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1

Lovell, Nancy C. Patterns of injury and illness in great apes: A skeletal analysis. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.

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2

Grijalba Carabali, Paola Andrea, Adriana Pérez Portocarrero, Jhon Fredy Salazar Riascos, and Jorge Humberto Restrepo Zapata. Guía de protocolo del síndrome de pie diabético. Editorial Universidad Santiago de Cali, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35985/9789585248403.

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Como refería en su prólogo, era la culminación de un largo trabajo, que tuvo su punto de partida con la elaboración del Documento de Consenso sobre Pie Diabético que el Hospital Isaías Duarte Cancino, aprueba. En su divulgación, este Tratado ha agotado su edición inicial, y como referente útil que pretende ser, precisa de una actualización en determinados conceptos. El interés que los profesionales de la salud, en especial cirujanos vasculares venimos manifestando por la entidad patológica englobada en el concepto de “pie diabético” deriva fundamentalmente de la gravedad de sus manifestaciones
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3

Ajithkumar, Thankamma, Ann Barrett, Helen Hatcher, and Natalie Cook. HIV related tumours. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235636.003.0016.

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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade multifocal vascular tumour associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)/Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) infection.KS lesions of all epidemiological forms are similarly comprised of HHV8-positive (LNA-1 immunoreactive) spindle-shaped tumour cells, vessels, and chronic inflammatory cells. Lesions evolve from early patch, to plaque, and later tumour nodules....
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4

Teasdale, Andrew, and Jane Halsall. Neurological and muscular disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0011.

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This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those neurological or muscular disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice, including malignant hyperthermia. Other topics covered include epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord lesions, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease, dystrophia myotonica, and the muscular dystrophies. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. For malignant hyperthermia, trigger-free anaesthetic
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5

Teasdale, Andrew, and Jane Halsall. Neurological and muscular disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0011_update_001.

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This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those neurological or muscular disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice, including malignant hyperthermia. Other topics covered include epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord lesions, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease, dystrophia myotonica, and the muscular dystrophies. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. For malignant hyperthermia, trigger-free anaesthetic
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6

Katirji, Bashar. Electrodiagnostic Findings in Neuromuscular Disorders. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0004.

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Neuromuscular disorders are often classified into four major categories: anterior horn cell disorders, peripheral neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders and myopathies. This chapter discusses the electrodiagnostic and clinical EMG findings in these various neuromuscular disorders. Peripheral neuropathies are subdivided into focal mononeuropathies, radiculopathies, plexopathies and generalized peripheral polyneuropathies. Focal peripheral nerve lesions and generalized peripheral polyneuropathies may be axonal or demyelinating, and manifest quite distinctly on nerve conduction studies. N
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7

Madeleine, Margaret M., and Lisa G. Johnson. Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0049.

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Vulvar and vaginal cancers are rare and predominantly involve squamous cell carcinomas. Some studies combine these cancers, presumably because of their rarity, anatomic proximity, and shared risk factors. Major risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) and cigarette smoking. This chapter explores the similarities and important differences in etiology between these cancer sites. In addition to its focus on invasive cancer, the chapter also discusses high-grade precursor lesions, or in situ disease, that sometimes progress to cancer and must, therefore, be treated.
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8

Shaibani, Aziz. Distal Arm Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0015.

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Distal arm weakness may be caused by involvement of the intrinsic hand muscles (interossi, thenar and hypothenar muscles, lumbricals) or extrinsic hands muscles (long fingers flexors and extensors). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is typical of the former type, and inclusion body myositis (IBM) is typical for the later type. Incoordination of skilled finger movement due to cerebellar disease is associated with normal strength. Poor mobility due to joint pain and swelling should not be confused with muscle weakness. Mononeuropathies such as ulnar, radial, median, and anterior interosseus ne
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9

Kettler, Mark D. Circumscribed Mass: Invasive Cancer. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0018.

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Most invasive breast cancers present as focal asymmetries, areas of architectural distortion, or irregular masses with indistinct or spiculated margins. Some present as round or oval masses with circumscribed margins; however, most round or oval masses have microlobulated, indistinct, or spiculated margins and may be associated with characteristic malignant calcifications. This chapter, appearing in the section on circumscribed mass, reviews the key clinical and imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for invasive breast cancers, which can present as circumscri
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10

Eastburn, Elizabeth C., and Mary Landrigan-Ossar. Vein of Galen Malformation. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0031.

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Vein of Galen malformation (VGM) is a high-flow intracranial vascular malformation, presenting in utero or after birth with a range of initial symptoms. The natural history of untreated VGM is grave, with progressive permanent neurological dysfunction, developmental delay, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, and death. Presentation varies with age, with more severe manifestations resulting in earlier presentation and poorer outcome. The mainstay of treatment is medical stabilization followed by endovascular embolization. The goal is to reduce flow through the malformation such that normal devel
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11

Theeler, Brett J., and Mark R. Gilbert. Primary Central Nervous System Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0129.

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Ependymomas are rare primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors that are thought to arise from ependymal cells lining the ventricular system located throughout the CNS. Ependymomas occur in all age groups but are more common in the pediatric population. Ependymomas typically present as mass lesions within the ventricular system, brain or spinal cord parenchyma. As with most central nervous system tumors, pathologic evaluation is required for definitive diagnosis. Ependymomas are typically treated with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy although this varies depending on tumor location,
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12

Ramaswamy, Vijay, Jason T. Huse, and Yasmin Khakoo. Pediatric Brain Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0140.

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Cerebellar astrocytoma of childhood most commonly refers to cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma, a World health Organization (WHO) Grade I tumor. However, on occasion cerebellar astrocytomas may demonstrate more aggressive histology including fibrillary astrocytomas, pilomyxoid astrocytomas, and rarely malignant lesions. In the near future, the diagnosis of cerebellar astrocytomas will be simplified by molecular analysis for BRAF fusions rather than a purely morphological approach. The emergence of next-generation sequencing can be expected to identify single nucleotide variations and further exp
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13

Mano, Roy, and Ofer Yossepowitch. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0081.

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Adenocarcinoma of the bladder accounts for 0.5–2 of bladder tumours. Risk factors include bladder exstrophy, bladder augmentation, schistosomiasis, and endometriosis. Bladder adenocarcinoma is classified as primary, arising from the bladder or urachal remnant, and secondary (metastatic). Most patients present with haematuria and irritative voiding symptoms. On imaging, a typical lesion is commonly located at the bladder dome. Compared to urothelial carcinoma (UC), most adenocarcinomas are diagnosed at high grade and advanced stage. Surgical treatment of localized disease entails partial cystec
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14

Bertz, Simone, and Arndt Hartmann. Pathology of bladder and upper urinary tract tumours. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0072.

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Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumour of the urinary tract, with approximately 386,000 new cases worldwide per year, and is the fifth most common cancer in humans. Mortality rates range between 1.1 per 100,000 for women to 4 per 100,000 in men. Most bladder and urinary tract cancers are urothelial carcinoma. The remainder are squamous cell carcinoma (5%), adenocarcinoma (<5%) and other rare tumours (<1%). Around 5–10% of urothelial carcinoma are found in the upper urinary tract. Unlike the majority of malignant tumours in other anatomical sites, most urothelial carcinoma hav
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15

Soffietti, Riccardo, Hugues Duffau, Glenn Bauman, and David Walker. Neuronal and mixed neuronal–glial tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0008.

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Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumours are rare tumours of the central nervous system that occur more commonly in children. Despite a generally benign course, most tumours cause medically intractable seizures, and have been denominated as ‘long-term epilepsy-associated tumours’. The World Health Organization classification distinguishes nine histological variants: dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum/Lhermitte–Duclos disease, desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioglioma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, gangliocytoma and ganglioglioma, central neurocytoma and extravent
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16

Astarci, Parla, Laurent de Kerchove, and Gébrine el Khoury. Aortic emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0061.

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Acute aortic dissections account for the leading and most feared of aortic emergencies. Acute dissections are associated with a dreadful mortality rate; therefore, an accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment are mandatory. The key point of a lifesaving management strategy is the distinction between acute type A dissection, uncomplicated type B dissection, and complicated type B dissection, and those including contained ruptured aorta (severe pleural effusion) and/or malperfusion syndrome (by end-organ ischaemia: paraplegia, intestinal ischaemia, renal insufficiency, limb ischaemia). Type A g
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17

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Amen Sibtain. Colorectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0015_update_001.

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Breast cancer reviews the epidemiology and aetiology of this malignancy, with particular attention to the genetics underlying familial breast cancer, its pathology along with its receptors, oestrogen receptor (ER), the growth factor receptor HER2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the bearing these have on treatment and prognosis. The benefits of breast cancer screening in the population and families at higher risk are discussed. Presenting symptoms and signs are followed by investigation including examination, bilateral mammography, and core biopsy of suspicious lesions. Manage
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18

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Malignancy of unknown primary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0026.

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Bone and soft tissue malignancies describes a large group of sarcomas, some of which require highly specialist management, including osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma, so that referral to an appropriate multidisciplinary team (MDT) is mandatory. Limb conserving surgery combined with pre- and postoperative chemotherapy is curative in the majority of osteosarcomas, and similar approach which may include local radiotherapy also holds for Ewing’s. Other primary bone tumours are reviewed including malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, solitary plasmacytoma, and
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19

García Delgado, Jorge Enrique, Gabriela Stefanía Morales Chaucalá, Mario Giovanny García López, and Evelyn Johanna Bravo García. Elementos de Técnicas Quirúrgicas. Mawil Publicaciones de Ecuador, 2020, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26820/978-9942-826-47-3.

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La cirugía está estrechamente asociada, con mucha razón, a la práctica de la medicina, aunque histórica y genealógicamente no fue siempre así. Hoy en día, se la asume como una parte relevante de esa profesión que se refiere a la intervención directa e instrumental en el cuerpo, para cumplir con los grandes ideales de la curación, la evitación del dolor, la consecución de la salud y el bienestar de los seres humanos, que, desde sus orígenes en la más lejana antigüedad, caracterizan a esta loada ocupación y conocimiento. Por ello, en la actualidad, en las Universidades se otorga el título profes
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20

Shaw, Pamela, and David Hilton-Jones. The lower cranial nerves and dysphagia. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0429.

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Disorders affecting the lower cranial nerves – V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory) and XII (hypoglossal) – are discussed in the first part of this chapter. The clinical neuroanatomy of each nerve is described in detail, as are disorders – often in the form of lesions – for each nerve.Trigeminal nerve function may be affected by supranuclear, nuclear, or peripheral lesions. Because of the wide anatomical distribution of the components of the trigeminal nerve, complete interruption of both the motor and sensory parts is rarely observed in practice. Howe
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21

AlJaroudi, Wael. Risk Assessment in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0013.

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Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) include unstable angina pectoris (UAP), non-ST elevation (NSTEMI), and ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Each year, more than 2 million people are hospitalized with ACS in the United States. The initial treatment has evolved over the last few decades from conservative management to early reperfusion therapy. Medical therapy has also significantly changed with the use of newer more potent antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, and anti-anginal drugs, which have resulted in improvement of patient care
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22

Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.

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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic whi
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