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Abrams, Richard Lee. "Unconscious analysis of non-adjacent letters in four- and five-letter words /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9034.
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Clews, S. A. "Visual masking in letter and word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353562.
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Trifonova, I. V. "Investigations of lexical competition and repeated letter effects in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/114483/.
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The present work explores two different effects in orthographic processing in visual word recognition. The first part is motivated by the lexical competition hypothesis which suggests that the process of recognizing a word is mediated by competitive mechanisms between visually similar possible candidates. The lexical competition effects are explored in lexical decision studies accompanied by competitive network model simulations. The studies compare findings with the conventional masked-priming paradigm with those obtained with a modified version of this procedure, designed to decrease lexical competition effects. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and methodological contributions. The second part of the thesis relates to letter level processing in word recognition. It explored effects of repeated letters with the regression and the factorial approaches in combination with computational modelling methodology. The regression approach is applied to megastudy data in English, Dutch, and French. The factorial approach explores the effect across several different experimental paradigms: masked-primed lexical decision and same-different tasks as well as a two-forced choice perceptual identification task. The findings are presented along with discussions of their important implications for developing theories of letter and word processing and models of visual word recognition.
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Shaia, Rita M. "Exploring the Effectiveness of Word Boxes on Kindergarten Children's Phonemic Segmentation Skills, Word Recognition, and Letter Naming Skills." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420207936.
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Gorbunova, Anastasia A. "A Metric for Orthographic Similarity: Theory and Implications." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193269.
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Letter position plays an important role in lexical access. But are some positions more important than the others? Findings from numerous studies support the notion that in lexical access, initial letters produce strongest activation, which weakens towards the end of the word. In order to create a metric for computing the activation produced by each letter position in a correctly spelled word versus a word in which some or all letters are transposed, the formula for calculating a word's orthographic match coefficient (OMC) was developed and tested. Utilizing the masked priming paradigm and a lexical decision task, Experiments 1-5 test the accuracy and reliability of the OMC predictions, and look at neighborhood density in conjunction with different types of letter movement. Results from these experiments provide empirical support for the OMC as a reliable predictor of priming that involves transposed letters, and offer insight into possible mechanisms of word recognition.
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Dujardin, Emilie. "Rôle des différences interindividuelles dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots : effets de voisinage orthographique par suppression d’une lettre et de confusabilité d’une lettre substituée." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0065.
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L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les variations possibles des processus impliqués dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots selon les différences d’habiletés lexicales de lecteurs adultes (niveaux de lecture, orthographe et vocabulaire). Ainsi, nous avons testé l’effet de fréquence du voisinage orthographique par suppression et par substitution d’une lettre dans des tâches de décision lexicale (Exp. 1, 4), démasquage progressif (Exp. 2, 5), dénomination (Exp. 3, 6), et catégorisation de couleur (Exp. 7). Un effet inhibiteur de fréquence du voisinage orthographique par suppression (Exp. 1-3) et par substitution (Exp. 6) d’une lettre a été obtenu. Les temps de réponse étaient plus longs et les taux d’erreurs plus élevés pour les mots avec au moins un voisin orthographique plus fréquent que pour ceux sans un tel voisin, ce qui peut être expliqué en termes de compétition lexicale. De plus, la compétition lexicale du voisin par suppression d’une lettre était plus importante pour les individus ayant des habiletés lexicales hautes plutôt que basses (Exp. 1, 3), ces derniers individus témoignant de difficultés d’inhibition du compétiteur. Par ailleurs, les individus ayant des habiletés lexicales basses étaient moins rapides et moins précis que ceux ayant des habiletés lexicales hautes (Exp. 1-7). Les données de la tâche de catégorisation (Exp. 7) suggèrent des difficultés dans la mise en place de l’inhibition pour ces individus. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’effet de fréquence du voisinage orthographique était influencé par la confusabilité de la lettre substituée, ce qui différait selon les habiletés lexicales des individus (Exp. 4-6). Dans le cadre théorique de l’activation interactive et de codage spatial des lettres, les données soulignent l’importance des différences d’habiletés lexicales des lecteurs pour rendre compte des différences dans la diffusion de l’activation et de l’inhibition lexicales dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots<br>Word recognition, according to the adult readers’ lexical skill differences (reading, spelling and vocabulary levels). To do so, we tested the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect by deletion and substitution of a letter in lexical decision (Exp.1, 4), progressive demasking (Exp 2, 5), denomination (Exp. 3, 6), and color categorization tasks (Exp.7). Response times were longer and the error rates were higher for words with at least one higher frequency neighbor than for words without such a neighbor, which can be explained in terms of lexical competition. In addition, the lexical competition of the higher-frequency deletion neighbor seems more important for individuals with high lexical skills than for those with low lexical skills (Exp 1, 3), the latter showing difficulties in inhibiting the competitor. Furthermore, individuals with low lexical skills were slower and less accurate than those with high lexical skills (Exp 1-7). Data from the categorization task (Exp. 7) suggest difficulties in setting up inhibition for these individuals. Finally, we have shown that the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect was influenced by the confusability of the substituted letter, differing according to the lexical skills of the individuals (Exp 4-6). In the theoretical framework of activation-interactive and spatial coding, the data highlight the importance of readers’ differences in lexical skills for the diffusion of lexical activation and inhibition in visual word recognition
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Chen, Wen-Tsong. "Word level training of handwritten word recognition systems /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9974612.
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McLachlan, Kathryn. "Word order in Cicero's Letters to Atticus : a multivariate approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12493.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-84).<br>One of the most striking features of Latin is its flexible word order. Subjects and objects and verbs can be jumbled, seemingly indiscriminately, and there are generally a number of relative or temporal or conditional clauses in the mix as well. Sometimes these sentences can become so long and unwieldy that even their authors have to remind themselves and their audiences what they were saying when they embarked upon them. For example, in Pro Caelio 1.1 Cicero elaborates upon the dictates of a law by means of two relative clauses, one embedded within the other, and a tricolon, and then has to start the sentence over, having lost track of where he was grammatically before the subordinate clauses. I Small wonder Latin word order has been called a "bugaboo" (Gries, 1951 :87) or "unnatural and wholly without plan" (Robbins, 1951 :78). However, it is not as random as it appears at first sight. There is a basic order, and the variations upon it are not arbitrary. They are influenced by a combination of factors ranging from syntax to semantics, pragmatics to typology. In this dissertation, I investigate word order patterns in Cicero's private letters to his close friend Atticus. My Honours dissertation looked primarily at the arrangement of modifiers and heads within noun phrases in the Epistulae Ad AtticulI1 (McLachlan, 2006). This one develops upon my Honours dissertation, and whilst some of the material is perforce the same, such as the literature review, I have increased the number of examples studied for each construction and added to the potential factors influencing word order, as well as examining word order within verb phrases as well. Four constructions are studied in total, two within noun phrases and two within verb phrases. These are (1) adjective and noun order, (2) genitive and noun order, (3) adverb and verb order and (4) object and verb order.
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Potton, Anita. "Strategy effects in word recognition." Thesis, University of East London, 2001. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3566/.
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This thesis examines the degree to which lexical and nonlexical procedures for word naming represent distinct processing strategies. A series of experiments were aimed at testing the hypothesis that grapheme-phoneme conversion is relatively more attention demanding than lexical processing (Paap & Noel, 1991). Contrary to predictions of a slowing of the nonlexical route, word naming in Experiment 1 was not affected by a concurrent digit memory load. Experiment 2 failed to support the prediction that the lexical route is susceptible to interference from a visual dot pattern load. In Experiment 3, standard word naming without a memory load produced similar effects of word frequency and regularity to those found in the memory load conditions. The failure to observe shifts in processing strategy in response to load manipulations is tentatively attributed to the predominance of lexical processing due to the nature of disyllabic words. In Experiment 4, a digit load failed to modulate consistency effects but naming latencies decreased with increasing load, as did nonword naming latencies in Experiment 5. It is suggested that readers strategically lower the criterion for initiating a pronunciation in response to task difficulty. Finally, phonological decision latencies in Experiment 6 slowed down from low to high load when at least one item was a pseudohomophone or a nonword. The results imply that nonlexical processing is attention demanding when an accurate phonological code must be assembled in the absence of lexical information. The lack of concurrence costs on word latencies suggests that a relatively automatic lexical procedure may predominate in generating word-specific phonology. Contrasting effects of load are interpreted as indicating distinct lexical and nonlexical strategies and are taken to support dual-route models of word recognition.
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Mwangi, Elijah. "Speaker independent isolated word recognition." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/15425.
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The work presented in this thesis concerns the recognition of isolated words using a pattern matching approach. In such a system, an unknown speech utterance, which is to be identified, is transformed into a pattern of characteristic features. These features are then compared with a set of pre-stored reference patterns that were generated from the vocabulary words. The unknown word is identified as that vocabulary word for which the reference pattern gives the best match. One of the major difficul ties in the pattern comparison process is that speech patterns, obtained from the same word, exhibit non-linear temporal fluctuations and thus a high degree of redundancy. The initial part of this thesis considers various dynamic time warping techniques used for normalizing the temporal differences between speech patterns. Redundancy removal methods are also considered, and their effect on the recognition accuracy is assessed. Although the use of dynamic time warping algorithms provide considerable improvement in the accuracy of isolated word recognition schemes, the performance is ultimately limited by their poor ability to discriminate between acoustically similar words. Methods for enhancing the identification rate among acoustically similar words, by using common pattern features for similar sounding regions, are investigated. Pattern matching based, speaker independent systems, can only operate with a high recognition rate, by using multiple reference patterns for each of the words included in the vocabulary. These patterns are obtained from the utterances of a group of speakers. The use of multiple reference patterns, not only leads to a large increase in the memory requirements of the recognizer, but also an increase in the computational load. A recognition system is proposed in this thesis, which overcomes these difficulties by (i) employing vector quantization techniques to reduce the storage of reference patterns, and (ii) eliminating the need for dynamic time warping which reduces the computational complexity of the system. Finally, a method of identifying the acoustic structure of an utterance in terms of voiced, unvoiced, and silence segments by using fuzzy set theory is proposed. The acoustic structure is then employed to enhance the recognition accuracy of a conventional isolated word recognizer.
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Chernecki, Donna (Donna Rae) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Disrupting holistic word recognition; evidence for word-specific visual patterns." Ottawa, 1992.
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Almabruk, Abubaker A. A. "Word recognition and reading in Arabic." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27643.
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The thesis reports six experiments investigating word recognition and reading in Arabic. Experiment 1 looked at the word superiority effect in Arabic word recognition using brief presentations of stimuli (five-letter real words, pseudo-words, non-words, and inverted real words) in a Reicher-Wheeler task. The results of this experiment showed advantages for the recognition of words over pseudo-words and illegal non-words, and for pseudo-words over illegal non-words. Experiment 2 was a follow-up experiment that also examined the word superiority effect in Arabic by using the lexical decision task. In this experiment, participants viewed briefly presented real words and legal non-words, with the results showing that Arabic real words were recognised quicker and more accurately than non-words. Experiment 3 investigated the landing position effects for three, five, and seven letter words in Arabic using eye movements while reading. The results showed that the preferred viewing location (PVL) is at the right of centre of words in Arabic, similar to that for Hebrew. Experiment 4 re-examined the optimal viewing position in Arabic word recognition using five-letter Arabic words and non-words in a lexical decision task. The results showed that participants recognised words most quickly and most accurately when fixating inter-letter locations at the middle of words, indicating that the OVP for Arabic word recognition is at a word’s centre. Experiment 5 used the Reicher-Wheeler task and Experiment 6 used the lexical decision task to re-examine the claim that an anatomical division in the human fovea has consequences for word recognition. The findings revealed the superiority of the right visual field for words displayed outside the foveal and no asymmetries for words displayed within foveal vision. Thus far the research has made an important advance on our understanding of processes involved in Arabic word recognition by revealing that word superiority and pseudo-word superiority effects similar to those reported in Latinate languages are also observed in Arabic, and that the OVP effect in Arabic differs from that found in English. The reading results indicate that, similar to other languages, parafoveal word length information is used to guide saccade targeting in Arabic.
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Bird, S. A. "Bimodal input, word recognition, and memory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596651.
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This dissertation explored some possible effects of same-language subtitled film/video as a foreign language learning tool. Some studies have shown that same-language subtitling can be beneficial to language learners in terms of overall plot comprehension and word meaning. However, critics argue that simultaneous bimodal sound and text inputs can adversely affect spoken word form learning. Six experiments were designed to measure some effects of single modality sound-only and bimodal text and sound inputs on spoken word recognition and memory. Subjects performed training tasks that included familiar target words and unfamiliar letter strings in single modality and bimodal conditions. Subjects were then given implicit (repetition priming) and explicit (recognition memory) memory tests for spoken words. The main results were the following: (1) On the implicit tests, the repetition priming effects for reaction times to known words were equivalent in sound-only and bimodal sound and text conditions (Exps. 1, 2a, 2b); (2) Cross-modal visual-auditory nonword reaction time priming was found in Experiment 3 (masked priming), and Experiment 5 (a rhyme monitoring task) revealed nonword reaction time priming only for the text-only and bimodal conditions; (3) On two experiments' implicit tests, the bimodal condition showed fewer errors for known words (Exp. 4) and nonwords (Exps. 4, 5) relative to sound-only and new items; (4) On explicit tests, scores were highest in the bimodal condition for known words (Exps, 1, 2a, 2b, 4), unknown words (Exps. 2a, 2b) and nonwords (Exps. 4, 5). Overall, the results suggest that simultaneous bimodal input can improve some implicit and explicit aspects of spoken word form learning without any apparent costs. The results are discussed in terms of implications for same-language subtitling and models of word recognition and memory.
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Frantzi, Katerina T. "Automatic recognition of multi-word terms." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387945.
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Chen, Yiping. "Word recognition and reading in Chinese." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f034ff4-f07c-459b-95f7-4b0a72e07c45.
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Finally, the present thesis develops an analytic account of word recognition and reading in Chinese. Implications are drawn for both experimental studies of normal reading and neuropsychological studies of dyslexia in Chinese.
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Schlapp, Ursula. "Phonology and orthography in word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235989.
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Hinton, Jane. "Neighbourhood effects during visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363914.
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Bock, Jacqueline Mary. "Perceptual grouping in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254606.
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Jennings, LaShay, Renee Rice Moran, Karla Knupp, Edward J. Dwyer, and Huili Hong. "Word Recognition Competency Activity for Students." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3388.
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Gontijo, Possidonia de Freitas Drumond. "Familiarity effects in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21263.
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This thesis is an investigation of two different aspects of familiarity processes involved in visual word recognition. The first is how capitalisation influences visual word recognition. The second is the role played by onset, nucleus and coda in nonword recognition. A familiar aspect of proper names in English, is that they are printed with an initial capital letter. Two experiments investigated the effects of the capitalisation of the initial letter of nonwords. It was found that subjects generate fewer pronunciations for initially capitalised nonwords than for those which were not capitalised. I suggest that in English initial capitalisation acts as a cue strong enough to prompt readers to perceive unfamiliar strings of letters as belonging to the category of proper names. As a result, the phonological domain used to retrieve the pronunciation of initially capitalised strings becomes more restricted than that used for the non-capitalised unfamiliar strings. These results extend the applicability of Brennen's theory for proper names, which is based on the size of the set of plausible phonologies of a word. In a third experiment, pairs of nonwords had their familiar visual appearance manipulated in terms of first and last letter capitalisation, in a same-different matching task. Faster response times were obtained for those nonword pairs that kept a more familiar aspect (e.g., pairs in which the first letter was capitalised as opposed to others in which the last letter was capitalised). These results are explained in terms of Besner and Jonhston (1989) "orthographic familiarity route". I propose the transformation model as an explanation for the mechanisms by which this route operates. Nonwords are an important aspect of this thesis. A new algorithm was developed for the creation of monosyllabic nonwords in which the frequency of their onsets, nuclei and codas could be controlled carefully. This gave us the opportunity to study the influence of orthographic neighborhood in visual word recognition. The findings here are in agreement with previous studies which show the recognition of an item to be influenced by the presence of neighbours. It has been hypothesized that familiarity effects in visual word recognition can only be found in tasks where identification mechanisms are not implicated. Here, a new category of words, namely brand names, was used to test this hypothesis. There are many reasons why brand names are a more appropriate class of words than acronyms to be used in this type of investigation. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis above. Previously, acronyms had been the only class of words used to test this hypothesis. Finally, a computational assessment of the nature of the mappings from letterto- sound in British English was carried on. A program was developed to estimate the pronunciation of any string of English graphemes based on the probabilities of grapheme-phoneme correspondences. The algorithm was assessed by examining its behavior for nonwords. This was done by using a corpus of nonword transcriptions, collected in an experiment with trained phoneticians. The results confirm the fact that the statistical information about grapheme-phoneme correspondences alone is not sufficient to predict English pronunciation. Also, a method was developed that allows the quantification of the different orthographic depth for various languages.
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Voice, Julie Kate. "Competition processes in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21592.
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In this thesis we show that lexical decisions (LDT) to isolated words are slowed when a target word has either, many orthographic competitors (defined as words sharing outer letter frames), or a single strong competitor (defined as words sharing all letters, e.g. from/form). This result is not found for naming latencies. It is shown that naming is more sensitive to variables which concern the mapping of orthography to phonology, than to purely orthographic measures. In contrast to these findings Andrews (1989, 1992) found that the existence of orthographic competitors in the form of neighbours (Coltheart, Davelaar, Jonasson and Besner (1977)), facilitated both LDT and naming responses. This suggests that neighbours conspire rather than compete for recognition. We repeat Andrews' experiments and replicate the conspiracy effect of neighbourhood size for low frequency words. Andrews' results replicate however, only for LDT and not for naming. In a further investigation of neighbourhood effects we measure eye fixations to target words in neutral sentence contexts. Here we find an effect of neighbourhood size for both high and low frequency words. The effect is, however, one of conspiracy for high frequency words, and one of competition for low frequency words. We describe an activation time course model of word processing which we argue can account for both competition and conspiracy effects, and for the differences in effects for high and low frequency words. Neighbourhood influences are less robust for naming than for LDT or sentence reading. This may be because isolated word naming relies less on lexical processing than the other two tasks. Whether naming responses are produced lexically, or by strict grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, will depend on the proportion of spelling-sound regular and irregular words in the stimulus list. We demonstrate the influence of stimulus list structure on naming by comparing data from the Seidenberg and Waters (1989) Mega Study with data from smaller studies. For tasks which demand more lexical processing, such as LDT, we demonstrate that the influence of stimulus structure will depend on the disparity between lexical knowledge and local information obtained from the stimulus list. Stimulus list structure is most influential when it gives little, or no, reflection of real lexical experience.
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Wren, Sebastian Andrew. "An examination of the word-frequency effect in word recognition : controlling the confound of word recency /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Taylor, Anna M. "Psychometrically Equivalent Bisyllabic Word-Lists for Word Recognition Testing in Spanish." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2101.
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The aim of this study was to develop, digitally record, evaluate, and psychometrically equate a set of Spanish bisyllabic word lists to be used for word recognition testing. Frequently used bisyllabic words were selected and digitally recorded by male and female Spanish talkers. Twenty normally hearing subjects were presented each word to find the percentage of words which they could correctly recognize. Each word was measured at 10 intensity levels (-5 to 40 dB HL) in increments of 5 dB. Chisquare analysis was used to determine the equivalency among the final four psychometrically equivalent word lists of 50 words, and each of the eight half-lists containing 25 words each. The results of the analysis indicated that there were no significant differences among the four-lists or eight half-lists. Only minimal adjustments (≤0.5 dB) were needed to equate the words in the lists and half-lists for the male and female talkers.
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Peterson, Brenda Karina. "Psychometrically Equivalent Bisyllabic Word Lists for Spanish Pediatric Word Recognition Testing." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6061.
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While recorded speech audiometry materials have been developed in Spanish for adults, currently there are no speech audiometry materials available in Spanish that are suitable for a pediatric population. Thus, the purposes of this study were (a) to analyze Spanish bisyllabic words previously developed for adults to determine the words' appropriateness when testing word recognition scores in native Spanish-speaking children and (b) to compare the logistic regressions results from the Spanish adult data obtained in a previous study with the logistic regressions from Spanish pediatric data obtained in the present study. Using common-use children's dictionaries in the Spanish language, a subset of child-appropriate words was adapted from a set of materials developed for Spanish adults. A total of 129 frequently used bisyllabic words were chosen; the words were split into five lists; four lists contained 26 words and one list contained 25 words; each was digitally recorded by both male and female Spanish talkers. Twenty native Spanish-speaking children with normal hearing between the ages of four and eight years were selected to listen to words to obtain psychometric functions. Each word was presented to the listener at 5 levels of intensity from -5 to 35 dB HL in increments of 10 dB. Custom software was used to control randomization, timing, and presentation of the words. The participants were not familiarized with the words prior to testing. The words received a ranked order based on performance to create lists and half-lists that were equivalent. Logistic regression was used to calculate psychometric functions for the lists and half-lists. Subsequently, a chi-square analysis was completed. The analysis revealed no statistical differences among the lists and half-lists for either male or female talkers. The mean bisyllabic psychometric function slopes for lists and half-lists were 5.0%/dB for the male-talker words and 5.2%/dB for the female-talker words. The 50% threshold for male and female were 16.2 dB HL and 15.5 dB HL, respectively.
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Matchim, Joan Oldford. "The effects of contextual cues and word frequency on word recognition /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487261919113531.
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Dukes, Alycia J. "Psychometrically equivalent bisyllabic word lists for word recognition testing in Taiwan Mandarin /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1391.pdf.
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Dukes, Alycia Jane. "Psychometrically Equivalent Bisyllabic Word Lists for Word Recognition Testing in Taiwan Mandarin." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/460.
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The aim of this study was to develop, digitally record, evaluate, and psychometrically equate a set of Taiwan Mandarin bisyllabic word lists to be used for word recognition testing. Frequently used bisyllabic words were selected and digitally recorded by male and female talkers of Taiwan Mandarin. Twenty normally hearing subjects were presented each word to find the percentage of words which they could correctly recognize. Each word was measured at 10 intensity levels (-5 to 40 dB HL) in increments of 5 dB. Logistic regression was used to include 200 words with the steepest logistic regression slopes in four psychometrically equivalent word lists of 50 words each with eight half-lists of 25 words each. Digital recordings of the psychometrically equivalent bisyllabic word recognition lists are available on compact disc.
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Koerich, Alessandro L. "Large vocabulary off-line handwritten word recognition." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2002. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/818/1/KOERICH_Alessandro_L..pdf.
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Au cours des dernières années, des progrès considérables ont été accomplis dans le domaine de la reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite. Ainsi, il est intéressant de constater que la plupart des systèmes existants s'appuient sur l'utilisation d'un lexique pour effectuer la reconnaissance de mots. Or, dans la plupart des applications le lexique utilisé est de petite ou de moyenne dimension. Bien entendu, la possibilité de traiter efficacement un très grand vocabulaire permettrait d'élargir le champ des applications, mais cette extension du vocabulaire (de quelques dizaines à plus de 80000 mots) a pour conséquence l'explosion de l'espace de recherche et bien souvent la dégradation des taux de reconnaissance.
Ainsi, le thème principal de cette thèse de doctorat est la reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite dans le cadre de l'utilisation de lexique de très grande dimension. Nous présentons tout d'abord, plusieurs stratégies pour améliorer en termes de vitesse de reconnaissance les performances d'un système de référence. L'objectif sera alors de permettre au système de traiter de très grands lexiques dans un temps raisonnable. Par la suite, nous améliorons les performances en termes de taux de reconnaissance. Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons une approche neuronale afin de vérifier les N meilleurs hypothèses de mots isolés par le système de référence. D'autre part, toutes les caractéristiques du système initial ont été conservées: système omni-scripteurs, écriture sans contraintes, et lexiques générés dynamiquement.
Les contributions majeures de cette thèse sont l'accélération d'un facteur 120 du temps de traitement et l'amélioration du taux de reconnaissance d'environ 10% par rapport au système de référence. Le gain en vitesse est obtenu grâce aux techniques suivantes: recherche dans un arbre lexical, réduction des multiples modèles de caractères, techniques de reconnaissance guidée par le lexique avec et sans contraintes, algorithme "level-building" guidé par le lexique, algorithme rapide à deux niveaux pour effectuer le décodage des séquences d'observations et utilisation d'une approche de reconnaissance distribuée. Par ailleurs, la précision du système est améliorée par le post-traitement des N meilleures hypothèses de mots à l'aide d'un module de vérification. Ce module est basé sur l'utilisation d'un réseau de neurones pour vérifier la présence de chacun des caractères segmentés par le système de base. La combinaison des résultats du système de référence et du module de vérification permet alors d'améliorer significativement les performances de reconnaissance. Enfin, une procédure de rejet est mise en place et permet d'atteindre un taux de reconnaissance d'environ 95% en ne rejetant que 30% des exemples.
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Williams, J. N. "The effective context for priming word recognition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377233.
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Hazamy, Audrey A. "The influence of pictures on word recognition." Click here to access thesis, 2009. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2009/audrey_a_hazamy/Hazamy_Audrey_A_200901_MS.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2009.<br>"A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Directed by Lawrence Locker. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-44) and appendices.
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Robertson, Maida Christine. "Psychometrically Equivalent Arabic Monosyllabic Word Recognition Materials." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1508.pdf.
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Loucas, Thomas. "On the development of spoken word recognition." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248424.
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Ping, Hui. "Isolated word speech recognition using fuzzy neural techniques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ52633.pdf.
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Li, Tracy Xiaoping. "ARMA lattice modeling for isolated word speech recognition." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0012/MQ52599.pdf.
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Moller, Elizabeth A. "Dichotic word recognition of young adults in noise." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28361.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 35 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-33). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Xu, Lei. "Phonological variation and word recognition in continuous speech." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1190048116.
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Elder, Leona. "The development of word recognition in beginning readers." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329845.
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Sarfarazi, Mehri. "Cognitive evoked potentials during word and picture recognition." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390673.
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Havelka, Jelena. "Phonological and visual factors in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324326.
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Abayan, Marlon 1974. "A system for offline cursive handwritten word recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42731.
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Al, Matar Waseem. "Speech Audiometry: Arabic Word Recognition Test for Adults." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1627046045659542.
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Kelly, Mary Louise. "Lexical segmentation and word recognition in fluent aphasia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28339.
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The current thesis reports a psycholinguistic study of lexical segmentation and word recognition in fluent aphasia. When listening to normal running speech we must identify individual words from a continuous stream before we can extract a linguistic message from it. Normal listeners are able to resolve the segmentation problem without any noticeable difficulty. In this thesis I consider how fluent aphasic listeners perform the process of lexical segmentation and whether any of their impaired comprehension of spoken language has its provenance in the failure to segment speech normally. The investigation was composed of a series of 5 experiments which examined the processing of both explicit acoustic and prosodic cues to word juncture and features which affect listeners' segmentation of the speech stream implicitly, through inter-lexical competition of potential word matches. The data collected show that lexical segmentation of continuous speech is compromised in fluent aphasia. Word hypotheses do not always accrue appropriate activational information from all the available sources within the time frame in which segmentation problem is normally resolved. The fluent aphasic performance, although quantitatively impaired compared to normal, reflects an underlying normal competence; their processing seldom displays a totally qualitatively different processing profile to normal. They are able to engage frequency, morphological structure, and imageability as modulators of activation. Word class, a feature found to be influential in the normal resolution of segmentation is not used by the fluent aphasic studied.
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Morin, Duchesne Xavier. "Are words read by letters? (Lisons-nous par lettres?)." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10830.
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Il a été démontré que les mots sont plus faciles à reconnaître lorsque leur moitié inférieure est effacée, laissant leur moitié supérieure intacte, que lorsque leur moitié supérieure est effacée. Si la reconnaissance de lettres sous-tend la reconnaissance de mots tel qu'il est généralement pris pour acquis, alors un tel effet devrait aussi être présent au niveau des lettres, mais ce n'est pas le cas. Le but de ce mémoire a d'abord été d'investiguer cette différence entre lettres et mots et, ensuite, de démontrer que la préférence pour le haut des mots ne peut pas s'expliquer par les lettres. Finalement, nous nous questionnons sur l'existence d'un construit intermédiaire entre lettres et mots et proposons les chaînes lexicales.<br>It has been demonstrated that words are more readily recognized when their lower half has been erased, leaving the upper half intact, than when the upper half has been erased. If letter recognition subtends word recognition as it is so often assumed, then we would expect to find a similar effect with letters, but it is not the case. The goal of this master's thesis has first been to investigate this difference between words and letters and then to demonstrate that the preference for the upper half of words cannot be accounted for by letters. In the end, we look into the existence of a construct between features and words and propose that lexical strings could be that construct.
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Xavier, Eduardo Guilherme Plath. "From pixels to letters : discrimination of orientation contrasts during visual word recognition." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/38269.
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Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Cognição Social Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2018<br>To effectively discriminate mirrored letters (e.g., b and d), when learning to read one must overcome mirror invariance (an original property of the visual system that treats lateral reflected images as equivalent percepts). Previous studies suggested that mirror invariance might still occur during letter identification, and that in contrast with nonreversible letters (which differ from other letters of the script by shape, being orientation an irrelevant feature: f, R), discrimination of reversible letters (for which orientation is a diagnostic feature: d, p, b: N, Z) relies on a specific mechanism of mirror-image suppression.
We explored how orientation contrasts influence discrimination of reversible (b; d; p) and nonreversible (f; r, t) letters during word recognition. In Experiment 1, we adopted a lexical decision task with a sandwich priming paradigm, to reduce lexical influences. Lowercase primes differed from uppercase targets (e.g., IDEA) on the critical letter only: identical prime (lowercase version of the target: idea); mirrored prime (mirror-image of the critical letter: ibea); rotated prime (180º plane rotation of the critical letter: ipea); control prime (critical letter replaced by a mask: ). In Experiment 2, we adopted a same-different task with masked priming, using the same prime-target conditions. The pattern of results was similar in both experiments. Target decisions for reversible letters was slower when letters were transformed in orientation (mirrored or rotated) relative to control and identical primes. For nonreversible letters, orientation contrasts facilitated target recognition, leading to faster word decisions relative to controls, but slower than identical primes in Experiment 1. Given the similar effects for rotated and mirrored primes, a mechanism of mirror invariance cannot fully explain the present results. We propose that, when visual features are compatible with multiple letter representations, those representations will be activated, leading to competition effects between them (through mutual inhibition). The same principle of recognition-by-components, originally proposed in visual object recognition, seems to apply to letter identification.<br>De forma a discriminar letras reversíveis (e.g., b e d) eficazmente, durante a aprendizagem da leitura é necessário ultrapassar a invariância ao espelho (uma propriedade original do sistema visual que trata reflexos laterais como sendo perceptos equivalentes). Estudos anteriores sugerem que a invariância ao espelho pode ainda ocorrer durante a identificação de letras, e que em contraste com letras não-reversíveis (que diferem de outras letras do alfabeto na forma, sendo a sua orientação uma propriedade irrelevante: f, R), a discriminação de letras reversíveis (para as quais a orientação é uma propriedade de diagnóstico: d, p, b; N, Z) depende de um mecanismo específico de supressão de imagens em espelho.
Neste estudo, exploramos qual a influência de contrastes de orientação na discriminação de letras reversíveis (b; d; p) e não-reversíveis (f; r; t) durante o reconhecimento de palavras. Na Experiência 1, adotamos uma tarefa de decisão lexical com o paradigma priming sandwich, para reduzir influências lexicais. Os primes em minúsculas diferem dos alvos em maiúsculas (e.g., IDEIA) na letra critica apenas: prime identical (versão do alvo em minúsculas: ideia); prime mirrored (imagem em espelho da letra crítica: ibeia); prime rotated (letra crítica rodada no plano 180º: ipeia); condição control (letra crítica substituída por uma máscara: ). Na Experiência 2, adotamos uma tarefa same-different com priming mascarado, utilizando as mesmas condições prime-alvo. O padrão de resultados foi semelhante nas duas experiências. A transformação da orientação (imagem-espelho ou rotação) em letras reversíveis resultou em respostas mais lentas relativamente a condição de controlo. Para letras não-reversíveis, os contrastes de orientação facilitaram o reconhecimento do alvo, levando a respostas mais rápidas relativamente à condição de controlo, mas mais lentas do que a condição identical na Experiência 1. Dada a semelhança nos efeitos obtidos para ambos os contrastes de orientação, estes resultados não podem ser totalmente explicados segundo um mecanismo de invariância ao espelho. Propomos que, quando os traços visuais são compatíveis com múltiplas representações de letras, estas representações são ativadas, levando a efeitos de competição entre elas (através de mútua inibição). O mesmo princípio de reconhecimento-por-componentes, proposto originalmente no reconhecimento visual de objetos, parece aplicar-se à identificação de letras.
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Sylvia and 俞靜如. "The Correlation between Chinese word Recognition, English word Recognition and Chinese phonological awareness, English phonological awareness, spelling and Letter in Taiwanese second graders." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96780981380562868070.
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碩士<br>國立臺中教育大學<br>特殊教育學系碩士班<br>102<br>The Correlation between Chinese word Recognition, English word Recognition and Chinese phonological awareness, English phonological awareness, spelling and Letter in Taiwanese second graders.
Abstract
The present study examined the contribution of Chinese phonological awareness(CPA), English phonological awareness(EPA), spelling and letter to Chinese word recognition and English word recognition. Thirty children with Chinese word recognition difficulties (poor readers) and 30 normal reading children (normal readers) in grade 2 were examined on measures of Chinese literacy, English literacy,Chinese phonological awareness, English phonological awareness , spelling and letter tasks. The results showed that:
(a) Normal readers performed significantly better than the poor readers in letter, spelling and Chinese/English PA.
(b) The scores of letter, spelling and Chinese/English PA correlated significantly with Chinese/English word recognize.
(c) Children’s performance of letter, spelling, phonological awareness predicted Chinese/English word recognize after age and IQ were controlled.
Keywords：word recognition difficulties, phonological awareness, Language transfer.
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Johnson, Rebecca Linn. "Transposed-letter effects in reading." 2004. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2419.
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Lages, Alexandrina Maria Marcos. "Efeitos de assimetria à direita no reconhecimento visual de palavras com letras-espelho: um estudo com leitores proficientes e não proficientes do português europeu." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/48134.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia<br>Reconhecer palavras com letras-espelho (b-d) é mais difícil do que reconhecer palavras que não
as contêm. Este efeito é explicado pela supressão do mecanismo de generalização em espelho
que ocorre perante estímulos verbais, contrariamente ao que acontece com outro qualquer outro
tipo de estímulos. Nos modelos de reconhecimento visual de palavras (RVP), assume-se que o
reconhecimento desse tipo de palavras envolve não só a ativação da letra “b” ou “d”, mas a
inibição simultânea da letra-espelho correspondente, explicando o efeito de inibição observado.
Neste estudo, procurámos analisar até que ponto a hipótese de assimetria à direita (HAD),
avançada para explicar a escrita em espelho, poderá contribuir para o custo associado ao RVP
com letras-espelho e perceber se esses efeitos são modelados pelos níveis de literacia
apresentados. Nesse sentido, realizámos três estudos envolvendo leitores proficientes (adultos)
(Estudo 1) e leitores não proficientes (crianças) do português europeu a frequentar o 3.º (Estudo
2) e 5.º anos de escolaridade (Estudo 3) do Ensino-Básico português. Os participantes
realizaram uma tarefa de decisão-lexical (TDL) combinada com o paradigma de priming
mascarado. Os resultados mostraram que a HAD e os níveis de literacia modelam os efeitos de
supressão do mecanismo de generalização em espelho no RVP.<br>Recognizing words with mirror-letters (b-d) is more difficult than recognizing words that do
not contain them. This effect is explained by the suppression of the mirror generalization that
occurs in verbal stimuli, contrary to what happens with other stimuli. In the models of visual
word recognition (VWR), it is assumed that word recognition with mirror-letters not only leads
to the activation of the letter “b” or d, but, at the same time, inhibits the corresponding mirrorletter,
explaining the inhibition effect observed. In this study, we attempted to analyse to what
extent the hypothesis of asymmetry on the right (HAR), used to explain mirror writing, can
contribute to explain the cost associated with VWR with mirror-letters and see if these effects
can be modulated by the different levels of literacy presented. In this sense, three studies were
conducted with proficient readers (adults) (Study 1) and non-proficient readers (children) of
European Portuguese attending the 3rd (Study 2) and 5th grade (Study 3) of Portuguese Basic
Education. Participants performed a lexical-decision task combined with a masked priming
paradigm. The results showed that HAR and literacy levels model suppression of mirror
generalization on VWR.
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Mkwakwe, Daphne Phindile. "The role of the educator in identifying learners with reading problems in the intermediate phase." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/7038.
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Early reading instruction and identification of learners with reading problems prevent
reading difficulties in the Intermediate Phase. The specific aim of this study is to
explore the role of the Intermediate Phase educator to assess the learners’ reading
skills by using observation and assessment activities, in order to identify learners with
reading problems. The literature study on reading activities explored the letters of
the alphabet, phonemic awareness, spelling, word- recognition, assessment and
word-knowledge. The qualitative research was conducted empirically in the form of a
case study of one learner from the South African public primary school based in
Ikageng location, Potchefstroom. The role of the Intermediate Phase educator is to
develop and administer the reading activities, observe a learner when he or she
recites; writes and identifies the letters of the alphabet; segment words to show his or
her phonological awareness skill; spell words in the dictation test including any
written activity; and reads aloud the single written words to test his or her word
recognition ability. The themes that emerged from the empirical study are as follows:
difficulty in sequencing written letters of the alphabet, inability to segment words,
spelling problems and word recognition problems. The study indicated that the
participant’s reading problems are based on an inability to decode single words.<br>Psychology of Education<br>M. Ed. (Educational Psychology)
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Lu, Ching Ching, and 呂菁菁. "Chinese Word Recognition." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76563553576796520363.
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