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Journal articles on the topic 'Lepidoptera ecology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Macias-Muñoz, Aide, Aline G. Rangel Olguin, and Adriana D. Briscoe. "Evolution of Phototransduction Genes in Lepidoptera." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 8 (July 12, 2019): 2107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz150.

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Abstract Vision is underpinned by phototransduction, a signaling cascade that converts light energy into an electrical signal. Among insects, phototransduction is best understood in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparison of D. melanogaster against three insect species found several phototransduction gene gains and losses, however, lepidopterans were not examined. Diurnal butterflies and nocturnal moths occupy different light environments and have distinct eye morphologies, which might impact the expression of their phototransduction genes. Here we investigated: 1) how phototransduction genes vary in gene gain or loss between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, and 2) variations in phototransduction genes between moths and butterflies. To test our prediction of phototransduction differences due to distinct visual ecologies, we used insect reference genomes, phylogenetics, and moth and butterfly head RNA-Seq and transcriptome data. As expected, most phototransduction genes were conserved between D. melanogaster and Lepidoptera, with some exceptions. Notably, we found two lepidopteran opsins lacking a D. melanogaster ortholog. Using antibodies we found that one of these opsins, a candidate retinochrome, which we refer to as unclassified opsin (UnRh), is expressed in the crystalline cone cells and the pigment cells of the butterfly, Heliconius melpomene. Our results also show that butterflies express similar amounts of trp and trpl channel mRNAs, whereas moths express ∼50× less trp, a potential adaptation to darkness. Our findings suggest that while many single-copy D. melanogaster phototransduction genes are conserved in lepidopterans, phototransduction gene expression differences exist between moths and butterflies that may be linked to their visual light environment.

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2

Gupta, Manish Kumar, and Dr Anupama Jain. "Diversity and Distribution of Lepidopteran Butterflies in Kota District, Rajasthan." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 1, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc1206.

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Understanding the standing point of biodiversity is an integral part of studying habitat ecology in the arena of the applied ecology and conservation biology. Considering this, a study was conducted to understand the biodiversity of the single species, i.e. Lepidoptera in four different sites of Kota district. Four distinct habitat fragmentation sites, Chambal Garden, Ganesh Udhyan, Industrial Area and agriculture land were selected to understand the diversity and distribution of lepidopteran butterfly. As this group of butterfly is considered as “umbrella taxa”, detailed study of its assemblages could be directly correlated with the changes in microclimates in the selected regions. Therefore, diversity of the Lepidoptera was calculated by Simpson’s index of diversity and Shannon-Weiner Index. Among these four areas, Chambal Garden and Ganesh Udhyan are dominated with the Lepidoptera whereas, decline in abundance could be observed remaining two areas. This study indicated a rich and diverse butterfly habitat in the selected survey area, which could be served a s a future referral for measuring and monitoring biological diversity.

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3

Yu, Wenhua, Yan Zhou, Jianglong Guo, Kris A. G. Wyckhuys, Xiujing Shen, Xiaokang Li, Shishuai Ge, Dazhong Liu, and Kongming Wu. "Interspecific and Seasonal Variation in Wingbeat Frequency Among Migratory Lepidoptera in Northern China." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 2134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa134.

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Abstract Many lepidopteran species rely upon active flight to migrate over long distances, thus pursuing ephemeral resources, colonizing new habitats, or escaping adverse meteorological conditions. Though their biology and ecology are often well studied, there is only scant information on their wingbeat frequency (WBF), a key aerodynamic determinant of insect flight. In this study, we assessed interspecific and seasonal variability in WBF for 85 different migratory species of Lepidoptera (11 families) under the laboratory conditions of 25 ± 1°C and 75 ± 5% RH. WBF of migrant individuals ranged between 6.7 and 84.5 Hz and substantial interspecific differences were recorded, with members of the Bombycidae exhibiting the highest mean WBFs (i.e., 55.1 ± 1.0 Hz) and Saturniidae the lowest (8.5 ± 0.2 Hz). At a species level, seasonal variation was observed in WBF for Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Our findings add to the scientific knowledge on flight biology of migratory insects, facilitate (automatic) monitoring and population forecasting, and can have broader implications for insect pest management or biodiversity conservation.

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4

Khan, Muhammad Hassaan, Georg Jander, Zahid Mukhtar, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Sarwar, and Shaheen Asad. "Comparison of in Vitro and in Planta Toxicity of Vip3A for Lepidopteran Herbivores." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (October 20, 2020): 2959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa211.

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Abstract Agricultural pest infestation is as old as domestication of food crops and contributes a major share to the cost of crop production. In a transgenic pest control approach, plant production of Vip3A, an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, is effective against lepidopteran pests. A synthetic Vip3A gene was evaluated for efficacy against Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cotton leafworm), Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; beet armyworm), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; fall armyworm), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cotton bollworm), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; corn earworm), Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tobacco budworm), and Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae; tobacco hornworm) in tobacco. In artificial diet assays, the concentration required to achieve 50% mortality was highest for H. zea followed by H. virescens > S. exigua > H. armigera > M. sexta > S. frugiperda > S. litura. By contrast, in bioassays with detached leaves from Vip3A transgenic tobacco, the time until 50% lethality was M. sexta > H. virescens > S. litura > H. zea > H. armigera > S. exigua. There was no significant correlation between the artificial diet and transgenic plant bioassay results. Notably, the two insect species that are best-adapted for growth on tobacco, M. sexta and H. virescens, showed the greatest time to 50% mortality on Vip3A-transgenic tobacco. Together, our results suggest that artificial diet assays may be a poor predictor of Vip3A efficacy in transgenic plants, lepidopteran species vary in their sensitivity to Vip3A in diet-dependent manner, and host plant adaptation of the targeted herbivores should be considered when designing transgenic plants for pest control.

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5

Jones, Anne C., Irmgard Seidl-Adams, Jurgen Engelberth, Charles T. Hunter, Hans Alborn, and James H. Tumlinson. "Herbivorous Caterpillars Can Utilize Three Mechanisms to Alter Green Leaf Volatile Emission." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy191.

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Abstract Green plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) as a general damage response. These compounds act as signals for the emitter plant, neighboring plants, and even for insects in the ecosystem. However, when oral secretions from certain caterpillars are applied to wounded leaves, GLV emissions are significantly decreased or modified. We examined four caterpillar species representing two lepidopteran families for their capacity to decrease GLV emissions from Zea mays leaf tissue. We also investigated the source of the GLV modifying components in the alimentary tract of the various caterpillars. In Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), we found three distinct mechanisms to modify GLV emission: a heat-stable compound in the gut, a heat-labile enzyme in salivary gland homogenate (previously described in Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), and an isomerase in the salivary gland homogenate, which catalyzes the conversion of (Z)-3-hexenal to (E)-2-hexenal (previously described in M. sexta). These mechanisms employed by caterpillars to suppress or modify GLV emission suggest a counteraction against the induced indirect volatile defenses of a plant and provides further insights into the ecological functions of GLVs.

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6

Wedell, N. "ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION: Learning from Lepidoptera." Science 303, no. 5655 (January 9, 2004): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092867.

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7

Pabis, Krzysztof. "What is a moth doing under water? Ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic Lepidoptera." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 419 (2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018030.

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This paper reviews the current knowledge on the ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic moths, and discusses possible pre-adaptations of the moths to the aquatic environment. It also highlights major gaps in our understanding of this group of aquatic insects. Aquatic and semi-aquatic moths represent only a tiny fraction of the total lepidopteran diversity. Only about 0.5% of 165 000 known lepidopterans are aquatic; mostly in the preimaginal stages. Truly aquatic species can be found only among the Crambidae, Cosmopterigidae and Erebidae, while semi-aquatic forms associated with amphibious or marsh plants are known in thirteen other families. These lepidopterans have developed various strategies and adaptations that have allowed them to stay under water or in close proximity to water. Problems of respiratory adaptations, locomotor abilities, influence of predators and parasitoids, as well as feeding preferences are discussed. Nevertheless, the poor knowledge on their biology, life cycles, genomics and phylogenetic relationships preclude the generation of fully comprehensive evolutionary scenarios.

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8

Grehan, JR. "A panbiogeographic perspective for pre-cretaceous angiosperm–Lepidoptera coevolution." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910091.

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The coevolutionary history of Lepidoptera and angiosperms is evaluated in relation to Croizat's panbiogeographic synthesis of angiosperm evolution. The panbiogeographic method of ocean basin classification is used to identify major patterns of trans-oceanic distribution for lepidopteran families and genera (principally non-ditrysian). The Pacific basin is identified as a major evolutionary centre for several 'primitive non-ditrysian Lepidoptera, including Zeugloptera, Aglossata, Heterobathmiina, Neopsuestina, Palaephatidae, Prodoxidae, and possibly the Dacnonypha. The ditrysian Ithomiidae are similarly classified with the Pacific while the related Daniidae are identified as Indian Ocean. An Indian Ocean baseline is proposed for the Callidulidae, Tinissimae and Perissomasticini (Tineidae). A 'coevolutionary' history is supported in terms of Lepidoptera and angiosperms sharing common biogeographic (spatiotemporal) characters associated with the pre-Cretaceous tectonic history of major ocean and sea basins. The lack of congruent higher level Lepidoptera-angiosperm phylogenies emerging from systematic studies may be due to a lack of cospeciation events, but this does not exclude a close ecological and evolutionary relationship through the history of both groups.

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9

Navarro, Lionel, Anne-Élizabeth Harvey, and Hubert Morin. "Lepidoptera wing scales: a new paleoecological indicator for reconstructing spruce budworm abundance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 3 (March 2018): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0009.

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Natural disturbances have a major impact on boreal forest landscape dynamics, and although fire history is well documented at the Holocene scale, spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) (SBW) dynamics have only been known for the last three centuries. This is likely due to the difficulty in using and interpreting existing indicators (cephalic head capsules and feces). In this methodological study, we present an original approach using lepidopteran wing scales to reconstruct insect abundance. We analyzed two sediment cores from the boreal forest in central Quebec and extracted wing scales at every stratigraphic level. The required quantity of sediment for paleoecological analysis is relatively small given the large quantity of wing scales produced by Lepidoptera and their small size. Scales are well preserved due to their chitinous structure and their great variety of shapes offer a high potential for taxonomic identification. A statistical model based on the shape of scales of the three major epidemic lepidopterans in Quebec discriminated 68% of SBW scales. This indicator allows a more efficient and more precise reconstruction of SBW history with respect to the use of cephalic head capsules or feces.

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10

Whitaker, Melissa R. L., and Shayla Salzman. "Ecology and evolution of cycad‐feeding Lepidoptera." Ecology Letters 23, no. 12 (September 24, 2020): 1862–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13581.

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11

Southcott, RV. "Larvae of Leptus (Acarina : Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on higher insects of Australia and New Guinea." Invertebrate Systematics 7, no. 6 (1993): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9931473.

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Larval Leptus (Acarina : Erythraeidae) ectoparasitic on higher insects (Neuroptera. Coleoptera. Lepidoptera. Hymenoptera) are comprehensively reviewed (Diptera were considered previously) . The new species (all from Australia) comprise: L. spinalatus (from Neuroptera); L. belicolus. L. cerambycius. L. faini. L. halli. L. heleus. L. jenseni. L. orthrius. L. tarranus. L. titinius. L. truncatus. L. utheri (all from Coleoptera); L. agrotis, L. georgeae (from Lepidoptera); and L. monteithi (from Hymenoptera). A key is given to the larvae of Leptus from Australia and New Guinea . L. agrotis is an ectoparasite of Agrotis infusa (Boisduval), the bogong moth, whose larvae are an important pasture pest in south-eastern Australia; as well as the larva, the deutonymph and adult are described. Leptus boggohoranus Haitlinger is recorded from a further New Guinea species of Coleoptera. L. charon Southcott, originally described from an Australian dipteran, is recorded as ectoparasitic on an Australian larval lepidopteran (Anthela sp., Anthelidae), as well as from adult Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Leptus trucidatus (Hull, 1923), comb. nov., is proposed for Achorolophus trucidatus Hull, 1923, an adult from Western Australia.

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12

Zalucki, Myron P., Anthony R. Clarke, and Stephen B. Malcolm. "Ecology and Behavior of First Instar Larval Lepidoptera." Annual Review of Entomology 47, no. 1 (January 2002): 361–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145220.

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13

Cooney, Stuart J. N., Penny D. Olsen, and Stephen T. Garnett. "Ecology of the coprophagous mothTrisyntopa neossophilaEdwards (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)." Australian Journal of Entomology 48, no. 2 (May 2009): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00691.x.

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14

Hardke, J. T., G. M. Lorenz, and B. R. Leonard. "Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ecology in Southeastern Cotton." Journal of Integrated Pest Management 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmv009.

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15

Tabashnik, Bruce E., William D. Perreira, John S. Strazanac, and Stephen L. Montgomery. "Population Ecology of the Kamehameha Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/85.3.282.

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16

SOHN, JAE-CHEON, CONRAD LABANDEIRA, DONALD DAVIS, and CHARLES MITTER. "An annotated catalog of fossil and subfossil Lepidoptera (Insecta: Holometabola) of the world." Zootaxa 3286, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3286.1.1.

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In this catalog, we attempt to assemble all fossil records of Lepidoptera described formally or informally in the worldliterature. A total of 667 records dealing with at least 4,568 specimens have been compiled. They include descriptions of131 fossil genera and 229 fossil species, as well as 72 extant genera and 21 extant species to which some of these fossilssupposedly belong or show superficial similarity. Replacement names of two fossil genera are proposed to avoidhomonymy: Baltopsyche Sohn, gen. nov. for Palaeopsyche Sobczyk and Kobbert, 2009 and Netoxena Sohn, gen. nov. forXena Martins-Neto, 1999. New generic combinations are proposed for: Tortrix? destructus Cockerell, 1916, Tortrixflorissantanus Cockerell, 1907, and Tortrix sp. sensu Gravenhorst (1835), all three to Tortricites Kozlov, 1988;Pterophorus oligocenicus Bigot, Nel and Nel, 1986, to Merrifieldia Tutt, 1905; Aporia sp. sensu Branscheid (1969) toPierites Heer, 1849; Noctua spp. sensu Hope (1836) and Lomnicki (1894), both to Noctuites Heer, 1849. Eleven namesimproperly proposed for lepidopteran fossils are invalidated: Baltonides roeselliformis Skalski in Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Popiolek, 1981; Baltodines Kupryjanowicz, 2001; Barbarothea Scudder, 1890; Lepidopterites Piton,1936; Palaeozygaena Reiss, 1936; Psamateia calipsa Martins-Neto, 2002; Saxibatinca meyi Skalski in Kristensen andSkalski, 1998; Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1976; Thanatites juvenalis Scudder, 1875; Tortricibaltia diakonoffiSkalski, 1976; and Zygaenites Reiss, 1936. An unnecessary subsequent type designation for Pierites Heer, 1849, isdiscussed. A total of 129 records include lepidopteran fossils which cannot be placed in any taxonomic rank. There alsoexist at least 25 fossil records which lack any evidence of the supposed lepidopteran association. Misidentified specimens,including 18 fossil genera, 29 fossil species and 12 unnamed fossils, are excluded from Lepidoptera. All the knownlepidopteran fossils are annotated by fossil type, specimen deposition, excavation locality, association with plants when present, and geological age. A bibliographic list of lepidopteran fossils is provided.

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17

SELTMANN, KATJA C., NEIL S. COBB, LAWRENCE F. GALL, CHARLES R. BARTLETT, M. ANNE BASHAM, ISABELLE BETANCOURT, CHRISTY BILLS, et al. "LepNet: The Lepidoptera of North America Network." Zootaxa 4247, no. 1 (March 23, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4247.1.10.

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The Lepidoptera of North America Network, or LepNet, is a digitization effort recently launched to mobilize biodiversity data from 3 million specimens of butterflies and moths in United States natural history collections (http://www.lep-net.org/). LepNet was initially conceived as a North American effort but the project seeks collaborations with museums and other organizations worldwide. The overall goal is to transform Lepidoptera specimen data into readily available digital formats to foster global research in taxonomy, ecology and evolutionary biology.

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18

Hauser, Erwin. "Ecology of the Parasitoids of Taleporia tubulosa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea; Lepidoptera: Psychidae)." Entomologia Generalis 18, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1994): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/18/1994/227.

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19

Soszyńska-Maj, Agnieszka, and Jarosław Buszko. "Lepidoptera recorded on snow in Central Poland." Entomologica Fennica 22, no. 1 (August 15, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84541.

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Sixteen species of Lepidoptera, belonging to 10 families, were recorded on snow in Central Poland. Two episodes of mass occurrence on snow were observed: adults of Operophtera brumata and larvae of Euthrix potatoria. Twelve species were recorded from snow for the first time in general. Three ecological groups of snow active Lepidoptera were distinguished: 1) autumn and winter active moths, 2) overwintering species which could be periodically activated from diapause, and 3) early spring active species. The ecology of winter active Lepidoptera is discussed. All were classified as chionoxenes, while O. brumata was considered as the moth most regularly recorded on snow andmost likely to be met in winter.

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Ferreira, Bruno G., and Rosy M. S. Isaias. "Developmental stem anatomy and tissue redifferentiation induced by a galling Lepidoptera on Marcetia taxifolia (Melastomataceae)." Botany 91, no. 11 (November 2013): 752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0125.

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The developmental anatomy of the stems of Marcetia taxifolia (A. St.-Hil.) DC. fits the patterns described for other Melastomataceae. The galling effect of the Lepidoptera caused discrete structural alterations and conspicuous histochemical profiles. Epidermis and cortical parenchyma were hyperplasic with hypertrophied cells. The vascular system showed smaller changes. Tracheal elements did not change in width, refuting the constriction hypothesis, i.e., no improvement in water supply occurs in this gall system. Fiber lignification increased, providing additional support for the gall structure. A true nutritive tissue was redifferentiated from pith cells and accumulated two groups of metabolites. The first, consisting of starch, reducing sugars, and polyphenols, was detected in the outer cell layers, and the second, consisting of lipids and terpenoids, was detected in the inner ones. Histochemical analysis revealed that the distribution of these compounds formed gradients, with the first group being more concentrated outwards, and the second being more concentrated inwards. These gradients differ from those described for other insect galls and seem to be specific for lepidopteran galls. This is the first description of such a gradient in Lepidoptera-induced galls and shows that the current view that these galls are simple and nonnutritive should be changed.

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21

Rahbé, Y., and G. Bonnot. "La gestion des acides aminés aromatiques chez les Lépidoptères." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-207.

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Lepidoptera, like other insects (sensu stricto, i.e., without their possible symbionts), require an exogenous input of aromatic nuclei. Phenylalanine must thus be considered as an essential amino acid; however, the most important aromatic metabolite is tyrosine. In addition to being incorporated into proteins, tyrosine goes through specific stages that are either transitory (storage or mobilization forms) or terminal in some of the major functional pathways in insects (generally through previous hydroxylation into catecholic substances). Some polypeptids incorporate tyrosyl residues either for structural or for metabolic storage purposes. Studies on insect neurochemistry have revealed the existence of neuroactive phenolamines and catecholamines. Although the chemistry of melanin formation is important in understanding certain physiological phenomena that affect both larval and adult Lepidoptera, it has never been studied in detail because of its complexity. Biochemical studies of sclerotization, which have been extensive during the past 20 years, have recently revealed several specific lepidopteran characteristics. Lepidoptera use a specific transitory storage form of tyrosine, β-D-glycopyranosyl-O-tyrosine, and the process of N-acylation, which affects dopamine at the time of nymphal ecdysis, leads to the formation of N-β-alanyldopamine instead of N-acetyldopamine as was shown by classic studies on Diptera. Moreover, differential activation of these metabolic pathways in the course of ontogenesis brings about a marked temporal compartmentalization. Many phases of tyrosine biochemistry are thus recognized in the development of Lepidoptera.[Journal translation]

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Ioriatti, C., G. Anfora, M. Tasin, A. De Cristofaro, P. Witzgall, and A. Lucchi. "Chemical Ecology and Management of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 104, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec10443.

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Niogret, Jerome, Arni Ekayanti, Keith Ingram, Smilja Lambert, Paul E. Kendra, Hans Alborn, and Nancy D. Epsky. "Development and Behavioral Ecology of Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." Florida Entomologist 102, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.102.0214.

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Gahukar, R. T. "Population Ecology of Acigona ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Senegal." Environmental Entomology 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.3.558.

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25

Nealis, V. G. "Comparative ecology of conifer-feeding spruce budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (May 29, 2015): S33—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.15.

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AbstractThe comparative ecology of conifer-feeding budworms in the genusChoristoneuraLederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canada is reviewed with emphasis on publications since 1980. Systematics and life history are updated and historical outbreak patterns and their current interpretation summarised. Recent evidence is analysed in the context of ecological interactions among three trophic levels; host plant, budworm herbivore, and natural enemies. The influence of weather and climate are viewed as modulating factors. The population behaviour of budworms is interpreted as the result of tri-trophic interactions that vary at different scales. The result of these multi-scale interactions is that despite shared phylogenetic constraints and common adaptations, different budworm species display different population behaviour because of specific ecological relationships with their respective hosts and natural enemies.

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WU, LINGLING, XIAOLI JIANG, FENGJIAO XIE, SAIMA KAUSAR, DAN LIANG, GUOQING WEI, BAOJIAN ZHU, LEI WANG, CHAOLIANG LIU, and CEN QIAN. "The mitochondrial genome of Smerinthus planus (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and its comparative analysis with other Lepidoptera species." Zootaxa 4821, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4821.3.6.

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In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Smerinthus planus Walker (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) was sequenced and analyzed to add additional traits for expanding our knowledge on systematics and phylogenetics of world-wide studied Sphingidae moths. The mitochondrial genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, 15368 bp in size. It includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, twenty-two transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and an adenine (A) + thymine (T) rich region. All the PCGs start with the typical ATN start codons, except for the nad5 gene, which initiates with TTA. The codon usage analysis revealed that Phe, Ile, Lys, Leu, Asn, and Tys were the most common amino acids, while Cys and Trp were least common. Among the 13 PCGs, nine genes harbor the complete termination codon TAA, whereas the remaining four genes (nad1, cob, nad4, and nad3) terminate with TAG. The A+T rich region of S. planus is 318 bp. This region displays the highest A+T rich content, accounting for 91.50%, with both AT skew (-0.09) and GC skew (-0.26) are negative. Like other Lepidopterans, the A+T-rich region of the S. planus also contains some conserved regions, including the motif ‘ATAGA’ followed by an 18 bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)8 and a poly-A element. Phylogenetic relationships, based on nucleotide sequences from the genomes of 31 species, confirmed that S. planus belong to the Sphingidae family. This study is aimed to improve the mitochondrial genome database of moths and provide valuable information for studying the genetic evolution and phylogeny of Lepidopteran species.

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Kelber, Almut, and Anna Balkenius. "Sinnesökologie der Futteraufnahme des Taubenschwänzchens Macroglossum stellatarum (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)." Entomologia Generalis 29, no. 2-4 (January 1, 2007): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/29/2007/97.

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Loera-Padilla, Francisco Javier, Iván Díaz-Pacheco, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, Edmundo Carlos López-Barbosa, Livia Socorro León Paniagua, and Carlos Armando Tena-Morelos. "HÁBITOS ALIMENTICIOS DEL MURCIÉLAGO MICROENDÉMICO Rhogeessa mira Laval, 1973 (CHIROPTERA: VESPERTILIONIDAE), MICHOACÁN, MÉXICO." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2017.1.1.240.

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RESUMENSe analizó el contenido estomacal de cinco ejemplares del murciélago amarillo de "El Infiernillo" (Rhogeessa mira Laval, 1973), procedentes de una nueva localidad de estudio El Zapoteco-Zicuirán, municipio de La Huacana, Michoacán, México. Anteriormente solo se habían reportado fragmentos de individuos de insectos pertenecientes a las familias Tachinidae, Therevidae (Diptera) y Lepidoptera. Los resultados del presente análisis, confirman la ingesta de insectos de los órdenes: Diptera y Lepidoptera, adicionando individuos de Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera y Blattodea, así como del orden Psocoptera y de la subclase Acari, posiblemente ingeridas de manera accidental. El orden Coleoptera representó más del 60% de consumo en todos los individuos revisados, lo que lo convierte en el grupo más abundante en el contenido digestivo del murciélago.Palabras clave: contenido estomacal, Cuenca del Bajo Balsas, ecología, insectívoro, microendémico, murciélago amarillo del Balsas.ABSTRACTThe stomach contents of five the Balsas´s yellow bats (Rhogeessa mira Laval, 1973), from a new study site were analyzed: The Zapoteco-Zicuirán, municipality of La Huacana, Michoacan, Mexico. Previously, there have been recorded fragments pertaining to individuals within the Arhtropoda family’s Techinidae and Therevidae (Diptera) and the order Lepidoptera. The results from the food content analysis confirmed the presence of insects within the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Blattodea, Psocoptera, and the subclass Acari possibly accidentally ingested. The order Coleoptera accounted for over 60% of consumption in all of the studied specimens, turning it into the most abundant group in the bats digestive content.Key words: stomachal contents, Basin lower Balsas, ecology, insectivore, microendemic Balsas´s yellow bat – least yellow bat.

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Halperin, Josef, and Manes Wysoki. "On biology and ecology ofUresiphita limbalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Israel." Zoology in the Middle East 35, no. 1 (January 2005): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2005.10638107.

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Reavey, Duncan. "Egg size, first instar behaviour and the ecology of Lepidoptera." Journal of Zoology 227, no. 2 (June 1992): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04823.x.

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Myers, Judith H., and Jenny S. Cory. "Ecology and evolution of pathogens in natural populations of Lepidoptera." Evolutionary Applications 9, no. 1 (November 23, 2015): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12328.

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Boppr�, Michael. "Lepidoptera and pyrrolizidine alkaloids Exemplification of complexity in chemical ecology." Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, no. 1 (January 1990): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01021277.

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Pohl, Gregory R., Jean-François Landry, B. Chris Schmidt, and Jeremy R. deWaard. "Lepidoptera of Canada." ZooKeys 819 (January 24, 2019): 463–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.819.27259.

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The known Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) of the provinces and territories of Canada are summarised, and current knowledge is compared to the state of knowledge in 1979. A total of 5405 species are known to occur in Canada in 81 families, and a further 50 species have been reported but are unconfirmed. This represents an increase of 1348 species since 1979. The DNA barcodes available for Canadian Lepidoptera are also tabulated, based on a dataset of 148,314 specimens corresponding to 5842 distinct clusters. A further yet-undiscovered 1400 species of Lepidoptera are estimated to occur in Canada. The Gelechioidea are the most poorly known major lineage of Lepidoptera in Canada. Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia are thought to show the greatest deficit in our knowledge of Lepidoptera. The unglaciated portions of the Yukon (Beringia), and the Pacific Maritime, Montane Cordillera, and Western Interior Basin ecozones of British Columbia are also identified as hotbeds of undescribed biodiversity.

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CALLAGHAN, CURTIS JOHN, JORGE LLORENTE-BOUSQUETS, and A. LUIS-MARTINEZ. "A new Mexican Mesene (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae)." Zootaxa 2896, no. 1 (May 28, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2896.1.6.

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A new species of Riodinidae, Mesene jimena sp. nov., is described from the Pacific slope in southern Mexico, including notes on its habits, habitat and distribution. A comparison is made with its close relative, Mesene margaretta (A. White, 1843), found in southeastern Mexico (Atlantic slope) and Chiapas State. In addition to morphology, other criteria are discussed including behavior and related structures, spatial and temporal factors, comparison of distribution with areas of endemism and ecology. These factors were examined for the new taxon and found to confirm its status.

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McElfresh, J. Steven, Jardel A. Moreira, Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell, David H. Headrick, John M. Heraty, Marta Guillén, and Jocelyn G. Millar. "Novel Lepidopteran Sex Pheromone Components From Marmara gulosa (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0215.

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SAMIRA, KACHA, DJERBAOUI MALIKA, MARNICHE FAIZA, DE PRINS WILLY, RAMDANI MOHAMMED, ROGER FLOWER, and MOULAÏ RIADH. "Diversity and abundance of Lepidoptera populations in the Theniet El Had National Park (Algeria)." Zootaxa 4743, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.1.3.

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An inventory of Lepidoptera in the Theniet El Had National Park (PNTEH), Algeria, revealed 86 taxa, both butterflies and moths. The specimens were collected in 68 localities distributed over ten cantons within the park in the period 2015–2017. A preliminary faunistic list is compiled as a base-line contribution to the study of adult Lepidoptera in this park. In total, 3139 specimens were collected. The moths are clearly well diversified, with 14 families and 49 species obtained from a total of 1485 adult specimens. The butterflies are represented by 5 families with 37 species and 1654 specimens. A total of 8 families are reported for the first time from this park, in order of abundance: Zygaenidae, Hesperiidae, Crambidae, Alucitidae, Heterogynidae, Sesiidae, Oecophoridae, and Cossidae. Also 61 species are recorded here for the first time for the park. The most diverse family is Nymphalidae with 15 taxa (23% of the total species). On the other hand, the Erebidae are represented by 894 specimens (28.5% of the total number of specimens. Within the Erebidae, the genus Catocala contains the highest number of individuals (794 specimens). The canton of Pré-Ben Chouhra is quantitatively the best represented with 625 specimens (19.9% of the total number of specimens collected) and the Nursery canton as the richest in lepidopteran species with 72 species observed. The diversity indices (H’ and Hmax.) and the equitability index (E), calculated for the 10 cantons indicate that lepidopteran species are diverse in each station.

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Gregory, T. Ryan, and Paul D. N. Hebert. "Genome size variation in lepidopteran insects." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-126.

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Little information is available on genome size diversity among insects, even in otherwise well-studied groups such as the Lepidoptera. In fact, only six lepidopteran species have been studied to date. The present study therefore represents the first attempt to survey genome size variation in this group, giving estimates for more than 50 species and increasing the coverage of the order to 15 families. Based on this expanded data set, some interesting patterns of variation can be observed, albeit only in a preliminary way. By providing the first large survey of lepidopteran genome sizes, as well as some methodological guidelines and highlights of interesting future work, it is hoped that this study will stimulate further analysis of this diverse group of insects.

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Castellani, Tânia Tarabini, and Fernanda Faraco d'Eça-Neves. "Population ecology of Paepalanthus polyanthus: predispersal hazards and seed production." Acta Botanica Brasilica 14, no. 3 (December 2000): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062000000300008.

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This study aimed at evaluating seed production and predispersal hazards in a sand dune population of P. polyanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in Southern Brazil. Bad development of flowering capitula was caused by the wind and by interference among umbels. A positive correlation between the proportion of atrophied capitula and the number of capitula/umbels also suggested resource limitation. A caterpillar of a Recurvaria Haworth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) species that eats flowers and a boring caterpillar (Lepidoptera not identified) were the main herbivores. Plants reproducing during the flowering peak had a lower probability of being damaged by Recurvaria sp., suggesting an escape from herbivores by flowering synchronism. The proportion of capitula damaged by herbivores was low, causing a reduction of about 5% in the seed set/plant. The boring caterpillar may or may not cause umbel abortion. When the abortion occurs, seed production is reduced by 12%. Many capitula with no damage and individual flowers (up to 50%) did not produce seeds. Pollination failure could be related to this low rate of seed set. We discuss the fact that the low recruitment of seedlings reported for populations of P. polyanthus did not seem to be limited by seed rain, which was estimated at an average of 8000 seeds/plant even when herbivore damage occurred.

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Barrett, J. W., T. R. Ladd, M. J. Primavera, A. Retnakaran, S. S. Sohi, and S. R. Palli. "NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS PATHOLOGY IN SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 5 (October 2000): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132581-5.

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AbstractChoristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) expressing green fluorescent protein was used to study aspects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in the spruce budworm. The temporal and spatial distribution of fluorescence indicated that the virus infected the midgut, entered the tracheal system, and traveled to the epidermis, fat body, and muscles. In contrast to Autographa californica (Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infection, hemocytes from infected C. fumiferana did not exhibit fluorescence until after CfMNPV had passed from the midgut into the tracheae. Therefore the role of hemocytes may be limited during CfMNPV infection. Also the fluorescence pattern spread from the tracheolar cells to tracheal epithelial cells throughout the tracheal system. Our results indicate that the temporal and spatial events involved in CfMNPV infection of C. fumiferana larvae are consistent with those observed in other lepidopteran hosts infected with AcMNPV Minor deviations between these two systems may be attributed to differences in virulence, infection rate, and possibly host range of the virus.

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Klem, Crystal C., and Jennifer Zaspel. "Pest Injury Guilds, Lepidoptera, and Placing Fruit-Piercing Moths in Context: A Review." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz031.

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Abstract The pest status of insects in agricultural settings is human-defined based on behaviors that may negatively impact the yield of susceptible crops. As such, both the insect behavior and the affected crop play a part in determining pest status. One helpful means of understanding pest status involves using pest injury guilds, which distinguish different pest groups based on similar kinds of injury to comparable plant tissues. Pest injury guilds defined in the literature are reviewed and then applied to agriculturally significant Lepidoptera. More specialized Lepidoptera behaviors which are economically relevant, such as leaf-rolling or stem-boring, are examined within their respective injury guilds. In this review, fruit-piercing moths are discussed within the context of pest Lepidoptera behaviors and are highlighted due to their unique means of causing economic damage. Unlike other Lepidoptera in agricultural settings, fruit-piercing moths are harmful as adults rather than larvae, and directly injure fruits using a specially adapted proboscis. The ecology and systematics of fruit-piercing moths, as well as current control options, are also discussed.

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Kristensen, Niels P., and Thomas J. Simonsen. "Agathiphaga wing vestiture revisited: evidence for complex early evolution of lepidopteran scales (Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 32, no. 2 (2001): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631201x00128.

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AbstractAgathiphaga moths lack microtrichiation on most of the fore-wing upperside (apart from a basal anterior area), while it well developed on the hind-wing upperside and on the underside of both wing pairs. Scales on the fore-wing upperside largely occur in clusters, which then often comprise one larger, notched/truncate and pigmented 'cover' scale, and one or more smaller, weakly pigmented/unpigmented, smoothly rounded 'ground' scale. The former scale type proved to be hollow and have trabeculae in the inner lumen. However, it has no perforations in the abwing lamella; hence the absence of such perforations (ore even vestiges thereof, in the form of small depressions) from a scale is not necessarily indicative that it is of the solid type. The ground scales, like all hind-wing and underside scales, are of the commonplace solid type which is of general occurrence in non-glossatan moths. Evolutionary aspects of scale morphology in basal moths are discussed. The origin of hollow wing-surface scales cannot have been a single, unreversed event, but independent evolution of this scale types in the Agathiphagidae and the Coelolepida (= Acanthopteroctetidae + Lophocoronidae + Myoglossata) remains the most parsimonious assumption.

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42

Pavey, Chris R., and Chris J. Burwell. "Foraging ecology of the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Rhinolophidae), in eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03106.

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The foraging ecology of the eastern horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus megaphyllus, was examined at five sites spread along 2100 km of its Australian distribution in coastal Queensland. Foraging strategy and prey-capture behaviour of light-tagged bats were similar across sites. Bats were observed foraging during continuous flight at all sites, whereas perch hunting was observed (rarely) at only one site. Bats captured insects by aerial hawking, with a single record of gleaning. In rainforest bats spent most time close to vegetation whereas openings were favoured in open forest/woodland. Only flying insects were captured and, although a wide range of taxa was taken, Lepidoptera (all sites) and Coleoptera (all sites except one) were the primary prey. Occurrence in faeces of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other taxa combined, varied across sites and across seasons, but there was no three-way interaction between taxon, site and season. Comparison of insect taxa in faeces with those captured in a light-trap set at foraging grounds indicated that insects were selectively captured by R. megaphyllus. The foraging ecology of R. megaphyllus is similar to that of other horseshoe bats in its relative stability across a large geographic range. Although the species is currently not of conservation concern in Australia, aspects of its foraging ecology suggest that it may become regionally threatened in areas with high levels of vegetation clearance.

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Pavey, C. R. "Foraging Ecology of the Two Taxa of Large-Eared Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus philippinensis, on Cape York Peninsula." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99135.

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Diet, foraging behaviour, and hunting habitat of a small sample of large-eared horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus philippinensis, were studied on Cape York Peninsula. Faeces of three pregnant females of the large form of the species contained Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera. Lepidoptera were present in all faeces examined (n=32) and had a high percent volume in most faeces. Upon release, the females were briefly observed hunting while in flight. A radio tagged male of the small form foraged during continuous flight both in rainforest and around buildings in a rainforest clearing, where insects were attracted to artificial light. When hunting around light, the bat captured insects (moths) by aerial pursuit and, on one occasion, through gleaning from the ground. Foraging ecology of the two taxa was similar to that of sympatric Rhinolophus megaphyllus.

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Schmid, Rudolf, and J. D. Holloway. "A Survey of the Lepidoptera, Biogeography and Ecology of New Caledonia." Taxon 34, no. 2 (May 1985): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221829.

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45

Rice, Marlin E., and Paula Davis. "Stalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ecology and Integrated Pest Management in Corn." Journal of Integrated Pest Management 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): C1—C6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ipm10006.

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46

Rensburg, J. B. J. Van, M. C. Walters, and J. H. Giliomee. "Ecology of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, no. 2 (June 1987): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300011731.

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AbstractNew information on the intraseasonal progression of larval infestations of Busseola fusca (Fuller) in South Africa was obtained through repeated sampling in maize plantings of different planting dates over various seasons. Due to the occurrence of distinct periods of moth flight, variation in planting date had a marked influence on levels of larval infestation. Also, plants were found to be most attractive as sites for oviposition between three and five weeks after emergence, resulting in a definite pattern in the time distribution of different larval instars in different plant parts. In the pre-tassel stage of plant development, most larvae occurred in localized groups within the whorls, reaching maximum numbers eight weeks after plant emergence. The emergence of the tassel forced some larvae to migrate to adjacent plants, resulting in an increase of internally damaged plants without an increase in larval numbers. It is shown that scouting for eggs over a limited period of plant development can lead to better timing of spray applications and thus to more cost-effective control measures.

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Pierce, Naomi E., Michael F. Braby, Alan Heath, David J. Lohman, John Mathew, Douglas B. Rand, and Mark A. Travassos. "The Ecology and Evolution of Ant Association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)." Annual Review of Entomology 47, no. 1 (January 2002): 733–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257.

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Cronin, James T. "Spatial Ecology of the Palm-Leaf Skeletonizer, Homaledra sabelella (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae)." PLoS ONE 6, no. 7 (July 22, 2011): e22331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022331.

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Boyes, Douglas H., and Owen T. Lewis. "Ecology of Lepidoptera associated with bird nests in mid-Wales, UK." Ecological Entomology 44, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12669.

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50

Gudin, Filipe Macedo, and Isabela Maciel Monteiro Carneiro. "An overview of hosts of the New World genus Leschenaultia (Diptera: Tachinidae), with a new record for L. bicolor in Halysidota pearsoni (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Brazil." Canadian Entomologist 152, no. 6 (September 8, 2020): 734–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.46.

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AbstractSpecimens of the New World genus Leschenaultia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitise a wide range of lepidopteran hosts, including economically important pests. The female flies are attracted to volatile compounds released by host plants in response to the herbivory of caterpillars. They deposit microtype eggs on the leaves, which are then ingested by the hosts. We record a new host for L. bicolor (Macquart), obtained from Halysidota pearsoni Watson (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The record is described herein and a comparative diagnosis for the identification of this parasitoid is provided, with discussion on similar species of the genus. The male and female terminalia of L. bicolor are fully described and illustrated for the first time. We also review and update the host records for Leschenaultia in an annotated host catalogue. At least nine species of Leschenaultia are recorded from 53 species of Lepidoptera, including the families Apatelodidae, Erebidae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae. Finally, we provide an overview of host use and host associations.

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