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Journal articles on the topic 'Letter Size'

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1

Carrasco, Marisa, and Erica B. Sekuler. "An Unreported Size Illusion." Perception 22, no. 3 (1993): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220313.

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A previously unreported size illusion in some commonly used stimuli—a large (global) letter made up of small (local) letters (eg a large H made up of small Es) is described: the size of the local letters forming the horizontal component of the global letter appears to be overestimated. Global and local letters made up of horizontal and vertical components (E, F, T, and H) were employed as stimulus material. The first experiment showed that the illusion was consistently perceived, and was present for most of the stimuli tested; ie for all global letters and for all local letters except H. A sec
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2

Blommaert, Frans J. J., and Han Timmers. "Letter Recognition at Low Contrast Levels: Effects of Letter Size." Perception 16, no. 4 (1987): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160421.

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Contrast variation was used to measure recognition thresholds for lowercase letters, with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the role that early stages of visual processing play in letter recognition. Frequency-of-recognition curves were measured for alphabets of different letter size. Since variation of the adaptational state of the eye changes the characteristics of primary visual processing in a quantifiable way, recognition thresholds were measured both at a high (150 cd m−2) and at a low (0.9 cd m−2) adaptation level. Thresholds decreased as letter size increased, in a way com
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3

Solman, Robert T. "Temporal Separation of Two Part-Letter Arrays and Size Changes in a Nonmasking Word-Superiority Effect." Perception 16, no. 5 (1987): 655–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160655.

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In two experiments subjects were asked to report the identity of a position-cued critical letter in an array of four letters. Four types of arrays were used: (i) unpronounceable nonwords; (ii) pronounceable nonwords (‘pseudowords’); (iii) words in which the critical letter was minimally constrained by the context letters; and (iv) words in which the critical letter was maximally constrained by the context letters. All four-letter stimuli were presented in two parts. A leading array in which the information from two quadrants of a vertical by horizontal division of each letter was presented, an
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4

Mohamad, Haidar, Seham Hashim, and Anwar Al-Saleh. "Recognize printed Arabic letter using new geometrical features." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 3 (2019): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i3.pp1518-1524.

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<p>The task of recognizing the shape of Arabic letters using modified algorithms discussed in this paper. The difficulty of recognizing these letters is summarized in the shape of the Arabic letter within a word from a large set of letters has a similar shape. Moreover, the shape of the letter is different depending on its position begin, middle, end within a word. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce new geometric features to categorize each letter. The suggested algorithm with 19 features is used in this paper. These features, like define points for each letter, divide a letter to b
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5

Shin, Eunsam, Monica Fabiani, and Gabriele Gratton. "Multiple Levels of Stimulus Representation in Visual Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 5 (2006): 844–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.5.844.

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Object recognition presumably involves activation of multiple levels of representation. Here we use the encoding-related lateralization (ERL) method [Gratton, G. The contralateral organization of visual memory: A theoretical concept and a research tool. Psychophysiology, 35, 638–647, 1998] to describe the sequential activation of several of these levels. The ERL uses divided-field encoding to generate contralaterally biased representations in the brain. The presence and nature of these representations can be demonstrated by examining the event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by centrally pr
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6

Diez-Jimenez, Efren, Diego Lopez-Pascual, Miguel Fernandez-Munoz, et al. "Automatic Compact High-Speed Industrial Postal Canceling Machine." Machines 13, no. 6 (2025): 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13060455.

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In this work, we describe the mechanical design, analysis, and tests of an innovative automatic high-speed industrial postal canceling machine. The main novelties of this machine are automatic feeding of heterogeneous letters in a very compact design, high speed of letter processing (>22,000 letters per hour), and letter jamming detection. This is the first time that such an industrial and automatic machine is being constructed in a reduced desktop size and is able to handle heterogeneous types of letters at a high-speed rate. The cancel machine includes a linear feeding belt for the letter
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7

Perea, Manuel, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia, and Manuel Carreiras. "Transposed-Letter Priming Effects for Close Versus Distant Transpositions." Experimental Psychology 55, no. 6 (2008): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.6.384.

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Transposing two internal letters of a word produces a perceptually similar item (e.g., CHOLOCATE being processed as CHOCOLATE). To determine the precise nature of the encoding of letter position within a word, we examined the effect of the number of intervening letters in transposed-letter effects with a masked priming procedure. In Experiment 1, letter transposition could involve adjacent letters (chocloate-CHOCOLATE) and nonadjacent letters with two intervening letters (choaolcte-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the magnitude of the transposed-letter priming effect – relative to the appropria
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8

Jaeger, Ted, and Stephen Long. "Effects of Contour Proximity and Lightness on Delboeuf Illusions Created by Circumscribed Letters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (2007): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.253-260.

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32 observers judged the size of a letter, either an “A” or an “S,” which was surrounded by a circle. Both letters were overestimated, but larger surrounding circles reduced the illusion. Decreasing the lightness contrast of the surrounding circle relative to the central letter diminished the illusion. The results suggest that, like the Delboeuf illusion, these circumscribed letters illusions are produced by interactions among size-coding neurons.
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9

Lew, Wei Hau, and Daniel R. Coates. "Assessment of depth perception with a comprehensive disparity defined letter test: A pilot study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0271881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271881.

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Current clinical tests mostly assess stereopsis with crossed disparity at near. These tests are designed with fine targets (high spatial frequency) and may fail to capture the “functional stereopsis” in real-world scenes, which consist of a range of spatial frequencies (SFs). We developed a stereo letter test that can assess crossed and uncrossed stereoacuity at near and far, at different SFs defined by the letter size. The test consists of disparity-defined letters embedded in random-dot stereograms. At each letter size, the letters are arranged in sets of trigrams like in the Pelli-Robson ch
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10

Morrison, A. D. "Dead Letter Office? Making Sense of Greek Letter Collections." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 97, no. 2 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.97.2.1.

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The letter collections of Greco-Roman antiquity dwarf in total size all of ancient drama or epic combined, but they have received far less attention than (say) the plays of Euripides or the epics of Homer or Virgil. Although classicists have long realised the crucial importance of the order and arrangement of poems into ‘poetry books’ for the reading and reception both of individual poems and the collection as a whole, the importance of order and arrangement in collections of letters and the consequences for their interpretation have long been neglected. This piece explores some of the most im
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11

SRIDHARAN, Manikandan, Delphin Carolina RANI ARULANANDAM, Rajeswari K. CHINNASAMY, Suma THIMMANNA, and Sivabalaselvamani DHANDAPANI. "RECOGNITION OF FONT AND TAMIL LETTER IN IMAGES USING DEEP LEARNING." Applied Computer Science 17, no. 2 (2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2021-15.

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This paper proposes a deep learning approach to recognize Tamil Letter from images which contains text. This is recognition process, the text in the images are divided to letter or characters. Each recognized letters are sending to recognition system and filter the text using deep learning algorithms. Our proposed algorithm is used to separate letter from the text using convolution neural network approach. The filtering system is used for identifying font based on that letters are found. The Tamil letters are test data and loaded in recognition systems. The trained data are input which contain
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12

Bochenek, Maciej. "Language optimality for a game of Scrabble." Applied Linguistics Papers 2/2024, no. 28 (2024): 45–50. https://doi.org/10.32612/uw.25449354.2024.2.pp.45-50.

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This article deals with the problem of measuring a language’s optimality for a game of Scrabble in an objective manner. Firstly, the notion of optimality in the context of the game was defined as “a language that puts maximal strain on a player’s memory”. This notion has two dimensions: a language’s vocabulary size and vocabulary diversity. To measure a language’s optimal vocabulary size, one first needs to calculate the number of all the possible combinations of the language’s letters, up to the longest playable word length, and sum up the results, which are then halved and rounded up or down
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13

Cai, Dengchuan, Chia-Fen Chi, and Manlai You. "Assessment of English Letters' Legibility Using Image Descriptors." Perceptual and Motor Skills 107, no. 2 (2008): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.2.618-628.

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The study derived seven descriptors from the pixel matrices of both the uppercase and lowercase forms of the 26 letters in the English alphabet in the regular and italic versions of the most commonly used font. Times New Roman. A factor analysis of the seven descriptors showed that a two-factor solution of letter width and height explained 76.6% of the variance. Legibility threshold of the 26 letters in the regular and italic Times Roman font and in two-case forms were collected to specify effects of letter width and height. 20 university students, 10 women and 10 men, with a mean age of 24.1
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14

Allen, P. A., M. B. Patterson, and R. E. Propper. "Influence of Letter Size on Age Differences in Letter Matching." Journal of Gerontology 49, no. 1 (1994): P24—P28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/49.1.p24.

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15

Tasaki, Ken'ichi. "The effect of size of stimulus letters on haptic letter recognition." Japanese journal of psychology 63, no. 3 (1992): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.63.201.

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16

Valls, José F. M., and Charles E. Simpson. "Nuevas especies de Arachís (Leguminosae) de Brasil, Paraguay y Bolivia." Bonplandia 14, no. 1-2 (2005): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/bon.141-21387.

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<span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #363435; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Se</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #363435; letter-spacing: .7pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roma
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17

Juanda, Reza, and Ilman Zuhri Yadi. "Penerapan Rule Based Dengan Algoritma Viterbi Untuk Deteksi Kesalahan Huruf Kapital Pada Karya Ilmiah." Journal of Computer and Information Systems Ampera 1, no. 1 (2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51519/journalcisa.v1i1.5.

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The use of capital letters is one element of the grammar of the Indonesian Spelling General Guidelines (PUEBI). According to the Large Indonesian Language Dictionary (KBBI), capital letters are letters of a special size and shape (larger than ordinary letters), usually used as the first letter of the first word in a sentence, the first letter of the name itself, and so on. The use of capital letters in a paper is required. However, the ability to use letters of public capital still tends to be not so good. The problem is writing that has not followed the Indonesian Spelling General Guidelines
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18

Masin, S. C., G. Mazzoni, and G. Vallortigara. "Direct Evaluation of Distances within the Alphabet." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 1 (1987): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.115.

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Alphabetical and numerical ratings produce discrepant psychophysical functions. The hypothesis that the discrepancy could be due to a difference in spacing of consecutive letters as compared with the corresponding consecutive numbers, was tested by asking observers direct numerical evaluations of distances between the ends of different subsets of the alphabet. The distances were correctly evaluated if the subsets contained the A. If the subsets contained the Z, the size of the subsets near the Z was very slightly overestimated, while the same size near the A was underestimated by about 1 lette
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19

Daini, Roberta, Silvia Primativo, Andrea Albonico, et al. "The Focal Attention Window Size Explains Letter Substitution Errors in Reading." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020247.

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Acquired Neglect Dyslexia is often associated with right-hemisphere brain damage and is mainly characterized by omissions and substitutions in reading single words. Martelli et al. proposed in 2011 that these two types of error are due to different mechanisms. Omissions should depend on neglect plus an oculomotor deficit, whilst substitutions on the difficulty with which the letters are perceptually segregated from each other (i.e., crowding phenomenon). In this study, we hypothesized that a deficit of focal attention could determine a pathological crowding effect, leading to imprecise letter
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20

Krishnan, Jayanthi. "The Timing and Information Content of Auditors' Exhibit Letters Relating to Auditor Changes." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 21, no. 1 (2002): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2002.21.1.29.

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This study examines auditors' exhibit letters that are filed as part of reporting requirements for auditor changes. The two other reporting requirements (an initial 8-K filing by the client and the AICPA notification letter sent by the auditor) have been the subject of prior work (Schwartz and Soo 1996a; Ettredge et al. 2001). The auditor's exhibit letter, in which the auditor is required to comment on client disclosures in the initial 8-K, is intended to ensure accurate reporting by the client particularly on potentially troublesome conditions such as reportable events, disagreements, and res
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21

Ullman, Brooke R., Gerald L. Ullman, Conrad L. Dudek, and Elizabeth A. Ramirez. "Legibility Distances of Smaller Letters in Changeable Message Signs with Light-Emitting Diodes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1918, no. 1 (2005): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191800107.

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This paper presents the results of a legibility study of 9-in. and 10.6-in. letters on changeable message signs (CMSs) with light-emitting diodes. The study, conducted in Dallas, Texas, consisted of 60 subjects, demo-graphically balanced with respect to age, gender, and education. The subjects drove a test vehicle as they approached CMSs with one of the above letter heights. Study administrators recorded the distance from the sign at which the participant could correctly read a three-letter word. Data were recorded for three trials on each of the letter heights for each participant. Data were
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22

Fitrianingsih, Madenda Sarifuddin, Ernastuti, Widodo Suryarini, and Rodiah. "Cursive Handwriting Segmentation Using Ideal Distance Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (2017): 2863–72. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2863-2872.

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Offline cursive handwriting becomes a major challenge due to the huge amount of handwriting varieties such as slant handwriting, space between words, the size and direction of the letter, the style of writing the letter and handwriting with contour similarity on some letters. There are some steps for recursive handwriting recognition. The steps are preprocessing, morphology, segmentation, features of letter extraction and recognition. Segmentation is a crucial process in handwriting recognition since the success of segmentation step will determine the success level of recognition. This paper p
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23

Perea, Manuel, Heather Winskel, and Theeraporn Ratitamkul. "On the Flexibility of Letter Position Coding During Lexical Processing." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 2 (2012): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000127.

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In Indo-European languages, letter position coding is particularly noisy in middle positions (e.g., judge and jugde look very similar), but not in the initial letter position (e.g., judge vs. ujdge). Here we focus on a language (Thai) which, potentially, may be more flexible with respect to letter position coding than Indo-European languages: (i) Thai is an alphabetic language which is written without spaces between words (i.e., there is a degree of ambiguity in relation to which word a given letter belongs to) and (ii) some of the vowels are misaligned (e.g., [Formula: see text]/ε:bn/ is pron
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24

Sonia Putri, Alena, and Yulsyofriend Yulsyofriend. "Efektivitas Permainan Pancing Huruf Dan Gambar Terhadap Keterampilan Membaca Pada Anak Di Taman Kanak-Kanak Hang Tuah Padang." Ar-Raihanah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini 3, no. 1 (2023): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53398/arraihanah.v3i1.251.

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This research was motivated by the problems encountered in the Hang Tuah Padang Kindergarten, Padang, which showed low reading skills in children due to the inappropriateness of the media in learning to read used by the teacher. This study aims to find out how effective the fishing game with letters and pictures is on children's reading skills at Hang Tuah Padang Kindergarten. The type of research used is a quantitative method with the type of experiment or quashi experimental (pseudo-experiment). The data collection technique in this study is in the form of a test. The population in this stud
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Fahrizal, Akhmad Imam, Ahmad Subhan Yazid, and Shofwatul Uyun. "Japanese Letter Pattern Recognition Application with Tesseract Engine." IJID (International Journal on Informatics for Development) 4, no. 2 (2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijid.2015.04202.

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Digital image processing is a field that is being cultivated by many researchers at this time because it is interesting to apply to various activities, both analysis and production activities. One branch of the digital image is pattern recognition. This study uses Tesseract as a tool to recognize patterns from Hiragana letters. This study was conducted to find out how much Tesseract was able to recognize a Japanese text and handwritten text. This study uses 1 image as training data containing 74 Hiragana letters which are processed through training for each letter. This study has several testi
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26

Allen, Mary J., and Beth M. Rienzi. "International Attitudes toward Americans." Psychological Reports 70, no. 2 (1992): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.2.477.

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The lost-letter technique was used to analyze European and American attitudes toward an anonymous American citizen. Analysis of the return rates (55%, range 43 to 76%) for the 270 dropped letters suggested that Europeans and Americans have similar attitudes toward Americans, and these attitudes are not affected by nationality, city size, or recent political change.
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Lages, Martin, Stephanie C. Boyle, and Rob Jenkins. "Illusory Increases in Font Size Improve Letter Recognition." Psychological Science 28, no. 8 (2017): 1180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617705391.

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Visual performance of human observers depends not only on the optics of the eye and early sensory encoding but also on subsequent cortical processing and representations. In two experiments, we demonstrated that motion adaptation can enhance as well as impair visual acuity. Observers who experienced an expanding motion aftereffect exhibited improved letter recognition, whereas observers who experienced a contracting motion aftereffect showed impaired letter recognition. We conclude that illusory enlargement and shrinkage of a visual stimulus can modulate visual acuity.
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28

Bridges, F. Stephen, C. Bennett Williamson, and Jennifer J. Scheibe. "Abortion Affiliation, Urban Size, and Geographic Bias of Responses to Lost Letters." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3 (1998): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.1107.

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A study using 1800 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypothesis that returned responses would be greater in smaller rural communities (population M = 964) than in a city (population = 60,591) or the suburbs (population = 195,847) unless the addressee was affiliated with a pro-abortion group. Returns to control, Committee For Free Abortion, and Committee Against Free Abortion affiliates were 37.2%, 24.0%, 29.3%, respectively. From the city, the number of returned letters was much larger than the number from the suburbs except for those letters with an affiliation to the pro-abortion condi
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29

Horstmann, Gernot. "Evidence for Attentional Capture by a Surprising Color Singleton in Visual Search." Psychological Science 13, no. 6 (2002): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00488.

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Three experiments were conducted to investigate whether surprising color singletons capture attention. Participants performed a visual search task in which a target letter had to be detected among distractor letters. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed accuracy as the dependent variable. In Experiment 1, the unannounced presentation of a color singleton 500 ms prior to the letters (and in the same position as the target letter) resulted in better performance than in the preceding conjunction search segment, in which no singleton was presented, and performance was as good in this surprise-singleton tr
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Bridges, F. Stephen, Kato B. Keeton, and L. Nicholle Clark. "Responses to Lost Letters about a 2000 General Election Amendment to Abolish Prohibition of Interracial Marriages in Alabama." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (2002): 1148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1148.

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A field study using 621 “lost” letters was conducted in the city of Mobile and in small towns in mostly rural Baldwin County, Alabama. Milgram's lost letter technique was validated against the actual votes cast during the November 7, 2000 General Election. The technique was successful as an unobtrusive measure useful for predicting patterns of voting behavior. Rates of return of lost letters “in favor of and opposed to legalizing interracial marriage” agreed with the actual election returns (chi-square “goodness of fit”). Community size seemed associated with return of lost letters.
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Wasyith, Wasyith. "Beyond Banking: Revitalisasi Maqāṣid dalam Perbankan Syariah". Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 8, № 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/economica.2017.8.1.1823.

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<p><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="IN">What is the core purpose of Islamic banking? Why is the existence of Islamic banking so important? It can not be denied, the answer of the crucial question about the purpose of establishing Islamic banking is still a fragmentary discussion.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;
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Ganayim, Deia. "Optimal Viewing Position for Fully Connected and Unconnected words in Arabic." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 2 (2016): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0024.

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Abstract In order to assess the unique reading processes in Arabic, given its unique orthographic nature of natural inherent variations of inter letter spacing, the current study examined the extent and influence of connectedness disparity during single word recognition using the optimal viewing position (OVP) paradigm (three-, four- and five-letter stimuli presented at a normal reading size, at all possible locations). The initial word viewing position was systematically manipulated by shifting words horizontally relative to an imposed initial viewing position. Variations in recognition and p
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Tuccinardi, Enrico. "A Stylometric Analysis of the Mar Saba Letter Attributed to Clement of Alexandria." Vigiliae Christianae 74, no. 3 (2020): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341437.

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Abstract Since the publication of Clement’s letter to Theodore, discovered by Morton Smith at Mar Saba, there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding its authenticity. The main aim of the present paper is to weigh the linguistic evidence for and against Clementine authorship of the letter, also checking its alleged excessively Clementine nature in an objective manner, using a profile-based stylometric technique for authorship verification which has proven to be a valuable tool for text of relatively small size. The outcomes of the analysis tend to attribute the disputed letter to Clem
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Suyama, K., J. Goldstein, R. Aebersold, and S. Kent. "Regarding the size of Rh proteins [letter]." Blood 77, no. 2 (1991): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.2.411b.411b.

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Suyama, K., J. Goldstein, R. Aebersold, and S. Kent. "Regarding the size of Rh proteins [letter]." Blood 77, no. 2 (1991): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v77.2.411b.bloodjournal772411b.

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36

Katz, Milton, and Jordan Pola. "A size illusion of the letter ‘P’." Vision Research 40, no. 4 (2000): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00192-3.

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37

Azmi, Sari Putri, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "PEMBENTUKAN ABREVIASI DALAM SURAT KABAR PADANG EKSPRES." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81009030.

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This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First,
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Susanti, Weni, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "ADVERBIA DALAM NOVEL ANGKATAN PUJANGGA BARU: NOVEL LAYAR TERKEMBANG KARYA SUTAN TAKDIR ALISJAH-BANA DAN NOVEL BELENGGU KARYA ARMIJN PANE." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81009060.

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This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First,
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Bridges, F. Stephen, Stuart Ryan, and Jennifer J. Scheibe. "Affiliation, Community Size, and Person-Positivity Effect in Return of Lost Letters." Psychological Reports 87, no. 3 (2000): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.1003.

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A study using 1,008 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypotheses that returned responses would be greater in smaller rural communities than from cities, that addressees' affiliation with a group opposed to physical education in schools would reduce the return rate, and that a person-positivity effect would influence return rates. Community Size and Person-Positivity conditions were not significantly associated with different rates of return even though returned letters from the smaller rural communities were more frequent than those from the cities across addressee conditions. Findings s
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Bridges, F. Stephen, and Neil P. Coady. "Affiliation, Urban Size, Urgency, and Cost of Responses to Lost Letters." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3 (1996): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.775.

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A study using 420 “lost letters” was designed to test the hypothesis that returned responses would be larger from small towns than from suburbs or cities unless the addressee was affiliated with a nonpolitical group. Percent returns to control, Pesticide Action Network, Immigration Law Enforcement Monitoring Project, Network for the Enforcement of Humane Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and the KlanWatch affiliates were 60.7%, 59.5%, 56.0%, 44.0%, and 36.9%, respectively. Responses from the city were generally fewer than those from suburbs except for Pesticide or Immigration Law affiliations. Urb
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Zegarra-Moran, Olga, and Gad Geiger. "Visual Recognition in the Peripheral Field: Letters versus Symbols and Adults versus Children." Perception 22, no. 1 (1993): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220077.

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The plot of the form-resolving field (FRF) was obtained by tachistoscopically presenting two figures in each stimulus, one in the center of gaze and the other in the peripheral field. The figures in the periphery were placed at various eccentricities in different presentations. The ensuing plot of average letter recognition as a function of eccentricity is the FRF. Only the horizontal components of the FRFs were used in the comparisons. Three sets of figures were used as stimuli: regular-size letters, large-size letters, and symbols. Three groups of subjects were compared: adult ordinary reade
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Fitrianingsih, Fitrianingsih, Sarifuddin Madenda, Ernastuti Ernastuti, Suryarini Widodo, and Rodiah Rodiah. "Cursive Handwriting Segmentation using Ideal Distance Approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (2017): 2863. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2863-2872.

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Offline cursive handwriting becomes a major challenge due to the huge amount of handwriting varieties such as slant handwriting, space between words, the size and direction of the letter, the style of writing the letter and handwriting with contour similarity on some letters. There are some steps for recursive handwriting recognition. The steps are preprocessing, morphology, segmentation, features of letter extraction and recognition. Segmentation is a crucial process in handwriting recognition since the success of segmentation step will determine the success level of recognition. This paper p
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Wijers, Albertus A., Gijsbertus Mulder, Tsunetaka Okita, and Lambertus J. M. Mulder. "Event-Related Potentials During Memory Search and Selective Attention to Letter Size and Conjunctions of Letter Size and Color." Psychophysiology 26, no. 5 (1989): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb00706.x.

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Kandel, Sonia, and Cyril Perret. "How do movements to produce letters become automatic during writing acquisition? Investigating the development of motor anticipation." International Journal of Behavioral Development 39, no. 2 (2014): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414557532.

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Learning how to write involves the automation of grapho-motor skills. One of the factors that determine automaticity is motor anticipation. This is the ability to write a letter while processing information on how to produce following letters. It is essential for writing fast and smoothly. We investigated how motor anticipation processes build up during the period of handwriting automation. Children aged 8, 9 and 10 years had to write two letters ( ll, le, ln) in cursive writing on a digitizer. Motor anticipation referred to processing changes in size ( ll vs. le) and rotation direction ( le v
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Vargas, Carlos A. "Letter from editor." Earth Sciences Research Journal 18, no. 2 (2015): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v18n2.49641.

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<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span>During the outgoing year, successful events took place, as Latin American and Caribbean Seismological Commission Assembly, on July 23, 24, 25, in Bogotá, Colombia. In that academic event, the relevant results associated with the seismotectonic behavior of the Latin America and Caribbean region were addressed, as w
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Lee, Han Sol, Jinyoung Youn, Jong Hyeon Ahn, Jin Whan Cho, Duk L. Na, and Ji Hye Yoon. "Changes in Pen Pressure, Letter Size, and Writing Speed According to Visual Cues in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease." Audiology and Speech Research 18, no. 4 (2022): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21848/asr.210035.

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Purpose: Writing performance can be improved in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) by providing the visual cues. This study aimed to investigate the changes in pen pressure, letter size, and writing speed as per levels of visual cues.Methods: Sixty-three participants (38 PD patients and 25 normal adults) performed tasks, including sentence writing along visual cue levels using a tablet personal computer, digital pen, and software that could measure the pen pressure, stroke length, and duration.Results: First, the PD group’s pen pressure and letter size were improved when the visual cue was
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Arribalzaga, Eduardo B., and Mario L. Iovaldi. "Letter to the Director." Revista Argentina de Cirugía 115, no. 4 (2023): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25132/raac.v115.n4.cdeba.

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I am writing to you and the Editorial Board in response to your editorial titled “Effect size” which was published in Volume 115 No. 3 (September 2023), pages 217-219. It is worth noting that this editorial provides a summary of an answer requested in Microsoft Bing’s GPT chat about “What is the effect size?” After providing the corresponding definitions and leaving more detailed explanations for another occasion, the editorial introduced concepts and the importance of the effect size. It is noteworthy to mention that the referenced articles do not include our publication in Revista Argentina
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Goolkasian, Paula. "Size scaling and its effect on letter detection." Perception & Psychophysics 56, no. 6 (1994): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03208361.

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Abbad, Hamza, and Shengwu Xiong. "Simple Extensible Deep Learning Model for Automatic Arabic Diacritization." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 2 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3480938.

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Automatic diacritization is an Arabic natural language processing topic based on the sequence labeling task where the labels are the diacritics and the letters are the sequence elements. A letter can have from zero up to two diacritics. The dataset used was a subset of the preprocessed version of the Tashkeela corpus. We developed a deep learning model composed of a stack of four bidirectional long short-term memory hidden layers of the same size and an output layer at every level. The levels correspond to the groups that we classified the diacritics into (short vowels, double case-endings, Sh
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Oliviasari, Elvira, Yossy Novita Surya Rahmawati, and Andika Adinanda Siswoyo. "Analisis Penyebab Kesulitan Menulis Huruf Tegak Bersambung pada Siswa Kelas II SDN Sidodadi 1/153." ARZUSIN 5, no. 4 (2025): 1747–60. https://doi.org/10.58578/arzusin.v5i4.6272.

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The ability to write cursive letters is a fundamental skill in elementary education, playing a crucial role in the development of fine motor skills, handwriting neatness, and writing speed, all of which impact students’ overall academic achievement. This study aims to identify the factors causing difficulties in writing cursive letters among second-grade students at SDN Sidodadi 1/153 Surabaya. A qualitative case study approach was employed, focusing on a single class group. Observations revealed that students’ writing abilities fell into three categories: high, moderate, and low. Students in
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