Journal articles: 'Leptospirosis/epidemiology'

1

Picardeau, M. "Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 43, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2012.11.005.

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Mohammed, Haraji, Cohen Nozha, Karib Hakim, Fassouane Abdelaziz, and Belahsen Rekia. "Leptospirosis: Epidemiology and Usuel Manifestations." Bacteriology Journal 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/bj.2011.1.7.

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Pereira, Margarida Collares. "The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Portugal." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90738-4.

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THORNLEY, C. N., M. G. BAKER, P. WEINSTEIN, and E. W. MAAS. "Changing epidemiology of human leptospirosis in New Zealand." Epidemiology and Infection 128, no. 1 (February 2002): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006392.

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The objective was to describe the current epidemiology and trends in New Zealand human leptospirosis, using descriptive epidemiology of laboratory surveillance and disease notification data, 1990–8. The annual incidence of human leptospirosis in New Zealand 1990–8 was 4·4 per 100000. Incidence was highest among meat processing workers (163·5/100000), livestock farm workers (91·7), and forestry-related workers (24·1). The most commonly detected serovars were Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar (sv.) hardjo (hardjobovis) (46·1%), L. interrogans sv. pomona (24·4%) and L. borgpetersenii sv. ballum (11·9%). The annual incidence of leptospirosis declined from 5·7/100000 in 1990–2 to 2·9/100000 in 1996–8. Incidence of L. borgpetersenii sv. hardjo and L. interrogans sv. pomona infection declined, while incidence of L. borgpetersenii sv. ballum infection increased. The incidence of human leptospirosis in New Zealand remains high for a temperate developed country. Increasing L. borgpetersenii sv. ballum case numbers suggest changing transmission patterns via direct or indirect exposure to contaminated surface water. Targeted and evaluated disease control programmes should be renewed.

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VAROUDIS (Λ.Β. ΒΑΡΟΥΔΗΣ), V. L., K. SAOULIDIS (Κ. ΣΑΟΥΛΙΔΗΣ), K. SARRIS (Κ. ΣΑΡΡΗΣ), A. ANTONIADIS (Α. ΑΝΤΩΝΙΑΔΗΣ), and S. C. KYRIAKIS (Σ.K. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ). "Swine leptospirosis: the disease and the relation with public health." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 51, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15651.

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Swine leptospirosis is an important bacterial disease known from the past century. At present its significance is underestimated contrary to the epidemiological and other scientific evidences. This review is dealing with aetiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical signs, post mortem findings, diagnosis, treatment and control measures of swine leptospirosis. Finally the relation of leptospirosis, in general, with public health is examined.

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AGAMPODI, S. B. "Spatial epidemiology of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 8 (December 6, 2011): 1530–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811002512.

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Gsell, O. "The Changing Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Europe." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 273, no. 3 (August 1990): 412–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80445-7.

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Fairuz, A., B. Abdul Rani, M. Ayu, and I. Hishamshah. "P1053 Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 29 (March 2007): S282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70893-2.

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9

Goarant, Cyrille. "Leptospirosis: Time to move to molecular epidemiology." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 21 (January 2014): 484–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.018.

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Kariv, Revital. "The Changing Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Israel." Emerging Infectious Diseases 7, no. 6 (December 2001): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010611.

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Haake, David A. "Molecular Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in the Amazon." PLoS Medicine 3, no. 8 (August 22, 2006): e302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030302.

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12

Levett, Paul N. "Leptospirosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 296–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.296-326.2001.

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SUMMARY Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with a much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology of leptospirosis has been modified by changes in animal husbandry, climate, and human behavior. Resurgent interest in leptospirosis has resulted from large outbreaks that have received significant publicity. The development of simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis has been based largely on the recognition that early initiation of antibiotic therapy is important in acute disease but also on the need for assays which can be used more widely. In this review, the complex taxonomy of leptospires, previously based on serology and recently modified by a genotypic classification, is discussed, and the clinical and epidemiological value of molecular diagnosis and typing is also evaluated.

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Chery, Gemma, Lorraine Francis, Shelly-Ann Hunte, and Phil Leon. "Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Saint Lucia, 2010–2017." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (December 14, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.160.

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Objective. To describe the epidemiology of human leptospirosis cases in Saint Lucia from 2010 to 2017 and determine whether there was a relationship between cases and rainfall and temperature. Methods. A retrospective analytical study was undertaken to describe the seasonal patterns of human leptospirosis cases reported to the Ministry of Health of Saint Lucia between 2010 and 2017. Confirmed cases of leptospirosis were analyzed according to age, sex, seasonality, and geographical distribution. Disease incidence was calculated and the association of cases with geographical distribution, rainfall, and temperature was investigated. Results. A total of 353 leptospirosis cases were reported between 2010 and 2017 and of these, 145 (40.6%) were laboratory confirmed. Cases were aged 7 to 73 years (mean 34 years; median 30 years) with a male to female ratio of 4.2:1. Six deaths were reported during the period, with an overall case fatality rate of 4.1%. There was no relationship between location (district) and incidence of leptospirosis in Saint Lucia. There was a weak correlation between rainfall and leptospirosis cases during the 8-year period (r_s = 0.25, p = 0.015) but the correlation between cases and seasons was not statistically significant (dry season r_s = 0.13, p = 0.42; wet season r_s = 0.23, p = 0.08). There was no correlation between leptospirosis cases and temperature (r_s = 0.07, p = 0.49). Conclusions. Leptospirosis has a seasonal distribution in Saint Lucia, with outbreaks during periods following increased rainfall and flooding, such as in the aftermath of tropical storms and hurricanes. Saint Lucia and other Caribbean countries should enhance surveillance for leptospirosis given the likelihood of increased flooding following frequent and intense rainfall due to climate change.

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ROBERTSON, C., T. A. NELSON, and C. STEPHEN. "Spatial epidemiology of suspected clinical leptospirosis in Sri Lanka." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 4 (June 7, 2011): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811001014.

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SUMMARYLeptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. A large outbreak of suspected human leptospirosis began in Sri Lanka during 2008. This study investigated spatial variables associated with suspected leptospirosis risk during endemic and outbreak periods. Data were obtained for monthly numbers of reported cases of suspected clinical leptospirosis for 2005–2009 for all of Sri Lanka. Space–time scan statistics were combined with regression modelling to test associations during endemic and outbreak periods. The cross-correlation function was used to test association between rainfall and leptospirosis at four locations. During the endemic period (2005–2007), leptospirosis risk was positively associated with shorter average distance to rivers and with higher percentage of agriculture made up of farms <0·20 hectares. Temporal correlation analysis of suspected leptospirosis cases and rainfall revealed a 2-month lag in rainfall-case association during the baseline period. Outbreak locations in 2008 were characterized by shorter distance to rivers and higher population density. The analysis suggests the possibility of household transmission in densely populated semi-urban villages as a defining characteristic of the outbreak. The role of rainfall in the outbreak remains to be investigated, although analysis here suggests a more complex relationship than simple correlation.

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Ullmann, Leila S., Ramiro N. D. Neto, Rodrigo H. F. Teixeira, Adauto V. Nunes, Rodrigo C. Silva, Virgínia B. Pereira-Richini, and Helio Langoni. "Epidemiology of leptospirosis at Sorocaba Zoo, São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 11 (November 2012): 1174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012001100017.

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Leptospirosis is considered a worldwide distributed zoonosis, caused by the bacteria Leptospira spp. Since several species of wildlife animals are reportedly reservoirs, the aim of the present study was to know the epidemiology of leptospirosis at the Sorocaba Zoo, Southern Brazil. Serum samples of wild mammals from Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Perissodactyla, Pilosa, Primates, Proboscidea and Rodentia orders, kept in captivity as well as from zoological staff were assayed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Whole blood, urine and tissue samples from wild mammals and synanthropic animals were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An epidemiological survey was applied to evaluate the risk factors for animal infection and staff level of knowledge on leptospirosis. A total of 13/229 (5.68%; CI95% 3.37-9.47%) serum samples from wild mammals were reagent on MAT. Serology from synanthropic animals, zoo staff and molecular analysis of animal samples were all negative. Leptospirosis knowledge of zoo park staff was considered medium. In conclusion, leptospiral infection occurs at the studied zoo but due to the low occurrence found, the lowest reported in literature, wild captive mammals do not act as source of infection of leptospirosis to other animals and human beings.

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AGAMPODI, S. B., D. KARUNARATHNA, N. JAYATHILALA, H. RATHNAYAKA, T. C. AGAMPODI, and L. KARUNANAYAKA. "Outbreak of leptospirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka?" Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 4 (June 26, 2013): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001465.

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SUMMARYThis paper reports the first recreation-related leptospirosis outbreak in Sri Lanka in 20 office workers who were involved in white-water rafting during a staff outing. Two weeks after the rafting event on 7 September 2012, six participants developed fever, of which four had classical clinical features of leptospirosis. Four weeks after the exposure, an outbreak investigation was conducted for 19 of the 20 participants. Of the six fever patients, four were confirmed as having acute leptospirosis using either single sample MAT titre ⩾1/400 (n = 2) or positive IgM ELISA (n = 2). An afebrile patient with headache and myalgia also had a MAT titre ⩾1/400. Seventeen of the 19 participants investigated showed anti-leptospiral antibodies. None of the participants had a history of leptospirosis or recent outdoor exposures other than the rafting event. This outbreak provides evidence of the changing epidemiology of leptospirosis and suggests a wider range of risk exposures including those related to recreational activities of more affluent urban populations in addition to the well recognized occupational hazards of rural farming.

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T. Cordeiro, Carolina, Simone T. de O. Stedile, and Matheus Barbosa Gomes. "Leptospira spp. in cats – review." Clínica Veterinária XXIV, no. 138 (January 1, 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2019.xxiv.n.138.p.48-56.

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The leptospirosis is a disease not yet clearly understood in cats. Cats can produce response with specific antibodies, but data on the clinical disease is lacking. Serological studies show a prevalence of 4.1% to 33.3% of leptospirosis in cats, and several serovars have been described. Recently studies suggest a possible relationship between infection and chronic and acute kidney lesion. Considering that kidney disease is a common occurrence in cats, it's possible that leptospirosis could be an underdiagnosed cause of renal disease in this species. Cats can present lepstospiruria, and could be reservoirs for Leptospira. The exact risk of another mammals contamination by the cats' urine is yet unknown. Future studies focused on disease and treatment of leptospirosis in cats could greatly improve our understanding of the epidemiology of leptospirosis in cats.

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Mohammed, Haraji, Cohen Nozha, Karib Hakim, Fassouane Aziz, and Belahsen Rekia. "Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in Morocco 2001-2010." Asian Journal of Epidemiology 4, no. 1 (December 15, 2010): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aje.2011.17.22.

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Falcão, J. M., P. J. Nogueira, C. Matias Dias, and Z. P. Pimenta. "Leptospirosis in Portugal: epidemiology from 1991 to 1997." Eurosurveillance 4, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.04.04.00063-en.

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The term leptospirosis describes a group of diseases caused by members of the order Spirochaetales, mainly the species Leptospira interrogans. Infection can be asymptomatic but disease of differing severity and clinical features (often suggestive of menin

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Carvajal, Marcelo Pérez, and Kaila A. Fagerstrom. "Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Costa Rica 2011–2015." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 4, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-017-0102-x.

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Benacer, Douadi, Kwai Lin Thong, Ng Choung Min, Khebir Bin Verasahib, Renee L. Galloway, Rudy A. Hartskeerl, Marc Souris, and Siti Nursheena Mohd Zain. "Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012." Acta Tropica 157 (May 2016): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031.

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DESVARS, A., E. CARDINALE, and A. MICHAULT. "Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 2 (September 28, 2010): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810002074.

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SUMMARYLeptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Humans become infected through contact with the urine of carrier animals, directly or via contaminated environments. This review reports available data on animal leptospirosis in ten tropical islands: Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Trinidad, New Caledonia, Hawaii, French Polynesia, La Réunion and Mayotte. Leptospirosis is endemic in these insular wild and domestic fauna. Each island presents a specific panel of circulating serovars, closely linked with animal and environmental biodiversity, making it epidemiologically different from the mainland. Rats, mongooses and mice are proven major renal carriers of leptospires in these areas but dogs also constitute a significant potential reservoir. In some islands seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals evolves with time, inducing changes in the epidemiology of the human disease. Consequently more investigations on animal leptospirosis in these ecosystems and use of molecular tools are essential for prevention and control of the human disease.

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Gomes, N., A. F. Souza-Filho, A. P. Gonçales, C. M. Pinto, V. C. Onofrio, G. O. Souza, I. B. Guedes, J. A. P. Abreu, A. Cortez, and M. B. Heinemann. "Occurrence of anti-leptospira antibodies in dogs in the southwestern region of the state of São Paulo." Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP 17, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36440/recmvz.v17i3.38010.

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Leptospirosis is an emerging disease with different prevalence in dog populations. Dogs are crucial in the disease epidemiology, acting as accidental or maintenance hosts. Infective serovars present different geographic distribution among these populations, depending on exposure to hosts from infected wild or domestic animal reservoirs. The most common serovars that infect dogs – prior to the introduction of the vaccines against leptospirosis – were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola

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Cilia, Giovanni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, and Filippo Fratini. "Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070573.

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. Currently, specific animal species play an important role as the reservoir for particular Leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host–pathogen interactions involved in Leptospira epidemiology. Furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly increasing number of animal species moving towards urban or peri-urban areas are increasing the possibility of direct or indirect contacts between wildlife and domestic animals; furthermore, the constant modification of animal leptospirosis also causes problems for human health. The studies published in this Special Issue have evidenced and confirmed the hidden role of a large variety of animal species, domestic and wild, in the leptospirosis epidemiology. They highlighted the necessity for continuous monitoring and large-scale surveillance studies to better understand this neglected and re-emerging zoonosis.

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Gorodin, Vladimir N., D. L. Moysova, V. A. Bakhtina, and S. V. Zotov. "TRENDS OF CONTEMPORARY LEPTOSPIROSIS (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-2-93-100.

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A review of the literature is devoted to one of the most common and clinically significant zoonoses - leptospirosis. The article summarizes modern information on prevalence, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and clinical features, diagnosis of leptospirosis infection over the last 10 years. The particular attention is paid to the characterization of severe forms of the disease, complex approaches to the treatment of the disease, correction of organ dysfunction and hemostasis disorders; review.

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ASLAN, IBRAHIM HALIL, DAVID BACA-CARRASCO, SUZANNE LENHART, and JORGE X. VELASCO-HERNANDEZ. "AN AGE STRUCTURE MODEL WITH IMPULSE ACTIONS FOR LEPTOSPIROSIS IN LIVESTOCK CATTLE." Journal of Biological Systems 29, no. 01 (March 2021): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339021500042.

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As a zoonotic disease, leptospirosis has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. In this paper, we analyze the propagation of leptospirosis and find a schedule for control programs to eradicate the disease in a cattle ranch. A mathematical model has been built with ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to understand the epidemiology of leptospirosis and main factors on its transmission. We investigated the disease free equilibrium of the model and its stability using the basic reproduction number, [Formula: see text], and target reproduction number, [Formula: see text]. Then, the model incorporates vaccination and recruitment control programs in the form of impulse actions as measures to prevent the propagation of leptospirosis in the ranch. Parameter estimation and sensitivity analysis are presented as a part of this study.

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Cilia, Giovanni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Sara Albini, and Filippo Fratini. "Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations from “Unconventional” Hosts." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010191.

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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. Even though the primary serological test for diagnosis and surveying is the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), isolation remains the gold-standard test to detect Leptospira infections. The leptospirosis transmission is linked to maintenance and accidental hosts. In the epidemiology of Leptospira some serovar are strictly related to specific maintenance hosts; however, in recent years, the bacterium was isolated from an even wider spectrum of species. The aim of this review is to report the isolation of Leptospira strains in animals which could be recognized as “unconventional” hosts, analyzing studies from 1960 to 2020 that highlighted the Leptospira isolation. This scientific literature aimed to provide evidence of infection in several animal species including of the Carnivora, Didelphimorphia, Rodentia, Cetacea, Cingulata, Afrosoricida, Chiroptera and Primate orders, as well as in Reptilia and Amphibia classes. In conclusion, the spreading of Leptospira is attention-worthy because the infection could occur in all the animal species ranging in a specific area. Further screening and isolations are needed to collect all necessary data to gain a complete understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology and its modifications.

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Moola, Sandeep, Deepti Beri, Abdul Salam, Jagnoor Jagnoor, Arun Teja, and Soumyadeep Bhaumik. "Leptospirosis prevalence and risk factors in India: Evidence gap maps." Tropical Doctor 51, no. 3 (April 9, 2021): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00494755211005203.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of public health importance in India. A country-level evidence gap map was developed to identify gaps on epidemiology of leptospirosis. It is the first such on leptospirosis globally and on any single disease condition in India. The steps for development of evidence gap map were development of a framework to map evidence, retrieval of evidence, data extraction parameters and mapping of available evidence in evidence gap map framework. The prevalence evidence gap map consisted of 157 studies (102 in humans, 55 in animals, and 12 in both). The evidence gap map on risk factors had 120 studies (102 in humans, 11 in animals and 7 in both). There were inter-state differences in availability of research and disparity between animal and human research. Research on high-risk groups was limited and studies did not use the One Health approach to identify epidemiology, which can help understand the issue more comprehensively. The study demonstrates the potential of evidence gap maps to inform research priorities.

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Arias-Monsalve, Clara S., Daniela Salas Botero, and Maria Rita Donalisio. "Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Colombia between 2007 and 2015." Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública 39, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.e339058.

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La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica de distribución mundial causada por la bacteria Leptospira. En Colombia, su reporte es obligatorio desde 2007. Objetivo: realizar un análisis epidemiológico de la leptospirosis humana en Colombia a escala nacional, departamental y municipal en el período comprendido entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2015. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio ecológico retrospectivo de tendencia temporal y distribución espacial de los casos de leptospirosis reportados entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2015. Se analizaron las variables de sexo, edad, municipio de residencia, área de residencia (urbana, rural), fecha de inicio de síntomas y letalidad. Resultados: se reportaron un total de 23994 casos sospechosos, de los cuales se confirmó el 39,51%; el 82,4% proviene de zonas urbanas; el 68.87% se presentaron en hombres; la letalidad fue del 2,66% en los hombres y del 2,04% en las mujeres. Los departamentos con mayor número de casos fueron Valle del Cauca (n=2032), Antioquia (n=1 747), Atlántico (n=1159); la incidencia varió entre 2 (Arauca) y 465,4 (Guaviare) por 100 000 habitantes. A nivel municipal, Cali tiene el mayor número de casos (682), seguido de Barranquilla (n=612) y San José del Guaviare (n=448); la incidencia más alta fue 1 597.6 en Pueblo Rico (Risaralda), seguida por Sabanas de San Ángel (Magdalena) con 883.4 y San José del Guaviare (Guaviare) con 742.5; la mayoría de los municipios tuvieron incidencias entre 0 y 50 por 100000 habitantes. Conclusiones: la leptospirosis se distribuye en toda Colombia, con el 85% de los casos concentrados en 10 de los 32 departamentos. A escala municipal, existe una gran variación en las incidencias anuales y se identificaron seis puntos calientes para casos, lo que indica que existen área de alto riesgo para la enfermedad.

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Savitskaya, T. A., V. A. Trifonov, I. V. Milova, G. Sh Isaeva, I. D. Reshetnikova, and I. V. Serovа. "Leptospirosis in the Republic of Tatarstan. Epidemiological Features." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-1-134-139.

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The study presents a characteristic of the current epidemiological situation on leptospirosis in the Republic of Tatarstan, investigation of the circulation of leptospirosis agents among the population of small mammals, and the species composition of Leptospira that caused diseases in humans.Materials and methods. The paper contains the data on the incidence of leptospirosis among the population in the Russian Federation (RF) for the period between 2000 and 2018, in the Republic of Tatarstan – since 1998, submitted by the Rospotrebnadzor Administrations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, materials of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Main Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Tatarstan.Results and discussion. We have carried out the analysis of the epidemiological situation in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period of 1998–2018, by the administrative territories of the republic. The incidence of human leptospirosis caused by various leptospira serogroups has been assessed. In total, 112 people got infected with leptospirosis during the analyzed period. Also the data of epizootiological survey of small mammals inhabiting the natural foci of leptospirosis in the republic are presented. Laboratory tests of 1565 samples from mouse-like rodents for the presence of leptospirosis pathogens have been performed. 1.9 % of the tests gave a positive result. Dominant in the Republic of Tatarstan are the serogroups of Leptospira – Leptospira grippotyphosa and L. hebdomadis. The results of laboratory studies on the carriage of leptospira among small mammals and contamination of environmental objects indicate the circulation of pathogens of leptospirosis in the population of small mammals, habitant in forest shrub, near-water and meadow field stations of the republic. The red vole prevails in this community, the average index of its dominance is 66.7 %. Epizootiological monitoring point to a latent epizootic process in the community of mouse-like rodents.

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PEJSAK, ZYGMUNT, MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI, and ZBIGNIEW ARENT. "Leptospirosis in swine in the light of accepted characterization." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 07 (2020): 6425–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6425.

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The publication is presenting changes in epidemiology and economic importance of leptospirosis in swine. During the fifties or even earlier or later of the twenty century this disease in swine was causing remarkable losses occurring worldwide. During the end of the twenty century and during the twenty first century the importance of leptospirosis of swine has decreased, being restricted to Argentina, Brasil, Northern Hemisphere, Northern Australia and New Zealand. In Europe, including Poland, endemic, very often symptomless infection or presentation of reproductive failer as abortion, stillbirth, the birth of weak piglets, reduced viability was demonstrated. Other symptoms and pathological changes, if developed were similar do occurring also in other infectious diseases of swine and did not present diagnostic value for swine leptospirosis. Therfore for diagnosis of swine leptospirosis, laboratory tests have to be used. This publication is mentioning as the prescribed and most widely used microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and as alternative the competitive ELISA. For detection and identification of nucleic acids of leptospira serovars the PCR is recommended. Control of leptospirosis in swine is dependent on the combined use of antibiotics, vaccination and management. However antibiotics are in many countries prohibited for use, against leptospirosis of swine. Vaccines are very seldom available and theirs used is not on satisfied level. Management is difficult to perform and economically in many cases not respected

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Sánchez-Montes, Sokani, Deborah V. Espinosa-Martínez, César A. Ríos-Muñoz, Miriam Berzunza-Cruz, and Ingeborg Becker. "Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases." PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (July 24, 2015): e0133720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133720.

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Gkentzi, Despoina, Maria Lagadinou, Panagiotis Bountouris, Odyssefs Dimitrakopoulos, Christos Triantos, Markos Marangos, Fotini Paliogianni, and Stelios F. Assimakopoulos. "Epidemiology, clinical and laboratory findings of leptospirosis in Southwestern Greece." Infectious Diseases 52, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2020.1739745.

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Ensuncho-Hoyos, C., V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A. Pérez-Doria, O. Vergara, and A. Calderón-Rangel. "Epidemiology behavior of leptospirosis in Ciénaga de Oro, Córdoba (Colombia)." Tropical Animal Health and Production 49, no. 7 (June 28, 2017): 1345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1332-6.

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Venkataraman, K. S., and S. Nedunchelliyan. "Epidemiology of an outbreak of leptospirosis in man and dog." Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 15, no. 4 (October 1992): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-9571(92)90003-a.

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Monroy, Fernando P., Sergio Solari, Juan Álvaro Lopez, Piedad Agudelo-Flórez, and Ronald Guillermo Peláez Sánchez. "High Diversity of Leptospira Species Infecting Bats Captured in the Urabá Region (Antioquia-Colombia)." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091897.

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Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. This zoonotic disease affects humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Colombia is considered an endemic country for leptospirosis; Antioquia is the second department in Colombia, with the highest number of reported leptospirosis cases. Currently, many studies report bats as reservoirs of Leptospira spp. but the prevalence in these mammals is unknown. The goal of this study was to better understand the role of bats as reservoir hosts of Leptospira species and to evaluate the genetic diversity of circulating Leptospira species in Antioquia-Colombia. We captured 206 bats in the municipalities of Chigorodó (43 bats), Carepa (43 bats), Apartadó (39 bats), Turbo (40 bats), and Necoclí (41 bats) in the Urabá region (Antioquia-Colombia). Twenty bats tested positive for Leptospira spp. infection (20/206—9.70%) and the species of infected bats were Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura rava, Glossophaga soricina, Molossus molossus, Artibeus planirostris, and Uroderma convexum. These species have different feeding strategies such as frugivorous, insectivores, and nectarivores. The infecting Leptospira species identified were Leptospira borgpetersenii (3/20–15%), Leptospira alexanderi (2/20–10%), Leptospira noguchii (6/20–30%), Leptospira interrogans (3/20–15%), and Leptospira kirschneri (6/20–30%). Our results showed the importance of bats in the epidemiology, ecology, and evolution of Leptospira in this host-pathogen association. This is the first step in deciphering the role played by bats in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis in the endemic region of Urabá (Antioquia-Colombia).

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Agampodi, Suneth B., and Joseph M. Vinetz. "Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of Pathogenic Leptospira: A Way Forward for Understanding Infectious Disease Dynamics in Low/Middle-Income, Disease-Endemic Settings." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1518.

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ABSTRACTIn the current genomic era, knowledge of diversity of Leptospira, the spirochetal agents of leptospirosis, is changing rapidly. Next-generation sequencing has decreased in price and increased in scale, with the potential to democratize large-scale analysis of pathogens in resource-limited, low/middle-income (LMIC) regions. Consequently, the molecular classification of Leptospira, a pathogen disproportionately affecting LMIC countries, has changed dramatically over the last decade. Leptospira classification and molecular understandings of pathogen diversity have rapidly evolved, now most precisely based on core genome analysis supplemented by new insights provided by culture-independent methods directly using body fluids such as blood and urine. In places where leptospirosis disease burden is highest, genomic technologies have not been available, and serology-based methods remain the mainstay of leptospiral classification. Understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and ultimately new approaches to treating and preventing leptospirosis requires detailed knowledge of regionally circulating Leptospira in highly endemic settings. Next-generation sequencing–based, culture-independent typing overcomes the limitation of culture isolation of Leptospira from clinical samples, with promise of providing public health-actionable information applicable to leptospirosis-endemic LMIC settings.

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Klement-Frutos, Elise, Arnaud Tarantola, Ann-Claire Gourinat, Ludovic Floury, and Cyrille Goarant. "Age-specific epidemiology of human leptospirosis in New Caledonia, 2006-2016." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242886.

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With over one million cases worldwide annually and a high fatality in symptomatic forms, human leptospirosis is a growing public health concern for the most vulnerable populations, especially in the context of global warming and unplanned urbanization. Although the Asia-Pacific region is particularly affected, accurate epidemiological data are often lacking. We conducted an eleven-year retrospective laboratory-based epidemiological survey of human leptospirosis in New Caledonia. From 2006 to 2016, 904 cases were laboratory-confirmed, including 29 fatalities, corresponding to an average annual incidence of 30.6/100,000 and a case fatality rate of 3.2%. Over the period, there was a major shift from indirect serological diagnosis by MAT to direct diagnosis by real-time PCR, a more specific and sensitive test when performed early in the course of the disease. The systematic implementation of genotyping informed on the variety of the infective strains involved, with a predominance of serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes. The epidemiological pattern showed a marked seasonality with an annual peak in March-April. Interestingly, the seasonal peak in children of school age was significantly earlier and corresponded to school holidays, suggesting that attending school from February on could protect children from environment-borne leptospirosis.

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Nisa, Shahista, David Wilkinson, Olivia Angelin-Bonnet, Shevaun Paine, Karen Cullen, Jackie Wright, Michael Baker, and Jackie Benschop. "Diverse Epidemiology of Leptospira Serovars Notified in New Zealand, 1999–2017." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100841.

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Leptospirosis in New Zealand has been strongly associated with animal-contact occupations and with serovars Hardjo and Pomona. However, recent data suggest changes in these patterns, hence, serovar-specific epidemiology of leptospirosis from 1999 to 2017 was investigated. The 19-year average annual incidence is 2.01/100,000. Early (1999–2007) and late (2008–2017) study period comparisons showed a significant increase in notifications with serovar Ballum (IRR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.22–2.09) in all cases and serovar Tarassovi (IRR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.13–2.78) in Europeans and a decrease in notifications with serovars Hardjo and Pomona in all cases. Incidences of Ballum peaked in winter, Hardjo peaked in spring and Tarassovi peaked in summer. Incidence was highest in Māori (2.24/100,000) with dominant serovars being Hardjo and Pomona. Stratification by occupation showed meat workers had the highest incidence of Hardjo (57.29/100,000) and Pomona (45.32/100,000), farmers had the highest incidence of Ballum (11.09/100,000) and dairy farmers had the highest incidence of Tarassovi (12.59/100,000). Spatial analysis showed predominance of Hardjo and Pomona in Hawke’s Bay, Ballum in West Coast and Northland and Tarassovi in Waikato, Taranaki and Northland. This study highlights the serovar-specific heterogeneity of human leptospirosis in New Zealand that should be considered when developing control and prevention strategies.

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Villagómez-Cortés, José, David Martínez-Herrera, and Laura Olivares-Suárez. "Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in the Central Region of Veracruz, Mexico." Annual Research & Review in Biology 5, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2015/12481.

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Topic, Mirjana Balen, Josipa Habus, Zoran Milas, Elvira Celjuska Tosev, Zrinka Stritof, and Nenad Turk. "Human leptospirosis in Croatia: current status of epidemiology and clinical characteristics." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 3 (March 2010): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.05.018.

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Erickson, Timothy. "Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Mesoamerica: Historical Perspectives on One Health Transmission." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-017-0109-3.

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Galan, Deise I., Amira A. Roess, Simone Valéria Costa Pereira, and Maria Cristina Schneider. "Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000–2015." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0247763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247763.

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Background Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world and Brazil has the highest number of cases in Latin America. Transmission occurs mainly through exposure to water and soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The goals of this study are to describe the geographic distribution, demographic characteristics and exposure factors of urban and rural cases of leptospirosis, and identify spatial clusters in urban and rural areas of Brazil. Methods/results A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out using 16 years (2000–2015) of surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Cases were described by age, sex and race, and exposure factors were characterized in urban and rural areas. A spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using local Moran’s I to identify urban and rural clusters of disease. On average 3,810 leptospirosis cases were reported annually with higher numbers in urban areas. National urban and rural incidence rates were the same (1.9 cases/100,000 population), however, regional differences were observed. Urban incidence rates were higher in the North and Northeast regions, while rural incidence rates were higher in the Southeast and South. The main exposure factor reported in urban and rural areas was exposure to places with signs of rodents, followed by flood in urban areas and agriculture and animal farming in rural areas. Clusters of leptospirosis were identified in densely populated urban areas of the North, Southeast and South regions, while rural clusters were concentrated in of the Southern region with large agriculture and animal farming practices. Conclusions This study highlights that leptospirosis is an important public health problem in both urban and rural areas of Brazil. The results provide decision-makers with detailed information about where disease incidence is high and can be used in the development of prevention and control strategies for priority areas and risk groups.

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Tonin, Alexandre Alberto, Felipe Da Silva Krawczak, Jéssica Carolina Gomes Noll, Camila Tochetto, Jorge Luiz Rodrigues Martins, Manoel Renato Teles Badke, Marcelo Bahia Labruna, and Aleksandro Schafer Da Silva. "Leptospira Seroprevalence in Capybaras from a Brazilian Urban Area." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81100.

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Background: Leptospirosis remains the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world. As a clinical entity it is strongly associated with regional occupational and environmental exposures. While the exact global disease burden remains unknown, recent estimates by the leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG) at the World Health Organization have set the number of human cases of severe leptospirosis to over 500,000 per year. This number almost certainly represents an under-representation due to poor surveillance and difficult diagnosis. Leptospira spp. belong to the order Spirochaetales, family Leptospiraceae, composed by 13 pathogenic Leptospira species with more than 260 serovars. Wildlife species are commonly considered to be important epidemiological carriers, mainly because of their frequent reactivity to Leptospira serovars native to their habitat. Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), a known leptospirosis host, is a widespread species in South America. However, reports regarding the importance of this animal in the epidemiology of leptospirosis are rare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report the results of leptospirosis serological survey of capybaras from a residential park area in southeastern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 172 capybaras were sampled at Itú Municipality, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, from December 2012 to May 2013. Sera samples were examined for Leptospira antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using live antigens grown in liquid medium (EMJH). A complete panel of 7 serogroups (including 10 reference serovars) was used as antigens: serogroup Sejroe (serovars Hardjo and Wolffi), serogroup Grippotyphosa (serovar Grippotyphosa), serogroup Canicola (serovar Canicola), serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni), serogroup Australis (serovars Australis and Bratislava), serogroup Pomona (serovar Pomona), and serogroup Autumnalis (serovar Butembo). As a results, 46 (26.75%) were serologically positive: 29 (63.05%) for serogroup Sejroe, 7 (15.22%) for serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae; 9 (19.56%) were seropositive for serogroups Sejroe and Icterohaemorrhagiae; and 1 (2.17%) was positive for serogroups Sejroe and Grippotyphosa.Discussion: L. interrogans sensu stricto is responsible for the most frequent and severe cases of human and animal leptospirosis. Considering the results of our serological survey, it is important to reinforce that in tropical countries, mainly Brazil, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia and Barbados, serovars belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni) are generally the most prevalent. Therefore, the report of different serogroups in capybaras (as observed in our study) it is an important observation reported. Human leptospirosis is usually due to serovars that are maintained by the animal populations of a region, which spread the bacterium on the environment; thus, it may represent an important additional risk factor for human population. Our study identified a greater serum reactivity to strains that belongs to serogroup Sejroe. In Brazil this serogroup is highly predominant in livestock; thus, our main hypothesis is that some animals were contaminated with Sejroe serovars when they were at their natural habitat and, once in the park, they maintained these serovars through cross transmission. Therefore, based on our results, it was possible to observe a significant prevalence of serovars belonging to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, and there was also a high prevalence of samples positive to serogroup Sejroe. Thus, our serologic survey showed that capybaras living in an urban area could represent a risk factor for leptospirosis for the human population eventually exposed.

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Safiulah, Sofia Andalib, Ahmed Abu Saleh, and Shaila Munwar. "Laboratory Methods for Diagnosing Leptospirosis: A Review." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 3, no. 1 (July 28, 2009): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2970.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that has been recognized as an important global health problem because of its increasing incidence in many countries and occurrence of several large outbreaks in recent years. Due to variability of clinical features and limited availability of laboratory facilities in endemic countries, the disease remains largely under-reported. Early and specific diagnosis is important to ensure a favourable outcome. Isolation of Leptospirosis is labourious and time-consuming. Direct demonstration of Leptospira from clinical specimens by dark-field microscopy (DFM), direct immunofluorescence, and immuno-peroxidase staining all lack specificity. Until now serological testing has been most frequently used to confirm diagnosis. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the current gold standard but the technique is not simple and is only done in a few reference laboratories. To overcome these difficulties several test methods have been developed to detect IgM antibodies that are detectable after about 5th day of illness. In this paper, the microbiology, epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of Leptospirosis have been discussed, and critically reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of various laboratory tests for the diagnosis of the disease. doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2970 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 39-43

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Moreira Marques, Torcato, Paula Oliveira Nascimento, André Almeida, and Valentina Tosatto. "Weil’s disease in a young homeless man living in Lisbon." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 6 (June 2020): e233543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-233543.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution caused by infection with Leptospira genus bacteria, a pathogenic spirochaete. We present the case of a 29-year-old man admitted to our hospital with fever and multiorgan failure. He provided poor information about his symptoms. No recent travel or occupational history was reported and his clinical presentation did not suggest any infectious foci. His relatives later disclosed that he had been homeless for 3 weeks in the context of behavioural changes, obtaining foodstuff from waste containers and water from rain puddles. In the setting of this epidemiology, his presentation of fever, jaundice, acute renal injury and thrombocytopaenia suggested leptospirosis. Prompt empirical antimicrobial coverage was started, alongside organ support therapy. The diagnosis was later confirmed through microscopical and molecular methods. The patient made a full recovery. Leptospirosis should be considered early in the diagnostic work-up of any patient with acute febrile illness with multiorgan system involvement, with the identification of risk factors being essential to treat early in development of the disease.

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Abdul Mutalip, Mohd Hatta, Mohd Amierul Fikri Mahmud, Noor Aliza Lodz, Norzawati Yoep, Eida Nurhadzira Muhammad, Ahzairin Ahmad, Mohd Hazrin Hashim, and Nor Asiah Muhamad. "Environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in urban settings: a systematic review protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e023359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023359.

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IntroductionLeptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease can cause sporadic epidemics and recent epidemics have become more apparent in urban localities. There is lack of documented evidence on the specific risk factors of leptospirosis infection among the urbanites, thereby impeding initiatives for prevention in urban settings. We aim to systematically search published articles and synthesise evidence on the risk factors associated with leptospirosis infection among the susceptible populations in urban localities, particularly to identify the risk factors of non-recreational leptospirosis infection.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review of observational studies that investigated environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in urban localities. The search will be performed for any eligible articles from selected electronic databases from 1970 until May 2018. The study will include any studies that investigated risk factors of confirmed leptospirosis cases who acquired the infection in urban locality, particularly exposures from the non-recreational and non-water-related activities. Study selection and reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. All data will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form and quality of the studies will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale guideline. Descriptive and meta-analysis will be performed by calculating the standardised median ORs and risk ratios for types of the non-recreational risk factors stratified by social, living conditions and environmental exposures, types of reservoirs and transmissions and types of activities and employments associated with leptospirosis infection in urban locality.Ethics and disseminationNo primary data will be collected thus no formal ethical approval is required. The results will be disseminated though a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018090820.

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SLACK, A. T., M. L. SYMONDS, M. F. DOHNT, and L. D. SMYTHE. "The epidemiology of leptospirosis and the emergence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea in Queensland, Australia, 1998–2004." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 6 (May 11, 2006): 1217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006352.

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Leptospirosis is one of the most commonly encountered zoonoses in both Australia and the rest of the world. The incidence of leptospirosis in Queensland over the 7-year study period (1998–2004) was 3·1/100000 population. Enhanced surveillance questionnaires were used to collect patient data and facilitate an epidemiological investigation of leptospirosis in Queensland. Farming occupations comprised the majority of occupational exposure cases, however, recreational exposure accounted for 18% of the 883 cases. Rainfall and the presence of animal hosts had the most influence on the incidence of leptospirosis. Several trends in serovar numbers over this period are noted, in particular the emergence of L. borgpetersenii serovar Arborea, which accounted for 22% of all leptospirosis cases in Australia and 68% of South-East Queensland cases in 2004. Assessment of epidemiological trends in leptospirosis is important to obtain directed public health intervention and outcomes in the reduction of leptospirosis cases.

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Azócar-Aedo, L., HL Smits, and G. Monti. "Leptospirosis in dogs and cats: epidemiology, clinical disease, zoonotic implications and prevention." Archivos de medicina veterinaria 46, no. 3 (2014): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0301-732x2014000300002.

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Le Turnier, Paul, Claire Cropet, Roxane Schaub, Loïc Epelboin, Sabine Trombert-Paolantoni, Félix Djossou, Mathieu Nacher, et al. "Epidemiology of Human Leptospirosis in French Guiana (2007–2014): A Retrospective Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0734.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Leptospirosis/epidemiology'

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