Academic literature on the topic 'Les messages texte (SMS)'

AbstractWe address the problem of unsupervised and semi-supervised SMS (Short Message Service) text message SPAM detection. We develop a content-based Bayesian classification approach which is a modest extension of the technique discussed by Resnik and Hardisty in 2010. The approach assumes that the bodies of the SMS messages arise from a probabilistic generative model and estimates the model parameters by Gibbs sampling using an unlabeled, or partially labeled, SMS training message corpus. The approach classifies new SMS messages as SPAM or HAM (non-SPAM) by zero-thresholding their logit estimates. We tested the approach on a publicly available SMS corpora collected from the UK. Used in semi-supervised fashion, the approach clearly outperformed a competing algorithm, Semi-Boost. Used in unsupervised fashion, the approach outperformed a fully supervised classifier, an SVM (Support Vector Machine), when the number of training messages used by the SVM was small and performed comparably otherwise. We believe the approach works well and is a useful tool for SMS SPAM detection.

Over a three-month period (spanning 15 September to 15 December 2011), over 90,000 authentic text messages in French were collected by a group of academics in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France. This paper retraces the organisation of the data collection, the elaboration of the sociolinguistic questionnaire that donors were invited to fill out, text message data processing procedures and preliminary results. A shift from individual “isolated” text messages to “conversational” SMS exchanges is then studied, in preparation for a new SMS conversational data collection which is due to take place in the near future. This whole process is important for understanding in-depth interactional practices within contemporary digital textuality and should provide insight for pluri-disciplinary approaches.

Background SMS text messaging is a low-cost and far-reaching modality that can be used to augment existing diabetes prevention programs and improve long-term diet and exercise behavior change adherence. To date, little research has been published regarding the process of SMS text message content development. Understanding how interventions are developed is necessary to evaluate their evidence base and to guide the implementation of effective and scalable mobile health interventions in public health initiatives and in future research. Objective This study aims to describe the development and refinement of a bank of SMS text messages targeting diet and exercise behavior change to be implemented following a diabetes prevention program. Methods A bank of 124 theory-based SMS text messages was developed using the Behaviour Change Wheel and linked to active intervention components (behavior change techniques [BCTs]). The Behaviour Change Wheel is a theory-based framework that provides structure to intervention development and can guide the use of evidence-based practices in behavior change interventions. Once the messages were written, 18 individuals who either participated in a diabetes prevention program or were a diabetes prevention coach evaluated the messages on their clarity, utility, and relevance via survey using a 5-point Likert scale. Messages were refined according to participant feedback and recoded to obtain an accurate representation of BCTs in the final bank. Results 76/124 (61.3%) messages were edited, 4/124 (3.2%) were added, and 8/124 (6.5%) were removed based on participant scores and feedback. Of the edited messages, 43/76 (57%) received minor word choice and grammar alterations while retaining their original BCT code; the remaining 43% (33/76, plus the 4 newly written messages) were recoded by a reviewer trained in BCT identification. Conclusions This study outlines the process used to develop and refine a bank of SMS text messages to be implemented following a diabetes prevention program. This resulted in a bank of 120 theory-based, user-informed SMS text messages that were overall deemed clear, useful, and relevant by both individuals who will be receiving and delivering them. This formative development process can be used as a blueprint in future SMS text messaging development to ensure that message content is representative of the evidence base and is also grounded in theory and evaluated by key knowledge users.

SMS spam detection is an important task where spam SMS messages are identified and filtered. As greater numbers of SMS messages are communicated every day, it is very difficult for a user to remember and correlate the newer SMS messages received in context to previously received SMS. SMS threads provide a solution to this problem. In this work the problem of SMS spam detection and thread identification is discussed and a state of the art clustering-based algorithm is presented. The work is planned in two stages. In the first stage the binary classification technique is applied to categorize SMS messages into two categories namely, spam and non-spam SMS; then, in the second stage, SMS clusters are created for non-spam SMS messages using non-negative matrix factorization and K-means clustering techniques. A threading-based similarity feature, that is, time between consecutive communications, is described for the identification of SMS threads, and the impact of the time threshold in thread identification is also analysed experimentally. Performance parameters like accuracy, precision, recall and F-measure are also evaluated. The SMS threads identified in this proposed work can be used in applications like SMS thread summarization, SMS folder classification and other SMS management-related tasks.

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify features and content that short message service (SMS) should have in order to motivate HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Lima, Peru. Methods: From October, 2010 to February, 2011, we conducted focus groups at two stages; six focus groups were conducted to explore and identify SMS content and features and two additional focus groups were conducted to tailor SMS content. The text messages were elaborated within the theoretical framework of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model and the Social Support Theory. Results: A total of 62 individuals participated in the focus groups. The mean age of participants was 28 years (range 18-39). We identified important features and content items needed for the successful delivery of text messages, including: a) the use of neutral and coded language; b) appropriate frequency and time of delivery; c) avoiding mass and repetitive messages; and d) use of short, concise and creative messages. Although in Peru receiving text messages is usually a free service, it is important to remind participants that receiving messages will be free of charge. Conclusion: Text messages can be used to promote HIV testing among Peruvian MSM. It is important to consider adequate frequency, message content and cost when delivering messages to promote HIV testing in this population.

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to verify the effectiveness of short text messages (short message service, or SMS) as an additional notification tool in case of fire or a mass casualty incident in a hospital.MethodsA total of 2242 SMS text messages were sent to 59 hospital workers divided into 3 groups (n=21, n=19, n=19). Messages were sent from a Samsung GT-S8500 Wave cell phone and Orange Poland was chosen as the telecommunication provider. During a 3-month trial period, messages were sent between 3:35 PM and midnight with no regular pattern. Employees were asked to respond by telling how much time it would take them to reach the hospital in case of a mass casualty incident.ResultsThe mean reaction time (SMS reply) was 36.41 minutes. The mean declared time of arrival to the hospital was 100.5 minutes. After excluding 10% of extreme values for declared arrival time, the mean arrival time was estimated as 38.35 minutes.ConclusionsShort text messages (SMS) can be considered an additional tool for notifying medical staff in case of a mass casualty incident. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:38–41)

A majority of the world’s population now live in areas with a mobile telephone network. This expansion of the network enables people to use more mobile phone functionalities such as short message service, multimedia, and the Internet. Mobile phone–based health (mHealth) interventions have been considered to have benefits in low-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of a short message service for breastfeeding education in Ethiopia. Four focus groups—two with mothers and two with fathers—were conducted with a total of 41 participants. The focus group discussion recordings were transcribed in Tigrigna verbatim, and then translated to English. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, underpinned by the technology acceptance model. The following four general themes emerged from the focus group discussions: (1) Mobile phones: integrated into everyday life; (2) SMS text messaging: anytime, anywhere, as long as there is a sound; (3) Marketing versus utility: a barrier to SMS; and (4) Scientific messages from credible experts are key to reading SMS-based messages. Parents in Ethiopia showed interest in receiving weekly infant feeding-related short messages. Short message service–based interventions could therefore be an option for improving knowledge and awareness of parents regarding infant feeding.

AbstractElectronic written texts used in computer-mediated interactions (emails, blogs, chats, and the like) contain significant deviations from the norm of the language. This paper presents the detail of a system aiming at normalizing the orthography of French SMS messages: after discussing the linguistic peculiarities of these messages and possible approaches to their automatic normalization, we present, compare, and evaluate various instanciations of a normalization device based on weighted finite-state transducers. These experiments show that using an intermediate phonemic representation and training, our system outperforms an alternative normalization system based on phrase-based statistical machine translation techniques.

Background: HIV poses a threat to global health. With effective treatment options available, education and testing strategies are essential in preventing transmission. Text messaging is an effective tool for health promotion and can be used to target higher risk populations. This study reports on the design, delivery and testing of a mobile text messaging SMS intervention for HIV prevention and awareness, aimed at adults in the construction industry and delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Participants were recruited at Test@Work workplace health promotion events (21 sites, n = 464 employees), including health checks with HIV testing. Message development was based on a participatory design and included a focus group (n = 9) and message fidelity testing (n = 291) with assessment of intervention uptake, reach, acceptability, and engagement. Barriers to HIV testing were identified and mapped to the COM-B behavioural model. 23 one-way push SMS messages (19 included short web links) were generated and fidelity tested, then sent via automated SMS to two employee cohorts over a 10-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic. Engagement metrics measured were: opt-outs, SMS delivered/read, number of clicks per web link, four two-way pull messages exploring repeat HIV testing, learning new information, perceived usefulness and behaviour change. Results: 291 people participated (68.3% of eligible attendees). A total of 7726 messages were sent between March and June 2020, with 91.6% successfully delivered (100% read). 12.4% of participants opted out over 10 weeks. Of delivered messages, links were clicked an average of 14.4% times, max 24.1% for HIV related links. The number of clicks on web links declined over time (r = −6.24, p = 0.01). Response rate for two-way pull messages was 13.7% of participants. Since the workplace HIV test offer at recruitment, 21.6% reported having taken a further HIV test. Qualitative replies indicated behavioural influence of messaging on exercise, lifestyle behaviours and intention to HIV test. Conclusions: SMS messaging for HIV prevention and awareness is acceptable to adults in the construction industry, has high uptake, low attrition and good engagement with message content, when delivered during a global pandemic. Data collection methods may need refinement for audience, and effect of COVID-19 on results is yet to be understood.

Background Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with a prevalence of approximately 100 million patients. There is evidence that antiplatelet agents and antihypertensive medications could reduce the risk of new vascular events in this population; however, treatment adherence is very low. An SMS text messaging intervention was recently developed based on behavior change techniques to increase adherence to pharmacological treatment among patients with a history of ASCVD. Objective This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an SMS text messaging intervention to improve adherence to cardiovascular medications in patients with ASCVD. Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial for patients with a prior diagnosis of cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease, in one center in Colombia was conducted. Patients randomized to the intervention arm were assigned to receive SMS text messages daily for the first 4 weeks, 5 SMS text messages on week 5, 3 SMS text messages each in weeks 6 and 7, and 1 SMS text message weekly from week 8 until week 52. In contrast, patients in the control arm received a monthly SMS text message reminding them of the next study appointment and the importance of the study, requesting information about changes in their phone number, and thanking them for participating in the study. The primary endpoint was the change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, whereas the secondary endpoints were the changes in thromboxane B2 levels, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, medication adherence, cardiac and noncardiac mortality, and hospitalization. Linear regression analyses and bivariate tests were performed. Results Of the 930 randomized patients, 805 (86.5%) completed follow-up and were analyzed for the primary endpoint. There was no evidence that the intervention changed the primary outcome (LDL-C levels; P=.41) or any of the secondary outcomes evaluated (all P>.05). There was also no evidence that the intervention was associated with adverse events. Conclusions In this study, there was no evidence that a behavior modification intervention delivered by SMS text messaging improved LDL-C levels, blood pressure levels, or adherence at 12 months. More research is needed to evaluate whether different SMS text messaging strategies, including personalized messages and different timings, are effective; future studies should include mixed methods to better understand why, for whom, and in which context (eg, health system or social environment) SMS text messaging interventions work (or not) to improve adherence in patients with ASCVD. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03098186; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03098186 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028017

The concept 'mess-understanding' has circulated in online media and is so prevalent that it is now included in the Urban Dictionary. The folk concept of mess-understandings is a pun for misunderstandings arising in an online media context. Posting one's own or others' miscommunication and/or typographical errors has grown to be a popular way of sharing humor via cross-platform sharing on the Internet. The aim of this paper is to analyze short message service (SMS) dialogues shared in social media, with a special emphasis on those with the highest degree of 'shareability' and/or popularity. The study specifically focuses on understanding linguistic and communicative reasons behind these dialogues being treated as humorous by users. As such, the study aims to shed light upon current cultural conceptions of communication and humor. Data was collected from the photo sharing website Pinterest from users who had posted or reposted 'screen shots' from their own or others' SMS conversations. In order to collect as much valuable data as possible, a manual search strategy was developed with three different word strings which resulted in a corpus of 160 dialogues. Content analysis of the data revealed certain recurrent humor themes, such as allusions to sexual conduct or bodily functions, generation gaps, technology difficulties, and lexical ambiguity.
Begreppet ‘mess-förstånd’ har på senare tid cirkulerat på Internet och är nu så allmänt förekommande att det är inkluderat i Urban Dictionary. Mess-förstånd är en ordvits för missförstånd som förekommer på Internet. Att lägga upp sina egna eller andras misslyckade konversationer och/eller typografiska fel har utvecklats till ett populärt sätt att dela humor via olika plattformar på Internet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera vilka lingvistiska mönster av SMS-missförstånd som finns, med speciell betoning på sådana som har den högsta graden av ‘delbarhet’ och/eller popularitet och vad det säger oss om rådande föreställningar om kommunikation och humor. Det empiriska materialet insamlades från fotodelningshemsidan Pinterest från användare som hade lagt upp eller återbrukat ‘skärmavbilder’ från sina egna eller andras SMS-konversationer. För att samla in så mycket värdefull data som möjligt användes en manuell sökstrategi med tre olika ordsträngar som resulterade i en korpus med 160 dialoger. Analyser av dialogerna visade på återkommande humorteman, exempelvis anspelningar på sexualitet eller kroppsliga funktioner, generationsklyftor, teknologiska svårigheter och lexikala tvetydligheter.

Text-messaging or Short Message Service (SMS) concerns the asynchronous, instant, and two-party exchange of digitally composed texts in an environment of mobile communication. Unlike previous sociolinguistic studies of SMS, this thesis sets out to explore text-messaging not only as individual texts but also as contributions to SMS-sequences, embedded in the participants' everyday interaction. The empirical data collected for this purpose concern primarily everyday exchanges of text-messages among participants who belong to the age group of 'youth' (15-25 years old, as defined in marketing campaigns of SMS) and live in urban centres (e.g. Athens, Greece). Rather than presupposing a 'new SMS language', this study focuses on how users of text-messaging manipulate verbal and graphemic choices as resources in order to suit the interactional needs of the environment at hand. The graphemic representation of Greek SMS is explored in terms of the participants' use of alphabetical encoding, capitalization, and punctuation. The norm of Greek-alphabeted upper-case script in my data is discussed in relation to the medium's technological affordances and the participants' stance towards new media. At the same time, my findings indicate that unconventional graphemic choices, such as letter-shape alternation and multiple punctuation, operate as contextualization cues, compensating for the paucity of paralinguistic signals in SMS and indexing the participants' emotive stances. Moreover, the exploration of sequential patterns in Greek text-messaging reveals that the prototypical structure of 'opening-body-closing' orients to and co-varies with specific interactional issues, related to establishing contact, participants' relationships and SMS communicative purposes. Last, but not least, the focus of analysis shifts to the inter-relations between text-messaging and other social activities. The practice of topicalizing current location and ongoing activities is linked with social theory's concept of 'perpetual contact' and is demonstrated to foster a sense of 'co-presence at-a-distance' which sustains and reinforces social relationships between co-participants.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The mobile phone has not only changed the way the world works today, but also changed the direction the world is moving toward. The mobile phone changed the face of communication and enabled more people to reach more other people than ever before. The big four banks in South Africa represent 83.5 per cent of the total asset value of all banks in South Africa. Traditionally, banking customers (or potential customers) could be reached through the current 2 786 branches, 19 451 ATMs and potentially 4.59 million internet users. There are 47.9 million mobile phone subscribers in South Africa – increasing the number of potential contact points by order of magnitude. The possibilities for banks utilising the mobile phone are endless, however online banking and offering banking services through a mobile phone is increasingly more subject to fraud attacks. Online banking and credit card fraud is still on the increase. Today, SMS is used to alert customer of movements on their bank account. This keeps the customer informed and enables them to notify their banks and prevent subsequent fraudulent transactions. SMS can be sent from one mobile phone to another (P2P) or from a computer system to a mobile phone (A2P). In 2007, 2 trillion SMS's were sent worldwide and was responsible for 75 to 80 per cent of all mobile phone revenues. South Africa sent 34 billion A2P SMS in 2009 of which 29 per cent were sent as transactional SMS by the top three banks in South Africa. SMS-based transactional alerts are SMS sent each time a change occurs in a bank account, for example, when your credit card is used then you will get an SMS on your mobile phone. Each bank makes different functionalities available. Absa reported 2 million customers receiving SMS alerts in 2008. FNB reported 67 million transactional SMS per month in 2009. The core advantages for using transactional SMS are the cost, reliability and ubiquity. Research was conducted among five of the six largest banks. Data revealed that banks send between 16 million and 69.4 million SMS per month and have approximately between 4.5 and 5.1 million customers using this service. The impact was tested through personal interviews. The two common factors were fraud reduction and customer retention. The two key challenges the banks identified are: i) Capacity/throughput with the mobile network operators; and ii) Getting internal systems and processes defined and working together for the alerts. The advantages identified are competitive positioning, customer interaction, empowerment of people and revenue. Key findings of the research were: SMS-based transactional alerts offer strategic importance; Any system is as good as it is being utilised; Security controls are extremely complex; SMS capacity is a common challenge and big risk; Internal processes cause the most complexity; Return on investment is not adequately measured; Transactional alerts is a potential revenue stream; There is no interaction between the bank and the customer; SMS in South Africa create high dependencies; SMS-based transactional alerts are successful.

This two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Sciences aims to investigate and put the services of 118100 Svar På Allt (SPA, an SMS mobile question and answer service) and Fråga biblioteket (FB, a library operated e-mail reference service) into the context of the reference encounter. Questions sent to SPA and their subsequent answers are analysed, and part of these questions are forwarded to FB for comparative studies. Both of the formats are compared to the reference encounter as a whole. The framing of the question originates in the assumption that there may be a need for further negotiation of the questions submitted to the aforementioned formats. Do SPA and FB constitute formats different enough from the reference encounter to imply that the question at hand already has gone through the apropiate negotiations? These compressed and asynchronous reference services are not only compared to the synchronous reference, but are also examined as reference services in their own right. How does the e-mail reference and the SMS services fare against each other and the “regular” reference encounter? Findings in the analysis are subjected to appliable INSU theories, especially Robert S. Taylors thoughts on question negotitation and Nicholas Belkins et al regarding anomalous states of knowledge. Further major contributors are Marie L. Radford concerning the reference encounter and Reijo Savolainen on everyday information practices. The study found several occasions where a personal, or at least synchronous, reference encounter would have been decidedly more helpful than that of the electronic services. However, the larger majority of the questions analysed turned out to be completed in formulation for the compressed, asynchronous format. The e-mails of FB can to some extent work as an intermediary service since it is more allowing lengthwise than SPA and gives more of an opportunity to redirect towards more exhaustive sources.

Text communication is often perceived as lacking some components of communication that are essential in sustaining interaction or conversation. This interaction incoherency tends to make text communication plastic. It is traditionally devoid of intonation, pitch, gesture, facial expression and visual or auditory cues. Nevertheless, Instant Messaging (IM), a form of text communication is on the upward uptake both on PCs and on mobile handhelds. There is a need to rubberise this plastic text messaging to improve co-presence for text communications thereby improving synchronous textual discussion, especially on handheld devices.

One element of interaction is gesture, seen as a natural way of conversing. Attaining some level of interaction naturalism requires improving synchronous communication spontaneity, partly achieved by enhancing input mechanisms. To enhance input mechanisms for interactive text-based chat on mobile devices, there is a need to facilitate gesture input. Enhancement is achievable in a number of ways, such as input mechanism redesigning and input offering adaptation. This thesis explores affective gesture mode on interface redesign as an input offering adaptation. This is done without a major physical reconstruction of handheld devices.

This thesis presents a text only IM system built on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE). It was developed with a novel user-defined hotkey implemented as a one-click context menu to &ldquo
fast-track&rdquo
text-gestures and emoticons.

A hybrid quantitative and qualitative approach was taken to enable data triangulation. Results from experimental trials show that an Affective Gesture (AG) approach improved IM chat spontaneity/response. Feedback from the user trials affirms that AG hotkey improves chat responsiveness, thus enhancing chat spontaneity.

L’apparition du SMS, il y a déjà plusieurs années, a egendré des logiques d’adoption

différentes. Dès son premier usage, le SMS était vu par les compagnies de téléphonie mobile

comme un moyen de transmission d’informations utiles pour les adultes – l’évolution de la

Bourse, des informations sur la météo (Ling, 2001). Par son passage à l’adoption par les

jeunes dans les années 1995 et 1997 et jusqu’aujourd’hui, le SMS devient un phénomène qui

suscite des représentations diverses et des discours assez contradictoires, même virulents par

rapport à son appropriation par les jeunes. Si, dans l’espace francophone et anglophone, le

sujet du “langage SMS” est bien connu, constituant une figure récurrente des discours des

mass-médias et des enseignants qui sortent en évidence les effets négatifs sur les compétences

orthographiques des élèves, ailleurs, et notamment en Roumanie, les discours des massmédias

constatent l’existence du phénomène, sans mettre en évidence les aspects négatifs, s’il

en existe. Un autre registre est celui de l’espace soi-disant virtuel, où des sites Internet relèvent les divers usages du SMS dans le monde3, dans le cadre des diverses industries (le politique4, les

services publics5, le divertissement6). Hors de ces présences qui attestent l’explosion de la

communication par l’intermédiaire du SMS, il existe aussi, par exemple, des concours de

poésie par SMS: leur enjeu est de voir comment la créativité individuelle peut être compactée

en 160 caractères, en résultant un possible mélange entre le hai-ku et cette technologie de

dernière génération. Le SMS, dont on décriera l’évolution plus tard, dépasse ainsi ses

fonctions primaires de communication et de socialisation, en devenant un milieu de créativité

et d’innovation artistique.La vie quotidienne est aussi un domaine où le SMS est très visible et qui détermine la création d’une représentation collective qui attribuerait le SMS aux jeunes à part d’autre type de public. Constamment, autour de soi, on peut voir des jeunes utilisant le téléphone mobile pour envoyer des messages. La scène déjà évoquée, issue de mes observations

ethnographiques, en est particulièrement illustrative. Toutes ces contextes donnent une présence active de l’usage du SMS. A chaque

contexte, un discours spécifique. Cette diversité contextuelle et discursive incontestable a

constitué une première raison d’approfondir le sujet du SMS. Alors, la question fondamentale surgit :comment peut-on traiter d’un tel sujet ?Quelle est la « bonne » voie interprétative ?Nous nous proposons de relier deux aspects, la

communication et les usages, ce qui nous semble essentiel pour la construction de l’objet du

SMS. Il s’agit donc d’étudier les discours caractéristiques de la culture des jeunes, sur le plan des pratiques comme des représentations, en mettant un accent particulier sur leur façon de

construire des stratégies pour surmonter les contraintes imposées par l’objet technique (le

SMS présente en fait des caractéristiques linguistiques liées aux spécificités du support

technique) mais aussi sur leur façon de « se mettre en scène » dans les SMS. Nous verrons

ainsi en quoi il y a une prise en compte des règles du groupe de pairs dans la culture

adolescente, en même temps qu’une élaboration de stratégies de distanciation. C’est la

démarche spécifique à l’anthropologie de la communication. On pourrait aborder le SMS en mobilisant les approches de réseau, dans des termes de fonctionnabilité du réseau, de rôles de chaque acteur qui y participe et du principe du pouvoir qui leur serait intrinsèque (Latour 1991) :le message reçu par le jeune légitime la bonne

fonctionnalité du réseau, dont les autres jeunes font partie, ainsi que leurs positions à

l’intérieur du réseau social. Le fait d’avoir partagé le SMS est un signe de pouvoir symbolique

envers les autres. Ces approches omettent cependant un aspect que nous considérons comme

important, à savoir le caractère ludique, que ce soit le ludique intrinsèque du message

(exprimé par un contenu amusant, une blague, un ragot, etc.) ou le ludique extérieur du

message (exprimé par l’acte d’envoyer un message, qui surmonte l’ennui temporel).

J’argumenterai que le ludique est le facteur qui explique le grand succès du SMS et de sa

consolidation auprès des jeunes.

Par rapport à la constitution de l’anthropologie comme discipline, les études

anthropologiques de nouvelles technologies informationnelles et communicationnelles

(NTIC) sont apparues très récemment, au cours des années 1990 du dernier siècle. S’agissant

d’un groupe assez réduit de chercheurs qui, en plus, ne connaissaient pas les travaux de leurs

pairs, les études initiales étaient plutôt descriptives et empiriques ;le SMS y était présenté en tant qu’une réalité « exotique ». Son « exotisme » a penché sur le discours anthropologique assez longtemps, jusqu’à la fin des années 1990, quand l’anthropologie fait son bilan et elle découvre que la période des études descriptives doit finir et commencer l’étape de

problématisation. Ainsi, les anthropologues se ciblent sur le rapport entre le nouveau et

l’ancien dans la communication médiatisée par NTIC, commencent à rechercher dans le passé

des usages similaires, pour construire une théorie des nouveaux modèles communicationnels.

L’anthropologie de la communication du fin des années 1990 et le début des 20008

s’éloigne de la sociologie par sa démarche diachronique et comparative. L’usage est remplacé

par le concepte de la pratique (ce qui impliquait une interprétation des usages dans leur

dynamique). Par la suite, la perspective synchronique laisse la place à une démarche

diachronique, les anthropologues décrivant la façon dont les pratiques communicationnelles

d’un certain médium prennent des nouvelles significations, en fonction de contexte et des

individus. Si la sociologie réalisait des comparaisons entre les usages des divers NTIC dans le même contexte temporel, l’anthropologie de la communication emploie la méthode

comparatiste au niveau diachronique aussi. L’ancien et le nouveau dans la communication

médiatisée par NTIC constituent la cible scientifique des anthropologues. Cette focalisation est importante aussi pour la spécialisation de l’objet de la recherche ;son évolution poursuit le schème suivant en anthropologie de la communication :NTIC → type d’objet électronique (téléphone mobile, ordinateur, tam-tam etc) → une fonctionnalité de l’objet technologique qui connaît des développement surprenants (SMS, vidéo-appel, MMS, chat, Instant Messenger,Facebook, MySpace etc). On passe de la « computer mediated communication » aux pratiques communicationnelles spécifiques à chaque fonctionnalité, de singulier au pluriel.

Il n’est resté que peu de temps jusqu’à ce que l’objet technologique devienne sujet des

interrogations dans la culture matérielle. De date très récente, dans l’espace anglo-saxon9 et

francophone10, ces études mettent dans le centre de leur analyse la relation entre l’individu et

l’objet technologique, donc la consommation. Les rapports entre les deux instances de la

relation décrivent deux directions de l’action :l’incorporation de l’objet (l’objet agit sur

l’individu) et l’excorporation de l’objet (l’individu agit sur l’objet). Cette relation est vue dans ces concrétisations en divers lieux du monde, les anthropologues présentant une localisation des pratiques et des représentations d’un certain objet technologique. La culture matérielle reprend la dimension synchronique d’un objet technologique (les usages en divers contextes)dans le cadre plus large diachronique, segmenté en fonction des étapes d’appropriation :

l’adoption, la création de l’utilité, la consolidation des usages. Cette trajectoire de l’objet décrit une démarche paradigmatique, dont chaque étape est construite par les pratiques et les représentations créées par les usagers. Le processus d’appropriation est donc le cadre

théorique plus large dans lequel les anthropologues intègrent les conceptes de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie communicationnelle. Influencée par la sémiotique, la culture matérielle décrit, donc, les significations complexes de la relation entre l’individu et l’objet technologique (que nous allons décrire en détail dans le premier chapitre de la thèse). On comprend assez facilement pourquoi le téléphone mobile est un objet technologique soumis au processus d’appropriation, mais pourrait-on dire que le SMS est un objet de consommation ?

Gérald Gaglio ainsi l’interprète :« Ce tour d'horizon a permis d'identifier les étapes de la

diffusion d'une nouvelle pratique sociale liée à un support technique, le SMS. Elle apparaît

suite à une ruse qui consiste à contourner le coût de l'appel téléphonique et profite d'un effet

de réseau. Elle s'enrichit de la création d'un univers de sens puis interpelle par l'action d'une "

minorité active " constituée par les adolescents. Elle sort enfin de son contexte de création

9 Heather Horst et Daniel Miller 2006, The cell phone: An Anthropology of communication, Berg. In press,

Oxford.

10 Bernard Blandin 2002, La construction du social par les objets, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.

11

puisqu'elle est appropriée par d'autres populations qui élargissent les types de contenus

transmis. »11

Dominique Desjeux partage la même opinion quand elle compare la diffusion du SMS

en Chine, France et Pologne: « In the field of telephony, mobile or fixed, and more generally

in that of electronic information technologies, SMS is an interesting example of the spread of

an innovation because it has occurred without the need for any special marketing action. Its

spread has been spontaneous except in Poland where the later arrival of SMS meant that it

was immediately associated with uses of mobile phones. Hence, its success is linked to

invisible uses and associations that existed potentially in society before the expansion of

SMS. It is interesting to review these in order to understand at least partially the logic

underlying the spread of future innovations. Hence the purpose of this article is to show the

invisible uses that have been gradually revealed by surveys on SMS practices, especially

qualitative ones and mostly on a micro-social scale, carried out in France (partly under my

direction) by Catherine Lejealle (2003), in Poland by Malgorzata Kamieniczna (2004) and in

China by Anne Sophie Boisard (2004). Another aim is to show the shared or singular

practices of the three cultures analysed. The social uses of SMS in the world fit into a

dynamic that is constantly evolving among users, from the youngest to the oldest, and are

based on a written expression that constantly invents new codes or forms of the written

language. »12

Les deux chercheurs se situent en continuité avec notre grille d’analyse ;tous les deux

reconnaissent l’émergence du SMS dans des pays différents, dans le cadre des sous-cultures

délimitées par l’âge. G. Gaglio et D. Desjeux voient dans la pratique du SMS un exemple de

détournement du préscrit, déterminé par la capacité des usagers d’innover. Influencés par la

thèorie de Norbert Alter sur l’innovation ordinaire13, les deux anthropologues, à la suite d’une

démarche comparative entre plusieurs espaces, considèrent que le SMS est un objet de

consommation. Ses développements différents, les pratiques changeantes, expression d’une

créativité individuelle et collective, font que le SMS accomplisse « les conditions » pour être

considéré un objet soumis au processus complexe de la consommation.

11 Gérald Gaglio, 2005, “La pratique du SMS en France: analyse d'un comportement de consommation in tant

que phénomène social”, Paris, Consommations et société n°4, electronic journal, www.argonautes.fr

12 Dominique Desjeux ,2005, „SMS uses and issues in China, France and Poland”, Paris, Consommations et

société n°4, electronic journal, www.argonautes.fr.

13 Norbert Alter, 2000, L'innovation ordinaire, Paris, PUF.

12

Cette façon d’aborder le SMS est celle que nous suivrons aussi ;quand même,

l’explication de l’émergence du SMS ne nous suffit pas. Considérer l’explosion du SMS

comme ayant ses racines que dans la capacité créative des usagers (les innovateurs ordinaires)

nous semble une explication un peu aride, qui laisse à coté les conditions du contexte qui ont

fait que le détournement se réalise. Et, en plus, en quoi consiste-t-elle, cette capacité créative ?

Suffit-il de le nommer pour expliquer tout un phénomène ?Quels sont donc les ressorts

intérieurs du passage de « manières de faire » aux « arts de faire »14 ?

Ces sont des questionnements qui font de SMS un objet qui peut être soumis à une

interrogation scientifique et à tout un travail de terrain.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This chapter introduces a qualitative study of the use of mobile text messaging (SMS) and reflects on how SMS influences social interaction. It describes how this new communication technology is used to maintain social relations and how it generally assists users in their everyday activities. Three issues are highlighted: how users use SMS to overcome shyness, how they use it for micro-grooming, and how they are able to control messages to their advantage. It is argued that SMS facilitates users in their everyday life through the ways it supports awareness and accountability. These characteristics make the communication channel a “social translucent” technology, contributing to its popularity. It is suggested that simple information and communication technologies such as SMS can provide powerful tools in new designs of information and communication technologies.

This chapter is built on two studies: Ishihara (2011) “A Forensic Authorship Classification in SMS Messages: A Likelihood Ratio-Based Approach Using N-Grams” and Ishihara (2012) “A Forensic Text Comparison in SMS Messages: A Likelihood Ratio Approach with Lexical Features.” They are two of the first Likelihood Ratio (LR)-based forensic text comparison studies in forensic authorship analysis. The author attribution was modelled using N-grams in the former, whereas it was modelled using so-called lexical features in the latter. In the current study, the LRs obtained from these separate experiments are fused using a logistic regression fusion technique, and the author reports how much improvement in performance the fusion brings to the LR-based forensic text comparison system. The performance of the fused system is assessed based on the magnitude of the fused LRs using the log-likelihood-ratio cost (Cllr). The strength of the fused LRs is graphically presented in Tippett plots and compared with those of the original LRs. The chapter demonstrates that the fused system outperforms the original systems.

The current tendency to use cell phones or other mobile devices for healthcare purposes offers a huge opportunity to improve public health worldwide. In that direction, mobile devices make it easier to offer coaching services through text/video messages, to support individuals trying to break addictions such as smoking. Given that use of such services is still low in France and other countries, it is important to have greater understanding of what leads users to adopt them. Therefore, we propose and validate an explanatory model for the intention to adopt a mobile coaching service to help people to stop smoking. This chapter uses the concepts of vicarious innovativeness, social influence, perceived monetary value, perceived enjoyment, and perceived irritation.

The current tendency to use cell phones or other mobile devices for healthcare purposes offers a huge opportunity to improve public health worldwide. In that direction, mobile devices make it easier to offer coaching services through text/video messages, to support individuals trying to break addictions such as smoking. Given that use of such services is still low in France and other countries, it is important to have greater understanding of what leads users to adopt them. Therefore, we propose and validate an explanatory model for the intention to adopt a mobile coaching service to help people to stop smoking. This chapter uses the concepts of vicarious innovativeness, social influence, perceived monetary value, perceived enjoyment, and perceived irritation.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a behavioral intervention that can improve symptom control and quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but access, uptake and adherence are problematic. Our team has pursued the development of a mobile phone-based intervention (mobile pulmonary rehabilitation, mPR) with iterative design and a pilot study. The mPR intervention is delivered through two technologies: text messages (SMS) and a smartphone application. Our user-centered design analysis of pilot study data led to several insights. First, patients’ replies to the SMS suggested that messages were anthropomorphised and provided social support. Second, the smartphone application could help patients by clearly visualizing the exercise program, alternative exercises, and progress to date. We demonstrate the design iterations made to meet these requirements and we present feedback obtained from experts and from four COPD patients. We discuss implications for the design of mobile pulmonary rehabilitation interventions.

The present work arose from problems occurred during the revamp of a pipeline SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system at the beginning of 2012, when occurred some unexpected system crashes that could interrupt the operation of the second major Brazilian pipeline maritime terminal. Before a system breakdown, we observed some signs, like fail-overs in the event log files. If the development and maintenance crews were aware of these events not only the problem causes could be better understood, but also the imminent crash could have been avoided. A faster and autonomous way for the system communicates its problems was necessary. ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) — a part of an autonomous communication system, which reports aircraft condition for a system on the ground, through satellite links and short messages — inspired us to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) system, using text messages (SMS, short message service) of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). Autonomous and short text messages are the keywords that drove our work, and the solution came through a text message gateway — the solution to get information in advance. This presentation will discuss the idea, hardware and software components, message format, applications and future perspectives.

A growing literature shows how insights from behavioral economics can be successfully adopted in simple interventions through SMS or other types of low-cost communications. In this short, note we provide concrete basic guidelines to design behaviorally informed messages, based on theory and our own experience. We provide examples applied to parenting interventions.

Community members who evacuate to shelters may represent the most socially and economically vulnerable group within a hurricane’s affected geographic area. Disaster research has established associations between socioeconomic conditions and adverse effects, but data are overwhelmingly collected retrospectively on large populations and lack further explication. As Hurricane Florence approached North Carolina in September 2018, RTI International developed a pilot survey for American Red Cross evacuation shelter clients. Two instruments, an interviewer-led paper questionnaire and a short message service (SMS text) questionnaire, were tested. A total of 200 evacuees completed the paper survey, but only 34 participated in the SMS text portion of the study. Data confirmed that the sample represented very marginalized coastline residents: 60 percent were unemployed, 70 percent had no family or friends to stay with during evacuation, 65 percent could not afford to evacuate to another location, 36 percent needed medicine/medical care, and 11 percent were homeless. Although 19 percent of participants had a history of evacuating for prior hurricanes/disasters and 14 percent had previously utilized shelters, we observed few associations between previous experiences and current evacuation resources, behaviors, or opinions about safety. This study demonstrates that, for vulnerable populations exposed to storms of increasing intensity and frequency, traditional survey research methods are best employed to learn about their experiences and needs.