Relevant bibliographies by topics / Levee effect

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Academic literature on the topic 'Levee effect'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Levee effect"

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SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, and Mitsuaki YONEMOTO. "THE EFFECT OF SOIL OF LEVEE AND LANDSIDE WATER ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 5 (2018): I_1423—I_1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_1423.

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SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Sho Adam FUKAZAWA, Shunichi MAEDA, and Hiroshi YOKOYAMA. "THE EFFECT OF BACKWATER ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_1405—I_1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_1405.

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Branß, Till, Francisco Núñez-González, Andreas Dittrich, and Jochen Aberle. "A flume study to investigate the contribution of main-channel bedforms on levee formation." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002018.

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Natural levees can be observed worldwide in nearly all river systems characterized by frequent flooding in combination with the transport of suspended bed material. Several parameters and processes have been suggested to explain the formation and the highly variable geometry of natural levees. However, the effect of bedforms migrating in the main-channel has not been amongst the studied parameters and processes. To fill this gap, this study investigates the relationship between bedforms and natural levee formation by flume experiments. Experiments were conducted in a 2 m wide and 30 m long sediment recirculating flume, monitoring the bed level elevation in the main channel by ultrasonic sensors as well as recording the levee development on the floodplain by a camera. The effect of different bed configurations on the developed levees is compared, and discussed, showing that bedforms could enhance levee formation.
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Roscoe, Kathryn, Anca Hanea, Ruben Jongejan, and Ton Vrouwenvelder. "Levee System Reliability Modeling: The Length Effect and Bayesian Updating." Safety 6, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6010007.

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In levee system reliability, the length effect is the term given to the phenomenon that the longer the levee, the higher the probability that it will have a weak spot and fail. Quantitatively, it is the ratio of the segment failure probability to the cross-sectional failure probability. The literature is lacking in methods to calculate the length effect in levees, and often over-simplified methods are used. An efficient (but approximate) method, which we refer to as the modified outcrossing (MO) method, was developed for the system reliability model used in Dutch national flood risk analysis and for the provision of levee assessment tools, but it is poorly documented and its accuracy has not been tested. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the length effect in levees by sampling the joint spatial distribution of the resistance variables using a copula approach, and represented by a Bayesian Network (BN). We use the BN to verify the MO method, which is also described in detail in this paper. We describe how both methods can be used to update failure probabilities of (long) levees using survival observations (i.e., high water levels and no levee failure), which is important because we have such observations in abundance. We compared the methods via a numerical example, and found that the agreement between the segment failure probability estimates was nearly perfect in the prior case, and very good in the posterior case, for segments ranging from 500 m to 6000 m in length. These results provide a strong verification of both methods, either of which provide an attractive alternative to the more simplified approaches often encountered in the literature and in practice.
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Mirosław-Świątek, Dorota, Paweł Popielski, Piotr Śliwiński, Tomasz Cwalina, and Zdzisław Skutnik. "Analysis of factors influencing levee safety using the DEMATEL method." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0255755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255755.

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River embankments are the basic and the oldest measures of protecting areas potentially subjected to flooding, and at the same time pose a serious threat to their environment in the event of damage or failure. The technical condition of the levees and its regular evaluation is a key element of their safety. A general assessment of the technical condition of a levee is the result of many interacting factors and parameters that depend on each other to a varying degree. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the cause-and-effect links between the interrelationships of numerous parameters and sensors of significant impact. In this article the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method was applied to develop a cause-and-effect model for factors impacting the condition and safety of levees. Effective factors impacting the technical condition of a levee were identified; relationships between these factors were determined; a cause-and-effect model was developed based on identified factors; factors were categorized based on the dependence scale and influential indicators of each factors used in the DEMATEL method. The obtained results demonstrate that three following factors: hydrological factor, type and condition of soils in levee body and condition of levee areas (inter-levee and landside) play the most important role for levee safety. The results of this study can support traditional assessments of hydrotechnical structure or assist entities managing levees.
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Ferdous, Md Ruknul, Anna Wesselink, Luigia Brandimarte, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "The levee effect along the Jamuna River in Bangladesh." Water International 44, no. 5 (June 12, 2019): 496–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1619048.

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Zinke, Peggy, and Jim Bogen. "Effect of water level regulation on gradients and levee deposits in the Lake Øyeren delta, Norway." Hydrology Research 44, no. 3 (September 27, 2012): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.097.

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Water level changes resulting from a hydropower regulation have influenced water flow, gradients and sediment processes in the Lake Øyeren delta for about 150 years. They are reflected in the morphology of the islands on the delta plain. Under current regulation practices, water levels during the mean annual flood are maintained at about 1 m lower than during the previous regime prior to 1978. As the channels continue to mature, the recently deposited tongues and levees in the southern part will therefore probably maintain a distinctly lower elevation than that of the older islands. The influence of flood regulation on levee deposits during the extreme 1995 flood was estimated by comparing simulated overbank deposits resulting from different flood regulation schemes. The simulations showed that reduced water levels during floods in the presence of older islands extend the period of in-channel flow and promote the development of levee-like deposits in the lower part of the delta plain. This explains some of the characteristics observed in the morphological development, most notably the increased number of lagoons resulting from a higher number of levees.
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Kiss, Tímea, István Fehérváry, and Károly Fiala. "Modelling the Hydrological Effects of a Levee Failure on the Lower Tisza River." Journal of Environmental Geography 8, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2015): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jengeo-2015-0004.

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Abstract Along the Lower Tisza River (Hungary) the water level of the floods reached new record stages in 1998 and 2006, resulting in 80 cm increase in the peak flood level since the “great flood of 1970”. Due to the gradual weakening of the levee-system caused by the several long-lasting floods, the question has arisen, that as in case of a levee breach or failure how would it modify the hydrological parameters of the river. The aim of the research is to create a hydrological model to analyse the effects (as stage reduction, slope and stream power) of two different levee breaches: one happening before the peak of the flood and another at the time of the flood level. The simulated levee breaching happened on the Tisza River at Mindszent, and the data-set of the 2006 flood was used for the modelling (at that time no levee failure happened in Hungary, and it was the greatest flood in history). In the simulation the levee was broken at a point, where the channel is very close and intensively eroding, thus there is a real risk of a levee failure. If the levee would be broken a well defined area (reservoir) would be flooded, surrounded by the secondary levees and the rim of the high floodplain. During the simulation the HEC-RAS 4.1. ArcGIS 10.1 and HEC-GeoRAS software were applied. The greatest changes in the hydrology of Tisza occurred in the cross section where the levee breached, though the effects propagated upstream and downstream too. Due to the water outflow from the Tisza the greatest stage reduction effect was 1.54±0.1 m. The slope conditions changed too, as it increased from 4 cm/km to 6.5 cm/km in the upstream reach, while downstream of the failure point it decreased from 3.5 cm/km to 1.9 cm/km. At the same time the stream power increased from 4 W/m to 5.5 W/m in the upstream section, while it decreased from 3.5 W/m to 1.5 W/m in the downstream reach. Comparing the results of the simulations at different stages (one at the highest stage and one at 1.0 m lower stage) it seems that the hydrological parameters did not change considerably (1%), though in a case of a levee failure at higher the reservoir reached the maximal water level sooner, though less water was stored in it, as the fall of the river was continuous
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Afreen, Sazia, Junji Yagisawa, and Norio Tanaka. "Effect of Submergence Condition and Overtopping Depth on Gully Scour Dimensions: Observations from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 02 (May 10, 2017): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500014.

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When a tsunami reaches a shore, it propagates along river channels with tremendous energy and overtops river levees. It causes severe damage to the levee structures through scouring along levee slope. In the present study, gully scours created along the levee slopes of two rivers (Omotogawa and Sakarigawa Rivers) in Iwate Prefecture and three rivers (Nanakitagawa, New Kitakamigawa, and Abukumagawa Rivers) in Miyagi Prefecture were investigated after the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. The energy head during levee overtopping for each location was calculated from post-tsunami surveys. The relationship between the energy head and gully scour dimensions (length, width, and depth) was analyzed. The analyses clarified that gully scour dimensions were greatly dominated by two important phenomena: (i) overflow type (free overflow or submerged overflow), and (ii) soil texture at the scoured region. The present study results can be utilized to obtain the overtopping flow height for post-tsunami analysis.
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SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, and Mitsuaki YONEMOTO. "THE EFFECT OF CHANNEL CROSS-SECTION ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 4 (2018): I_1243—I_1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_1243.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Levee effect"

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Andersson, Moa. "20 år efter översvämningen – har Arvika ”built back better”? : Undersökning av en svensk kommuns hantering av översvämningsrisk." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85054.

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Klimatförändringar är en komplex risk som innebär nya utmaningar för dagens och framtidens riskhantering. Översvämningsrisken ökar i takt med att skyfall och kraftiga regn blir mer frekventa samtidigt som havsnivåerna stiger. Att samhällen klimatanpassas är av största vikt med tanke på att utsläppsnivåerna fortsätter att öka och en klimatförändring vid det här laget är oundviklig. I städer världen över syns en trend där tidigare industrihamnar omvandlas till områden med vattennära bebyggelse. För att hantera översvämningsrisken är det vanligt att olika typer av översvämningsskydd byggs, till exempel vallar och dammar. Forskning visar att sådana typer av skydd tenderar att leda till minskad riskuppfattning och en slags falsk trygghet som leder till ökad exploatering i översvämningshotade områden. Detta påverkar samhällens resiliens negativt och kan leda till förödande konsekvenser om skydden ger vika. Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskap om hur klimatanpassningsåtgärder för översvämningar påverkar samhällens resiliens och att undersöka relationen mellan hantering av översvämningsrisk och utveckling av bebyggelse i urban miljö. Avsikten är att detta ska kunna stödja framtida utformande av klimatanpassningsåtgärder för att göra dem så ändamålsenliga som möjligt. Studien genomförs som en kvalitativ fallstudie av Arvika kommuns hantering av översvämningsrisk. Empirin består av utvalda dokument från kommunen samt intervjuer med representanter från räddningstjänst, länsstyrelse och myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. Materialet bearbetas med hjälp av innehållsanalys och kopplas till teorier kring resiliens och riskhomeostas. I resultatet framgår att kunskapen kring översvämningsrisk innan en stor översvämning i kommunen var bristfällig och att översvämningsrisk dittills prioriterats bort i kommunens riskinventering. Efter händelsen har kunskapen ökat, samverkan mellan aktörer har förbättrats och arbetssätten hos räddningstjänsten har förändrats. Intervjuerna visar att synen på översvämningsskyddets påverkan på resiliensen är övervägande positiv och att skyddet ses möjliggöra för exploatering i stadens hamnområde, men att detta är behäftat med en viss osäkerhet.
Climate change is a complex risk that entails new challenges for risk management. The risk of flooding increases as sea levels rise and rainfall and heavy rain become more frequent. The adaptation of communities to climate change is of the utmost importance, given that emission levels continue to increase and climate change at this stage is inevitable. In cities around the world, there is a trend where former industrial ports are being transformed into areas with waterfront buildings. To manage the risk of flooding different types of flood protection are built, for example levees, dikes and dams. Research shows that such types of protection tend to lead to reduced risk perception and a false sense of security which in turn results in increased exploitation of flood-threatened areas. This has a negative effect on the resilience of societies and can lead to devastating consequences should the protection break. The aim of the study is to contribute to knowledge about how climate adaptation measures for floods affect community resilience and to investigate the relationship between flood risk management and the development of buildings in urban environments. The intention is that the findings of this study can work as support in future design of climate adaptation measures to make them more efficient. The study is carried out as a qualitative case study of Arvika municipality's management of flood risk. Data are collected from key municipal documents and semi-structured interviews with representatives from the communal emergency service, the county administrative board and The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The material is divided into categories with the help of qualitative content analysis and are later discussed using theories about resilience and risk homeostasis. The results show that the knowledge about flood risk before a major event in the municipality was deficient and that the risk of flooding up to that point had been neglected in the municipality's risk inventory. After the incident, the knowledge has increased, collaboration between actors has improved and the working methods of the emergency service have changed. The interviews show that the view of the flood protection's impact on resilience is predominantly positive and that the protection is seen as enabling exploitation in the city's port area, but that this is subject to a certain degree of uncertainty.
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Giuliano, Cristina. "Modellazione numerica monodimensionale e bidimensionale per la valutazione del rischio idraulico lungo il fiume Po." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Lo sviluppo socio–economico avvenuto negli ultimi decenni in molte zone incluse nel bacino idrografico del fiume Po ha indubbiamente concorso ad una rinnovata attenzione sulle nuove iniziative normative e sulle diverse, e più innovative, pratiche di pianificazione per la valutazione quanto–qualitativa del rischio idraulico residuale. L’obiettivo perseguito in questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di realizzare un modello capace di riprodurre la complessità spazio–temporale con cui fenomeni di piena al limite della prevedibilità evolvono nel tratto medio–inferiore del fiume Po (geometria monodimensionale) e di descrivere le dinamiche di allagamento nei aree esterne al sistema arginale (Fascia C; geometria quasi bidimensionale o bidimensionale). Le simulazioni svolte con il codice numerico HEC–RAS 5.0.3 prendono in riferimento le attuali prestazioni del sistema arginale, sia in assenza di interventi, sia a seguito di opere di consolidamento. I risultati evidenziando come la scelta modellistica utilizzata per rappresentare le aree di fascia C (ovvero aree 2D o quasi-2D) incide sul moto dell’acqua in tali zone e, dunque, anche sulla propagazione della piena verso valle: influenza il numero di comparti allagati, l’estensione delle aree urbane ed industriali esposte a rischio, le potenziali perdite di vite umane, i massimi livelli idrici raggiunti e i danni inferti agli edifici. La modellazione bidimensionale quando basata su DEM ad elevata risoluzione, come nel caso in esame (5m), delinea le reali complessità ed i punti di forza dell’area di studio, utili ad una coerente ed adeguata gestione dei volumi esondati.
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Persson, Åsa, and Bengt Sundberg. "Effekter av utbildning till personer som lever med epilepsi : en litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för omvårdnad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-23959.

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Bakgrund: Att leva med epilepsi leder till ökad psykisk belastning. Personer med epilepsi har ofta bristande kunskap om sjukdomen och behovet av utbildning är stort. Personen behöver lära sig symtom och sätt att undvika situationer som kan trigga anfall. Vårdpersonal har en viktig roll när det gäller utbildning, rådgivning och stöd till personer med epilepsi och deras familjer. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva och utvärdera effekter av utbildning till personer med epilepsi och/eller dennes närstående. För att besvara detta valdes litteraturöversikt som metod bestående av vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Resultatet visade att det framgångsrikt går att utbilda personer och/eller dess närstående i kunskap om epilepsi och egenvårdsförmåga. Livskvalitén för personer med epilepsi tycks dock inte påverkas av utbildning. Slutsatsen var att utbildning tycks ha en god effekt för personer med epilepsi avseende kunskap och egenvårdsförmåga. Vidare forskning med randomiserad, kontrollerade studier med större urval skulle vara av stort värde för att öka kunskapen om effekter av utbildning vid epilepsi ytterligare.
Background: Living with epilepsy leads to increased psychological stress. People with epilepsy often have insufficient knowledge about the disease and the need for education is essential. The person needs to learn the symptoms and ways to avoid exposing themselves to situations that may trigger seizures. Health professionals have an important role in education, counseling and support to people with epilepsy and their families. The aim of this literature overview was to describe and evaluate the effects of education to people with epilepsy and / or its family. To answer this, a literature overview was selected as a method consisting of scientific articles with a quantitative approach. The result showed that to educate individuals and / or its family in the knowledge of epilepsy and self-care ability could be successfully be carried out. Quality of life in people with epilepsy does not seem to get effect of patient education.   The conclusion was that education seems to have positive effect for people with epilepsy on knowledge and self-care ability. Continued research with randomized, controlled trials with larger sample would be of great value to further increase the knowledge about the effects of education in people living with epilepsy.
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Lundh, Mattias. "Fem strategier för hantering av översvämningsrisker från havet : En beskrivande fallstudie av Falsterbonäset, Vellinge kommun." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Centrum för forskning om samhällsrisker, CSR (från 2020), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85387.

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Bakgrund: Globalt sett är översvämningar, näst efter stormar, den naturfara som orsakar mest ekonomisk skada. Inom Europeiska unionen (EU) fick översvämningar ett ökat fokus efter att Europa under 2002 drabbades av stora översvämningar. Mot denna bakgrund lanserades i oktober 2012 det EU-finansierade projektet STAR-FLOOD. Projektet mynnade ut i en guidebok för hur översvämningsrisker kan hanteras. I guideboken, skriven av Raadgever m.fl. (2016) rekommenderas en blandning av strategier (diversifiering), för hanteringen av översvämningsrisker. Inom EU har översvämningsrisker traditionellt hanterats genom fysiska skydd, vilket bara är en av flera strategier. I Sverige hanteras översvämningar främst i den akuta fasen och genom privata försäkringar. Översvämningsskydd har först på senare tid fått allt större betydelse för hur översvämningar hanteras i Sverige, något som kan exemplifieras genom den vall som ska byggas på Falsterbonäset i Vellinge kommun i sydvästra Skåne. Det finns en paradox med den typen av strukturella översvämningsskydd och det är att skydden faktiskt kan öka översvämningsrisken. Paradoxen kallas för levé-effekten och innebär att strukturella översvämningsskydd kan leda till en falsk trygghet hos dem som bor i det skyddade området. En diversifierad strategi för hantering av översvämningsrisker kan däremot minska risken för att levé-effekten uppstår. Syfte: Att studera i vilken mån en diversifierad strategi kan spåras i fallet med det planerade översvämningsskyddet på Falsterbonäset. Metod: En beskrivande fallstudie av hur översvämningsrisker från havet hanteras på Falsterbonäset. Materialet har i huvudsak samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer som sedan analyserats med riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Som komplement till intervjuerna har även annat material analyserats, främst kommundokument. Den teori som studien grundas på är levé-effekten och teorin om riskhomeostas. Resultat: Mot bakgrund av guideboken skriven av Raadgever m.fl. (2016) är det möjligt för Vellinge kommun att vidta fler strategier för att minska sannolikheten för och konsekvenserna av översvämningar på Falsterbonäset. Exempelvis hade det varit möjligt att begränsa utvecklingen i det skyddade området och ställa tydliga krav på plushöjder för nybyggnation. Samtidigt har kommunens strategi aldrig varit så diversifierad som nu med anledning av det kommande översvämningsskyddet. Avslutningsvis finns det vissa indikationer på att en levé-effekt kan uppstå.
Background: In a global perspective are floods, after storms, the natural hazard that causes the most economic damage. Within the European Union (EU), floods gained increased focus after Europe was hit by major floods in 2002. Because of this, the EU-funded project STAR-FLOOD was launched in October 2012. Among other things, the project resulted in a guidebook for how flood risks can be managed. The guidebook, written by Raadgever et.al. (2016), recommends a mix of strategies (diversification) for the management of flood risks. Within the EU, flood risks have traditionally been managed through structural protection, being just one of several strategies. In Sweden, floods are managed mainly in the acute phase and through private insurance. Flood protection has recently become increasingly important for how floods are handled in Sweden, which can be exemplified by the levee that is to be built on Falsterbonäset in Vellinge municipality in Skåne. However, there is a paradox with this type of structural flood protection, and it is that these can increase the risk of flooding. The paradox is called the levee effect and means that structural flood protection can lead to a false sense of security in those who live in the protected area. A diversified strategy for managing flood risks can reduce the risk of the levee effect. Purpose: Study to which extent a diversified strategy can be traced in the case of structural protection that is planned structural on Falsterbonäset. Method: A descriptive case study of how flood risks from the sea are managed on Falsterbonäset. The material has mainly been collected through qualitative interviews which have then been analysed with a directed qualitative content analysis. As a complement to the interviews, other material has also been analysed, mainly municipal documents. The theory on which the study is based, is the levee effect and the theory of risk homeostasis. Results: Based on the guidebook by Raadgever et.al. (2016), it is possible for Vellinge municipality to do more to reduce the probability and the consequences of floods on Falsterbonäset. For example, it would have been possible to limit the development in the protected area and set clear requirements for heights for new buildings. At the same time, the municipality's strategy has never been as diversified as it is now, due to the forthcoming flood protection. However, there are some indications of conditions for a levee effect to occur.
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Zerabruk, MA. "Repair of sub-lethal damage following single and split-dose irradiation using 60co-gamma and p(66)Be neutrons." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1504.

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Thesis (MTech Biomedical Technology)--Cape Peninsula University of Cape Town, 2005
In clinical radiotherapy, experiments are performed to determine optimal conditions of the radiation prior to radiotherapy. These experiments focus on the relative biological effectivness(RBE) determination and are predominantly applied in high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations i.e. fast neutrons, as the RBE values for such radiations vary greatly. In general, the RBE of a certain radiation relative to a given reference radiation flCo gamma) varies widely with the energy, dose, dose rate, fractionation, type of tissue and end-point used. Experience with neutron therapy at iThemba LABS has shown that treatment with more fractions and lower doses per fraction may be beneficial for some patients. To calculate the iso-effective treatment dose needed, an appropriate alp ratio for early effects is needed. In this study, the repair of mouse jejunum was measured for split-dose irradiations to determine if a suitable alP ratio for neutrons could be estimated using the known value for gamma rays and the applicable RBE.. Crypt stem cell survival was measured 3.5 days after split-dose exposures to p(66)/Be neutrons and 6OCo gamma rays. Dose response curves for both treatment modalities and for both acute and fractionated exposures were constructed by counting crypts of Leiberkhiin at the base of the villi in haematoxylin and Eosin-stained sections of mouse jejunum. Using a RBE value of 1.64 and an alP ratio of 7Gy noted for tbe fractionated photon exposures, an alP ratio of 11.5 IV could be estimated for neutrons.
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Pline, Kevin Michael. "Effects of Lumbar Extensor Fatigue on Ankle Joint Motion Sense and Prolonged Effect on Postural Sway." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42500.

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Falls from heights are a major concern in the occupational setting, and are often the result of a loss of balance. Lumbar extensor fatigue (LEF) increases postural sway which has been associated with degradations in balance. Study one focuses on the effects of fatiguing time and fatigue level on the duration of these increases in postural sway. Measures of postural sway were collected before fatigue and at 3 minute intervals for 30 minutes following fatigue. LEF had a significant effect on postural sway immediately following fatigue but this effect had only minor dependence on fatigue condition. During the 30 minutes following fatigue, the effects of fatiguing time and fatigue level became more apparent. Longer fatiguing time and higher fatigue levels resulted in significantly greater prolonged effects. While it is important to understand the immediate effect of LEF on sway, this study has demonstrated that the prolonged effect of such fatigue should be considered when addressing falls from heights. Study two attempts to explain the increases in postural sway associated with LEF. The ankle plays a major role in upright standing and degradations in proprioception could contribute to increases in sway, thus the effect of LEF on ankle proprioception was studied. Additionally, the effect of circumferential ankle pressure (CAP) on ankle proprioception was assessed to evaluate it as a potential intervention to improve proprioception. Results showed that both LEF and CAP impaired proprioception. These results may help to explain observed increases in postural sway subsequent to LEF.
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Tasci, Gulseren, and Tetyana Schönning. "Effekter av icke-farmakologiska metoder vid beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom hos personer som lever med Alzheimers sjukdom : En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Omvårdnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21673.

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Bakgrund: Alzheimers sjukdom (AD) är den vanligaste formen av demenssjukdomar och antalet människor som insjuknar i AD förväntas öka kraftigt med tiden. Dessutom kännetecknas personer med AD ofta av beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom (BPSD) som kan innefatta agitation, depression, vanföreställningar, oro, ångest, hallucinationer, sömnrubbningar, rastlöshet och apati. Dessa symtom kan orsaka lidande hos patienten och är svåra att hantera för både vårdgivaren och anhöriga, samt försvårar omvårdnadsarbetet. Syftet var att beskriva icke-farmakologiska metoder och effekter av dessa metoder vid omvårdnad av personer med Alzheimers sjukdom som har beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom. Metod: En litteraturöversikt bestående av 16 utvalda kvantitativa forskningsartiklar har genomförts. Artiklarna publicerades mellan år 2006-2016. Resultat. De studerade icke-farmakologiska metoderna var musikterapi, vissa typer av massage, reminiscence-terapi, vårdhundterapi och ljusterapi. Resultaten visade att icke-farmakologiska metoder kan ha en varierande effekt på BPSD. Litteraturöversikten visade att musikintervention var mest effektiv för att minska agitationsbeteende. Individualiserad musik i samband med speciella minnen minskade stress, fobier hos personer med svår demens. Intervention av handmassage, aromaterapi, taktil massage och terapeutisk beröring minskade aggression och agitationsbeteende. Vissa studier visade dock att fotmassageintervention och vårdhundterapi kunde öka verbal aggressivitet hos personer med demens, medan en annan studie visade att djurassisterade aktiviteter kunde minska nedstämdhet medan glädje och generell uppmärksamhet ökade. Effekten av ljusbehandling var förbättrad sömn, minskad depression, agitation och ätstörningar. Slutsats. Icke-farmakologiska metoder kan minska beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom hos personer med Alzheimers sjukdom, dock med varierande effekt. De varierande resultaten kan tolkas som att icke-farmakologiska metoder bör individanpassas och att det behövs vidare forskning inom området.
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common of dementia and the number of people diagnosed with AD is expected to rise significantly over time. In addition, people diagnosed with AD often exhibit the Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD), which include agitation, depression, delusions, agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, anxiety and apathy. These symptoms can cause suffer to the patient and is difficult to manage for both the caregiver and family members, as well as hampers nursing. Aim: the aim was to describe non-pharmacological methods and effects of these methods when caring for people with Alzheimer's disease who have behavioural and psychological symptoms. Method: a literature review consisting of 16 selected quantitative research articles has been performed. The selected articles ware published between years 2006- 2016. Results: The studied non-pharmacological methods were: music therapy, certain types of massage, reminiscence therapy, dog therapy and light therapy. The results showed that non-pharmacological methods can have a varying effect on BPSD. The literature review showed that music intervention was most effective in reducing agitated behaviour. Individualized music in conjunction with special memories reduced stress, phobias for persons with severe dementia. The hand massage, aroma therapy, tactile massage and therapeutic touch decreased aggression and agitated behaviour. Some studies showed that foot massage intervention and dog therapy could increase the verbal aggression for people with dementia, while another study showed that animal-assisted activities could reduce depression and increase joy and general attention. The effect of light therapy was an improved sleep, decreased depression, agitation, and eating disorders. Conclusions: non-pharmacological nursing interventions can reduce behavioural and psychological symptoms for people with Alzheimer's disease, however, with varying effect. The varying results can be interpreted as following: nonpharmacological nursing interventions should be adapted in each individual case and that there is a need for further research in this area.
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Rossouw, Maria Susanna. "Validation of endpoints as biomarkers of low-dose radiation damage." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1461.

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Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2004
The need for radiobiological research was bom from the discovery that high doses of radiation could cause cancer and other health effects. However, recent developments in molecular biology uncovered the effects of low doses of radiation on different biological systems and as a result new techniques have been developed to measure these effects. The aim of this study was thus to validate biomarkers of initial DNA strand breaks, micronucleus formation, and the different pt ;ases of apoptosis as biological indicators of low-dose radiation damage. Furthermore, the difference in response of blood cells to different qualities and doses of radiation was investigated by irradiating cells with low- and high-LET radiation simultaneously. Blood from one donor was irradiated with doses between 0 and 4 Gy gamma- and neutron radiation. The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was performed on different cell preparations directly after irradiation for the detection of initial DNA strand breaks. Radiation-induced cytogenetic damage was investigated using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay while different features of apoptosis were investigated by measuring caspase activation, enzymatic DNA fragmentation, and cellular morphology. The comet assay was sensitive enough to detect DNA strand breaks above 0.25 Gy and showed that the Iymphocyte isolation process induced some endogenous damage in cells, detected by the formation of highly damaged cells and hedgehogs in isolated cell preparations only.
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Morgan, Michael. "Age-related differences in fraction comparison: A process level approach." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52202.

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This study is an investigation into the relationship between numeric cognition and aging. Specifically, older and younger adults engaged in an experimental protocol that allowed observation of number comparison accuracy and response time latencies associated with the SNARC effect, the distance effect, and number format. The experimental protocol featured a computerized magnitude comparison task wherein the participants were prompted to identify the larger of two numbers. Half of the trials featured whole numbers and half featured fractions. The number stimuli were consistently mapped such that half of all trials were at near distance (i.e., difference of 2) or far distance (i.e., difference of 4) and half of all trials had the larger numerosity on the left side of space and the other half with the larger numerosity on the right side of space. Older adults were significantly slower and less accurate than young adults. Both age groups were significantly slower and less accurate when comparing fractions as opposed to comparing whole numbers. The SNARC effect impaired accuracy in both age groups but did not significantly impact response times. The distance effect impacted both age cohorts in accuracy but differentially impacted older adult response times more than young adult response times. The results of this study support the model of numeric cognition as an automatic process when comparing whole numbers at a far distance and this process is not disrupted by the SNARC effect but is when comparing whole numbers at near distance. The results also indicate that fraction comparison is a controlled process even when the fraction stimuli are consistently mapped. Further investigation is necessary to understand the amount of cognitive resources necessitated by fraction processing and if training can improve fraction comparison.
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Khong, Siong-Hee. "Functional heterointerfaces via electromodulation spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/226748.

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Functional heterojunctions in organic electronic devices are interfaces formed either between a conducting electrode and an organic semiconductor or between two different organic semiconductors in blended and multilayered structures. This thesis is primarily concerned with the energy level alignment and the interfacial electronic structures at functional heterojunctions encountered in electronic devices made with solution-processable semiconducting polymers. Investigations on the electronic structures across these heterointerfaces are performed with the combined use of electromodulation and photoemission spectroscopic techniques. Electromodulation and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopic techniques enable direct determination of the surface work functions of electrodes at the electrode/semiconducting polymer interfaces. We overcame the inherent problems faced by electromodulation spectroscopy, which undermine accurate determination of interfacial electronic structures, by performing electroabsorption (EA) measurements at reduced temperatures. We showed in this thesis that low-temperature EA spectroscopy is a surface sensitive technique that can determine the interface electronic structures in electrode/polymer semiconductor/electrode diodes. Using this technique, we demonstrated that the energy level alignments in these solution-processed organic electronic devices are determined by the surface work functions of passivated metals rather than by those of clean metals encountered in ultrahigh vacuum. This thesis also discloses our studies on the electronic structures in polymeric diodes with type II donor-acceptor heterojunctions using the EA spectroscopy. We showed that minimising meausurement temperature and attenuating EA illumination intensity enable accurate determinations of the electronic structures in these devices. We demonstrated that the electronic structures and the performance characteristics of multilayered polymer light-emitting diodes are also determined by the surface work functions of passivated metals. Our investigations confirm that electronic doping of the organic active layers, rather than minimisation of the Schottky barriers at electrode/polymer contacts, holds the key in realising high-performance organic light-emitting devices.
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Books on the topic "Levee effect"

1

Paepe, Roland, Rhodes W. Fairbridge, and Saskia Jelgersma, eds. Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0.

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Geohydrological Management of Sea Level and Mitigation of Drought (1989 Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). Greenhouse effect, sea level, and drought. Edited by Paepe Roland, Fairbridge Rhodes Whitmore 1914-, and Jelgersma Saskia 1929-. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1990.

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Paepe, Roland. Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990.

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Moruzzi, Giovanni, and Franco Strumia, eds. The Hanle Effect and Level-Crossing Spectroscopy. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3826-4.

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Health effects of low-level radiation. Osaka, Japan: Kinki University Press, 1993.

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Woodworth, P. L., D. T. Pugh, J. G. DeRonde, R. G. Warrick, and J. Hannah, eds. Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm069.

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Sutcliffe, Charles. The dangers of low level radiation. Aldershot: Avebury, 1987.

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Washburn, Pat Marx. Sea-level rise: How could a potential rise in sea level due to global warming affect Delaware? [Newark], Del: University of Delaware, Sea Grant College Program, 1991.

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Washburn, Pat Marx. Sea-level rise: How could a potential rise in sea level due to global warming affect Delaware? [Newark], Del: University of Delaware, Sea Grant College Program, 1991.

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Dowrick, Steve. Ideas and education: Level or growth effects? Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Levee effect"

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Nahler, Gerhard. "no-effect level." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 121. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_917.

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Fairbridge, Rhodes W., and Saskia Jelgersma. "Sea Level." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 117–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_7.

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Healy, Terry R., Katherine Stone, Orville Magoon, Billy Edge, Lesley Ewing, Andrew D. Short, Dougals L. Inman, et al. "Sea-Level Rise, Effect." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, 838–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_275.

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Bowman, Dan. "The Base-Level Effect." In Principles of Alluvial Fan Morphology, 97–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1558-2_13.

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Ziari, M., and Mohsen S. Sajadieh. "Service Level Effects." In Influencing Customer Demand, 77–93. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003107446-5.

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Rampino, Michael R., and Robert Etkins. "The Greenhouse Effect, Stratospheric Ozone, Marine Productivity, and Global Hydrology: Feedbacks in the Global Climate System." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 3–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_1.

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Klige, P. A. "Influence of Global Climatic Processes on the Hydrosphere Regime." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 165–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_10.

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Fairbridge, Rhodes W. "Water Deficiency Versus Water Excess: Global Management Potential." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 185–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_11.

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Carcedo, F. J. Ayala. "Extraterrestrial Impacts, Volcanoes, Climate and Sea Level." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 199–216. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_12.

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Tungsheng, Liu, and Han Jiamao. "Recent Developments in Research on the Loess in China." In Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought, 217–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0701-0_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Levee effect"

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Oler, Adam M., Ning Zhang, Steven R. Brandt, and Qin J. Chen. "Implementation of Finite Height Levee in CaFunwave Using an Immersed Boundary Method." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51506.

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Hydrodynamic simulations of storm-surge waves on coastal structures are essential for coastal areas in predicting wave and flood damages. In a large scale regional model, the coastal structures, such as networks of coastal highways, floodgates and levees, are often complex in shapes. In addition, the width of those structures are smaller in size compared to the grid sizes which in the ranges of 10s to 100s meters. Therefore, in hydrodynamic simulations, it is not possible to use body fitted mesh to conform with the shapes of those networks due to the complicated shapes, and it is very expensive to resolve these small scale structures with very fine grid resolutions. The Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) allows for overcoming these difficulties with an accurate but less expensive way. Since the structures were represented by immersed boundary (IB) points which do not have to be collocated with grid points, complicates shapes structures and the structures smaller than grid resolutions can be realized, and simple Cartesian grids can be utilized without sacrificing accuracy. In a previous study by the authors, an infinite height floodgate/levee structure has been implemented using an IBM which the IB force terms were added in both u and v equations while no IB force term in z (water-elevation) equation. In this study, the height effect was added to the previous developed model. It is worth mentioning that the background flow model is a 2-D depth-averaged shallow water flow model, and the height effect is not implemented by a 3-D mesh. Instead, it is implemented by adding the IB force to the water-elevation equation. The feedback-force type of IBM was used in this study because of its superior performance on this type of simulations compared to the counterpart direct-forcing IBM as shown in the author’s previous publication. In this study, the CaFunwave package was used as the background flow solver, and the IB implementation was written into an separate function incorporated to the package. The equations solved in CaFunwave are the fully nonlinear Boussinesq-type equations, which are capable of modeling of near-shore hydrodynamics. The original model of CaFunwave is FUNWAVE-TVD. In this paper, constant height and non-constant height floodgates/levees were implemented in the simulations. Non-constant height represents broken floodgate/levee situations that parts of the structure are collapsed. The results of one constant-height gate simulation were compared to the results of a simulation that a finite height gate that was constructed directly from the topography data for validation. The floodgate/levee height and shape effects on the flows and waves were revealed from the simulation results.
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Klebanov, Gennady I., and Marina V. Kreinina. "Free-radical mechanism of photobiological effect of low-level laser irradiation." In Low-Level Laser Therapy, edited by Tatiana I. Solovieva. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425533.

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Geinits, A. V., M. Y. Avrutskii, and T. Y. Guseinov. "Effect of transcranial laser infrared irradiation of the mouse brain on analgesic defense-reflex reactions." In Low-Level Laser Therapy, edited by Tatiana I. Solovieva. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425530.

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Volov, N. A., M. A. Kudinova, A. I. Fedulaeva, Yu N. Fedulaev, and I. G. Gordeev. "Effect of laser infrared therapy on several rheological indices of blood and on the homeostasis of patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis." In Low-Level Laser Therapy, edited by Tatiana I. Solovieva. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425528.

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Lutkaszek, W. "EEPROM-based Charging-Effects Sensors for Plasma Etching and Ion Implantation." In International Report on Wafer Level Reliability Workshop. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwlr.1992.657991.

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Osmanson, Allison T., Yi Ram Kim, Hossein Madanipour, Mohsen Tajedini, Choong-Un Kim, P. Thompson, Q. Cherr, and L. Nguyen. "Current Crowding and Stress Effects in WCSP Solder Interconnects: A Simulative and Practical Study about the Effects of Major Electromigration Failure Mechanisms in DC and Pulsed-DC Conditions." In 2020 International Wafer Level Packaging Conference (IWLPC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/iwlpc52010.2020.9375862.

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Bernhard, Tobias, Sebastian Zarwell, Edith Steinhauser, Stefan Kempa, and Frank Bruning. "The Effect of Cu Target Pad Roughness on the Growth Mode and Void Formation in Electroless Cu Films." In 2019 International Wafer Level Packaging Conference (IWLPC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/iwlpc.2019.8914011.

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Verstraeten, D., C. Longeaud, H. J. von Bardeleben, J. C. Launay, O. Viraphong, and Ph C. Lemaire. "PROBING VANADIUM DOPED CADMIUM TELLURIDE DENSITY OF STATES : ENERGY LEVEL OF THE TELLURIUM ANTISITE." In Photorefractive Effects, Materials, and Devices. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pemd.2003.183.

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Nguyen, Duc N., and Farokh Irom. "Comparison of TID Response of Micron Technology Single-Level Cell High Density NAND Flash Memories." In 2010 Radiation Effects Data Workshop. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redw.2010.5619508.

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Bryushinin, Mikhail A., and Igor A. Sokolov. "Theory of the non-steady-state photoelectromotive force for a two-level model of a photoconductor." In Photorefractive Effects, Materials, and Devices. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pemd.2001.282.

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Reports on the topic "Levee effect"

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Ferreyra, Maria Marta, Carlos Garriga, Juan D. Martin-Ocampo, and Angélica María Sánchez Díaz. Raising College Access and Completion: How Much Can Free College Help? Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1155.

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Free college proposals have become increasingly popular in many countries of the world. To evaluate their potential effects, we develop and estimate a dynamic model of college enrollment, performance, and graduation. A central piece of the model, student effort, has a direct effect on class completion, and an indirect effect in mitigating the risk of not completing a class or not remaining in college. We estimate the model using rich, student-level administrative data from Colombia, and use the estimates to simulate free college programs that differ in eligibility requirements. Among these, universal free college expands enrollment the most, but it does not affect graduation rates and has the highest per-graduate cost. Performance-based free college, in contrast, delivers a slightly lower enrollment expansion yet a greater graduation rate at a lower per-graduate cost. Relative to universal free college, performance-based free college places a greater risk on students but is precisely this feature that delivers better outcomes. Nonetheless, the modest increase in graduation rates suggests that additional, complementary policies might be required to elicit the large effort increase needed to raise graduation rates.
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Onur, T., C. E. Ventura, and W. D. L. Finn. Effect of earthquake probability level on loss estimations. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/215330.

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Hassan, Tarek, Stephan Hollander, Laurence van Lent, and Ahmed Tahoun. Firm-Level Political Risk: Measurement and Effects. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24029.

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Dowrick, Steve. Ideas and Education: Level or Growth Effects? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9709.

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Leaver, Clare, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin. Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/048.

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This paper reports on a two-tiered experiment designed to separately identify the selection and effort margins of pay-for-performance (P4P). At the recruitment stage, teacher labor markets were randomly assigned to a pay-for-percentile or fixed-wage contract. Once recruits were placed, an unexpected, incentive-compatible, school-level re-randomization was performed, so that some teachers who applied for a fixed-wage contract ended up being paid by P4P, and vice versa. By the second year of the study, the within-year effort effect of P4P was 0.16 standard deviations of pupil learning, with the total effect rising to 0.20 standard deviations after allowing for selection.
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Foran, Christy, Cate Fox-Lent, Colin Chadderton, Wendy Gendron, Lawrence Oliver, Eivy Monvoy, James Turek, Phillip Edwards, and Burton Suedel. Watershed level effects of multiple ecosystem restoration projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/29528.

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Ricciulli-Marín, Diana. The Fiscal Cost of Conflict: Evidence from La Violencia in Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/chee.53.

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This paper studies the effect of internal conflict on local fiscal capacity using evidence from Colombia’s political conflict in the mid-20th century, better known as La Violencia. Following a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that internal conflict has negative long-term consequences in local fiscal capacity. More precisely, municipalities affected by La Violencia experienced an average reduction of 10.3% in their tax revenue and a fall of 2.8 percentage points on their ratio of taxes to total revenue. Effects lasted for more than a decade and are only partially explained by a population and economic activity downturn. These results are consistent with previous evidence indicating a negative effect of violence on tax collection efficiency at the local level.
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Meisel, Dan, Donald M. Camaioni, and Thom Orlando. NOx AND HETEROGENEITY EFFECTS IN HIGH LEVEL WASTE (HLW). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828078.

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Valencia, Oscar, Matilde Angarita, Juan Santaella, and Marcela De Castro. Do Immigrants Bring Fiscal Dividends?: The Case of Venezuelan Immigration in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002993.

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This paper analyzes the effects of recent Venezuelan immigration to Colombia on the fiscal balance, the labor market, and economic growth. For this purpose, we built a dynamic general equilibrium model with a search and matching structure in the labor market. The higher fiscal spending to address immigration negatively impacts the government's budget in the short term, which is offset by higher output, consumption, and employment level, increasing the government's revenues mainly through indirect tax collection. The effect on the labor market is different for unskilled workers--whose higher supply generates a negative effect on wages and an increase in the unemployment rate--and skilled workers, who benefit from higher wages and lower unemployment. These changes in the labor market affect the government's revenue, resulting, in the long term, in positive fiscal dividends of migration.
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Dong, Qian, Joan Lunney, Elyn Fritz-Waters, Yet Nguyen, Bob Rowland, Andrew S. Hess, James M. Reecy, and Jack C. M. Dekkers. The Effect of PRRS Viral Level and Isolate on Tonsil Gene Expression. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-299.

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