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Academic literature on the topic 'Leptine – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Leptine – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet"
Begriche, Karima. "Désordres métaboliques induits par un déficit partiel en leptine : influence du régime alimentaire et prévention." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077197.
Full textLeptin , an adipokine mainly expressed in adipose tissue, plays a central role in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Total leptin deficiency due to missense leptin (ob) gene mutation leads to morbid obesity, type 2 diabetes and massive steatosis in ob/ob mice or in men. Although total leptin deficiency is extremely rare in humans, a larger number of individuels could have low levels of leptin as the consequence of a heterozygous mutation within the ob gene (partial leptin deficiency, PLD). PLD mice (ob/+ mice) could be an experimental model to study genetic predisposition to overweight and metabolic abnormalities. In the first part of my thesis, by feeding ob/+ mice with an hypercaloric diet (HC diet), we try to show how a calorie excess can dramatically increase body fat mass and promote associated metabolic disorders. Our results clearly demonstrated that a PLD under HC feeding promotes obesity, glucose intolerance (associated with a mild insulin résistance), post-absorptive hypertriglyceridemia and steatohepatitis. In the second part of my thesis, we try to determine if a leptin supplementation or whether a β- aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA, a catabolite of thymine) administration could prevent or not most of the disorders in ob/+ mice fed the HC diet. Our results showed that leptin supplementation and BAIBA administration were susceptible to prevent totally or partially most of the metabolic disorders in ob/+ mice fed the HC diet
Niang, Fatoumata. "Effets de la leptine et de l’interféron gamma sur le métabolisme des acides gras du tissu adipeux : implication dans le diabète de type 2 et la cachexie." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T015.
Full textType-2 diabetes and cachexia are associated with adipose tissue (AT) metabolic dysfunction and increased plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) contributing to insulin resistance. In adipocytes, NEFA efflux is the result of lipolysis and NEFA re-esterification which requires glycerol-3 phosphate synthesis from non carbohydrate substrates (glyceroneogenesis). We investigated the effects of leptin, insulin and interferon gamma (INF- alone or in combination on glyceroneonegenesis, lipolysis and nitric oxide (NO) production in adipocytes or in explants from rat epididymal AT. We showed a negative crosstalk in leptin and insulin signaling pathways implicated in NO synthase III activation: IRS-1 was phosphorylated on Ser307 by leptin via PKA with subsequent Jak2 dephosphorylation induced by insulin. Leptin inhibited glycerol release during long-term treatment whereas its short-term effect was lipolytic. Additionnaly, leptin reduced glyceroneogenic flux and gene and protein expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PECPK-C), key-enzymes of lipolysis and glyceroneogenesis. Using the NOS inhibitor L-NAME and the NO donor SNAP, we determined that NO was involved in leptin regulation. Our results revealed that a 6h exposure of AT to leptin/INF- combination totally abolished the inhibition of PEPCK-C gene expression occurring during the treatment with either INF- or leptin. We suggest that the interference between leptin and insulin signaling could play a crucial role in leptin- and insulin-resistance correlated with obesity and the development of type-2 diabetes
Doenaga, Diana. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'action de Grb14 sur la différenciation, le métabolisme adipocytaire et la prolifération cellulaire." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T027.
Full textCurrently, obesity and type 2 diabetes are pathologies in full expansion in the developed countries. These two diseases are linked to insulinoresistance, phenomenon which is characterized by the loss of effectiveness of insulin action. The subject of my study, Grb14, is a molecular adapter of the Grb7 family which is expressed specifically in insulin sensitive tissues. It is an inhibitor of insulin signaling which interacts with the IR and blocks its tyrosin kinase activity. My work consisted in determining the influence of Grb14 on adipocytes function, and studying the molecular determinants of Grb14 molecular interactions in insulin signaling. I highlighted a new role of Grb14: its inhibiting influence on the secretion of leptin. New assumptions were raised in order to understand the link between Grb14 and insulin sensitivity, but also in order to determine if Grb14 could be implicated in cancer. Thus, my results showed that Grb14 is a protein which is involved in multiple cellular events
Muzard, Julien. "Glycoprotéine VI plaquettaire : développement d'un fragment d'anticorps recombinant anti-thrombotique et d'un peptido-mimétique." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077174.
Full textGlycoprotein VI (GPVI), the major receptor for platelet activation by collagens, plays an important role in arterial thrombosis, a pathologic process common to cardiovascular diseases. Inhibition of GPVI-collagen interaction could represent an attractive strategy to develop antithrombotic molecules. Two approaches were evaluated in this study : 1) Blocking GPVI with a recombinant antibody fragment, and 2) Using a soluble peptidomimetick witch compete with GPVI for binding to collagen. Strategy 1 : Starting from 9O12. 2 hybridoma secreting a monoclonal IgG, a recombinant single chain antibody fragment was design and expressed as a recombinant protein in the periplasm of bacteria. It retains the binding proprietes of the parental IgG (high affinity, neutralisation of GPVI-collagen interaction). Purified scFv is able to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen in vitro in conditions which mimick the arterial flow. The humanized scFv were next obtained an it can be use as a starting block to design a recombinant therapeutic humanized Fab fragment. Strategy 2 : After screening of a random dodecapeptide library expressed at the bacterial surface with the neutralizing antibody IgG 9O12. 2, solubles peptidomimeticks of human GPVI were identified. One of them were synthetized as constrained peptide. It binds to collagen, compete with GPVI for binding to collagen (KD=10"8M). Fibrosis (collagen accumulation) was detected in vivo using radiolabelled peptide. This capacity to bind to collagen is used to develop an non invasive isotopic imagery method for the diagnostic and the evolution of fibrosis
Bidet, Philippe. "Caractérisation génétique d'un sous-groupe hautement virulent de Escherichia coli responsable de pathologies extra-intestinales." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T020.
Full textUsing DNA-array method, we developed a PCR able to detect the highly virulent E. Coli subgroup characterized by ribotype B2i and Sequence-Type 29 (EcMLST). Combining MLST and serotyping, we were able to distinguish among E. Coli strains belonging to this subgroup and causing invasive diseases in infants, three «sequence-O-types» associated with urosepsis (STc2902), meningitis (STc29018) or both syndromes (STc29O4S). Strain S88, representative of the STC29045 emerging clone in France has been sequenced in the Coliscope project. We found that two different traits of this strain, a new O antigen and a ColV plasmid close to those of avian pathogenic strains, are essential for its virulence in a neonatal meningitis rat model. Unraveling the origin of this clone will be aided by the molecular tools we have developed
Fourmond, Vincent. "Etudes électrochimiques de chaînes de transferts d'électrons photosynthétiques : ou Vers une photoproduction biomimétique d'hydrogène." Paris 7, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361224.
Full textTo secure the energetic future of humanity, it is of crucial importance to find alternatives to fossil fuels. Optimized in hundreds of million years of evolution photosynthesis is a very efficient System to convert light into Chemical energy. Some algae are able to produce molecular hydrogen from water using photosynthetic electron-transfer chains to feed reducing power to enzymes called hydrogenases that catalyse the reduction of protons. The present work is part of a long term project to fully characterize and understand these Systems in order to mimick their functions with artificial Systems. During this thesis, electron-transfer chains involving photosynthetic enzymes (photosystem I) were studied ex-vivo in an electrochemical cell by means of cyclic voltammetry. The catalytic activity of the photosystem upon illumination is the origin of a linear electron transfer from the electrode to the final accepter. A method based on the measure of photocatalytic currents was designed and applied to the study of the interactions of the different partners of the photosynthetic chain. It was shown that it is possible to choose the reaction to be studied by chosing the concentration of the different partners. This method was used with success for the study of the direct partners photosystem I (cytochrome c6, ferredoxin) and also for the exploration of some aspects of the function of ferredoxin:NADPH oxydoreductase. This work sets a solid basis for the study of photoreduction of hydrogenases
Cochard, Fabien. "Utilisation d'indoles 2-substitués pour la préparation de nouveaux dérivés spiranniques de l'indole et de 1,2,3,4-tétrahydro(thia)carbazoles. Approche multicomposant." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP204.
Full text@In a first part, in the aim to prepare thia-b-carbolines, we realized the synthesis of functionnalized tetrahydro-b-carbolines by aza-Wittig reaction, followed by electrocyclisation. In some cases, these reactions give original compounds, wich may be biollogically active. In a second part, a synthesis access to b-substituted tryptophans has been developped. This spiro[pyrrolidinon-3,3'-indoles]synthesis, based on a trimolecular condensation (indole/aldehyde/Meldrum's acid) followed by a domino-reaction (acylazide formation-Curtius rearrangement-intramolecular spirocyclization), has been applied to 2-substituted indoles and also oxindole. This multicomponent approach has been extended to the one pot preparation of polyfunctionnalized tetrahydrocarbazoles, from 2-substituted indoles, by a pseudotetramolecular reaction (y-4CR). The synthesized tetrahydrocarbazoles have been modified by intramolecular cyclisation to obtain new complex heterocycles
Scandiuzzi, Lisa. "Study of the role of mast cells in an experimental model of glomerulonephritis." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T045.
Full textWe studied the role of mast cells (MC) in anti-GBM-induced glomerulonephritis. MC-deficient W/Wv mice showed aggravated disease over +/+ mice associated with deteriorated renal function, macrophage infiltration and glomerular deposits. Deposits in W/Wv mice were enriched in fibrin and collagen due in part to defective urinary tPA/uPA activity. MC-specific MCP-4 chymase was examined as a candidate protective mediator. MCP-4-/- mice showed improved renal function with less prominent leukocyte infiltration and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiotensin. Our data reveal a complex role of MCs. While their global action is protective some of their mediators are pro-inflammatory. The final outcome in a given disease may critically depend on a given pathophysiological context
Le, Meur Muriel. "Mise au point sur la sismothérapie dans les années 1990 et étude portant sur 30 dossiers." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT219M.
Full textAbou-Haila, Aïda. "Etude de la regionalisation structurale, metabolique et fonctionnelle de l'epididyme de souris." Paris 5, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05S009.
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