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Academic literature on the topic 'Letters in word recognition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Letters in word recognition"

1

Roldán, Manuel, Ana Marcet, and Manuel Perea. "Is there a cost at encoding words with joined letters during visual word recognition?" Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (2018): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0012.

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AbstractFor simplicity, models of visual-word recognition have focused on printed words composed of separated letters, thus overlooking the processing of cursive words. Manso de Zuniga, Humphreys, and Evett (1991) claimed that there is an early “cursive normalization” encoding stage when processing written words with joined letters. To test this claim, we conducted a lexical decision experiment in which words were presented either with separated or joined letters. To examine if the cost of letter segmentation occurs early in processing, we also manipulated a factor (i.e., word-frequency) that is posited to affect subsequent lexical processing. Results showed faster response times for the words composed of separated letters than for the words composed of joined letters. This effect occurred similarly for low- and high-frequency words. Thus, the present data offer some empirical support to Manso de Zuniga et al.’s (1991) idea of an early “cursive normalization” stage when processing joined-letters words. This pattern of data can be used to constrain the mapping of the visual input into letter and word units in future versions of models of visual word recognition.

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Jiang, Nan. "Examining L1 influence in L2 word recognition." Journal of Second Language Studies 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.19039.jia.

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Abstract The present study examined L1 influence in visual L2 word recognition in the area of letter case. Whether an English word is displayed in upper- or lower-case letters may be of little significance to English native speakers, but many ESL speakers from east Asia have found it more difficult to recognize words printed in upper-case letters. Two experiments were conducted to explore two questions: (a) whether there was indeed a case effect in L2 word recognition in that ESL speakers took longer in responding to upper-case words, and (b) whether this case effect only occurred for ESL speakers whose first languages employed a script other than the Roman alphabet. The participants included English native speakers, ESL speakers whose L1s employed the Roman alphabet (the Romance ESL group) and ESL speakers whose L1s did not. They were asked to perform a lexical decision task on English words displayed in either upper- or lower-case letters. In both experiments, a reliable case effect was found for the latter ESL group only. This L1-related case effect raised both theoretical and pedagogical issues to be explored in future research.

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Wróbel, Michał, Janusz T. Starczewski, Justyna Fijałkowska, Agnieszka Siwocha, and Christian Napoli. "Handwritten Word Recognition Using Fuzzy Matching Degrees." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research 11, no. 3 (2021): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaiscr-2021-0014.

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Abstract Handwritten text recognition systems interpret the scanned script images as text composed of letters. In this paper, efficient offline methods using fuzzy degrees, as well as interval fuzzy degrees of type-2, are proposed to recognize letters beforehand decomposed into strokes. For such strokes, the first stage methods are used to create a set of hypotheses as to whether a group of strokes matches letter or digit patterns. Subsequently, the second-stage methods are employed to select the most promising set of hypotheses with the use of fuzzy degrees. In a primary version of the second-stage system, standard fuzzy memberships are used to measure compatibility between strokes and character patterns. As an extension of the system thus created, interval type-2 fuzzy degrees are employed to perform a selection of hypotheses that fit multiple handwriting typefaces.

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Assink, Egbert, Merel Lam, and Paul Knuijt. "Visual and phonological processes in poor readers' word recognition." Applied Psycholinguistics 19, no. 3 (1998): 471–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010286.

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ABSTRACTIn two experiments, poor and normal Dutch readers, matched for reading age, were presented with visual matching tasks on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, word and pseudoword letter strings were used. The strings consisted of either uppercase/lowercase congruent (e.g., o/O) or uppercase/lowercase incongruent letters (e.g., a/A). Poor readers needed significantly more time to decode uppercase/lowercase incongruent pairs, especially when the pairs consisted of pseudowords. Experiment 2 investigated whether this effect was phonologically or visually mediated. Strings of letters, digit strings, and abstract figure symbols were used. Letter strings included words, pseudowords, and nonwords. Poor readers needed more time to match incongruent letter case pairs, consistent with Experiment 1. Poor readers performed more poorly on letter and digit string matching but not on the figure–symbol matching task. No evidence was found for the differential use of orthographic information in terms of multiletter constraints. The combined data on the letter, digit, and graphic symbol matching experiments suggest that an inadequate command of grapheme–phoneme associations is a critical factor in reading disability. Evidence for poor visual processing as an independent source of reading disability could not be established.

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LEVIN, IRIS, SIGAL PATEL, TAMAR MARGALIT, and NOA BARAD. "Letter names: Effect on letter saying, spelling, and word recognition in Hebrew." Applied Psycholinguistics 23, no. 2 (2002): 269–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402002060.

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Letter names bridge the gap between oral and written language among English speaking children. This study examined whether letter names have a similar function in Hebrew. Despite their common historical source, Hebrew letter names differ from English: they are longer and not as regular phonologically. However, they follow the acrophonic principle, unlike many English letter names. Israeli kindergartners, whose mother tongue was Hebrew, were asked to orally provide initial or final letters of spoken words, to spell words in writing, and to select one written word out of two as standing for an oral word. First graders were tested on orally providing the initial letter and spelling. Children were found to rely on letter names in performing all these tasks. They succeeded more in providing the initial letter or in spelling it if the word started with a letter-name sequence, like kaftor (button), which is spelled with k (Kaf). They succeeded more in selecting the correct word between two if the words started with a letter-name sequence. In grade 1 the effects decreased and became limited particularly to phonemes spelled with homophonic letters. Partial letter names (impossible in English) affected performance but to a lesser extent than entire names. Reliance on letter names both facilitated and impaired performance but in different ways than in English. The educational implications are discussed.

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Waters, Gloria S. "Word recognition: From letters to meaning." Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie 46, no. 1 (1992): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0084367.

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RAPCSAK, S. "From letters to words: Procedures for word recognition in letter-by-letter reading." Brain and Language 38, no. 4 (1990): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(90)90134-3.

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Perea, Manuel, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia, and Manuel Carreiras. "Transposed-Letter Priming Effects for Close Versus Distant Transpositions." Experimental Psychology 55, no. 6 (2008): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.6.384.

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Transposing two internal letters of a word produces a perceptually similar item (e.g., CHOLOCATE being processed as CHOCOLATE). To determine the precise nature of the encoding of letter position within a word, we examined the effect of the number of intervening letters in transposed-letter effects with a masked priming procedure. In Experiment 1, letter transposition could involve adjacent letters (chocloate-CHOCOLATE) and nonadjacent letters with two intervening letters (choaolcte-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the magnitude of the transposed-letter priming effect – relative to the appropriate control condition – was greater when the transposition involved adjacent letters than when it involved nonadjacent letters. In Experiment 2, we included a letter transposition condition using nonadjacent letters with one intervening letter (cholocate-CHOCOLATE). Results showed that the transposed-letter priming effect was of the same size for nonadjacent transpositions that involved one or two intervening letters. In addition, transposed-letter priming effects were smaller in the two nonadjacent conditions than in the adjacent condition. We examine the implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition.

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Geary, Jonathan A., and Adam Ussishkin. "Root-letter priming in Maltese visual word recognition." Mental Lexicon 13, no. 1 (2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18001.gea.

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Abstract We report on a visual masked priming experiment designed to explore the role of morphology in Maltese visual word recognition. In a lexical decision task, subjects were faster to judge Maltese words of Semitic origin that were primed by triconsonantal letter-strings corresponding to their root-morphemes. In contrast, they were no faster to judge Maltese words of non-Semitic origin that were primed by an equivalent, but non-morphemic, set of three consonant letters, suggesting that morphological overlap, rather than simple form overlap, drives this facilitatory effect. Maltese is unique among the Semitic languages for its orthography: Maltese alone uses the Latin alphabet and requires that all vowels are written, making such triconsonantal strings illegal non-words to which Maltese readers are never exposed, as opposed to other Semitic languages such as Hebrew in which triconsonantal strings often correspond to real words. Under a decomposition-based account of morphological processing, we interpret these results as suggesting that across reading experience Maltese readers have abstracted out and stored root-morphemes for Semitic-origin words lexically, such that these morphemic representations can be activated by exposure to root-letters in isolation and thus prime morphological derivatives.

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Forget, Joachim, Marco Buiatti, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Temporal Integration in Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (2010): 1054–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21300.

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When two displays are presented in close temporal succession at the same location, how does the brain assign them to one versus two conscious percepts? We investigate this issue using a novel reading paradigm in which the odd and even letters of a string are presented alternatively at a variable rate. The results reveal a window of temporal integration during reading, with a nonlinear boundary around ∼80 msec of presentation duration. Below this limit, the oscillating stimulus is easily fused into a single percept, with all characteristics of normal reading. Above this limit, reading times are severely slowed and suffer from a word-length effect. ERPs indicate that, even at the fastest frequency, the oscillating stimulus elicits synchronous oscillations in posterior visual cortices, while late ERP components sensitive to lexical status vanish beyond the fusion threshold. Thus, the fusion/segregation dilemma is not resolved by retinal or subcortical filtering, but at cortical level by at most 300 msec. The results argue against theories of visual word recognition and letter binding that rely on temporal synchrony or other fine temporal codes.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Letters in word recognition"

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Abrams, Richard Lee. "Unconscious analysis of non-adjacent letters in four- and five-letter words /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9034.

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Clews, S. A. "Visual masking in letter and word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353562.

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Trifonova, I. V. "Investigations of lexical competition and repeated letter effects in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/114483/.

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The present work explores two different effects in orthographic processing in visual word recognition. The first part is motivated by the lexical competition hypothesis which suggests that the process of recognizing a word is mediated by competitive mechanisms between visually similar possible candidates. The lexical competition effects are explored in lexical decision studies accompanied by competitive network model simulations. The studies compare findings with the conventional masked-priming paradigm with those obtained with a modified version of this procedure, designed to decrease lexical competition effects. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and methodological contributions. The second part of the thesis relates to letter level processing in word recognition. It explored effects of repeated letters with the regression and the factorial approaches in combination with computational modelling methodology. The regression approach is applied to megastudy data in English, Dutch, and French. The factorial approach explores the effect across several different experimental paradigms: masked-primed lexical decision and same-different tasks as well as a two-forced choice perceptual identification task. The findings are presented along with discussions of their important implications for developing theories of letter and word processing and models of visual word recognition.

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Shaia, Rita M. "Exploring the Effectiveness of Word Boxes on Kindergarten Children's Phonemic Segmentation Skills, Word Recognition, and Letter Naming Skills." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420207936.

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Gorbunova, Anastasia A. "A Metric for Orthographic Similarity: Theory and Implications." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193269.

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Letter position plays an important role in lexical access. But are some positions more important than the others? Findings from numerous studies support the notion that in lexical access, initial letters produce strongest activation, which weakens towards the end of the word. In order to create a metric for computing the activation produced by each letter position in a correctly spelled word versus a word in which some or all letters are transposed, the formula for calculating a word's orthographic match coefficient (OMC) was developed and tested. Utilizing the masked priming paradigm and a lexical decision task, Experiments 1-5 test the accuracy and reliability of the OMC predictions, and look at neighborhood density in conjunction with different types of letter movement. Results from these experiments provide empirical support for the OMC as a reliable predictor of priming that involves transposed letters, and offer insight into possible mechanisms of word recognition.

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Dujardin, Emilie. "Rôle des différences interindividuelles dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots : effets de voisinage orthographique par suppression d’une lettre et de confusabilité d’une lettre substituée." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0065.

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L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les variations possibles des processus impliqués dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots selon les différences d’habiletés lexicales de lecteurs adultes (niveaux de lecture, orthographe et vocabulaire). Ainsi, nous avons testé l’effet de fréquence du voisinage orthographique par suppression et par substitution d’une lettre dans des tâches de décision lexicale (Exp. 1, 4), démasquage progressif (Exp. 2, 5), dénomination (Exp. 3, 6), et catégorisation de couleur (Exp. 7). Un effet inhibiteur de fréquence du voisinage orthographique par suppression (Exp. 1-3) et par substitution (Exp. 6) d’une lettre a été obtenu. Les temps de réponse étaient plus longs et les taux d’erreurs plus élevés pour les mots avec au moins un voisin orthographique plus fréquent que pour ceux sans un tel voisin, ce qui peut être expliqué en termes de compétition lexicale. De plus, la compétition lexicale du voisin par suppression d’une lettre était plus importante pour les individus ayant des habiletés lexicales hautes plutôt que basses (Exp. 1, 3), ces derniers individus témoignant de difficultés d’inhibition du compétiteur. Par ailleurs, les individus ayant des habiletés lexicales basses étaient moins rapides et moins précis que ceux ayant des habiletés lexicales hautes (Exp. 1-7). Les données de la tâche de catégorisation (Exp. 7) suggèrent des difficultés dans la mise en place de l’inhibition pour ces individus. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’effet de fréquence du voisinage orthographique était influencé par la confusabilité de la lettre substituée, ce qui différait selon les habiletés lexicales des individus (Exp. 4-6). Dans le cadre théorique de l’activation interactive et de codage spatial des lettres, les données soulignent l’importance des différences d’habiletés lexicales des lecteurs pour rendre compte des différences dans la diffusion de l’activation et de l’inhibition lexicales dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots<br>Word recognition, according to the adult readers’ lexical skill differences (reading, spelling and vocabulary levels). To do so, we tested the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect by deletion and substitution of a letter in lexical decision (Exp.1, 4), progressive demasking (Exp 2, 5), denomination (Exp. 3, 6), and color categorization tasks (Exp.7). Response times were longer and the error rates were higher for words with at least one higher frequency neighbor than for words without such a neighbor, which can be explained in terms of lexical competition. In addition, the lexical competition of the higher-frequency deletion neighbor seems more important for individuals with high lexical skills than for those with low lexical skills (Exp 1, 3), the latter showing difficulties in inhibiting the competitor. Furthermore, individuals with low lexical skills were slower and less accurate than those with high lexical skills (Exp 1-7). Data from the categorization task (Exp. 7) suggest difficulties in setting up inhibition for these individuals. Finally, we have shown that the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect was influenced by the confusability of the substituted letter, differing according to the lexical skills of the individuals (Exp 4-6). In the theoretical framework of activation-interactive and spatial coding, the data highlight the importance of readers’ differences in lexical skills for the diffusion of lexical activation and inhibition in visual word recognition

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Chen, Wen-Tsong. "Word level training of handwritten word recognition systems /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974612.

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McLachlan, Kathryn. "Word order in Cicero's Letters to Atticus : a multivariate approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12493.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-84).<br>One of the most striking features of Latin is its flexible word order. Subjects and objects and verbs can be jumbled, seemingly indiscriminately, and there are generally a number of relative or temporal or conditional clauses in the mix as well. Sometimes these sentences can become so long and unwieldy that even their authors have to remind themselves and their audiences what they were saying when they embarked upon them. For example, in Pro Caelio 1.1 Cicero elaborates upon the dictates of a law by means of two relative clauses, one embedded within the other, and a tricolon, and then has to start the sentence over, having lost track of where he was grammatically before the subordinate clauses. I Small wonder Latin word order has been called a "bugaboo" (Gries, 1951 :87) or "unnatural and wholly without plan" (Robbins, 1951 :78). However, it is not as random as it appears at first sight. There is a basic order, and the variations upon it are not arbitrary. They are influenced by a combination of factors ranging from syntax to semantics, pragmatics to typology. In this dissertation, I investigate word order patterns in Cicero's private letters to his close friend Atticus. My Honours dissertation looked primarily at the arrangement of modifiers and heads within noun phrases in the Epistulae Ad AtticulI1 (McLachlan, 2006). This one develops upon my Honours dissertation, and whilst some of the material is perforce the same, such as the literature review, I have increased the number of examples studied for each construction and added to the potential factors influencing word order, as well as examining word order within verb phrases as well. Four constructions are studied in total, two within noun phrases and two within verb phrases. These are (1) adjective and noun order, (2) genitive and noun order, (3) adverb and verb order and (4) object and verb order.

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Potton, Anita. "Strategy effects in word recognition." Thesis, University of East London, 2001. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3566/.

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This thesis examines the degree to which lexical and nonlexical procedures for word naming represent distinct processing strategies. A series of experiments were aimed at testing the hypothesis that grapheme-phoneme conversion is relatively more attention demanding than lexical processing (Paap & Noel, 1991). Contrary to predictions of a slowing of the nonlexical route, word naming in Experiment 1 was not affected by a concurrent digit memory load. Experiment 2 failed to support the prediction that the lexical route is susceptible to interference from a visual dot pattern load. In Experiment 3, standard word naming without a memory load produced similar effects of word frequency and regularity to those found in the memory load conditions. The failure to observe shifts in processing strategy in response to load manipulations is tentatively attributed to the predominance of lexical processing due to the nature of disyllabic words. In Experiment 4, a digit load failed to modulate consistency effects but naming latencies decreased with increasing load, as did nonword naming latencies in Experiment 5. It is suggested that readers strategically lower the criterion for initiating a pronunciation in response to task difficulty. Finally, phonological decision latencies in Experiment 6 slowed down from low to high load when at least one item was a pseudohomophone or a nonword. The results imply that nonlexical processing is attention demanding when an accurate phonological code must be assembled in the absence of lexical information. The lack of concurrence costs on word latencies suggests that a relatively automatic lexical procedure may predominate in generating word-specific phonology. Contrasting effects of load are interpreted as indicating distinct lexical and nonlexical strategies and are taken to support dual-route models of word recognition.

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Mwangi, Elijah. "Speaker independent isolated word recognition." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15425.

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The work presented in this thesis concerns the recognition of isolated words using a pattern matching approach. In such a system, an unknown speech utterance, which is to be identified, is transformed into a pattern of characteristic features. These features are then compared with a set of pre-stored reference patterns that were generated from the vocabulary words. The unknown word is identified as that vocabulary word for which the reference pattern gives the best match. One of the major difficul ties in the pattern comparison process is that speech patterns, obtained from the same word, exhibit non-linear temporal fluctuations and thus a high degree of redundancy. The initial part of this thesis considers various dynamic time warping techniques used for normalizing the temporal differences between speech patterns. Redundancy removal methods are also considered, and their effect on the recognition accuracy is assessed. Although the use of dynamic time warping algorithms provide considerable improvement in the accuracy of isolated word recognition schemes, the performance is ultimately limited by their poor ability to discriminate between acoustically similar words. Methods for enhancing the identification rate among acoustically similar words, by using common pattern features for similar sounding regions, are investigated. Pattern matching based, speaker independent systems, can only operate with a high recognition rate, by using multiple reference patterns for each of the words included in the vocabulary. These patterns are obtained from the utterances of a group of speakers. The use of multiple reference patterns, not only leads to a large increase in the memory requirements of the recognizer, but also an increase in the computational load. A recognition system is proposed in this thesis, which overcomes these difficulties by (i) employing vector quantization techniques to reduce the storage of reference patterns, and (ii) eliminating the need for dynamic time warping which reduces the computational complexity of the system. Finally, a method of identifying the acoustic structure of an utterance in terms of voiced, unvoiced, and silence segments by using fuzzy set theory is proposed. The acoustic structure is then employed to enhance the recognition accuracy of a conventional isolated word recognizer.

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Books on the topic "Letters in word recognition"

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Owen, Ruth. Sounds and letters. QED, 2011.

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Owen, Ruth. Sounds and letters. QEB Publishing, 2011.

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Beer, Brenda. English sounds and letters. The authors, 1988.

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Beer, Brenda. English sounds and letters . 2nd ed. The authors, 1991.

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Sussmann, Claudia. Die Wirkung des Buchstabenabstandes bei der Buchstaben- und Wortidentifikation. Shaker, 1993.

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Oney, Banu Ayse. Context effect on word recognition in a writing system with regular letter-sounding correspondences: Evidence from Turkish. UMI, 1994.

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Ingleton, C. P. Word recognition test. University of Edinburgh. Department of Business Studies, 1987.

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Teaching word recognition skills. 6th ed. Gorsuch Scarisbrick, 1997.

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Hendricks, Cindy. Teaching word recognition skills. 7th ed. Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall, 2007.

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Teaching word recognition skills. 5th ed. Gorsuch Scarisbrick, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Letters in word recognition"

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Luiselli, James, Francesca Happé, Hillary Hurst, et al. "Word Recognition." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_101578.

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DeVries, Beverly A. "Word Recognition." In Literacy Assessment and Intervention for Classroom Teachers. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351108157-7.

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Vingron, Shimon P. "Word-Recognition Tree." In Logic Circuit Design. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27657-6_13.

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Vingron, Shimon P. "Word-Recognition Tables." In Switching Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10174-2_30.

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Warren, Paul. "8. Word recognition and word merger." In Human Cognitive Processing. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.15.12war.

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Schriefers, Herbert. "Morphology and Word Recognition." In Language Comprehension: A Biological Perspective. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97734-3_4.

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Bernstein, Lynne E., and Edward T. Auer. "Word Recognition in Speechreading." In Speechreading by Humans and Machines. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13015-5_2.

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McQueen, James M., and Anne Cutler. "Morphology in Word Recognition." In The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781405166348.ch21.

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Jiang, Nan. "Word Recognition in L2." In Second Language Processing. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315886336-4.

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Schriefers, Herbert. "Morphology and Word Recognition." In Language Comprehension: A Biological Perspective. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59967-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Letters in word recognition"

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M. Alagrami, Ali, and Maged M. Eljazzar. "SMARTAJWEED Automatic Recognition of Arabic Quranic Recitation Rules." In 6th International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering And Applications (CSEA 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101812.

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Tajweed is a set of rules to read the Quran in a correct Pronunciation of the letters with all its Qualities, while Reciting the Quran. which means you have to give every letter in the Quran its due of characteristics and apply it to this particular letter in this specific situation while reading, which may differ in other times. These characteristics include melodic rules, like where to stop and for how long, when to merge two letters in pronunciation or when to stretch some, or even when to put more strength on some letters over other. Most of the papers focus mainly on the main recitation rules and the pronunciation but not (Ahkam AL Tajweed) which give different rhythm and different melody to the pronunciation with every different rule of (Tajweed). Which is also considered very important and essential in Reading the Quran as it can give different meanings to the words. In this paper we discuss in detail full system for automatic recognition of Quran Recitation Rules (Tajweed) by using support vector machine and threshold scoring system.

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de Vries, P. H. "Neural Binding in Letter- and Word-Recognition." In 14th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814699341_0002.

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Uebersax, Dominique, Juergen Gall, Michael Van den Bergh, and Luc Van Gool. "Real-time sign language letter and word recognition from depth data." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2011.6130267.

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Osman, Hussein, Karim Zaghw, Mostafa Hazem, and Seifeldin Elsehely. "An Efficient Language-Independent Multi-Font OCR for Arabic Script." In 10th International Conference on Advances in Computing and Information Technology (ACITY 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101506.

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process of extracting digitized text from images of scanned documents. While OCR systems have already matured in many languages, they still have shortcomings in cursive languages with overlapping letters such as the Arabic language. This paper proposes a complete Arabic OCR system that takes a scanned image of Arabic Naskh script as an input and generates a corresponding digital document. Our Arabic OCR system consists of the following modules: Pre-processing, Word-level Feature Extraction, Character Segmentation, Character Recognition, and Post-processing. This paper also proposes an improved font-independent character segmentation algorithm that outperforms the state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms. Lastly, the paper proposes a neural network model for the character recognition task. The system has experimented on several open Arabic corpora datasets with an average character segmentation accuracy 98.06%, character recognition accuracy 99.89%, and overall system accuracy 97.94% achieving outstanding results compared to the state-of-the-art Arabic OCR systems.

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Липкина, Анна, Anna Lipkina, Леонид Местецкий, and Leonid Mesteckiy. "A Structural Approach to the Classification of the Letters in the Images." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-1-136-141.

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The paper proposes a mathematical model of the concept of grapheme, the main purposes of which are to formulate a strict definition of the concept of «grapheme» and to highlight the overall structure of images of the same characters. The construction of the grapheme is based on a continuous skeletal approach, which involves the construction of the skeleton of a binary image of the symbol with its subsequent regularization. We also use the constructed model for the problem of text recognition on a digital image. For this purpose, features based on vertex positions in the grapheme model are extracted from the model, and the classifier is trained on these features. It determines which class the grapheme selected from the binary image of one symbol belongs to. We also consider the method of processing the input image with text for better selection of characters, lines and words. The experiments show the performance of the proposed grapheme model. The classification algorithm shows results comparable with modern methods of text recognition.

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Bianne-Bernard, Anne-Laure, Fares Menasri, Laurence Likforman-Sulem, Chafic Mokbel, and Christopher Kermorvant. "Variable length and context-dependent HMM letter form models for Arabic handwritten word recognition." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Christian Viard-Gaudin and Richard Zanibbi. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.912093.

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Mailani, Nimas Ayu, Victor Amrizal, and Nashrul Hakiem. "Comparative Analysis of the Accuracy of Backpropagation and Learning Vector Quantisation for Pattern Recognition of Hijaiyah Letters." In 2016 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for The Muslim World (ICT4M). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict4m.2016.070.

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LEI, Huan, Jianwu DANG, and Yu CHEN. "An Eye-tracking Study of Transposed-letter Effect in English Word Recognition by Mandarin Speakers." In 2021 12th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscslp49672.2021.9362079.

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Cheng, You-Chi, Kehuang Li, Zhe Feng, Fulinag Weng, and Chin-Hui Lee. "Online whole-word and stroke-based modeling for hand-written letter recognition in in-car environments." In ICASSP 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6637968.

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Pareti, R., and N. Vincent. "Ancient Initial Letters Indexing." In 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2006.272.

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