Academic literature on the topic 'Lesotho and Swaziland University of Botswana'

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Journal articles on the topic "Lesotho and Swaziland University of Botswana"

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Mokopakgosi, Brian T. "Why the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Failed: Lessons from the Brief History of a Regional University in Southern Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2013): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2013.796737.

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Good, Kenneth. "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 3 (September 1987): 505–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00009952.

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The nine member-states of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (S.A.D.C.C.) – Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Botswana, Tanzania, Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland – are notable for their collective weakness relative to South Africa, and their very wide economic and political heterogeneity.1 Only four, or at most five, have economies whose annual G.D.P. exceeds $2,000 million: two of these, Angola and Mozambique, are under more or less constant attack from South Africa or its surrogate forces, while Tanzania is actually the most remote, physically and economically. At the same time, Malawi, Swaziland, and Lesotho – who are not in the so-called ‘Frontline’, unlike the other six – have rather close political relations with Pretoria, Malawi most substantively since as early as 1966 and Swaziland since 1982.2 Botswana is more independent politically, with a modest G.D.P. and very small population.
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Zanna, Luis-Felipe, Olivier Basdevant, Susan Yang, Geneviève Verdier, Joannes Mongardini, Borislava Mircheva, and Dalmacio Benicio. "The Design of Fiscal Adjustment Strategies in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland." IMF Working Papers 11, no. 266 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781463924652.001.

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Welman, W. G. "The genus Solanum (Solanaceae) in southern Africa: subgenus Leptostemonum, section Giganteiformia." Bothalia 38, no. 1 (August 14, 2008): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v38i1.259.

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In the genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae), subgenus Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter, section Giganteiformia (Bitter) Child has four representatives in the Flora of southern Africa region (South Africa, Namibia. Botswana. Swaziland. Lesotho), namely S. giganteum Jacq.. S. goetzei Dammer, S. tettense Klotzsch var. renschii (Vatke) A.E.Gonsalves and S. tettense Klotsch var.tettense. Descriptions, discussions, distribution maps and keys are presented, as well as an illustration of S. goetzei.
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SMITH, GIDEON F., and NEIL R. CROUCH. "Crassula ×mortii (Crassulaceae subfam. Crassuloideae), a new natural hybrid between C. perforata and C. rubricaulis from South Africa’s southern Cape." Phytotaxa 487, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.487.1.9.

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In terms of species-level diversity, the genus Crassula Linnaeus (1753: 282) is by far the most diverse in the Crassulaceae within the Flora of Southern Africa region [Namibia, Botswana, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Lesotho, South Africa] (Tölken 1977a, b, 1985). In this region diversity is highest in the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes, both of which straddle the southern Cape, an area represented in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces.
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Friedland, Elaine A. "The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference and the West: Co-operation or Conflict?" Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 2 (June 1985): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000185.

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The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (S.A.D.C.C.) was established in 1979 to eliminate the economic dependence of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe upon the Republic of South Africa, and to create regional self-reliance –that is, economic development and regional co-operation. To attain these goals, S.A.D.C.C. seeks financial and technical assistance from all possible public and private sources, inculding international commercial banks and industrial corporations.
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Sanders, A. J. G. M. "Law Reporting in Swaziland." Journal of African Law 29, no. 1 (1985): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300005659.

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The doctrine of judicial precedent forms an integral part of the general law of Swaziland. This doctrine would be unworkable without the publication of law reports. The following is an account of the Swaziland law-reporting process.The Kingdom of Swaziland, which regained its independence on 6 September, 1968, has retained the dual structure of laws and courts which it inherited from the British administration. In terms of this structure the traditional Swazi law and Swazi courts operate under the umbrella of the general law and the ultimate control of the general law courts.The country's general law is based on the Roman–Dutch law. When the British found that Civilian system of law to be well-established on their arrival in Southern Africa, they decided to respect it. However, many elements of English law were introduced. The doctrine of judicial precedent was one of them.Even though Swaziland shares with South Africa (including its “independent homelands”), Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Zimbabwe a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman–Dutch Civilian law and the English Common law, its general law operates independently.
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Mokopakgosi, Brian T., and Keith Irvine. "The Encyclopedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography, Volume III: South Africa-Botswana-Lesotho-Swaziland." International Journal of African Historical Studies 30, no. 3 (1997): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220591.

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Forere, Malebakeng Agnes. "Protecting Copyrights and Neighbouring Rights in the Music Industry in Southern Africa: A Need for Regulatory Convergence." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 26, no. 4 (November 2018): 585–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2018.0250.

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This article compares the copyright laws of Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe governing music as against the Berne Convention with a view to determine similarities which are necessary in the Internet age. The findings point to divergence in the standards of protection, thereby calling for harmonisation of laws in the Southern African region. In addition, the article recommends the ratification of the WIPO Internet treaties to respond to the new forms of infringement posed by the advent of the Internet and advancements in technology.
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Câmara, Paulo E. A. S., Jacques van Rooy, Micheline Carvalho Silva, and Robert E. Magill. "A revision of the family Sematophyllaceae (Bryophyta) in southern Africa." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 68, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2019): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2019-0016.

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Abstract In the Flora of southern Africa area, comprising the countries of South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, the moss family Sematophyllaceae consists of three genera (Trichosteleum, Donnellia and Sematophyllum) and nine species. Core sematophyllous taxa with collenchymatous exothecial cells, long rostrate operculum, linear leaf cells and differentiated alar cells are included in the family. Meiothecium fuscescens is transferred to Donnellia and a new combination made. Sematophyllum wageri is reduced to synonymy under S. brachycarpum and a lectotype is designated for S. dregei. Each species is described and its distribution mapped.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lesotho and Swaziland University of Botswana"

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Ulpat, André. "Les relations economiques exterieures du botswana, du lesotho et du swaziland." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR20005.

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Le botswana, le lesotho et le swaziland, petits pays enclaves d'afrique australe semblaient voues, au debut du siecle, a une incorporation quasi-certaine au territoire de leur puissant voisin sud-africain, tant leur dependance economique envers lui etait grande. Cependant la politique raciale de pretoria leur a impose de tenter de sedegager de cette emprise. Une premiere partie met en lumiere les progres que leurs economies nationales ont accomplis depuis qu'ils ont obtenu leur independance de la grande-bretagne. La deuxieme partie etudie d'abord laforme actuelle des liens multiples noues avec l'afrique du sud a l'epoque coloniale et les relations financieres, monetaires et commerciales que ces pays ont ete contraints de conserver voire de developper avec l'afrique du sud depuis leur independance. Ensuite, l'etude evalue les efforts qu'ont faits leurs gouvernements pour reequilibrer leurs echanges exterieurs en s'associant a d'autres pays d'afrique australe appartenant a la conference pour le developpement en afrique australe et de facon plus generale, aux pays d'afrique oriental e dans le cadre de la zone preferentielle des pays d'afrique australe et oriental e. Enfin l'ouvrage souligne l'importance croissante que jouent pour ces pays les liens privilegies noues avec la communaute economique europeenne au travers des conventions de lome. Vingt-cinq ans apres l'independance, le sort dubotswana, du lesotho et du swaziland reste etroitement lie a celui de l'afrique du sud
As smallland-locked countries of southern africa, botswana, lesotho and swaziland seemed destined to be incorporated to south africa, at the turn of the century, so great was their economic dependence on their powerful neighbour. But the racial policies of pretoria prompted them to try and reduce her grip. Part one highlights the progress made by their national economies since they gained their independence from britain. Part two examines the current form of the many links with south africa dating from the colonial era and the monetary, financial and commercial with south africa that they have had to retain and sometimes develop since they became independent. Then the efforts made by their governments to balance their external economic relations by entering into a partnership with other countries of southern africa belonging to the southern african development coordination conference and more generally with countries of eastern africa belonging to the preferential trade area of southern and eastern african states are assessed. Lastly, the growing importance of their privileged links with the european economic community under the lome conventions is stressed. The study concludes that after twenty-five years of independence, the fate of botswana, lesotho and swaziland remains closely tied to that of south africa
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Warren, Keeletsang Heather. "HIV and male circumcision in Swaziland, Botswana and Lesotho : an econometric analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14808.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-57).
Over the past decade, a number of epidemiological studies have found a direct negative correlation between the practice of male circumcision (MC) and the prevalence of HIV in the general population. These studies were supported by three Randomised Control Trials in Kenya, Uganda and South Africa that found that MC can reduce the probability of female to male infection by between 51 and 60%. Given this, male circumcision is becoming an increasingly discussed addition to HIV prevention programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Using DHS data from Swaziland and Lesotho and BAIS II data from Botswana this paper uses multivariate logistic regressions to assess the impact of MC on HIV. It further tests for any sample selection bias within the data as a result of non-response of HIV testing. The efficacy of MC in reducing the risk of HIV transmissions is dependent on circumcised men continuing to practice safe sex such as a single partner and condom use. To test for sexual risk a further logistic regression is run using condom use as the dependent variable to determine whether circumcised men engage in riskier sexual behaviour. After controlling for demographic, socio-economic and behavioural determinants of HIV, MC is found to be significant in reducing the probability of being HIV positive in Botswana and Swaziland. In these two countries circumcised men do not appear to engage in riskier sexual behaviour. In Lesotho, despite the high prevalence of MC it does not appear significant in explaining HIV status. This may he explained in part by the fact that circumcised men have a lower probability of using condoms, increasing their risk and negating the effect of MC. Other factors which may explain this relationship in Lesotho is the possibility that traditional circumcision does not remove the entire foreskin and the age at which the circumcision is taking place. All these need to be considered if implementing a large scalp MC programme.
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Simelane, Salebona Sicelo. "Perceptions of funding higher education : a comparative study of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14563/.

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Inadequate funding of higher education in sub-Saharan Africa is a perennial problem. The inadequacy of financial resources is undermining the efforts of universities to produce educated citizens to engage in productive careers. Public universities' reliance on their governments for funding when there are many competing needs for public resources calls for attention. This thesis is an exploration of perceptions of university academics and administrators and government officials of current and future strategies for funding higher education in the small Commonwealth countries: Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. A combination of human capital and social capital theories was used as a guide for the development of this study. It is a qualitative study whose data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis between March and June 2005. The data were analysed using a thematic comparative method. The findings reveal that government funding, student tuition fees, residence and meal fees and bank interest are the main sources of funding for each of the universities. The governments allocate funds to the universities in simple block grants for manpower development and for providing access to higher education. This is in a range of 54 to 68% which is significantly different from trends in sub-Saharan Africa. Each institution centrally allocates funds to its faculties and departments in accordance with prepared budgets. Budget holders in the offices of Deans of Faculty and Heads of Department control the resource spending at their levels. The universities prepare annual audited financial statements as a means of being accountable to stakeholders. The study also found that there are some innovations that are either in place or due to be implemented as future funding strategies. In each case government funding will continue, with governments planning to introduce cost-sharing with parents/students. Each university has ventured into revenue diversification or income generating activities in order to meet the shortfall in government funding. Notably, the University of Botswana and the University of Swaziland have each established a foundation to fundraise with the private sector, international organisations and alumni. Thus, social capital is built onto the universities' fundraising activities. There are challenges facing the three universities. University strategic plans are not being implemented in all three universities. All three universities cannot increase student fees at will. Government requires all parastatal organisations to declare unused funds at the end of the year in Botswana. This has implications on funding for the following year. The establishment of a second university in Botswana poses some funding uncertainties at the University of Botswana. Similarly, future funding may be negatively affected at the University of Swaziland and the National University of Lesotho because the former sometimes approaches the Chancellor for extra funding, a thing that could sour relations between the Government of Swaziland and the University. The National University of Lesotho's delay in producing and submitting audited financial statements to Government is cause for concern in Lesotho.
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Ntumy, Emmanuel K. B. "Labour dispute resolution in southern Africa : a study of emerging trends and realities in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20356.

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This study is about labour dispute resolution in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. The study involves an extensive examination of the political philosophy, methods, structures and rules of engagement comprehensively described as 'emerging' trends. It concerns labour relations in developing African countries and is necessarily located along the continuum of the socio-legal and historical context of each country. The study asserts that there is an indisputable connection between the past colonial state and the post-colonial state. It contends that the post-colonial elite openly assimilated the regulatory legal framework of the colonial master and consolidated this framework soon after independence. The study therefore examines the mode of buttressing the status quo and the sustenance of command and control inherent in labour legislation. This tendency was rationalised by a misguided fear that those advocating for reforms, particularly those with economic power exerting a diluting influence on the dominant position of the state. The research demonstrates how such orientation accounts for subsequent reluctant tinkering with transformational efforts. It also resulted in sporadic, reactive and generally incremental concessions in the direction of workplace democracy. Essentially, this study is about societies in conjunction with law. Inferentially, this means the impact of legal rules and agencies on society in the finding of solutions to societal problems. The study is not based on an assumed premise on the basis of which a credibility test may be made or comparisons drawn. The study sets out to study each society as a unique, discrete entity within a particular blend of social, historical, political and legal contextual permutations. The primary objective therefore is to examine and try to understand and appreciate the strengths, weaknesses, threats and both missed and potential opportunities of each, in addressing a specific social issue such as labour disputes. This study adopts a 'law in context' approach as a sub-text within the broad framework of socio-legal studies. It does not derive from any abstract theoretical hypothesis. It is not based on any quantitative survey approach that warrants the administration of questionnaire. It is strictly an academic observation of distinct, discrete social formations. These are then considered as in transition along the continuum of their socio-economic developmental trajectories. It also ascertains the ground realities such as the political economy of labour disputes. This study required an interdisciplinary perspective, using a sociological approach to the study of law. By consciously focusing on the central institutions of substantive law, it demonstrates the weakness of law's claim to autonomy, its factual interpenetration of all levels with more general structures of government power, In effect, the conclusion drawn is that the attempt at effective dispute resolution, via the instrumentality of legislation, can lead to juridification, the multiplicity of institutionalised structures, over- administration and eventual dysfunction.
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Mugadza, Willard Tawonezvi. "The legal implications of the signing of economic partnership agreements by Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland in view of the SACU agreement / by Willard Tawonezvi Mugadza." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9797.

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The introduction and signing of the Economic Partnership Agreements (hereafter EPA’s) have been received with mixed feelings legally, politically and economically. African Caribbean and Pacific countries have taken different positions with regards to their signing, ratification and implementation. A lot has been written about the legal effect of EPA’ The Southern Africa Customs Union (hereafter SACU) has not been spared either. SACU is made up of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. Article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement prohibits any of the SACU member states to negotiate and enter into new preferential agreements with third parties or amend existing agreements without the consent of other member states. Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland signed Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union in direct violation of article 31 (3) of the 2002 SACU Agreement. The actions of these three countries have exposed the vulnerabilities and short-comings of the 2002 Agreement. The key findings of this study are that Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland have violated the 2002 Agreement. Namibia and South Africa have openly castigated the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. SACU institutions that are mandated to monitor and implement the 2002 Agreement such as the Council of Ministers, Customs Union Commission, Secretariat, Tariff Board, Technical Liaison Committees and ad hoc Tribunal appear to have not taken sufficient action to penalise the actions of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. This has led some critics to argue that the SACU 2002 Agreement has to be reviewed or suspended or that it has lost its legal force.
Thesis (LLM (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Saule, Asanda. "The impact of the United States (US) and South Africa's (SA) trade relationship on Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS) [1999-2013]." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18343.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations Johannesburg, 2014
This study set out to interrogate the impact of the U.S. - S.A. trade relationship on Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS). A qualitative method of study was chosen and the literature review method was used. South Africa’s foreign policy making was analysed and it was found that in 1994, the country, sought international standing and economic growth. As such, it chose foreign policy that met the stringent criteria of Brenton Woods institutions and liberalised markets, privatised and had a stringent tax regime. The country also carved out a niche as an agent for peace on the African continent and a champion of the global South. South Africa’s post-democratic relationship with the United States was analysed and found to have been negatively impacted by the hangover of Cold War politics and the U.S.’s relationship with the apartheid government. The new government also considered Russia and other American enemies like Cuba, Iran and Lybia allies. The South African government never fully trusted the U.S.’s intentions and was wary of agreeing too often with the country for fear of being called a puppet of the U.S. However, the two countries managed to find common ground and continue to trade with each other successfully. The relationship between BLNS and S.A. in SACU was found to be unequal with BLNS still economically and geographically dependent on S.A. This is in spite numerous changes meant to bring about equality in SACU. The study concluded that there was no real impact on BLNS as a result of the relationship between U.S. and S.A.BLNS suffered a negative impact when the European Union and S.A. signed an agreement but they ensured they were not victims of the U.S. – S.A. trade relationship.
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Ngoma, Leah Love. "A critical analysis of the use of anti-dumping regulation in Southern African Customs Union (SACU) : a case of Botswana." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28454.

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This paper critically analyses the use of anti-dumping regulation in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) with specific reference to Botswana. Dumping takes place where products are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value, if the export price of the product exported from one country to another is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country. Anti-dumping duties are an internationally-recognised exception to three core WTO principles namely, bound tariff commitments, most-favoured-nation MFN) and national treatment. The use of anti-dumping in SACU has always been in accordance with existing WTO rules. The new SACU Agreement has important implications for the anti-dumping regime within the customs union. It changed the way in which tariff decisions, including anti-dumping tariffs, are made and it also requires member states to develop legislation on contingency trade remedies such as anti-dumping for the region and to establish national bodies to administer these remedies within different countries. The SACU council has given mandate to the International Trade Administration Commission of South Africa (ITAC) to undertake all trade remedies investigations and imposition of the necessary duties. From the inception of ITAC till now ninety-five percent (95%) of all anti-dumping applications filed at ITAC alleging dumping are instituted by South Africa industries. Thus, only five percent (5%) of all anti-dumping applications are from Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS countries). The findings in this paper reveal that Botswana has never filed an application seeking protection of any of its industries. In terms of Article 14 of the SACU Agreement Botswana is in the process of establishing its national body like ITAC. The argument is that, since Botswana has never filed for any trade remedy how effective will this national body going to be? Therefore, critically analyzing the use of anti-dumping regulation is very crucial for Botswana as a SACU member. Such analysis will help assess the effectiveness of SACU institutions such as the tariff board and the Botswana national body to be established.
Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Books on the topic "Lesotho and Swaziland University of Botswana"

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A broken reed: The traumatic experience of the last day of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, and its aftermath. Morija, Lesotho: Phafa Publishers, 2006.

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Coetzee, C. J. Botswana, Lesotho en Swaziland: Politieke verwikkelinge. Potchefstroom: Departement Sentrale Publikasies, Potchefstroom Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys, 1986.

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Stokelin, Freddie L. Marketing in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1988.

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Kasoma, Francis Peter. Communication policies in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Tampere: University of Tampere, Dept. of Journalism and Mass Communication, 1992.

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Myths and legends of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985.

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Maope, Kelebone A. Human rights in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland: Survey. Roma: Institute of Southern African Studies, National University of Lesotho, 1986.

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Urban housing in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland: Imbalances, symptoms and strategies. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1985.

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1947-, Mugyenyi Joshua, Swatuk Larry A. 1957-, and Dalhousie University. Centre for Foreign Policy Studies., eds. Foreign policy in small states: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Southern Africa. Halifax, N.S., Canada: Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, 1988.

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Rwelamira, Medard. Refugees in a chess game: Reflections on Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland refugee policies. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1990.

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Adventuring in Southern Africa: Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lesotho and Swaziland University of Botswana"

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Rubin, N. N. "Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland." In Annual Survey of African Law, 293–332. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315862606-16.

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McIntyre, James Alasdair, Guy de Bruyn, and Glenda Elisabeth Gray. "Southern Africa (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)." In Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries, 289–330. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_14.

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Isaacs, Arnold H. "South Africa and Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland: A Galtung Approach to Dependence Relations." In Newly Industrializing Countries and the Political Economy of South-South Relations, 232–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09753-1_10.

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"CHAPTER THREE. Urban Threat and Defensive State Strategies: Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland." In The Politics of Economic Power in Southern Africa, 109–80. Princeton University Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400858828.109.

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Raditloaneng, Wapula N., Morgen Chawawa, and Rakel Kavena Shalyefu. "A Case Study on Training and Leadership." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 117–36. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8589-5.ch006.

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The challenge for African universities is to refocus their research and teaching missions to transform and revitalize the relationship between higher education and national development needs. Funded by British Academy African Partnerships (BAAP) programme, the University of Botswana, in partnership with The National University of Lesotho, University of Malawi and Calabar University in Nigeria, carried out 18 months of collaborative research project aimed at determining the implementation of Third Mission of Universities through rural community training and leadership. One of the two case studies, in D'Kar by Kellogg, in partnership with BA ISAGO University College yielded some very useful results. This included the necessity to build community leadership for sustainable development and the beginning of the poverty reduction process to take place.
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6

Schneider, Marius, and Vanessa Ferguson. "South Africa." In Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0049.

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The Republic of South Africa, known as South Africa, occupies the most southern tip of Africa with a coastline stretching from the border of Namibia on the Atlantic Ocean (south-west coast) of Africa, down to the tip of Africa and then north along the south-east coast to the border of Mozambique on the Indian Ocean. South Africa is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), and Mozambique and surrounds the small landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho in the east-central region of South Africa. The total area of South Africa is approximately 1.22 million square kilometres (km), with a population of an estimated 58.78 million (2019). The country is divided into nine provinces, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Free State, Kwa-Zulu Natal, Northwest, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo. Gauteng Province is the most densely populated province with approximately 809.6 people per square kilometre, Kwa-Zulu Natal being the second most densely populated at 120.7 people per square kilometre, with Western and Eastern Cape following substantially behind at 59.1 and 51.1 people per kilometres respectively. There are three capitals in South Africa: Pretoria in the Gauteng province (administrative), Cape Town in the Western Cape (Legislative), and Bloemfontein in the Free State (Judicial). The
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