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Journal articles on the topic 'Letter formation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Kudirka, Robertas. "The old and the new formation of euphemisms. Graphical euphemisms formation in electronic discourse." Lietuvių kalba, no. 6 (December 28, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2012.22706.

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Euphemistic substitution occurs due to taboo issues and the most common taboo subjects are physiological actions or their results (motion, sexual intercourse etc) thus the basic function of euphemistic substitution is to soften an offensive, vulgar word. A euphemism is usually defined as a softer, a more neutral substitute for vulgar words, however, such a definition is narrow and not precise as it only indicates one feature of euphemism formation, i.e. correctness, tact. Ascribing euphemisms only to the field of tropes does not reflect their contemporary distribution. Now euphemisms are also used as a linguistic means to conceal facts and manipulate the audience. It is necessary to understand the contemporary usage of euphemisms by two perspectives, i.e. as (1) a neutral word or phrase that is used instead of a synonymous one which is impolite or politically incorrect; and also as (2) individual, occasional contextual substitutions aimed at misrepresenting or concealing facts, real meaffning etc. The new usage of euphemisms is especially relevant to advocate and consolidate new social or political doctrines, "to positively inform" about acts of war carried out by totalitarian regimes, etc. Researchers investigating euphemism usage sometimes do not even mention graphical euphemism formation or do not pay greater attention to it, although in electronic discourse this is a widespread phenomenon. In written language in order to achieve euphemistic effect, a word can be restructured or changed by using non-letter graphical symbols instead of letters, euphemised graphical equivalents can be created. Graphical euphemism formation in manipulative media is not common due to obviousness. Graphical euphemisms as substitutes for obscene vocabulary are most commonly used in internet forums, article comments, interactive chat rooms. When using a graphical euphemism, the automatic check programme does not recognise it as a swearword, a vulgar word and allows inserting such a message. The article distinguishes six types of graphical euphemism formation in electronic discourse: insertion of a letter, insertion of a space, insertion of a non-letter symbol, substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol, omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending) and encryption. Together with these types, the cases of occasional and mixed euphemism formation are discussed. The most common type is the omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending), another common category is that of the substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol. Less frequent is euphemism formation by inserting a letter, a space or some other non-letter symbol into a word, while the least frequent and unpopular are cases of encrypting a euphemised word.
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2

Azmi, Sari Putri, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "PEMBENTUKAN ABREVIASI DALAM SURAT KABAR PADANG EKSPRES." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81009030.

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This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First, the type of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, found five types of abreviation, namely (a) abbreviation, (b) acronym, (c)fragments, (d) contractions, and (e) symbols. Second, the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, consists of four processes. (a) The formation of abbreviations consisting of: the first letters of each component; first letters with conjunction, preposition, reduplication, articulation and word; first letters; and first and third letter. (b) The formation of acronyms and contractions consisting of: the first syllabus of each component; first of each component, first two letters of each component, the first three letters of each component, the first two letters of the first two and the first two letters of the second component together with the deletion; and the sequence of various letters and syllables difficult to formulate. (c) The formation of a fragment consist of: that is letters the last syllable of a word and partial splitting sequence. (d) The formation of letter symbol consisting of: that is symbol of letters that characterize size consisting of first letters of consolidation of component, letter symbol expressing data number, and symbol letters that mark currency.Keywords: Abreviation, Newspaper, Padang Ekspress
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3

Susanti, Weni, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "ADVERBIA DALAM NOVEL ANGKATAN PUJANGGA BARU: NOVEL LAYAR TERKEMBANG KARYA SUTAN TAKDIR ALISJAH-BANA DAN NOVEL BELENGGU KARYA ARMIJN PANE." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81009060.

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This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First, the type of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, found five types of abreviation, namely (a) abbreviation, (b) acronym, (c)fragments, (d) contractions, and (e) symbols. Second, the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, consists of four processes. (a) The formation of abbreviations consisting of: the first letters of each component; first letters with conjunction, preposition, reduplication, articulation and word; first letters; and first and third letter. (b) The formation of acronyms and contractions consisting of: the first syllabus of each component; first of each component, first two letters of each component, the first three letters of each component, the first two letters of the first two and the first two letters of the second component together with the deletion; and the sequence of various letters and syllables difficult to formulate. (c) The formation of a fragment consist of: that is letters the last syllable of a word and partial splitting sequence. (d) The formation of letter symbol consisting of: that is symbol of letters that characterize size consisting of first letters of consolidation of component, letter symbol expressing data number, and symbol letters that mark currency. Keywords: Adverbs, Novel, Pujangga Baru
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4

Stroganova, N. A. "FEATURES OF CHINESE EPISTOLOGRAPHY AT AN EARLY STAGE OF ITS FORMATION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-997-1004.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of writing letters - one of the oldest prose genres in the world literature. In contrast to the Western epistolary heritage, not deprived of the attention of researchers, Chinese epistolary literature and culture are still little studied areas of synology. In this article, we will find out the role that epistolography played in the life of ancient Chinese people, trace the emergence and formation of traditional Chinese epistolography, note the various types of material carriers of epistolary text, clarify the details of the process of writing and sending a letter, try to “find” the genre nature of writing, schematically denote its typological structure; we will list the most common epistolary topoi, outline the themes prevailing in letters, highlight the key function of a letter, the allegorical perception of a letter in the minds of the ancient (and not only) Chinese. The article is intended to vividly show that the fictional epistle in the form in which it originated and developed in the depths of traditional Chinese literature deserves a more detailed examination and is capable of generating interest not only among specialists, but also among a wide circle of readers.
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5

Trowbridge, EA. "Models of platelet formation [letter]." Blood 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.4.1225b.1225b.

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6

Trowbridge, EA. "Models of platelet formation [letter]." Blood 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v70.4.1225b.bloodjournal7041225b.

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7

Lingga, Alkaushar, Edi Yanto ML, and Susy Deliani. "Acronym Formation Study in Waspada Medan Daily Newspaper." AKSIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/aksis.030215.

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This study examines the process of making an acronym in the Waspada daily newspaper Medan published on 1, 4 and 6 April 2019. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of forming an acronym in the Waspada Medan daily newspaper published on 1, 4 and 6 April 2019. This research method is a descriptive qualitative method. The research data is sourced from the Waspada Medan daily newspaper on 1, 4, and 6 April 2019. Techniques for collecting data with techniques refer to and are accepted. The results of this study describe the five patterns of the formation of acronyms, namely: (1) Tribal sequencing with tribes, (2) sequencing of tribes with tribes and letters, (3) sequencing of words with tribes and letter, (4) impingement of words with terms and letters, and (5) initial letter. Keywords:acronyms, process, formation, waspada Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang proses pembentukan akronim pada surat kabar harian Waspada Medan terbitan tanggal 1, 4 dan 6 April 2019. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan proses pembentukan akronim pada surat kabar harian Waspada Medan terbitan tanggal 1, 4 dan 6 April 2019. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data penelitian ini bersumber dari surat kabar harian Waspada Medan tanggal 1, 4, dan 6 April 2019. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan teknik membaca dan mencatat. Hasil penelitian ini mendeskripsikan lima pola proses pembentukan akronim yaitu: (1) Pengekalan suku dengan suku, (2) Pengekalan suku dengan suku dan huruf, (3) Pengekalan kata dengan suku dan huruf, (4) Pelesapan kata dengan suku dan huruf, dan (5) Pengekalan huruf awal. Kata kunci: akronim, proses, pembentukan, waspada
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8

Goel, Atul. "Letter to the Editor. Chiari formation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 25, no. 3 (March 2020): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.9.peds19511.

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9

Пяткова and V. Pyatkova. "Formation of Calligraphic Correct Hand Writing As Pedagogical Problem." Primary Education 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24457.

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The article considers the problem of teaching first-grade pupil calligraphic correct letter as a basis of handwriting, which is a stable personality characteristic in the future is difficult to correcting. As the process of writing is extremely complex and covers various areas of mental activity, the teacher is recommended to take into account the hygiene, physiological and educational components that contribute to conscious mastery of technique first-grade pupil letters formation of skills of visual-motor development of self-control on the basis of geometric eye estimation. The author offers the technique “Line-art formation of calligraphic writing”, characterizes its components, compares with the traditional method of teaching writing.
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10

Rosalia, Sholeha, and Yosi Wulandari. "Makna Alif dalam Puisi Zikir D. Zawawi Imron dan Sajak Alif Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda." Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya) 2, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/jg.v2i1.2559.

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Alif means the first, saying the Supreme Life and is Sturdy and has the element of fire and Alif is formed from Ulfah (closeness) ta'lif (formation). With this letter Allah mementa'lif (unite) His creation with the foundation of monotheism and ma'rifah belief in appreciation of faith and monotheism. Therefore, Alif opens certain meanings and definitions of shapes and colors that are in other letters. Then be Alif as "Kiswah" (clothes) for different messages. That is a will. "IQRO" is a revelation that was first passed down to the Prophet Muhammad. Saw. Read it, which starts with the letter Alif and ends with the letter Alif. The creation of a poem is influenced by the environment and the self-reflection of a poet where according to the poet's origin, in comparing in particular Alif's poetry from the two poets. The object of this research is the poetry of Zikir by D. Zawawi Imron and Sajak Alif by Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda. This study uses a comparative method and sociology of literature. Through a comparative study of literature between the poetry of Zikir D. Zawawi Imron and Sajak Alif Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda, it is hoped that the public can know the meaning of Alif according to the poet's view. With this research, the Indonesian people can accept different views on the meaning of Alif in accordance with their respective understanding without having to look for what is right and wrong. The purpose in Alif is like a life, in the form of letters like a body, a tree that is cut to the root, from the heart is split to the seeds, then from the seeds are split so that nothing is the essence of life. So, it is clear that Alif is the most important and Supreme letter. Talking about the meaning of Alif as the first letter revealed on earth. After the letter Alif was revealed, 28 other Hijaiyah letters were born. The letter Alif is made the beginning of His book and the opening letter. Other letters are from Alif and appear on him.
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11

Boucher, Andrew B., and Joshua J. Chern. "Letter to the Editor. “Benign” Chiari formation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 24, no. 5 (November 2019): 609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.5.peds19293.

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12

Prunty, Mellissa, and Anna L. Barnett. "Accuracy and Consistency of Letter Formation in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder." Journal of Learning Disabilities 53, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219419892851.

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Handwriting difficulties are frequently mentioned in descriptions of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Recent studies have shown that children with DCD pause more and produce less text than typically developing (TD) peers. This temporal dysfluency indicates a lack of automaticity in handwriting production. One possible contributing factor is the accuracy and consistency of letter formation. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of handwriting dysfluency by examining the accuracy and consistency of letter production both within and across different writing tasks. A total of 28 children aged 8 to 15 years with DCD participated in the study with 28 TD age- and gender-matched control participants. They completed the alphabet writing and copy fast tasks from The Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting on a digitizing writing tablet. The accuracy and consistency of letter production were examined. The DCD group had a higher percentage of errors within their letterforms than did the TD peers. Letter production was also less consistent between tasks. Children with DCD appear to have difficulties with the “allograph” (motor program) aspect of handwriting and may require explicit teaching of letter formation.
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13

van Leeuwen, Tessa M., Mark Dingemanse, Büşra Todil, Amira Agameya, and Asifa Majid. "Nonrandom Associations of Graphemes with Colors in Arabic." Multisensory Research 29, no. 1-3 (2016): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002511.

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Numerous studies demonstrate people associate colors with letters and numbers in systematic ways. But most of these studies rely on speakers of English, or closely related languages. This makes it difficult to know how generalizable these findings are, or what factors might underlie these associations. We investigated letter–color and number–color associations in Arabic speakers, who have a different writing system and unusual word structure compared to Standard Average European languages. We also aimed to identify grapheme–color synaesthetes (people who have conscious color experiences with letters and numbers). Participants associated colors with 28 basic Arabic letters and ten digits by typing color names that best fit each grapheme. We found language-specific principles determining grapheme–color associations. For example, the word formation process in Arabic was relevant for color associations. In addition, psycholinguistic variables, such as letter frequency and the intrinsic order of graphemes influenced associations. Contrary to previous studies we found no evidence for sounds playing a role in letter–color associations for Arabic, and only a very limited role for shape influencing color associations. These findings highlight the importance of linguistic and psycholinguistic features in cross-modal correspondences, and illustrate why it is important to play close attention to each language on its own terms in order to disentangle language-specific from universal effects.
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14

Sari, Witria Diah, Linna Meilia Rasiban, and Neneng Sutjiati. "The Formation of Abbreviated Loanwords in Japanese: A study of Ryakugo and Toujigo in Asahi Shimbun digital website of automotive-technology column." JAPANEDU: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Bahasa Jepang 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/japanedu.v4i1.17079.

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In Japan, loanwords widely used in newspapers that make it difficult for readers to understand the information. As there is a need for a practical language, it has been proven by the more dominant use of abbreviations. In newspapers, abbreviations in loanwords are most commonly found in the field of automotive technology, but the use of abbreviations in newspaper must be taken into consideration, as it may be difficult to deliver the information. This study was arranged with the aim to find out, describe and analyse the formation of loanwords in ryakugoand toujigoform in the Asahi Shimbun Digitalwebsite. It is intended for Japanese learners to have a basic knowledge of the formation structure of the Japanese loanwords and to know the abbreviations and meanings of the automotive and technology fields term. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this study were obtained 79 data of ryakugoand toujigo, which in the formation of ryakugo were jouryaku, geryaku, and jougeryaku. While the formation of toujigo were keeping the first letter written with alphabet, keeping the first letter written with alpha-numeric, keeping the front–middle- in the first word and keeping two letters in the first word.
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15

Sikorska, Iryna. "LEVKO KOLODUB. LETTERS TO A STRANGER (formation of professionalism in the mirror of the epistolіa)." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 58, no. 58 (March 10, 2021): 198–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-58.12.

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Introduction. Levko Kolodub – is one of the most outstanding Ukrainian composers of the 2nd half of the XX-th – the beginning XXI-thcentury. Studying of his creative work will never lose its actuality in the context of understanding the integrity, depth and diversity of our national musical culture. Theoretical Background. There is no fundamental monograph about L. Kolodub. The brochure by M. Zaghajkevych (1973), collected articles based on the conference materials, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Master (2006), books by K. Bila (2010) about the instrumental concert and by L. Makarenko (2015) about folklore principles of his work, so as biographical articles for the Ukrainian Music Encyclopedia (V. 2, 2008) and for the Festival booklet (2019) – became a milestone on this path. Eight letters from Levko (1954) to Janna Brondz (his future wife Zhanna Kolodub), with whom they lived for almost sixty-five years!), recently found in the family archives, – are important for the scientific reconstruction of L. Kolodub’s creative biography. Objectives. The article aims to describe the letters, first submitted for publication and commented in detail, and determine the meaning of this period. Methods. It was used: analytical – to analyze the literature on this issue; historical – to comment and identify the significance of June 1954 in the L. Kolodub’s life; biographical – for the studying of life facts; interviews with J. Kolodub during 2020–2021 to clarify some details; and also – a source method for studying the epistolary corpus. Results and Discussion. The impetus for the letters was a brief acquaintance of two young people after a symphony concert at the Kyiv Philharmonic during the Republican Plenum of the Ukraine Composers Union. The correspondence lasted a little over a month – until the end of their student life. In the first letter, Levko describes in detail how he first saw Janna, decided to approach and talk. Then he tells about himself, about the years of his study at the Kharkiv Conservatory. As he finishes his own Cantata to the state exam in the specialty. How the composition lessons were held in the Professor M. Titz’s class. He remembers also, how he came to M. Titz on December 31, 1947 at the first time and almost until the New Year he showed the Symphony, improvising on the clarinet. Another letter tells, how Levko prepares carefully for the piano exam, where he will also play his own works – Scherzo and Fuga. During the preparing for the composition exam – in really a symphony concert at the Kharkiv Philharmonic – L. Kolodub considerably reworked his Symphonic poem; he describes the changes in detail because he is sure, she’ll be interested in it. We learn about the passing of the colloquium from the last letter, where the author expresses his confidence in the upcoming meeting: after his graduation he is going to come to Kyiv and congratulate Janna on her diploma. Conclusion. So, from these letters we found out L. Kolodub as a competent specialist – erudite, self-critical, hard-working composer, aimed at self-improvement.
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16

Schechter, AN, CT Noguchi, and GP Rodgers. "Deoxyhemoglobin S polymer formation in sickle cells [letter]." Blood 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.6.1415b.1415b.

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17

Schechter, AN, CT Noguchi, and GP Rodgers. "Deoxyhemoglobin S polymer formation in sickle cells [letter]." Blood 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v68.6.1415b.bloodjournal6861415b.

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18

Neame, PB, and P. Soamboonsrup. "E-rosette formation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia [letter]." Blood 66, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v66.1.247.247.

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19

Neame, PB, and P. Soamboonsrup. "E-rosette formation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia [letter]." Blood 66, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v66.1.247.bloodjournal661247.

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20

Nosirova, Dilfuza, and Mehrigiyo O’ktamova. "How to pronounce silent letters in English and French." Общество и инновации 2, no. 4/S (May 20, 2021): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss4/s-pp712-716.

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According to the Law on Education, the National Training Program, new educational institutions have been built, and the existing ones have been reconstructed and repaired in accordance with modern standards. In the framework of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" and the National Program of Personnel Training, a comprehensive system of teaching foreign languages, is the formation of a harmoniously developed, educated, modern-minded young generation , a system aimed at further integration of the republic into the world community has been created. Silent letter is part of a word that written but not spoken. Silent letter can sometimes join with other letters to form part of a word. Silent letters exist in many English words and French words as well. Because of this, they often cause confusion and sometimes embarrassment when they are accidentally spoken.One of the reasons why silent letters are used in English, French and some other languages relates to following. During the formation evolution of English and French many foreign words were assimilated or absorbed in the language in Latin ,Germanic , Greek words were readily added to early English and French as was the spelling. All natural languages change and because they change, they have histories. Every language changes in different ways, so their histories are unique and different. The history of a given language is the description of how it has changed over time.
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21

Brakke, David. "A New Fragment of Athanasius's Thirty-Ninth Festal Letter: Heresy, Apocrypha, and the Canon." Harvard Theological Review 103, no. 1 (January 2010): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816009990307.

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Athanasius of Alexandria's thirty-ninth Festal Letter remains one of the most significant documents in the history of the Christian Bible. Athanasius wrote the letter, which contains the first extant list of precisely the twenty-seven books of the current New Testament canon, in 367 c.e., during the final decade of his life. Like many of his annual Easter letters, the thirty-ninth was fairly long, but only a small portion of the text survives in Greek.1 The Greek excerpt contains Athanasius's lists of the books of the Old and New Testaments, which he calls “canonized,” and a list of a few additional books, like the Shepherd of Hermas, which he says are not canonized, but are useful in the instruction of catechumens. Most studies of the formation of the Christian canon, including very recent ones, examine only this Greek fragment and so discuss only the contents of the lists. But already in the late-nineteenth-century fragments of the much more extensive Coptic translation had been published, and a few scholars, such as Carl Schmidt and Theodor Zahn, used them to write penetrating studies of the letter.2 In 1955 Lefort published all the then-known Coptic fragments in his book of Coptic Athanasiana, and then in 1984 Coquin published another long fragment.3 These served as the basis for my 1995 translation and my 1994 article in this journal on the social context of canon formation in fourth-century Egypt.4
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22

Mayer, Frederick J. "Cosmic Implications of Tresino Formation: A Narrated Review." International Journal of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics 2, no. 1 (November 13, 2020): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18689/ijcaa-1000123.

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Tresino formation plays an important role in determining the composition of the universe from late in the early Universe until now. This letter presents a simplified version of our Baryon Phase Transition cosmology to clarify how the composition evolved to become what it is.
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23

Park, Tae Hwan, and Choong Hyun Chang. "Letter regarding “Keloid formation after circumcision and its treatment”." Journal of Pediatric Urology 9, no. 1 (February 2013): e56-e57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.08.004.

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24

Proskurin, Sergey G. "Semiotics and writing systems." Semiotica 2015, no. 205 (June 1, 2015): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0007.

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AbstractThis article deals with semiotic modeling in writing. The process of modeling is involved in the creation of new scripts and alphabets. The narrative describes the so called ABC-principle in action. Since the ABC code is also a text, the letters have meaningful collocations and the letter names have meaningful associations. The sequence of letters in an ABC is a meaningful syntagm within a ritual text. We shall attempt to prove that these parts of an ABC are meaningful micro-texts that constitute a model of the world as conceived in Indo-European culture. Together with rituals, alphabets have contributed to the formation of concepts of the physical world and cultural identities.
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25

Trainor, Thomas A. "QGP droplet formation in small asymmetric collision systems." EPJ Web of Conferences 235 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023502006.

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The journal Nature recently published a letter titled "Creating small circular, elliptical, and triangular droplets of quark-gluon plasma" [1]. The basis for that claim is a combination of measured Fourier amplitudes v2 and v3 from collision systems p-Au, d-Au and h-Au (helion h is the nucleus of atom 3He), Glauber Monte Carlo estimates of initial-state transverse collision geometries for those systems and hydrodynamic Monte Carlo descriptions of the vn data. Apparent correspondence between hydrodynamic model vn trends and data trends is interpreted as confirmation of “collectivity” occurring in the small collision systems, further interpreted to indicate QGP formation. QGP formation in small systems runs counter to pre-RHIC theoretical assumptions that QGP formation should require large collision systems (e.g. central A-A collisions). There is currently available a broad context of experimental data from p-p, A-A and p-Pb collisions at the RHIC and LHC against which the validity of the Nature letter claims may be evaluated. This talk provides a summary of such results and their implications. [1] Nature Phys. 15, no. 3, 214 (2019).
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Kusnir, Flor, and Gregor Thut. "Formation of automatic letter–colour associations in non-synaesthetes through likelihood manipulation of letter–colour pairings." Neuropsychologia 50, no. 14 (December 2012): 3641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.032.

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Bevelacqua, Joseph J., James Welsh, and S. M. J. Mortazavi. "Comment on “Dexamethasone Inhibits Spheroid Formation of Thyroid Cancer Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity”." Cells 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9071738.

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Ziviani, Jenny, Alan Hayes, and David Chant. "Handwriting: A Perceptual-Motor Disturbance in Children with Myelomeningocele." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 10, no. 1 (January 1990): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929001000103.

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An explanation for the handwriting difficulties experienced by children with spina bifida myelomeningocele was sought within the framework of a closed-loop theory of motor skill acquisition. The handwriting performance of 34 children (16 boys and 18 girls) aged 6.16 to 13.42 years was detailed with available norms. Regression analyses were then performed for the five handwriting components of speed, alignment, letter formation, spacing, and size. The regressions for speed, alignment, and letter formation reached statistical significance. For speed, age provided the greatest explanation of performance (R2 = .62, p = .008). Alignment was explained substantially by age, handedness, scholastic aptitude, and kinesthesia (R2 = .55, p = .03). Letter formation was determined primarily by age and kinesthesia (R2 .71, p = .001,). The overall regression was not significant for spacing (R2 = .39, p = .30), or size (R2 = .35, p = .43), although a significant single degree of freedom was detected for the effect of age. These findings are discussed in terms of skill acquisition theory.
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Quenvauviller, Philippe, and Milena Horvat. "Letter to the Editor: Artifact formation of methylmercury in sediments." Analytical Chemistry 71, no. 5 (March 1999): 155A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990222j.

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Zettin, M., R. Cubelli, C. Perino, and R. Rago. "Impairment of letter formation: The case of ‘ideomotor’ apraxic agraphia." Aphasiology 9, no. 3 (May 1995): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687039508248205.

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Burns, Matthew K., Zoila M. Ganuza, and Rachel M. London. "Brief Experimental Analysis of Written Letter Formation: Single-Case Demonstration." Journal of Behavioral Education 18, no. 1 (December 9, 2008): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10864-008-9076-z.

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32

Mezhzherina, Hanna. "Structural types of English aviation abbreviations terms in the translation aspect." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-51.

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The article deals with the translation of aviation terms-abbreviations ((LORAN, tkof, Ttail, etc.) from English into Ukrainian. The regularities of structural integration of components in English and Ukrainian aviation terms were found. The types of structural and semantic transformations in translation were analyzed. The structure and features of the translation of letter abbreviations (UHF, HIPAR, etc.) are described. It was found that three–component word-combinations (ACC – area control center) often serve as the basis for design of letter aviation abbreviations; two-component, four-component, and five-component phrases are used occasionally. In the English aviation terminological system unlike the Ukrainian one the material for the formation of letter abbreviations may be composite as well as phrases, one of the components of which is expressed by a complex word. For the translation of the created in this way terms we can restore the original word-combination and use calquing. It should be borne in mind that one of the letters in its composition may be a reduction of conjunctions or prepositions (SARC – search and rescue center). The reduction to three or four letters of one of the components of the terminology word-combinations is a typical way of formation English aviation abbreviations. When determining the original form of the English term, a translator should take into account that not only the first, but also the last component of the phrase can be subject to reduction. The translation specificity of homoacronyms that based on word-combinations in which one of the components is a concatenation-type composite is shown. Attention is paid to the availability of borrowings in English and Ukrainian aviation terminological systems. Identification of abbreviations-borrowings requires the use of French, German and other terminology dictionaries. It is important to distinguish elliptical abbreviations not only from the initial ones, but also from the reductions of the composites to the first letters of their components, to achieve an adequate translation. The terms-abbreviations that are formed by the reduction of current words were found. The choice of methods, types, ways to translate English aviation abbreviations (calquing of the original form, calquing with the following abbreviation, descriptive translation, etc.) depends on the structural type of the term. The required condition for an adequate translation of abbreviations is to take into account the broad context. The material was taken from dictionaries of aviation terms and original scientific texts.
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SHALFEEV, VLADIMIR D., and ALEXEY S. KUZNETSOV. "CONTROLLING PATTERN FORMATION IN A CNN OF CHUA’S CIRCUITS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 06, no. 11 (November 1996): 2127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127496001405.

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In this letter we consider the nonlinear dynamics of a 2-dimensional CNN (cellular neural networks) made of a two-dimensional array of Chua’s oscillators, interconnected via nonlinear coupling. We focus our attention on the possibility of intelligently controlling the pattern formation process by applying an external signal from independent current sources to the cells of the CNN, or by an intelligent choice of initial conditions.
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Korogodina, Maria V. "An Unknown Slavic Translation of a Fragment of the “Letter of the Three Oriental Patriarchs to Emperor Theophilos” in the 15th-century Miscellany by a Russian Scribe." Slovene 6, no. 1 (2017): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2017.6.1.12.

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There is a fragment of a Slavic translation of the “Letter of the Three Oriental Patriarchs to Emperor Theophilos” in a 15th-century Russian manuscript. The fragment contains the opening part of the “Letter” and considers the relations between state and church authorities. Comparison with the translation of the entire “Letter,” which is known as “Mnogoslozhnyi svitok,” proves that these translations are different. A comparison with the Greek text of the “Letter” allows us to identify the Greek manuscript closest to the Russian fragment. One can suggest that the manuscript belongs to a Russian scribe who was interested in texts related to the formation of the structure of state authority in Russia.
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Moreno Arboleda, Francisco Javier, Jaime Alberto Guzmán Luna, and Sebastian Alonso Gomez Arias. "Identification of V-Formations and Circular and Doughnut Formations in a Set of Moving Entities with Outliers." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/241684.

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Diverse movement patterns may be identified when we study a set of moving entities. One of these patterns is known as a V-formation for it is shaped like the letter V. Informally, a set of entities shows a V-formation if the entities are located on one of their two characteristic lines. These lines meet in a position where there is just one entity considered the leader of the formation. Another movement pattern is known as a circular formation for it is shaped like a circle. Informally, circular formations present a set of entities grouped around a center in which the distance from these entities to the center is less than a given threshold. In this paper we present a model to identify V-formations and circular formations with outliers. An outlier is an entity which is part of a formation but is away from it. We also present a model to identify doughnut formations, which are an extension of circular formations. We present formal rules for our models and an algorithm for detecting outliers. The model was validated with NetLogo, a programming and modeling environment for the simulation of natural and social phenomena.
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GREEN, CLIFFORD. "Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Letter to Mahatma Gandhi." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 72, no. 1 (April 9, 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046920000093.

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This first publication of the newly-found letter to Gandhi from Dietrich Bonhoeffer is a window into his thinking in the early 1930s, a time of personal formation and of resistance to National Socialism. Western Christianity needed ‘a Christian peace movement’, and Bonhoeffer wanted to learn from Gandhi's movement ‘the meaning of Christian life, of real community life, of truth and love in reality’. The letter includes Bonhoeffer's critique of Western culture and the Church in Europe and America, his hopes for a Church regenerated by the Sermon on the Mount, and his appreciation and critique of Karl Barth
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Yazidi, Akhmad. "PEMAKAIAN AKSARA DALAM PENULISAN BAHASA MELAYU HINGGA BAHASA INDONESIA (THE USAGE OF LETTERS ON MALAY TO INDONESIAN LANGUAGE WRITING)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v3i1.4484.

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AbstractThe Usage of Letters on Malay to Indonesian Language Writing. This paper discussesthe history of the Indonesian language, literacy in the writing of a variety of languages, Malay letter in writing to the Indonesian language, and spelling in Indonesian. Ofthis section may conclude that in writing the history of written language or alphabetletters contained Paku, the letter Babylonian, Assyrian letters, letters of Ancient Persia;Pallawa, Kawi Letter used in Sanskrit; Arabic, Kanjiin Japanese and Chinese, letters,Jawi Premodern, Modern Java, Bali Modern: literacy Hanacaraka from Lampung,Rencong, Karo Batak, Bugis-Makassar as well;and Latin script. Indonesian languagethat comes from the Malay language has a long history, There are some developmentspase formation of the Indonesian language, namely Old Malay, Malay Market, HigherMalay, and Bahasa Indonesian. Since the 5th century inscription has been found to beYupa in Kutai in East Kalimantan with a script and inscription Pallawa Tarumanegara,and inscriptions in Old Malay inscriptions in a script that is Pallawa Towu Gutters,Cape Inscription Land, and the inscription Limestone City. In a later development afterthe Arabs came to trade missions and preaching, use Malay Arabic script known asJawi letters, and beginning of the 20th century the concept put forward by the Ch. A.Dutch van Ophuysen applied linguists Latin letters into the Malay language. Ever seenon the spelling of force, then in the Indonesian language contained van OphuysenSpelling, Spelling Republic, and Spelling Enhanced.Keywords: letter of the alphabet, spelling, languageAbstrakPemakaian Aksara dalam Penulisan Bahasa Melayu hingga Bahasa Indonesia. Tulisanini membahas tentang sejarah bahasa Indonesia, aksara dalam penulisan berbagaibahasa, aksara dalam penulisan bahasa Melayu hingga bahasa Indonesia, dan ejaandalam bahasa Indonesia. Dari pembahasan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam sejarahtulisan atau aksara bahasa tulis terdapat huruf Paku, yaitu huruf Babylonia, hurufAssyiria, Huruf Persia Kuno; Pallawa, Huruf Kawi yang digunakan dalam bahasaSanskerta; huruf Arab, huruf Kanji dalam bahasa Jepang dan Cina, huruf, JawiPramodern, Jawa Modern, Bali Modern; Aksara Hanacaraka dari Lampung, Rencong,Batak Karo, serta Bugis-Makassar; serta aksara Latin. Bahasa Indonesia yang berasaldari bahasa Melayu mempunyai sejarah yang cukup lama, Terdapat beberapa faseperkembangan terbentuknya bahasa Indonesia, yaitu bahasa Melayu Kuno, MelayuPasar, Melayu Tinggi, dan Bahasa Indonesia. Sejak abad ke-5 sudah ditemukan prasastiberupa Yupa di Kutai Kalimantan Timur dengan aksara Pallawa dan PrasastiTarumanegara, kemudian prasasti dalam bahasa Melayu Kuno dalam aksara Pallawa,yaitu Prasasti Talang Towu, Prasasti Tanjung Tanah, dan Prasasti Kota Kapur. Dalamperkembangan kemudian setelah bangsa Arab datang dengan misi dagang dan dakwah,48digunakan aksara Arab Melayu yang dikenal sebagai huruf Jawi, dan awal abad ke-20atas konsep yang di kemukakan oleh Ch. A. van Ophuysen ahli bahasa Belandaditerapkan huruf Latin kedalam bahasa Melayu. Dilihat dari ejaan yang pernah berlaku,dalam bahasa Indonesia terdapat Ejaan van Ophuysen, Ejaan Republik atau EjaanSuwandi, dan Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan.Kata-kata kunci: aksara, ejaan, bahasa
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38

Micoulaut, M. "Nucleation Model for the Description of Glass Formation." Modern Physics Letters B 12, no. 14n15 (June 30, 1998): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984998000664.

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We present in this letter a model of glass formation using energy barriers and a crystal nucleation process. We then analyze the corresponding dynamical equation in the vicinity of the stationary solutions. The occurence of a pure amorphous solution (i.e. glass) is due to the contribution of a ratio depending on the cooling rate and the crystal nucleation frequency. We also construct time-temperature transformation (TTT) curves in order to relate the model with the kinetic treatment of glass formation.
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39

Galvão-Moreira, L. V. "Letter to the Editor: Toward a Multifactorial Model of Caries Formation." Journal of Dental Research 95, no. 5 (February 11, 2016): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034516631721.

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40

Vargas J., Carlos A. "Letter from editor." Earth Sciences Research Journal 18, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v18n1.47432.

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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p>Welcome to Earth Sciences Research Journal, Volume 18, Number 1. More than 20 years have passed since we decided to be part of the scientific world in geology, seismology, geophysics, geodesy, meteorology, oceanography, planetary sciences, and so many other fields. We raised our voice to say to the world that in Colombia, there is a Journal committed to providing the highest level of manuscript in Earth Sciences.</p><p><span>It has been not an easy road, but we are here. This 2014 has been full of challenges moving us to find the best ways to present new manuscripts. Our Volume 18 was made possible by the non-profit cooperation of authors and reviewers working hand-in- </span><span>hand with us. </span></p><p><span>In this volume, we are presenting to the eyes of scientific world nine papers coming from three different continents, with contributions by people from seven countries. Our first paper comes from Egypt, about an aeromagnetic data analysis in the region of Fayoum-Cairo. This work regarding the October 12, 1992 earthquake, suggests how the new tectonics of Africa’s northeast is predominant in this area. From Turkey, our second manuscript obtained a new, important, more up-to-date and more reliable relationship between surface wave magnitude and rupture length for earthquakes in that country. The results obtained in this study will give some useful and up-to-date information to authors whose studies are focused in this area. </span></p><p><span>In the field of hydrogeology, the third article analyzes the hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater in the Yellow River alluvial plain. The results suggest that the shallow groundwater in the study area is fresh to moderately mineralized water. The assessment of samples shows how this water is acceptable for agricultural use but is not potable. From China, too, an interesting paper about the petrography and mineralogy of biotites within the Wushan granodiorite is presented. The formation conditions of these biotites are also determined and the significance of these minerals in terms of petrogenesis and mineralization is </span><span>discussed. </span></p><p><span>From India, where climate change is a topic trend, a study attempts to provide information on climate variability and its impacts on runoff in the Kosasthaliyar sub-basin. From Nigeria, a work related to aromatic biological markers are used for assessing thermal maturity of source rocks in the Campano-Maastrichtian Mamu formation. Results of this study show how these maturity values indicate that the coal and shale extracts are marginally mature for hydrocarbon generation. </span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>We invite you to read also three South American papers. From Colombia, the manuscripts titled “Enhancing time resolution by stabilized inverse filter and Q estimated on instantaneous spectra” and “Hydrocarbon Production Scenarios in Colombia. Review of Field Sizes, Hydrocarbon Reserves and Expectations of Conventional and Unconventional Resources” are presented. From Chile comes the paper “Uncertainty in rainfall input data in a conceptual water balance model: effects on outputs and implications for predictability”. </span></p><p><span>Thanks to every one of you and enjoy this issue of the ESRJ. </span></p></div></div></div>
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Yang, Jin, Ya Jun Zhou, and Bing Xue Pu. "Three-Dimensional ES Barrier Promotes the Steps Formation." Key Engineering Materials 783 (October 2018): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.783.115.

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Physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been an important method to synthesize metallic nanorods during the past two decades. Based on the main physical process of crystal growth, this letter made a growth model of metallic nanorods with kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KLMC) method and studied the effects of three-dimensional (3D) Ehrlich–Schwoebel (ES) barrier during the metallic nanorods growth. According to the simulation results, a large 3D ES barrier affects the surface morphology apparently. With analyze the simulation results, 3D ES barrier promotes the step formation and increases the step height greatly, and it is the main factor of metallic nanorods formation.
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42

Sills, Alison, Emanuele Dalessandro, Mario Cadelano, Mayte Alfaro-Cuello, and J. M. Diederik Kruijssen. "Light element variations within the different age-metallicity populations in the nucleus of the Sagittarius dwarf." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 490, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): L67—L70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slz149.

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ABSTRACT The cluster M54 lies at the centre of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy, and therefore may be the closest example of a nuclear star cluster. Either in situ star formation, inspiralling globular clusters, or a combination have been invoked to explain the wide variety of stellar sub-populations in nuclear star clusters. Globular clusters are known to exhibit light element variations, which can be identified using the photometric construct called a chromosome map. In this letter, we create chromosome maps for three distinct age-metallicity sub-populations in the vicinity of M54. We find that the old, metal-poor population shows the signature of light element variations, while the young and intermediate-age metal rich populations do not. We conclude that the nucleus of Sagittarius formed through a combination of in situ star formation and globular cluster accretion. This letter demonstrates that properly constructed chromosome maps of iron-complex globular clusters can provide insight into the formation locations of the different stellar populations.
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43

Rennesland, Anton Heinrich. "Solidarity and immunological reason." Journal of Public Health 43, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): e395-e396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab107.

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Abstract This letter points out a flaw in a recent correspondence’s argument of deontology and presents a viable path for solidarity through serious consideration of immunological reason which guides humanity’s sphere formation.
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Ye, Zengpanpan, Xiaolin Ai, and Chao You. "Letter to the Editor. Cyst formation after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain AVMs." Journal of Neurosurgery 129, no. 1 (July 2018): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.11.jns172776.

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Volmer, Dietrich, and Yulin Qi. "Letter: β-Cyclodextrin affects the formation of isomerization products during peptide deamidation." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 21, no. 4 (2015): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.1385.

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Brown, Barbara, and Gina Conti‐Ramsden. "Teaching letter formation in handwriting to young pupils with special educational needs." European Journal of Special Needs Education 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0885625890040105.

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47

Misawa, Yoshio. "Pannus formation after mitral valve replacement with the omniscience prosthesis: letter 1." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 76, no. 2 (August 2003): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04767-7.

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48

Brewer, Neil, Sonia Cunningham, and Jason M. White. "A Computerized Procedure for Teaching Letter Formation Skills to Mentally Retarded Individuals." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 18, no. 3 (March 1990): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/00rp-mqwb-rc4c-p6gh.

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49

Hempel, Stefan. "Letter to the Editor: The formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae by an Ascomycete?" Biotechnology Letters 31, no. 1 (September 5, 2008): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-008-9827-x.

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50

Otten, Leun J., Josefin Sveen, and Angela H. Quayle. "Distinct Patterns of Neural Activity during Memory Formation of Nonwords versus Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 11 (November 2007): 1776–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.11.1776.

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Research into the neural underpinnings of memory formation has focused on the encoding of familiar verbal information. Here, we address how the brain supports the encoding of novel information that does not have meaning. Electrical brain activity was recorded from the scalps of healthy young adults while they performed an incidental encoding task (syllable judgments) on separate series of words and “nonwords” (nonsense letter strings that are orthographically legal and pronounceable). Memory for the items was then probed with a recognition memory test. For words as well as nonwords, event-related potentials differed depending on whether an item would subsequently be remembered or forgotten. However, the polarity and timing of the effect varied across item type. For words, subsequently remembered items showed the usually observed positive-going, frontally distributed modulation from around 600 msec after word onset. For nonwords, by contrast, a negative-going, spatially widespread modulation predicted encoding success from 1000 msec onward. Nonwords also showed a modulation shortly after item onset. These findings imply that the brain supports the encoding of familiar and unfamiliar letter strings in qualitatively different ways, including the engagement of distinct neural activity at different points in time. The processing of semantic attributes plays an important role in the encoding of words and the associated positive frontal modulation.
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