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1

Bemis, William E. "Convergent evolution of jaw-opening muscles in lepidosirenid lungfishes and tetrapods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 11 (1987): 2814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-425.

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Lepidosiren and Protopterus have a jaw-opening muscle which is topographically and functionally similar to the depressor mandibulae of salamanders. The similarity is so close that it poses the question whether the lepidosirenid jaw-opening system is homologous to that of tetrapods. New information presented here confirms that the muscle is absent in Neoceratodus forsteri, the living sister species of Lepidosiren and Protopterus, and paleontological evidence shows that the muscle was absent in phylogenetically primitive lungfishes. There are also developmental differences between the mandibular depressor of lepidosirenids and the depressor mandibulae of tetrapods. Based on this, I conclude that the mandibular depressor of lepidosirenids has evolved independently from the functionally equivalent muscle of amphibians.
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2

Dalquest, Walter W., M. John Kocurko, and John V. Grimes. "Aspects of the postcranial skeleton of the Lower Permian lungfish, Gnathorhiza." Journal of Paleontology 63, no. 6 (1989): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000036623.

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A newly discovered locality of aestivation burrow casts containing the lungfish, Gnathorhiza serrata, is reported from the early Permian Arroyo Formation of Wilbarger County, north-central Texas. Remains preserved in the burrow casts provide sections of mummified Gnathorhiza and new information about the postcranial skeleton of this fish. Scales of Gnathorhiza resemble those of the modern lungfishes such as Lepidosiren in their microanatomy. No traces of paddle-like pectoral or pelvic fins were found and paired fins of Gnathorhiza may have resembled those of Lepidosiren. The axial skeleton and median fins of Gnathorhiza seem to resemble those of Lepidosiren except that the tail area and caudal fin of Gnathorhiza were stout and strong rather than slender and tapering. Gnathorhiza, which aestivated tail-down in its burrow, may have required a stout tail for support.
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3

Lankester, E. Ray. "On the Lepidosiren of Paraguay, and on the external characters of Lepidosiren and Protopterus." Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 14, no. 2 (2010): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1896.tb00055.x.

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4

Lainson, R., and Lucia Ribeiro. "Eimeria lepidosirenis n.sp. (Apicomplexa:Eimeriidae) of the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa (Osteichthyes:Dipnoi) from Amazonian Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101, no. 3 (2006): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762006000300018.

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5

Goeldi, Emil A. "Further Notes on the Amazonian Lepidosiren." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 66, no. 4 (2009): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb03189.x.

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6

Fullarton, Margaret H. "59. Notes on the Respiration of Lepidosiren." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 101, no. 4 (2009): 1301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01061.x.

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7

Doggett, T. A. "6.8 Leucocytes of the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 13, no. 4 (1989): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(89)90135-3.

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8

Ribeiro, Maria Lucia da S., Renato A. DaMatta, José A. P. Diniz, Wanderley de Souza, Jose Luiz M. do Nascimento, and Tecia Maria U. de Carvalho. "Blood and inflammatory cells of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 23, no. 1 (2007): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.005.

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9

Arantes, Fábio Pereira, José Enemir Santos, and Nilo Bazzoli. "Primeiro registro de Lepidosiren paradoxa, (Lepidosireniformes: Lepidosirenidae) para a o Rio Paraopeba, Bacia do Rio São Francisco, Brasil." Conexão Ciência (Online) 11, no. 1 (2016): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24862/cco.v11i1.402.

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A introdução de peixes não nativos em águas interiores é uma das principais ameaças à biodiversidade. Espécies introduzidas podem competir por recursos, predar a fauna nativa, transmitir doenças, hibridização e parasitas. Lepidosiren paradoxa, popularmente conhecido como piramboia, é o único representante sul americano do grupo dos dipnoicos, verdadeiros peixes pulmonados, sendo sua área de abrangência natural, as bacias do rio Amazonas, do rio Paraguai, no baixo Paraná e do rio Orinoco. Como todas as espécies exóticas ou alóctones introduzidas fora de seu ambiente natural, é um potencial invasor aos ambientes aquáticos. Este trabalho registra a primeira ocorrência de Lepidosiren paradoxa no rio Paraopeba, bacia do rio São Francisco, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os exemplares de L. paradoxa descritos no presente trabalho e identificado de acordo com a literatura especializada foram capturados em uma lagoa marginal (margem esquerda) do rio Paraopeba chamada de lagoa Chiqueiro (19o21’52,5”S - 44o32’26,5”W), localizada no município de Papagaios, e a uma profundidade de 3 m. Foi utilizada na captura rede de emalhar de nylon com malhas de 8 cm entre nós opostos. O presente trabalho aumenta a lista de espécies introduzidas na bacia do rio Paraopeba e serve de alerta sobre os potenciais impactos da introdução de peixes sobre a ictiofauna nativa.
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10

Romano, Luis, and Virgínia Pedrosa. "Leucism in South American Lungfishes Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837 (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi, Lepidosirenidae) from Argentina." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 13, no. 1 (2020): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i1p51-52.

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11

Vallone, Evelyn Romina. "New locality for Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837 (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae) in Argentina." Check List 13, no. 3 (2017): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2118.

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In this study has document a new locality and thus a southern extension of the distribution of the lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa to the coast of the Entre Rios Province in the lower Paraná River. This finding increases the range of L. paradoxa by approximately 500 km and represents the third southern record of this species on the south of South America. Additionally, as this region has been relatively well sampled both during past decades and currently, I discuss possible reasons why this range extension has been observed only recently.
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12

Kerr, J. Graham. "On the Male Genito-Urinary Organs of the Lepidosiren and Protopterus." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 71, no. 2 (2010): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1902.tb08184.x.

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13

Huxley, T. H. "1. On the Position of the Anterior Nasal Apertures in Lepidosiren." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 44, no. 1 (2009): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1876.tb02552.x.

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14

Machado, Lúcio Paulo, Helmut Wellendorf, and Paulo M. Brito. "On the type material of Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837 (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi)." Comptes Rendus Biologies 333, no. 1 (2010): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2009.10.005.

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15

Axelsson, Michael, Augusto S. Abe, José Eduardo, P. W. Bicudo, and Stefan Nilsson. "On the cardiac control in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 93, no. 3 (1989): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(89)90010-8.

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16

Endo, Makoto. "Histological and enzymatic studies on the nephron of the lungfish,Lepidosiren paradoxa." Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 33, no. 3 (1986): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02904165.

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17

Pala, G., T. H. V. Farias, L. O. Alves, and E. G. Lux Hoppe. "The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa as a new host for Trichodina quelenii." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 2 (2019): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.185235.

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Abstract Recently, the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa is being found inside aquaculture ponds, and even though there are a few studies on their parasite fauna, there is still much to be reported. Thus, the objective of this study is to report parasitism by trichodinids in L. paradoxa, as these ciliate protozoa are related to injuries and mortality in fish farming. The lungfish were collected from experimental tanks, had their tegument scraped and the resultant mucus was analyzed under an optical microscope for morphological and morphometrical analyses in Giemsa and silver nitrate stained slides. The species found was identified as Trichodina quelleni. This is the first report of this parasite in L. paradoxa, and the second report in cultivated fish in Brazil.
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18

Chaves, Paulo de Tarso da Cunha. "Aspectos do desenvolvimento ovocitário no peixe-pulmonado Sul-americano, Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger (Dipnoi)." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 9, no. 1-2 (1992): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751992000100011.

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19

Bishop, I. R., and G. E. H. Foxon. "The mechanism of breathing in the South Asmerican lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa; radiological study." Journal of Zoology 154, no. 3 (2009): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb01663.x.

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20

Morgan, M., and D. E. Wright. "Morphology of central compartment and vasculature of the gills of Lepidosiren paradoxa (Fitzinger)." Journal of Fish Biology 34, no. 6 (1989): 875–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03371.x.

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21

Bemis, W. E., and George V. Lauder. "Morphology and function of the feeding apparatus of the lungfish,Lepidosiren paradoxa (Dipnoi)." Journal of Morphology 187, no. 1 (1986): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051870108.

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22

de Moraes, Marcos F. P. G., Sabine Höller, Oscar T. F. da Costa, Mogens L. Glass, Marisa N. Fernandes, and Steven F. Perry. "Morphometric Comparison of the Respiratory Organs in the South American Lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa (Dipnoi)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78, no. 4 (2005): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/430686.

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23

Bridge, T. W. "On the Morphology of the Skull in the. Paraguayan Lepidosiren and in other Dipnoids." Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 14, no. 5 (2010): 325–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb00061.x.

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24

Minto, Walter J., Humberto Giusti, Mogens L. Glass, Wilfried Klein, and Glauber S. F. da Silva. "Buccal jet streaming and dead space determination in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 235 (September 2019): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.026.

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25

Visconti, Maria A., and Ana Maria de L. Castrucci. "Melanotropin receptors in the cartilaginous fish, Potamotrygon reticulatus and in the lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 106, no. 2 (1993): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90173-i.

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26

Carvalho, Margarida Lima, Claudio Oliveira, and Fausto Foresti. "Nuclear DNA content of thirty species of Neotropical fishes." Genetics and Molecular Biology 21, no. 1 (1998): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571998000100009.

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The present paper reports nuclear DNA content in 30 Neotropical freshwater fish species and summarizes the data on other Neotropical species presented in the literature. Among Neotropical fishes, the nuclear DNA content ranges from 1.04 ± 0.09 pg/nucleus in Corydoras cf. simulatus (2n = 62) to 248.0 pg/nucleus in Lepidosiren paradoxa (2n = 38). A general analysis of the data obtained in the present study for each species showed that DNA measurements were practically constant at the individual level, while significant differences were observed among individuals of the same population. This observation was valid for all species analyzed and was more evident in those species that presented other karyotypic particularities such as sex chromosomes or supernumerary chromosomes. The importance of changes in nuclear DNA content in the evolutionary process of Neotropical fishes is discussed.
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27

da Silva, Glauber S. F., Humberto Giusti, Luiz G. S. Branco, and Mogens L. Glass. "Combined ventilatory responses to aerial hypoxia and temperature in the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa." Journal of Thermal Biology 36, no. 8 (2011): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.09.004.

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28

Amin-Naves, J., H. Giusti, A. Hoffmann, and M. L. Glass. "Central ventilatory control in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa: contributions of pH and CO2." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 177, no. 5 (2007): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-007-0151-x.

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29

Amin-Naves, J., H. Giusti, A. Hoffmann, and M. L. Glass. "Components to the acid–base related ventilatory drives in the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 155, no. 1 (2007): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2006.03.003.

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30

Almeida-Val, V. M. F., L. S. B. Mesquita-Saad, M. A. B. Leitão, M. N. Paula-Silva, and A. R. Chippari-Gomes. "Specialized metabolism and biochemical suppression during aestivation of the extant South American lungfish — Lepidosiren paradoxa." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 126 (July 2000): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(00)80003-6.

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31

Di Pietro, Santiago M., and José A. Santomé. "Structural and Biochemical Characterization of the Lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) Liver Basic Fatty Acid Binding Protein." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 388, no. 1 (2001): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2277.

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32

Chiba, Akira, Shunya Oka, Yoshiharu Honma, and Mikio Ishiyama. "Ultrastructure of the agranular cells in the adenohypophysis of the South American lungfish,Lepidosiren paradoxa." Journal of Morphology 207, no. 1 (1991): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052070109.

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33

MESQUITA-SAAD, L. S. B., M. A. B. LEITÃO, M. N. PAULA-SILVA, A. R. CHIPPARI-GOMES, and V. M. F. ALMEIDA-VAL. "Specialized metabolism and biochemical suppression during aestivation of the extant South American lungfish --Lepidosiren paradoxa." Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, no. 3 (2002): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000300014.

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Lepidosiren paradoxa (pirambóia) is the single representative of Dipnoan (lungfish) in South America. This species is considered a living fossil, in spite of some reports describing this fish as having a very specialized life style. It aestivates during the dry season, and has developed metabolic adaptations to cope with both flooding and drought. The literature describing its tissue ultra-structure shows high glycogen stored in the muscle, suggesting a strong dependence on anaerobic glycolysis. The present paper reports tissue enzyme levels of LDH, MDH, and CS, and isozymic tissue distribution of LDH, MDH, ADH, PGI, SOD, and PGM of 7 aestivating specimens from Lago do Canteiro in the Amazonas River. Animals were caught while burrowed in mud during the aestivation period. Our findings reveal high anaerobic capacity of both skeletal and heart muscles, even during the aestivation period, when enzymes showed suppressed levels compared to those of non-aestivating animals (data from the literature). Isozymic patterns suggest loss of duplicate condition in most analyzed loci, a characteristic that occurs mainly in higher vertebrate categories. These data indicate that, compared to the fish group, lungfish may be considered advanced, despite retaining primitive morphological characters.
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34

Currey, J. D., and R. M. Abeysekera. "The microhardness and fracture surface of the petrodentine of Lepidosiren (Dipnoi), and of other mineralised tissues." Archives of Oral Biology 48, no. 6 (2003): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00037-2.

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35

Bassi, Mirian, Humberto Giusti, Glauber S. da Silva, Jalile Amin-Naves, and Mogens L. Glass. "Blood gases and cardiovascular shunt in the South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) during normoxia and hyperoxia." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 173, no. 1 (2010): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.06.004.

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36

Basaglia, Fulvia. "Isozyme distribution of ten enzymes and their loci in South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 126, no. 4 (2000): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00224-8.

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37

Miller, Agnes E. "35. Note on the Tail Skeleton of Lepidosiren paradoxa, with Remarks on the Affinities of Palaespondylus." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 100, no. 3 (2009): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1930.tb00997.x.

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38

Jucá-Chagas, R. "Air breathing of the neotropical fishes Lepidosiren paradoxa, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Hoplosternum littorale during aquatic hypoxia." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 139, no. 1 (2004): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.06.019.

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39

Bassi, M., W. Klein, M. N. Fernandes, S. F. Perry, and M. L. Glass. "Pulmonary Oxygen Diffusing Capacity of the South American Lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa: Physiological Values by the Bohr Method." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78, no. 4 (2005): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/430230.

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40

Costa, Monica Jones, Claudio Dalle Olle, Jacqueline Aparecida Ratto, Luís Carlos Anelli, Ana Lúcia Kalinin, and Francisco Tadeu Rantin. "Effect of acute temperature transitions on chronotropic and inotropic responses of the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa." Journal of Thermal Biology 27, no. 1 (2002): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4565(01)00013-4.

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41

Sanchez, Adriana Paula, Anette Hoffmann, Francisco Tadeu Rantin, and Mogens Lesner Glass. "Relationship between cerebro-spinal fluid pH and pulmonary ventilation of the South American lungfish,Lepidosiren paradoxa (Fitz.)." Journal of Experimental Zoology 290, no. 4 (2001): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1083.

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42

Bielek, Edith, and Bernhard Strauss. "Ultrastructure of the granulocytes of the South American lungfish,Lepidosiren paradoxa: Morphogenesis and comparison to other leucocytes." Journal of Morphology 218, no. 1 (1993): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052180103.

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43

Sanchez, Adriana, Roseli Soncini, Tobias Wang, Pia Koldkjaer, Edwin W. Taylor, and Mogens L. Glass. "The differential cardio-respiratory responses to ambient hypoxia and systemic hypoxaemia in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 130, no. 4 (2001): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00395-6.

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44

da Silva, Glauber dos Santos Ferreira, Humberto Giusti, Adriana Paula Sanchez, Jussara Márcia do Carmo, and Mogens Lesner Glass. "Aestivation in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa: Effects on cardiovascular function, blood gases, osmolality and leptin levels." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 164, no. 3 (2008): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.08.009.

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45

Staples, J. F., W. M. Zapol, K. D. Bloch, N. Kawai, V. M. Val, and P. W. Hochachka. "Nitric oxide responses of air-breathing and water-breathing fish." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 3 (1995): R816—R819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.3.r816.

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Nitric oxide (NO), exogenously administered or endogenously produced by NO synthase (NOS), is an important regulator of lung ventilation and perfusion in mammals. This study attempts to investigate the evolutionary history of this system in fish and its possible relationship to air breathing. The gas bladder of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (air-breathing teleost) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (non-air-breathing teleost) and the lung of Lepidosiren paradoxa (air-breathing dipnoan) all exhibited elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in response to 1 microM sodium nitroprusside. Only the H. unitaeniatus gas bladder responded to 10 microM acetylcholine chloride (ACh) with increased cGMP levels. The ACh response was inhibited by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, which inhibits NOS. These data suggest that although tissues from each species may respond to exogenous NO, only the gas bladder of H. unitaeniatus appears to synthesize NO through NOS. This is the first report of constitutive NOS outside of the central nervous system in a teleost. These results also imply that NOS did not necessarily coevolve with air breathing in fish.
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46

Costa, M. J., C. D. Olle, A. L. Kalinin, and F. T. Rantin. "Role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in calcium dynamics of the ventricular myocardium of Lepidosiren paradoxa (Dipnoi) at different temperatures." Journal of Thermal Biology 29, no. 2 (2004): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2003.11.002.

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47

Zena, Lucas A., Kênia C. Bícego, Glauber S. F. da Silva, Humberto Giusti, Mogens L. Glass, and Adriana P. Sanchez. "Acute effects of temperature and hypercarbia on cutaneous and branchial gas exchange in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa." Journal of Thermal Biology 63 (January 2017): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.12.001.

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48

Di Pietro, Santiago M., and José A. Santomé. "Structural and biochemical characterization of calhepatin, an S100-like calcium-binding protein from the liver of lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa )." European Journal of Biochemistry 269, no. 14 (2002): 3433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03023.x.

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Esteves-Silva, Pedro Hugo, Maria Regina Lucas da Silva, Lucia Helena O’Dwyer, Marcos Tavares-Dias, and Lúcio André Viana. "Haemogregarina daviesensis sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) from South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa (Sarcopterygii: Lepidosirenidae) in the eastern Amazon region." Parasitology Research 118, no. 10 (2019): 2773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06430-7.

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Vita, Pedro, Laura Corral, Edilson Matos, and Carlos Azevedo. "Ultrastructural description of Agarella gracilis Dunkerly, 1915 (Myxozoa, Chloromyxidae) parasite of the dipnoan Lepidosiren paradoxa from the River Amazon." European Journal of Protistology 40, no. 3 (2004): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2004.03.001.

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