results of the empirical research, the author relied on the main provisions of the structural and network approaches in psychology. The research sample consisted of 82 students in the areas of “Linguistics” and “Philology” of the faculty of Humanities of Novosibirsk state technical University. The sample was not divided by gender. In conclusion, it is indicated that the results obtained allow us to present viability as a complex psychological phenomenon with a network organization in which creativity and semantic orientations act as the most important predictors.

Problem and goal. The article actualizes the problem of identifying predictors of viability in University students that influence their successful adaptation and self-development. Viability is considered as a network phenomenon, the elements of which are able to form relationships of various strength and significance with the components of other mental phenomena and phenomena. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze psychological predictors of viability, to prove that creativity and viability can act as such. Methodology. The empirical research was based on the viability model of E. A. Rylskaya, the creativity model of I. Torrens – S. Mednik, and the semantic system model of D. A. Leontiev. Methods corresponding to these models were used: E. A. Rylskaya’s human viability test, I. Torrens nonverbal creativity test, S. Mednik’s verbal creativity test, and D. A. Leontiev’s life-meaning orientations test. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the program Statistica 10.0, using the Spearman correlation analysis method. When interpreting the results of the empirical research, the author relied on the main provisions of the structural and network approaches in psychology. The research sample consisted of 82 students in the areas of “Linguistics” and “Philology” of the faculty of Humanities of Novosibirsk state technical University. The sample was not divided by gender. In conclusion, it is indicated that the results obtained allow us to present viability as a complex psychological phenomenon with a network organization in which creativity and semantic orientations act as the most important predictors.

This paper presents a case study to illustrate how activity theory (Leontiev 1978; Engeström 1987, 1999) and the expansive learning framework (Engeström 1987, 1999) were used to evaluate the development of teacher autonomy in an online course on preparing EFL classroom materials. It is assumed that the learning by expansion model is similar to conscientização (Freire 1980, 1982), a key element in the development of teacher autonomy, according to the perspective in the study.

Seja Uln sistema econômico, que envolve n indústrias interdependentes tais que cada indústria produz um único tipo de artigo. Denotemos com t ij a quantidade da entrada (insumo) da iêsima mercadoria que a economia necessita para produzir uma unidade da mercadoria} de saída (produto). A matriz T := [ tlj ] de insumo-produto de Leontief é uma matriz não-negativa. Descreveremos as propriedades das matrizes não-negativas, necessárias para uma análise matemática do modelo de Leontief. Se esse modelo descreve uma economia viável, a soma dos elementos em cada coluna de T será menor ou igual a l. Suponhamos mais que o sistema econômico modelado contenha um setor aberto, onde trabalho, lucro, etc. entram como segue. Seja x, o produto total que a indústria i requer para atender à demanda do setor aberto e das n indústrias. Então x = Tx + d, onde d := [ d,] é o vetor das demandas, isto é, d; é a demanda do s~tor aberto sobre a indústria iésúna. Aqui l;JXj representa o insumo que a j ésima indústria necessita da i•s•ma indústria. Os níveis de produção requeridos pela totalidade das n indústrias, a fim de poder atender a essas demandas, constituem o vetor-solução do sistema linear Ax = d, com A := I- T. Como a soma dos elementos de cada coluna de T é menor ou igual a I; o raio espectral de T também é menor ou igual a 1. Quando o raio espectral é menor que 1, T é convergente e A tem um inversa com todos os elementos não-negativos (matriz não-negativa). Discutiremos as matrizes não-negativas. Além disso, os elementos não-diagonais de A := I - T são todos negativos ou nulos. Matrizes com esse quadro de sinais, cujas inversas são não-negativas, são ditas matrizes-M não-singulares. Discutjremos também as matrizes-M não-singulares e singulares. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é a apl icação interessante da teoria das matrizes nãonegativas e matrizes-M, na análise do modelo de Leontief descrito muito brevemente acima, resultando um método elegante de análise de insumo-produto.
Let us consid~r an economic system, that involves n interdependent industries, assuming that each industry produces only one type of commodities. Let tij denote the amount of input ofthe ith commodity needed by the economy to produce a unit output o f commodity j. The Leontief input-output matrix T := [ tij] is a nonnegative matrix. We will describe the properties of nonnegative matrices, necessary for a mathematical analysis ofthe Leontiefs model. Ifthat model describes an economically feasible situation, the sum of the elements in each column of T does not exceed I. Let us further suppose that the modeled economic system contains an open sector, where labor, profit, etc. enter in the following way. Let x, be the total output o f the industry i required to meet the demand o f the open sector and ali n industries. Then x = Tx + d, where d := [ d; ], is the vector ofthe demands, that is, d; is the demand of the open sector from the ith industry. Here li]Xj represents the input requirement of the jth industry from the ith. The output leveis required o f the totality o f the n industries, in order to meet these demands, are the solution vector x ofthe linear system Ax = d, with A :=I- T. As the sum ofthe elements of each column ofT is at most I, it follows that the spectral radius ofT is also at most I. When the spectral radius is less than 1, T is convergent and A is inverse-positive, that is, A'1 is a nonnegative matrix. We will discuss the nonnegative matrices. Besides, A:= I - T has ali its off-diagonal entries nonpositive. Jnverse-positive matrices with this sign pattem are called nonsingular M-matrices. We will also discuss nonsingular and singular M-matrices. The main goal of this work is the interesting appl ication of the nonnegative matrices and M-matrices theory to the analysis ofthe Leontiefs model, described very shortly above, resulting in an elegant method o f input-output analysis.

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O modelo insumo-produto é uma teoria amplamente utilizada na economia que ao longo das últimas duas décadas teve sua aplicação estendida a diversas áreas do conhecimento. Nos últimos dez anos alguns pesquisadores usaram esse conceito para mensurar as relações econômicas associadas a demanda de água para setores da economia em cidades com características de escassez de recursos hídricos. Neste trabalho foram mensuradas algumas relações de consumo direto e indireto de água dos setores agropecuário, industrial, comercial e público a nível municipal, estadual e nacional. Na região abastecida pela Barragem Epitácio Pessoa os setores agropecuário e comercial apresentaram elevados percentuais de consumo direto de água, da ordem de 88% e 71%, respectivamente, enquanto o industrial apresentou percentual de 97% de consumo indireto em relação ao total de consumo. Para cada um metro cúbico de aumento de demanda de água, o setor industrial provoca um consumo adicional no agropecuário de 27 m3. No estado da Paraíba para cada aumento de um metro cúbico de água no setor industrial provoca aumento no setor agropecuário de 8 m3. O setor agropecuário apresentou para todos os Estados da federação elevado consumo direto de água, sendo a região Nordeste, a maior consumidora, com 35% do total, enquanto o maior consumo de água na forma virtual (consumo indireto) no Brasil encontra-se no setor industrial. No setor industrial, cada metro cúbico consumido diretamente provoca, no mesmo, a nível nacional um consumo médio adicional de água de 2 m3 e no setor agropecuário de 9 m3.
The input-output model is a theory widely used in the economy over the past two decades which has been applied to various areas of knowledge. Some researchers have used this concept to measure the economic relations associated with water demand for economy areas in with shortages of fresh water. In this work we have measured water relationship (direct and indirect form) from agricultural, industrial, commercial and public sectors for municipal, state and national levels in Brazil. In the Epitácio Pessoa Dan, the agricultural and commercial sectors showed a high percentage of direct water use of 88% and 71%, respectively, while the industrial sector is 97% as indirect consumption. For each one cubic meter increase of water demand, the industrial sector causes an additional water consumption in the agricultural sector of 27 m3. In the state of Paraíba, for each one cubic meter of water increase the industrial sector leads to an increase in agricultural sector of 8 m3. The agricultural sector showed high direct water consumption in all states of Brazil. The Northeast region is the largest water consumer with 35% of the total, while the highest water consumption in virtual form (indirect consumption) in Brazil is the industrial sector. In the industrial sector, for each one cubic meter consumed directly causes an additional national water consumption of 2 m3 while for the agricultural sector is 9 m3.

Neste trabalho, utiliza-se o modelo de insumo-produto de Leontief, em sua variante nacional, estática e aberta, para quantificar alguns benefícios indiretos gerados por um investimento em construção e manutenção de obras de infra-estrutura de transporte. Estes benefícios são conseqüência do aumento da produção gerado pelo investimento, uma vez que há uma parcela de produção de qualquer bem ou serviço que corresponde a um aumento de riqueza para a região receptora do investimento. Procura-se mostrar que esse aumento de riqueza deve ser considerado como um beneficio indireto adicional, e que a busca da identificação da magnitude desse valor adicionado à economia pode fazer a diferença entre múltiplas alternativas de investimento. Sugere-se que o resultado dessa quantificação possa fazer parte de métodos mais flexíveis de avaliação como os métodos multi-objetivos e multi-critérios.
At this work, the national static open Leontief\'s input-output model is used in order to measure some indirect benefits generated as a consequence of investment in construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure facilities. These benefits are generated by an increase in production, once there is always a part of the production of goods and services which implies on a growth of wealth for the region into which the investment is applied. It is shown that this increase of wealth has to be taken in to account as an additional indirect benefit, and that searching for identification of the magnitude of that value added into the economy could make the difference among several investment alternatives. It is suggested that the results of that measurement could be considered in more flexible evaluation methods, such as multi-objectives and multi-criteria methods.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Henrique Rossler
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 11/08/2017
Inclui referências : f. 116-121
Resumo: O presente trabalho, fruto de uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica, tem como objetivo a realização de uma análise crítica da Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT). Para isso, utiliza-se do modelo Biopsicossocial e Organizacional (BPSO-96) enquanto objeto de análise. Este modelo, oriundo da tese de doutorado da autora Limongi-França (1996), contempla um conjunto de indicadores para analisar a QVT nas organizações. A escolha por esse modelo se justifica dado o grande número de citações acadêmicas da autora e de seu modelo identificado pelo Google Scholar, permitindo inferir a sua influência na forma de se pensar e se avaliar a QVT nas organizações brasileiras. A análise crítica do modelo BPSO-96 será fundamentada na teoria da atividade de A. N. Leontiev. O objetivo desta análise é demonstrar como as ações e os programas de QVT, expressos nos indicadores do modelo BPSO-96, contribuem para envolver e estimular o trabalhador a se tornar mais produtivo a partir de motivos diversos e desconectados com o conteúdo de seu trabalho, fazendo com que haja um aprofundamento das relações sociais de dominação e exploração características da sociedade capitalista de produção a partir de uma alienação cada vez mais camuflada e intensa. Dessa forma, esse trabalho visa contribuir para uma maior conscientização dos reais objetivos e consequências dos programas de QVT para a classe trabalhadora, mostrando que, apesar de seu discurso pseudo-humanista, esta estratégia de gestão atende prioritariamente aos interesses de maior produtividade da organização. Palavras-chave: Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT); modelo BPSO-96; teoria da atividade.
Abstract: This study is the product a theoretical-bibliographic research and it aims to make a critical analysis of the Quality of Working Life (QWL). Therefore, it uses the Biopsychosocial and Organizational Model (BPSO-96) as object of analysis. This model, a result from Limongi-França's doctoral thesis (1996), includes a set of indicators used to analyze the QWL at organizations. The choice of this model is justified by the great number of academic quotes to the author and the model identified by Google Scholar, allowing to infer its influence in the way of thinking and evaluating QWL in brazilian organizations. The critical analysis of the BPSO-96 model will be grounded in the Activity Theory of A. N. Leontiev. This analysis targets to demonstrate how the actions and programs of QWL, expressed by the indicators of the model, contribute to involve and stimulate the worker to become more productive because of diverse reasons that are unrelated to the content of their work. This strengthens the social relations of domination and exploitation inherent to the capitalist mode of production, through an increasingly camouflaged and intense alienation. Thus, this study aims to contribute to increase awareness of the actual objectives and consequences of the QWL to the working class, revealing that despite the pseudo-humanistic speech, this managing strategy serves mainly to increase the organization's productivity. Key-words: Quality of Working Life (QWL); BPSO-96 Model; Activity Theory.

User Experience Engineering (UxE) incorporates subject areas like usability, HCI, interaction experience, interaction design, "human factors", ergonomics", cognitive psychology", behavioral psychology and psychometrics", systems engineering", [and] "computer science," (Hartson, 1998). It has been suggested that UxE will be the main success factor in organizations as we enter the "loyalty decade" of software development, where the repeat usage of a product by a single customer will be the metric of product success (Alghamdi, 2010; Law & van Schaik, 2010, p. 313; Nielsen, 2008; Van Schaik & Ling, 2011). What is relatively unknown in the current academic literature is whether existing UxE methodologies are effective or not when placed in a longitudinal research context (Law & van Schaik, 2010). There is room for the exploration of the effects of long-term UxE practices in a real-world case study scenario. The problem, addressed in this study, is that a lack of the application of UxE-related processes and practices with an industrial partner had resulted in customer dissatisfaction and a loss of market share. A three-year case study was performed during which 10 UxE-related metrics were gathered and analyzed to measure the improvements in the design of the customer's experience that long-term UxE practices could bring to a small corporate enterprise. The changes that occurred from the corporate and customer's point of view were analyzed as the customer's experience evolved throughout this long-term UxE study. Finally, an analysis of the problems and issues that arose in the implementation of UxE principles during the application of long-term UxE processes was performed. First-hand training between the research team and company employees proved essential to the success of this project. Although a long-term UxE process was difficult to implement within the existing development practices of the industrial partner, a dramatic increase in customer satisfaction and customer engagement with the company system was found. UxE processes led to increased sales rates and decreased development costs in the long-term. All 10 metrics gathered throughout this study showed measurable improvements after long-term UxE processes and practices were adopted by the industrial partner.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Reissued 30 May 2017 with Second Reader’s non-NPS affiliation added to title page.
The United States has made use of economic sanctions to achieve political goals by limiting the relationship between trade, travel, and finance. However, economists are uncertain if the use of economic sanctions is effective and achieves the desired results. Applying the notion of demand-based inoperability, we present two nonlinear models to identify the optimal placement of sanctions and assess the sanctions' cascading effects to all sectors of an adversary's economy. For purposes of demonstration and validation, we pose a hypothetical scenario in which the U.S. considers trade sanctions on Canada. Specifically, our analysis proposes the Trade Sanction Inoperability Input-Output Model (TS-IIM). We devised this model to permit ranking of sectors by the order in which the greatest production loss occurs. Given the strong dependence of Canada on the United States, is it reasonable to expect that a sanction could result in economic repercussions? In response to this question, we also present the Inter-Country Inoperability Input-Output Model (IC-IIM), which extends the TS-IIM by considering the reduction in trade in value added (TiVA) the U.S. economy will experience. Our results from the TS-IIM and IC-IIM lead us to conclude that the proper design of a sanction considers not only the impact to an adversary's economy, but also sanction's associated repercussions at home.
Lieutenant, United States Navy

Кравченко П. А. Застосування теорії марковських випадкових процесів до прогнозування стану систем : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 111 "Математика" / наук. керівник М. І. Клименко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 55 с.
UA : Робота викладена на 55 сторінках друкованого тексту, містить 8 рисунків, 15 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження: економічні системи, функціонування яких визначається скінченною множиною можливих станів. Мета роботи: розробка стохастичних математичних моделей для прогнозування та оцінки діяльності економічних систем на основі застосування ланцюгів Маркова. Метод дослідження: метод марковських процесів. У кваліфікаційній роботі розглядаються наступні задачі: – сутність та основні характеристики марковських випадкових процесів; – особливості дослідження марковських випадкових процесів з дискретним та неперервним часом; – методики побудови диференціальних рівнянь Колмогорова; – на основі виконаного дослідження побудувати математичні моделі для прогнозування та оцінки конкретних економічних процесів.
EN : The work is presented on 55 pages of printed text, 8 figures, 15 references. The object of the study is the economic systems whose functioning is determined by a finite set of possible states . The aim of the study is development of stochastic mathematical models for forecasting and estimating the activity of economic systems based on the use of Markov chains. The methods of research is method of Markov processes. In the qualification work the addresses the following tasks: - the nature and main characteristics of Markov random processes; - peculiarities of the study of Markov random processes with discrete and continuous time; - methods of constructing Kolmogorov differential equations; - to build mathematical models on the basis of the performed research for forecasting and evaluation of specific economic processes.

Кравченко П. А. Застосування теорії марковських випадкових процесів до прогнозування стану систем : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 111 "Математика" / наук. керівник М. І. Клименко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 55 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота магістра : 55 с., 8 рис., 15 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – економічні системи, функціонування яких визначається скінченною множиною можливих станів. Мета роботи: розробка стохастичних математичних моделей для прогнозування та оцінки діяльності економічних систем на основі застосування ланцюгів Маркова. Метод дослідження – метод марковських процесів. У кваліфікаційній роботі розглядаються наступні задачі: – сутність та основні характеристики марковських випадкових процесів; – особливості дослідження марковських випадкових процесів з дискретним та неперервним часом; – методики побудови диференціальних рівнянь Колмогорова; – на основі виконаного дослідження побудувати математичні моделі для прогнозування та оцінки конкретних економічних процесів.
EN : Master’s Qualification Thesis : 55 pages, 8 figures, 15 references. The object of the study is the economic systems whose functioning is determined by a finite set of possible states. The aim of the study is development of stochastic mathematical models for forecasting and estimating the activity of economic systems based on the use of Markov chains. The method of research is method of Markov processes. In the qualification work the addresses the following tasks: - the nature and main characteristics of Markov random processes; - peculiarities of the study of Markov random processes with discrete and continuous time; - methods of constructing Kolmogorov differential equations; - to build mathematical models on the basis of the performed research for forecasting and evaluation of specific economic processes.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

The article presents the results of the study of factors, patterns and conditions for the formation of personal identity in student age. The conceptual provisions of the theory of integral individuality of V. S. Merlin, the integrative psychology of development of V. V. Belous and I. V. Boyazitova, the conceptual model of the personal potential of D. A. Leontiev served as the methodological basis for the study of subjectivity as the basic construct of the formation of personal identity among students. The article reveals the features of the development of subjectivity with different status of personal identity, the specifics of the relationship of personal identity with the properties of personal and socio-psychological levels of subjectivity at the student age. It is experimentally proved that the status of personal identity at the student age is determined by the development of multi-level properties of subjectivity, but to a greater extent is due to the development of properties that characterize psychological stability and self-regulation of a person. For the first time, the results are presented that reveal the patterns of achieving personal identity. The article describes the technology of implementing psychological support for the development of subjectivity as a basic condition for achieving a stable personal identity, aimed at forming the ability to understand and build a life perspective, to make independent conscious choices, developing moral stability and moral and ethical responsibility, teaching skills of confident behavior and active response to social changes in the student age. The results of the research can be used in the practice of psychological services of the University in the development of programs for the formation of a stable personal identity, the development of subjective activity, in the process of providing individual and group counseling during the period of adaptation to training and professional training crises.