Relevant bibliographies by topics / Letter formation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Letter formation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Letter formation"

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Kudirka, Robertas. "The old and the new formation of euphemisms. Graphical euphemisms formation in electronic discourse." Lietuvių kalba, no. 6 (December 28, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2012.22706.

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Euphemistic substitution occurs due to taboo issues and the most common taboo subjects are physiological actions or their results (motion, sexual intercourse etc) thus the basic function of euphemistic substitution is to soften an offensive, vulgar word. A euphemism is usually defined as a softer, a more neutral substitute for vulgar words, however, such a definition is narrow and not precise as it only indicates one feature of euphemism formation, i.e. correctness, tact. Ascribing euphemisms only to the field of tropes does not reflect their contemporary distribution. Now euphemisms are also used as a linguistic means to conceal facts and manipulate the audience. It is necessary to understand the contemporary usage of euphemisms by two perspectives, i.e. as (1) a neutral word or phrase that is used instead of a synonymous one which is impolite or politically incorrect; and also as (2) individual, occasional contextual substitutions aimed at misrepresenting or concealing facts, real meaffning etc. The new usage of euphemisms is especially relevant to advocate and consolidate new social or political doctrines, "to positively inform" about acts of war carried out by totalitarian regimes, etc. Researchers investigating euphemism usage sometimes do not even mention graphical euphemism formation or do not pay greater attention to it, although in electronic discourse this is a widespread phenomenon. In written language in order to achieve euphemistic effect, a word can be restructured or changed by using non-letter graphical symbols instead of letters, euphemised graphical equivalents can be created. Graphical euphemism formation in manipulative media is not common due to obviousness. Graphical euphemisms as substitutes for obscene vocabulary are most commonly used in internet forums, article comments, interactive chat rooms. When using a graphical euphemism, the automatic check programme does not recognise it as a swearword, a vulgar word and allows inserting such a message. The article distinguishes six types of graphical euphemism formation in electronic discourse: insertion of a letter, insertion of a space, insertion of a non-letter symbol, substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol, omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending) and encryption. Together with these types, the cases of occasional and mixed euphemism formation are discussed. The most common type is the omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending), another common category is that of the substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol. Less frequent is euphemism formation by inserting a letter, a space or some other non-letter symbol into a word, while the least frequent and unpopular are cases of encrypting a euphemised word.
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Azmi, Sari Putri, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "PEMBENTUKAN ABREVIASI DALAM SURAT KABAR PADANG EKSPRES." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81009030.

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This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First, the type of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, found five types of abreviation, namely (a) abbreviation, (b) acronym, (c)fragments, (d) contractions, and (e) symbols. Second, the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, consists of four processes. (a) The formation of abbreviations consisting of: the first letters of each component; first letters with conjunction, preposition, reduplication, articulation and word; first letters; and first and third letter. (b) The formation of acronyms and contractions consisting of: the first syllabus of each component; first of each component, first two letters of each component, the first three letters of each component, the first two letters of the first two and the first two letters of the second component together with the deletion; and the sequence of various letters and syllables difficult to formulate. (c) The formation of a fragment consist of: that is letters the last syllable of a word and partial splitting sequence. (d) The formation of letter symbol consisting of: that is symbol of letters that characterize size consisting of first letters of consolidation of component, letter symbol expressing data number, and symbol letters that mark currency.Keywords: Abreviation, Newspaper, Padang Ekspress
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Susanti, Weni, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "ADVERBIA DALAM NOVEL ANGKATAN PUJANGGA BARU: NOVEL LAYAR TERKEMBANG KARYA SUTAN TAKDIR ALISJAH-BANA DAN NOVEL BELENGGU KARYA ARMIJN PANE." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81009060.

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This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First, the type of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, found five types of abreviation, namely (a) abbreviation, (b) acronym, (c)fragments, (d) contractions, and (e) symbols. Second, the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, consists of four processes. (a) The formation of abbreviations consisting of: the first letters of each component; first letters with conjunction, preposition, reduplication, articulation and word; first letters; and first and third letter. (b) The formation of acronyms and contractions consisting of: the first syllabus of each component; first of each component, first two letters of each component, the first three letters of each component, the first two letters of the first two and the first two letters of the second component together with the deletion; and the sequence of various letters and syllables difficult to formulate. (c) The formation of a fragment consist of: that is letters the last syllable of a word and partial splitting sequence. (d) The formation of letter symbol consisting of: that is symbol of letters that characterize size consisting of first letters of consolidation of component, letter symbol expressing data number, and symbol letters that mark currency. Keywords: Adverbs, Novel, Pujangga Baru
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Stroganova, N. A. "FEATURES OF CHINESE EPISTOLOGRAPHY AT AN EARLY STAGE OF ITS FORMATION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-997-1004.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of writing letters - one of the oldest prose genres in the world literature. In contrast to the Western epistolary heritage, not deprived of the attention of researchers, Chinese epistolary literature and culture are still little studied areas of synology. In this article, we will find out the role that epistolography played in the life of ancient Chinese people, trace the emergence and formation of traditional Chinese epistolography, note the various types of material carriers of epistolary text, clarify the details of the process of writing and sending a letter, try to “find” the genre nature of writing, schematically denote its typological structure; we will list the most common epistolary topoi, outline the themes prevailing in letters, highlight the key function of a letter, the allegorical perception of a letter in the minds of the ancient (and not only) Chinese. The article is intended to vividly show that the fictional epistle in the form in which it originated and developed in the depths of traditional Chinese literature deserves a more detailed examination and is capable of generating interest not only among specialists, but also among a wide circle of readers.
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Trowbridge, EA. "Models of platelet formation [letter]." Blood 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.4.1225b.1225b.

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Trowbridge, EA. "Models of platelet formation [letter]." Blood 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.4.1225b.bloodjournal7041225b.

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Lingga, Alkaushar, Edi Yanto ML, and Susy Deliani. "Acronym Formation Study in Waspada Medan Daily Newspaper." AKSIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/aksis.030215.

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This study examines the process of making an acronym in the Waspada daily newspaper Medan published on 1, 4 and 6 April 2019. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of forming an acronym in the Waspada Medan daily newspaper published on 1, 4 and 6 April 2019. This research method is a descriptive qualitative method. The research data is sourced from the Waspada Medan daily newspaper on 1, 4, and 6 April 2019. Techniques for collecting data with techniques refer to and are accepted. The results of this study describe the five patterns of the formation of acronyms, namely: (1) Tribal sequencing with tribes, (2) sequencing of tribes with tribes and letters, (3) sequencing of words with tribes and letter, (4) impingement of words with terms and letters, and (5) initial letter. Keywords:acronyms, process, formation, waspada Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang proses pembentukan akronim pada surat kabar harian Waspada Medan terbitan tanggal 1, 4 dan 6 April 2019. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan proses pembentukan akronim pada surat kabar harian Waspada Medan terbitan tanggal 1, 4 dan 6 April 2019. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data penelitian ini bersumber dari surat kabar harian Waspada Medan tanggal 1, 4, dan 6 April 2019. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan teknik membaca dan mencatat. Hasil penelitian ini mendeskripsikan lima pola proses pembentukan akronim yaitu: (1) Pengekalan suku dengan suku, (2) Pengekalan suku dengan suku dan huruf, (3) Pengekalan kata dengan suku dan huruf, (4) Pelesapan kata dengan suku dan huruf, dan (5) Pengekalan huruf awal. Kata kunci: akronim, proses, pembentukan, waspada
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Goel, Atul. "Letter to the Editor. Chiari formation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 25, no. 3 (March 2020): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.9.peds19511.

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Пяткова and V. Pyatkova. "Formation of Calligraphic Correct Hand Writing As Pedagogical Problem." Primary Education 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24457.

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The article considers the problem of teaching first-grade pupil calligraphic correct letter as a basis of handwriting, which is a stable personality characteristic in the future is difficult to correcting. As the process of writing is extremely complex and covers various areas of mental activity, the teacher is recommended to take into account the hygiene, physiological and educational components that contribute to conscious mastery of technique first-grade pupil letters formation of skills of visual-motor development of self-control on the basis of geometric eye estimation. The author offers the technique “Line-art formation of calligraphic writing”, characterizes its components, compares with the traditional method of teaching writing.
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Rosalia, Sholeha, and Yosi Wulandari. "Makna Alif dalam Puisi Zikir D. Zawawi Imron dan Sajak Alif Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda." Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya) 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/jg.v2i1.2559.

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Alif means the first, saying the Supreme Life and is Sturdy and has the element of fire and Alif is formed from Ulfah (closeness) ta'lif (formation). With this letter Allah mementa'lif (unite) His creation with the foundation of monotheism and ma'rifah belief in appreciation of faith and monotheism. Therefore, Alif opens certain meanings and definitions of shapes and colors that are in other letters. Then be Alif as "Kiswah" (clothes) for different messages. That is a will. "IQRO" is a revelation that was first passed down to the Prophet Muhammad. Saw. Read it, which starts with the letter Alif and ends with the letter Alif. The creation of a poem is influenced by the environment and the self-reflection of a poet where according to the poet's origin, in comparing in particular Alif's poetry from the two poets. The object of this research is the poetry of Zikir by D. Zawawi Imron and Sajak Alif by Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda. This study uses a comparative method and sociology of literature. Through a comparative study of literature between the poetry of Zikir D. Zawawi Imron and Sajak Alif Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda, it is hoped that the public can know the meaning of Alif according to the poet's view. With this research, the Indonesian people can accept different views on the meaning of Alif in accordance with their respective understanding without having to look for what is right and wrong. The purpose in Alif is like a life, in the form of letters like a body, a tree that is cut to the root, from the heart is split to the seeds, then from the seeds are split so that nothing is the essence of life. So, it is clear that Alif is the most important and Supreme letter. Talking about the meaning of Alif as the first letter revealed on earth. After the letter Alif was revealed, 28 other Hijaiyah letters were born. The letter Alif is made the beginning of His book and the opening letter. Other letters are from Alif and appear on him.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Letter formation"

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Nienhuis, David R. "The letter of James in the formation of the New Testament Catholic epistle collection." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424918.

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This dissertation presents a reconstruction of the canonical formation of the New Testament Catholic Epistle collection.  Following on similar studies of the origin of 2 Peter, it presents a new hypothesis regarding the provenance of the letter of James: the letter was written in the second century in the hopes that it might forge together a literarily coherent and theologically robust non-Pauline letter collection, a “Jerusalem Pillars” collection to balance the “Pauline”.  This hypothesis, which originated out of assumptions derived from the final shape and contents of the collection itself, is first shown to be plausible on historical grounds, and then “proved” by an intertextual reading that demonstrates the redactional strategy of the second century author.  Thus, chapter one offers an in-depth analysis of the formation of the Catholic Epistle collection, chapter two takes a closer look at the letter of James to establish a second century Sitz im Leben for the text, and chapter three focuses on an intertextual reading of the literary parallels between James, 1 Peter, 1 John, and the letters of Paul.  Along the way, it provides a credible explanation for many of the obscurities surrounding the letter of James, namely, its late canonicity, its parallels with other apostolic letters, and its notorious lack of Christology, and further, it offers new insights into the historical formation of the New Testament canon.
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Riha, Helena. "Lettered Words and Roman Letter Characters in Chinese Writing: A Study Of Alphabetic Writing in Chinese Newswires." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1222045556.

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Leppä, Outi. "The making of Colossians : a study on the formation and purpose of a Deutero-Pauline letter /." Helsinki : Göttingen : The Finnish exegetical society in Helsinki ; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41091066n.

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Gladden, Mary Ann. "Training second graders in self-evaluation of manuscript letter formation through use of an electronic card reader." Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1234449383.

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Evans, Christina Lorraine. "Does the use of educational technology and multi-modal learning experiences assist children in the development of early letter formation and handwriting skills, especially those with cross lateral preference?" Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58614/.

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Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of cross lateral preference (CLP) amongst young children. This study also explored whether the use of educational technology and the use of specific software can assist young children in the development of early letter and number formation, especially those identified as displaying CLP. Method: The study included fifty children aged 4-5 years, divided into two groups; the experimental group and the control group. The lateral preferences of hand, foot, eye and ear of both groups were assessed through the use of individual performance based assessments. The experimental group had daily access to the software on an interactive table for a period of eight weeks whilst the control group had no access to the software. Results: The prevalence of CLP amongst fifty 4-5 year olds was found to be 100% when all four indices of hand, foot, eye and ear were considered. The results from the univariate ANOVA analysis showed a statistically significant result for the experimental group only in respect of letter formation. No statistical evidence was found to suggest a relationship exists between attainment and CLP. Conclusions: The prevalence of CLP amongst fifty 4-5 year olds is much higher than previously reported, especially when the four indices of hand, foot, eye and ear are considered. The use of the specific software on the interactive table was successful in assisting young children with early letter formation.
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AKGUL, Turgut. "An analysis of the 1964 Johnson Letter lessons for the 2003 Iraq crisis, Turkish-American relations, and global-power regional partner interactions." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1327.

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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.
The dynamics in U.S.-Turkey relations in both 1964 and 2003 continued to be between a large global power and a medium regional power in the framework of a global threat that required regional cooperation. In both cases the priority of the global power was the fight against the global threat and this created expectations from the medium power ally in the region, who -in both cases- had its own reservations about the issue, considering its own national interests. The analysis of the 1964 Crisis shows that both U.S. and Turkey would have five main sources of influence over their foreign policy decisions leading to disagreement in 1964: the dynamics in the U.S. Turkish relations as one between a global power and a regional partner; domestic concerns of both countries; unaligned goals of the two parties; the international circumstances; and the influence of signaling failures and previous interactions. When we analyze the 2003 Crisis in light of these findings we see that all the main issues seem to be consistently relevant, though their effects might have changed slightly. Overall, both cases reveal that the above-mentioned five factors determine the outcome of interactions between large global powers and medium powers in the region.
1st Lieutenant, Turkish Army
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SOUZA, ELISA MARIA PINHEIRO DE. "DIGITAL LITERACY: A STUDY ON THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS OF THE LETTERS COURSE OF UEPA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17110@1.

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O avanço das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e o processo de globalização suscitam uma reorganização nos espaços acadêmicos para atender às demandas de uma clientela que vivencia as possibilidades da cultura digital. Com esse pano de fundo e refletindo sobre a inserção do discente em um novo contexto de ensino, esta investigação objetivou a análise da relação entre letramento digital e a formação de discentes. Foi um estudo de abordagem exploratória, de cunho quantiqualitativo, realizado no período de 2008 a 2009, no âmbito do Curso de Letras da Universidade do Estado do Pará, no campus de Belém, Moju, Paragominas e Vigia. A produção dos dados incluiu a análise dos Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos das licenciaturas da instituição e os dizeres dos discentes por meio da aplicação de questionário, e teve como aporte teórico, as idéias de Pretto (2004), Tardif (2007, 2008), Moscovici (2007) e Jodelet (2001), entre outros. Participaram desse estudo 150 alunos do Curso de Letras, sendo 74 integrantes de turmas do 1° ano (ano letivo de 2008) e 76 prováveis concluintes de 2009. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar o perfil dos discentes e sua familiaridade com as tecnologias digitais, identificar as representações que constroem sobre algumas mídias e a visão que revelam sobre a relação entre o uso dessas tecnologias e a formação que recebem nesta IES. Eles também indicaram que embora a IES registre, nos documentos oficiais, a necessidade do domínio de tecnologias pelos alunos, ele não é priorizado no Curso sob análise, tanto que o panorama não é propício à disseminação do uso do computador como ferramenta para a aprendizagem de processos tecnológicos, pois é percebido apenas como instrumento facilitador das tarefas do cotidiano acadêmico. A pesquisa apontou a necessidade de ampla reflexão sobre concepções que embasam não só a construção do desenho curricular desta licenciatura, bem como princípios que norteiam práticas pedagógicas nesse processo de formação.
The advance of the information and communication technologies and the process of globalization provokes a reorganization in the academic spaces in order to deal with the demands of a group who experience the possibilities of digital culture. Concerning this background and reflecting about the insertion of the student in a new context of teaching, this investigation aimed to analyze the relation between digital literacy and students’ formation. It was a study of an exploratory approach, of a quantitative and qualitative type, carried out in the period of 2008 and 2009, related to the Letters Course of the Universidade do Estado do Para (UEPA), in the campi of Belem, Moju, Paragominas and Vigia. The data production included the analysis of the Pedagogical Projects of the undergraduate courses of the institution as well as the speeches of the students that answered a questionnaire, and it had as theoretical base the ideas of Pretto (2004), Tardif (2007, 2008), Moscovici (2007) and Jodelet (2001), among other authors. 150 students of the Letters Course took part of this study, 74 of them were in the first grade classes (school year of 2008) and 76 students were probably going to graduate in 2009. The results allowed to characterize the students’ profile and their familiarity with digital technologies, to identify the ideas they construct about some media and the opinion they reveal about the relation between the usage of these technologies and the formation they receive in this university. The students also indicated that although this institution records in its official documents the necessity of students being competent concerning the usage of these technologies, this is not a priority in the analyzed course, once they are only perceived as an instrument that facilitates the tasks of academic daily. The research pointed to the necessity of a wide reflection on conceptions that are the base of both the construction of this undergraduate course and the principles that guide the pedagogical practices in this formation process.
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Burkhardt-Mathis, Geneviève. "Pensée pratique, pensée complexe : la formation des professeurs de lettres par le mémoire professionnel." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR21007.

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Le mémoire professionnel a été introduit en France comme outil de formation des enseignants en 1990-1991, lors de la création des IUFM (instituts universitaires de formation des maîtres). La recherche vise à élucider les fondements, la pertinence et les effets de cette réforme, à l'aide du cadre conceptuel offert par la méthode d’Edgar Morin. Le mémoire professionnel n'est pas étudié comme un objet isolé, simple reflet d'un parcours de formation mais dans ses interactions avec l'ensemble du système. Obligeant chacun à clarifier ses attentes, il offre, dans l'institution, un espace nouveau de dialogue et de discussion, source de conflits mais aussi de cohérence et de régulation. Le mémoire professionnel apparaît comme un moteur de changement qui instaure une dynamique positive. La direction des mémoires professionnels de lettres pose des problèmes particuliers. La recherche soulève la question de la médiation humaine complexe du professeur de lettres, indissociable de l’identité de la discipline. L'accent est mis sur les relations intersubjectives entre les élèves, les textes et le professeur. Les apports des théories de la réception et de la lecture aident à préciser la nature de la médiation enseignante dans la lecture littéraire. L'analyse porte aussi sur l'utilisation des manuels, piste de réflexion pour les mémoires professionnels. L'accent mis sur l’écriture subjective dans le mémoire professionnel tend à réhabiliter les sujets et la responsabilité pédagogique des choix didactiques. Ce nouvel outil de formation est bienvenu pour compenser la déshumanisation et la perte de sens actuellement constatées dans certaines pratiques de l'enseignement des lettres
When the Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres (University Institutes for Teacher Training) were created in 1990-1991, the professionnal dissertation was introduced in France as an instrument for training teachers. The present research has been conducted within the conceptual frame provided by Edgar Morin's method and its aim is to expound the grounds, relevance and effects of this reform. The professionnal dissertation is not brought here under survey as an isolated object but as interacting with the whole system. By compelling everyone to clarify their expectations, the professionnal dissertation opens up a new area for discussion and dialogue within the institution, bringing about conflicts but also consistency and regulation. As it seems, the professionnal dissertation initiates change and sets up a positive dynamics. Supervising professional dissertations in literature raises problems of its own. The present research brings up the question of the complex human mediation the literature teacher embodies, indissociable as it is from the identity of his discipline. Intersubjective relations between pupils, text and teachers are therefore emphasized. Theories of reception and of reading contribute to ascertain the nature of the didactic mediation. The analysis focuses also on the use of textbooks, a matter to be reflected upon in the professional dissertations. The emphasis laid on the subjective aspect of the writing process in the professional dissertation is consequential in rehabilitating the individuals and thier pedagogic responsibility for didactic choices. Such a new tool is a welcome counterbalance to the dehumanization and loss of meaning that certain literature teaching practices currently display
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Haroche-Bouzinac, Geneviève. "Voltaire dans ses lettres de jeunesse : 1711-1733 : la formation d'un épistolier au XVIIIe siècle /." Paris : Klincksieck, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36656438h.

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Rodger, Johnny. "A modern Scottish republic of letters and its influence on social, political and spatial formations." Thesis, Glasgow School of Art, 2013. http://radar.gsa.ac.uk/4926/.

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Contents: 1: Introduction and critical synthesis. 2: Tartan pimps: Gordon Brown, Margaret Thatcher and the new Scotland (Argyll Publishing, 2010). 3: Fickle man: Robert Burns in the 21st century (Sandstone Press, 2009). 4: The red cockatoo: James Kelman and the art of commitment (Sandstone Press, 2011). 5: Demolition proof: an art work at Glasgow Green station (New Glasgow Society, 2013).
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Books on the topic "Letter formation"

1

Jones, Adrienne. Rat-a-tat-tat: Phonic and letter formation book. London: Channel Four Learning, 1995.

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Voltaire dans ses lettres de jeunesse, 1711-1733: La formation d'un épistolier au XVIIIe siècle. [Paris]: Klincksieck, 1992.

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The making of Colossians: A study on the formation and purpose of a Deutero-Pauline letter. Helsinki: Finnish Exegetical Society, 2003.

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Furmston, M. P. Contract formation and letters of intent. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley, 1998.

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Wiggins, Sean. An analysis of hand letter and word formations. [Derby: Derbyshire College of Higher Education], 1987.

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Gonzales, Enrico D. Love letters from the seminary. España, Manila: UST Pub. House, 2003.

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1926-, Hero Angela Constantinides, ed. The life and letters of Theoleptos of Philadelphia. Brookline, Mass: Hellenic College Press, 1994.

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Fukumoto, Keith H. Plan(ning) is not a four-letter word: a formative evaluation of the Agribusiness Development Corporation. Honolulu, Hawaii: Legislative Reference Bureau, 1997.

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Demaray, Donald E. Experiencing healing and wholeness: A journey in faith : letters to Pastor Andy Brown. Indianapolis, IN: Light and Life Communications, 1999.

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Warde, J. D. Joint stock companies' manual: For the use of shareholders, directors and officers of companies, and the general public; containing practical information as to the steps to be taken and the proofs to be furnished in applying for a charter of incorporation under the acts of the province of Ontario and the Dominion of Canada, relating to the formation of joint companies by letters patent : together with information respecting the organization, management, carrying on and winding up of such companies, and a number of forms and by-laws suitable for the use thereof. 3rd ed. Toronto: Hunter, Rose, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Letter formation"

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Tamulis, Samantha Cohen. "The Birth Pangs of the American Mother: Puritanism, Republicanism, and the Letter-Journal of Esther Edwards Burr." In Women’s Narratives of the Early Americas and the Formation of Empire, 93–107. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137543233_7.

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Moss, Rachel E. "An Orchard, a Love Letter and Three Bastards: The Formation of Adult Male Identity in a Fifteenth-Century Family." In What is Masculinity?, 226–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307254_11.

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Renn, Jürgen. "Einstein’s Controversy with Drude and the Origin of Statistical Mechanics: A New Glimpse from the “Love Letters”." In Einstein the Formative Years, 1879–1909, 107–57. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0311-7_5.

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Demura, Miyako. "The Reception of the Pauline Letters and the Formation of the Canonical Principle in Origen of Alexandria." In Patrologia Pacifica: Selected Papers Presented to the Asia Pacific Early Christian Studies Society, edited by Vladimir Baranov and Kazuhiko Demura, 22–31. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463229443-004.

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Pumroy, Eric L. "Poggio Bracciolini, Phyllis Goodhart Gordan, and the Formation of the Goodhart Collection of Fifteenth-Century Books at Bryn Mawr College." In Atti, 189–97. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-968-3.14.

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The Poggio Bracciolini conference was dedicated to Bryn Mawr alumna Phyllis Goodhart Gordan (1913-1994) one of the leading Poggio scholars of her generation and the editor of the only major collection of Poggio’s letters in English, Two Renaissance Book Hunters (Columbia University Press, 1974). Gordan and her father, Howard Lehman Goodhart (1887-1951) were also responsible for building one of the great collections of 15th century printed books in America, most of which is now at Bryn Mawr College. This paper draws upon Goodhart’s correspondence with rare book dealers and the extensive notes on his books to survey the strengths of the collection and to examine the process by which he built the collection and worked with rare book dealers in the difficult Depression and World War II years, the period when he acquired most of his books. The paper also considers Goodhart’s growing connections with scholars of early printing as his collection and interests grew, in particular the work of Margaret Bingham Stillwell, the editor of Incunabula in American Libraries (1940).
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Grebosz-Haring, Katarzyna, and Simone Heilgendorff. "Zwischen Podium und Publikum." In Gender und Neue Musik, 245–94. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839447390-015.

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Katarzyna Grebosz-Haring und Simone Heilgendorff widmen sich aktuellen Publikum und den Ausführenden von zeitgenössicher (Kunst-)Musik im Kontext von Festivals. Festivals der zeitgenössischen (Kunst-)Musik haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten die Entwicklung und Wahrnehmung der zeitgenössischen (Kunst-)Musik maßgeblich beeinflusst. Ihre Wirkungs-Radien erweiterten sich ästhetisch und interdisziplinär und korrelieren mit einem für Vieles offenen und auf Kreativität Bezug nehmenden Zeitgeist "kultur-orientierter Städte". Für die neuen soziokulturellen Praktiken sind auch Prozesse des "Degendering" wesentlich. Es geht darum, wie sich in diesem Kontext die Geschlechter-Strukturen auf dem Podium und beim Publikum wandelten. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Diskrepanz zwischen einer nahezu paritätischen Relation männlicher und weiblicher Besucher von Veranstaltungen bei Festivals zeitgenössischer (Kunst-)Musik und der vergleichsweise geringen Beteiligung von Musikerinnen und Komponistinnen an diesen Veranstaltungen auf dem Podium. Die Beobachtungen basieren u.a. auf Daten der 2014 durchgeführten, groß angelegten komparativen Studie zum Publikum zeitgenössischer (Kunst-)Musik, die im Rahmen des Forschungs-Projekts "New Music Festivals as Agorai - Their Formation and Impact on Warsaw Autumn, Festival d'Automne in Paris, and Wien Modern Since 1980" bei 14 Veranstaltungen fünf verschiedener Genres durchgeführt wurde. Mit über 1500 retournierten komplexen Fragebögen ist die Studie repräsentativ und ihre Ergebnisse erlauben einen umfassenden Blick auf die Publika der zeitgenössischen (Kunst-)Musik. Darüber hinaus werden mittels konkreter Gegenüberstellungen Gender-relevante Aspekte herausgearbeitet: einerseits bezüglich der Zusammensetzung der Ensembles und der Programme der untersuchten Veranstaltungen und andererseits hinsichtlich der Gender-Balance in Spezialensembles zeitgenössischer Musik. Eine Rahmung für diese Überlegungen bieten Ansätze zur sich wandelnden sozio-kulturellen Praxis, wie sie etwa Andreas Reckwitz erfasst. Abschließend werden wesentliche Problemfelder und Lösungsansätze zur Gender-Balance in der zeitgenössischen (Kunst-)Musik dargelegt.
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"Becoming Christians: Letter Writing As Community Formation." In A Short History of the New Testament. I.B.Tauris, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755603541.ch-001.

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Radde-Gallwitz, Andrew. "The Letter Collection of Basil of Caesarea." In Late Antique Letter Collections. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520281448.003.0006.

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In a recent article, Roy Gibson has underscored the differences between ancient letter collections and their modern presentations. The latter, Gibson shows, tend to arrange letters in chronological order, subordinating the question of the collection’s original form and purpose to the interests of the modern biographer. The corpus of letters of Basil of Caesarea exemplifies Gibson’s theme well. When, in 1730, the Benedictine editors of St. Maur imposed order on the seeming incoherence of the arrangement in the manuscripts available to him, they did so by placing the letters in a putative chronological order. All subsequent editions and translations have followed suit, and thus the study of Basil’s letters has served a largely biographical purpose. This chapter disentangles, as much as possible, the original collection or collections of Basil’s letters from the modern reception of them. There is evidence for the circulation of small collections of Basil’s letters during his lifetime, collections arranged by addressee for purposes ranging from apologetic to polemical. This chapter examines the history of the collection’s formation, arrangement, and content.
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Lim, Timothy H. "The Letter of Aristeas and Its Early Interpreters." In The Formation of the Jewish Canon, 74–93. Yale University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300164343.003.0005.

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Phelan, Owen M. "The Carolingian Machinery of Christian Formation: Charlemagne’s Encyclical Letter on Baptism from 811/812 and Its Implications." In The Formation of Christian Europe, 147–206. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718031.003.0005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Letter formation"

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Nicol, Tony, and Linda Snape. "A computer based letter formation system for children." In Proceeding of the 2003 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/953536.953573.

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Snape, Linda, and Tony Nicol. "Evaluating the effectiveness of a computer based letter formation system for children." In Proceeding of the 2003 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/953536.953566.

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Estrada, Herb, and Ernest M. Hauser. "A Simple and Reliable System for Detecting and Measuring Gas Voids in Safety-Related Fluid Systems." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75756.

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Over the past 20 years there have a number of instances where nuclear power plant operators have discovered gas voids—typically air but occasionally other gases such as undissolved hydrogen—in fluid systems whose function is important to reactor safety. These systems have included emergency core cooling systems, decay heat removal systems, and containment spray systems. The amount of gas has, in some cases, been sufficient to call into question the operability of the systems; had they been needed. The automatic initiation of a system with a gas void present may lead to gas binding of its pumps, or destructive water hammer. The sources of the gas have been various and not readily controlled. The need for licensees to manage gas accumulation has been formally identified in an NRC generic letter (1). The letter points out a need for continuous monitoring, to detect and quantify gas voids in these systems, thereby to ensure their availability in accordance with design basis requirements. The letter further notes that periodic functional tests of the critical systems will not provide the required assurance of operability; if a periodic test finds a system’s functionality questionable because of gas accumulation, the question of how long its operability has been compromised is unanswered. The system described in this paper—the Linewatch Gas Void Detection System—addresses these issues definitively. It provides the means to detect the onset of void formation in any one of multiple pipes in multiple systems on a continuous basis and, following void formation, the means to quantify the amount of these voids, again continuously.
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Hu, Kai-Ming, Bo Peng, Han Yan, Wen-Ming Zhang, Zhong-Yin Xue, Zeng-Feng Di, and Ya-Ting Sun. "Tension-Induced Raman Spectrum Enhanced Phenomena of Graphene Membrane." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85158.

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In the Letter, we reported the tension-induced Raman spectrum enhanced phenomena of graphene membrane. The standard micro-fabrication processes are utilized to fabricate micro-scale holes on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafers, and suspended graphene membranes are transferred onto target substrates with shallow holes and flat substrates using the dry and wet transfer techniques, respectively. The corrugated graphene near the hole is stretched smoothly due to the built-in strain during the transfer processes, and the intensity ratio between the 2D and G bands I2D/IG>5, which demonstrates the high quality of graphene sheet is obtained under the stretching stress. The intensity ratio between the 2D and G bands would diminish greatly when the graphene membrane is broken. Therefore, the Raman spectrum intensities of graphene membranes can be tuned by the built-in strain. The study can be helpful for further understanding the formation mechanism of corrugated graphene, the suppressing method of the small ripple in graphene, and the way to improve the quality of graphene.
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Ohms, Carsten, Robert C. Wimpory, Dimitar Neov, Didier Lawrjaniec, and Anastasius G. Youtsos. "ENPOWER: Investigations by Neutron Diffraction and Finite Element Analyses on Residual Stress Formation in Repair Welds Applied to Ferritic Steel Plates." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71786.

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The European collaborative research project ENPOWER (Management of Nuclear Plant Operation by Optimizing Weld Repairs) has as one of its main objectives the development of guidelines for the application of repair welds to safety critical components in nuclear power plants. In this context letter box repair welds applied to thin ferritic steel plates to simulate repair of postulated shallow cracks have been manufactured for the purpose of experimental and numerical analysis of welding residual stresses. Two specimens have been procured, one of them prepared in accordance with a standard welding procedure, while in the second case a different procedure was followed in order to obtain extended martensite formation in the heat affected zone. Residual stresses have been determined in both specimens by neutron diffraction at the High Flux Reactor of the Joint Research Centre in Petten, The Netherlands. In parallel Institut de Soudure in France has performed a full 3-d analysis of the residual stress field for the standard welding case taking into account the materials and phase transformations. The experimental data obtained for both specimens clearly suggest that the non-conventional welding procedure rendered higher maximum stress values. In the case of the standard welding procedure numerical and experimental data show a reasonable qualitative agreement. The maximum stress value was in both cases found in the same region of the material — in the base metal just underneath the weld pool — and in both cases found to be of similar magnitude (∼800 MPa found in neutron diffraction and ∼700 MPa found in numerical analysis). In this paper the experimental and numerical approaches are outlined and the obtained results are presented. In addition an outlook is given to future work to be performed on this part of the ENPOWER project. A main issue pending is the application of an optimized advanced post weld heat treatment in one of the two cases and the subsequent numerical and experimental determination of its impact on the residual stress field. At the same time further evaluation of the materials transformations due to welding is pursued.
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HOA, SUONG V., and DANIEL I. ROSCA. "Formation of Letters a, b, c Using 4D Printing of Composites." In American Society for Composites 2020. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc35/34849.

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Husaini, S. Mahmood, and Riyad K. Qashu. "Transient Heat Transfer Analysis to Evaluate the Voiding of the Containment Emergency Cooling Units of PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) Nuclear Plant Following a Pipe Break Accident." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3035.

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The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued the Generic Letter GL-96-06 requiring the utilities to evaluate in their Nuclear plants the operability of the Containment Emergency Cooling Units (ECUs) when the Component Cooling Water (CCW) pumps restart after a hypothetical Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA) or Main Steam Line Break (MSLB) accompanied by the Loss Of Offsite Power (LOOP). Normally, the ECUs are at high elevation and are susceptible to boiling when their cooling coils are exposed to the high temperature steam following a MSLB or LOCA. In a closed loop system, after the onset of boiling, the voiding is governed by the amount of water that can flow from the ECUs to the surge tank. When the CCW pumps restart, water hammer will occur due to the filling of the void. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) along with a number of utilities undertook an experimental research study that proposed a methodology to mitigate the water hammer by accounting for the cushioning effects of hot steam and released air. However, the EPRI study did not provide any guidance for evaluating the occurrence of boiling and the size of the void when the CCW pumps restart. Some of the utilities have used cfd based computer programs that require setting up complex models of the ECU cooling coils, which is very time consuming and costly. This paper presents a methodology based on first principles to evaluate the onset of boiling and the growth of steam void in the ECU coils of a typical PWR closed loop CCW system with a surge tank. It includes the effects of system parameters and accounts for condensation in the presence of air, natural convection, boiling heat transfer, etc. The system parameters have a very significant effect on the results of the analysis. The predictions of the calculations were compared with the predictions using the GOTHIC computer code and were found to be in reasonably good agreement. The methodology is shown to be very cost effective and reliable because it avoids the complexity of modeling the entire cooler and is based on first principles. After the water in the ECU coils reaches the saturation temperature, the void formation is dependent on the paths available from both the inlet and the outlet sides of the ECUs to the surge tank. The procedure for calculating the drainage is also illustrated. Various fixes for avoiding/mitigating the water hammer are also discussed.
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Harling, Henry E. "Design of an Automatic Waterhammer Prevention System." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57405.

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The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued Generic Letter (GL) 96-06 [1] which required utilities to evaluate the potential for waterhammers in cooling water systems serving containment following a Loss of Offsite Power (LOOP) concurrent with a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) or Main Steam Line Break (MSLB). At Duke’s Oconee Nuclear Station, analysis and system testing in response to GL 96-06 concluded that waterhammers occur in the Low Pressure Service Water (LPSW) system during all LOOP events. Column Closure Waterhammers (CCWH) occur when the LPSW pumps restart following a LOOP and rapidly close vapor voids within the system, specifically, in the Reactor Building Cooling Unit (RBCU) and Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) motor piping. Condensation Induced Waterhammers (CIWH) occur when heated steam voids interact with sub-cooled water in long horizontal piping sections, specifically in the RBCU and Reactor Building Auxiliary Coolers (RBAC) piping. These waterhammers were not expected to result in pipe failure, but resulted in piping code allowable stresses being exceeded. Piping code compliance was achieved by installing modifications that prevent all GL 96-06 related waterhammers inside containment. Two modifications were designed and implemented. These modifications were designed to isolate the piping inside containment, the high point in the open loop system, in order to maintain it in a water solid state. This was accomplished by a valve closure scheme that is actuated by low LPSW supply header pressure. Additionally, “controllable vacuum breakers” (pneumatic valves) open on low LPSW supply header pressure to eliminate void formation and collapse while the isolation valves are closing. The pneumatic isolation valve arrangement is single failure proof to open and to close. The Waterhammer Prevention System (WPS) circuitry closes the valves by one of two digital channels consisting of relays, which are triggered by two of four analog channels consisting of a pressure transmitter/current switch. The valves re-open on increasing supply header pressure. A “leakage accumulator” was provided in the supply header to make-up any boundary valve leakage that may occur when the system is isolated. This provides for a larger allowable aggregate boundary valve leakage rate. The system response was predicted by a model using the thermal-hydraulic code GOTHIC. Following installation, an integrated test was successfully conducted by inducing a LOOP into the LPSW system.
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Ezekoye, L. Ike, Ryan D. Griffin, William M. Turkowski, and Gregory R. Williams. "An Integrated Approach for Monitoring Gas Accumulation in Safety Related Systems." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77957.

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Gas intrusion into safety related systems, such as the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS), Decay Heat Removal (DHR) and Containment Spray (CS) system in nuclear power plants is undesirable and has led to pump binding and damaging water hammer events. Furthermore, total or momentary loss of hydraulic performance in safety related pumps has occurred, which has led to pump damage rendering the pumps unable to perform their safety functions or reduce the pump discharge pressure and flow capacity to the point that the system cannot perform its design function. Extreme cases of water hammer can result in physical damage to system piping, components and supports, and possible relief valve lifting events with consequential loss of inventory. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued Generic Letter GL-2008-01, “Managing Gas Accumulation in Emergency Core Cooling, Decay Heat Removal, and Containment Spray Systems,” requiring U.S. utilities to demonstrate that suitable design, operation and testing measures are in place to maintain licensing commitments. GL-2008-01 outlines a number of actions that are detailed in nature, such as establishing pump void tolerance limits, establishing limits on pump suction void fractions, assuring adequate system venting capability, identifying all possible sources of gas intrusion, preventing vortex formation in tanks and determining acceptable limits of gas in system discharge piping. Regarding one of these issues, GL-2008-01 indicates that the amount of gas that can be ingested without significant impact on pump operability and reliability is not well established and is known to depend on pump design, gas dispersion and flow rate. Each U.S. nuclear power plant licensee is required to evaluate their ECCS, DHR and CS system design, operation and test procedures to assure that gas intrusion is minimized and monitored in order to maintain system operability and compliance with the requirements of the U.S. code of federal regulations 10 CFR 50 Appendix B. Typically, gases get into the safety related systems through a number of mechanisms, such as maintenance, gas desorption, vortex activities, cavitation, etc. This paper discusses the sources of gas into safety related systems and the challenges associated with management of gas voids in these systems. A number of technologies exist that can detect the gas that accumulates in the safety related piping. These technologies are discussed and an integrated approach for monitoring gas accumulation in safety related pipes is presented. Issues such as methods to get rid of gases and venting periodicity are discussed. Industry efforts to address the management of gases in these systems are also presented.
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ABDUKADYROVA, T. T. "FORMATION OF QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHECHEN-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM." In The main issues of linguistics, lingvodidactics and intercultural communications. Astrakhan State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/978-5-9926-1237-0-005-009.

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This article examines the problem of teaching foreign language vocabulary in bilingual conditions. The importance of this article is due to the fact that the emphasis is placed on the study of qualitative characteristics of foreign language vocabulary in the conditions of chechen-russian bilingualism, which can affect communication in the study of native, russian and foreign languages. In the process of teaching foreign language vocabulary in the conditions of chechen-russian bilingualism, it is accompanied by additional difficulties, which are manifested due to the interaction of different lexical systems of the contacting languages. It should be noted that the difficulties of mastering the spelling features of lexical units are due to the peculiarities of german spelling, which is characterized by numerous rules for combining letters when writing and exceptions. The result of the research is the conclusion that the proposed classification of the development of lexical units of the german language, as practice shows, is an effective means for bilingual students to overcome difficulties in the process of forming a foreign language lexical competence.
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