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Journal articles on the topic 'Levee effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, and Mitsuaki YONEMOTO. "THE EFFECT OF SOIL OF LEVEE AND LANDSIDE WATER ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 5 (2018): I_1423—I_1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_1423.

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2

SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Sho Adam FUKAZAWA, Shunichi MAEDA, and Hiroshi YOKOYAMA. "THE EFFECT OF BACKWATER ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_1405—I_1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_1405.

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3

Branß, Till, Francisco Núñez-González, Andreas Dittrich, and Jochen Aberle. "A flume study to investigate the contribution of main-channel bedforms on levee formation." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002018.

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Natural levees can be observed worldwide in nearly all river systems characterized by frequent flooding in combination with the transport of suspended bed material. Several parameters and processes have been suggested to explain the formation and the highly variable geometry of natural levees. However, the effect of bedforms migrating in the main-channel has not been amongst the studied parameters and processes. To fill this gap, this study investigates the relationship between bedforms and natural levee formation by flume experiments. Experiments were conducted in a 2 m wide and 30 m long sediment recirculating flume, monitoring the bed level elevation in the main channel by ultrasonic sensors as well as recording the levee development on the floodplain by a camera. The effect of different bed configurations on the developed levees is compared, and discussed, showing that bedforms could enhance levee formation.

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4

Roscoe, Kathryn, Anca Hanea, Ruben Jongejan, and Ton Vrouwenvelder. "Levee System Reliability Modeling: The Length Effect and Bayesian Updating." Safety 6, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6010007.

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In levee system reliability, the length effect is the term given to the phenomenon that the longer the levee, the higher the probability that it will have a weak spot and fail. Quantitatively, it is the ratio of the segment failure probability to the cross-sectional failure probability. The literature is lacking in methods to calculate the length effect in levees, and often over-simplified methods are used. An efficient (but approximate) method, which we refer to as the modified outcrossing (MO) method, was developed for the system reliability model used in Dutch national flood risk analysis and for the provision of levee assessment tools, but it is poorly documented and its accuracy has not been tested. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate the length effect in levees by sampling the joint spatial distribution of the resistance variables using a copula approach, and represented by a Bayesian Network (BN). We use the BN to verify the MO method, which is also described in detail in this paper. We describe how both methods can be used to update failure probabilities of (long) levees using survival observations (i.e., high water levels and no levee failure), which is important because we have such observations in abundance. We compared the methods via a numerical example, and found that the agreement between the segment failure probability estimates was nearly perfect in the prior case, and very good in the posterior case, for segments ranging from 500 m to 6000 m in length. These results provide a strong verification of both methods, either of which provide an attractive alternative to the more simplified approaches often encountered in the literature and in practice.

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5

Mirosław-Świątek, Dorota, Paweł Popielski, Piotr Śliwiński, Tomasz Cwalina, and Zdzisław Skutnik. "Analysis of factors influencing levee safety using the DEMATEL method." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0255755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255755.

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River embankments are the basic and the oldest measures of protecting areas potentially subjected to flooding, and at the same time pose a serious threat to their environment in the event of damage or failure. The technical condition of the levees and its regular evaluation is a key element of their safety. A general assessment of the technical condition of a levee is the result of many interacting factors and parameters that depend on each other to a varying degree. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the cause-and-effect links between the interrelationships of numerous parameters and sensors of significant impact. In this article the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method was applied to develop a cause-and-effect model for factors impacting the condition and safety of levees. Effective factors impacting the technical condition of a levee were identified; relationships between these factors were determined; a cause-and-effect model was developed based on identified factors; factors were categorized based on the dependence scale and influential indicators of each factors used in the DEMATEL method. The obtained results demonstrate that three following factors: hydrological factor, type and condition of soils in levee body and condition of levee areas (inter-levee and landside) play the most important role for levee safety. The results of this study can support traditional assessments of hydrotechnical structure or assist entities managing levees.

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6

Ferdous, Md Ruknul, Anna Wesselink, Luigia Brandimarte, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, and Md Mizanur Rahman. "The levee effect along the Jamuna River in Bangladesh." Water International 44, no. 5 (June 12, 2019): 496–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1619048.

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7

Zinke, Peggy, and Jim Bogen. "Effect of water level regulation on gradients and levee deposits in the Lake Øyeren delta, Norway." Hydrology Research 44, no. 3 (September 27, 2012): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.097.

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Water level changes resulting from a hydropower regulation have influenced water flow, gradients and sediment processes in the Lake Øyeren delta for about 150 years. They are reflected in the morphology of the islands on the delta plain. Under current regulation practices, water levels during the mean annual flood are maintained at about 1 m lower than during the previous regime prior to 1978. As the channels continue to mature, the recently deposited tongues and levees in the southern part will therefore probably maintain a distinctly lower elevation than that of the older islands. The influence of flood regulation on levee deposits during the extreme 1995 flood was estimated by comparing simulated overbank deposits resulting from different flood regulation schemes. The simulations showed that reduced water levels during floods in the presence of older islands extend the period of in-channel flow and promote the development of levee-like deposits in the lower part of the delta plain. This explains some of the characteristics observed in the morphological development, most notably the increased number of lagoons resulting from a higher number of levees.

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8

Kiss, Tímea, István Fehérváry, and Károly Fiala. "Modelling the Hydrological Effects of a Levee Failure on the Lower Tisza River." Journal of Environmental Geography 8, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2015): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jengeo-2015-0004.

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Abstract Along the Lower Tisza River (Hungary) the water level of the floods reached new record stages in 1998 and 2006, resulting in 80 cm increase in the peak flood level since the “great flood of 1970”. Due to the gradual weakening of the levee-system caused by the several long-lasting floods, the question has arisen, that as in case of a levee breach or failure how would it modify the hydrological parameters of the river. The aim of the research is to create a hydrological model to analyse the effects (as stage reduction, slope and stream power) of two different levee breaches: one happening before the peak of the flood and another at the time of the flood level. The simulated levee breaching happened on the Tisza River at Mindszent, and the data-set of the 2006 flood was used for the modelling (at that time no levee failure happened in Hungary, and it was the greatest flood in history). In the simulation the levee was broken at a point, where the channel is very close and intensively eroding, thus there is a real risk of a levee failure. If the levee would be broken a well defined area (reservoir) would be flooded, surrounded by the secondary levees and the rim of the high floodplain. During the simulation the HEC-RAS 4.1. ArcGIS 10.1 and HEC-GeoRAS software were applied. The greatest changes in the hydrology of Tisza occurred in the cross section where the levee breached, though the effects propagated upstream and downstream too. Due to the water outflow from the Tisza the greatest stage reduction effect was 1.54±0.1 m. The slope conditions changed too, as it increased from 4 cm/km to 6.5 cm/km in the upstream reach, while downstream of the failure point it decreased from 3.5 cm/km to 1.9 cm/km. At the same time the stream power increased from 4 W/m to 5.5 W/m in the upstream section, while it decreased from 3.5 W/m to 1.5 W/m in the downstream reach. Comparing the results of the simulations at different stages (one at the highest stage and one at 1.0 m lower stage) it seems that the hydrological parameters did not change considerably (1%), though in a case of a levee failure at higher the reservoir reached the maximal water level sooner, though less water was stored in it, as the fall of the river was continuous

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9

Afreen, Sazia, Junji Yagisawa, and Norio Tanaka. "Effect of Submergence Condition and Overtopping Depth on Gully Scour Dimensions: Observations from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 02 (May 10, 2017): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500014.

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When a tsunami reaches a shore, it propagates along river channels with tremendous energy and overtops river levees. It causes severe damage to the levee structures through scouring along levee slope. In the present study, gully scours created along the levee slopes of two rivers (Omotogawa and Sakarigawa Rivers) in Iwate Prefecture and three rivers (Nanakitagawa, New Kitakamigawa, and Abukumagawa Rivers) in Miyagi Prefecture were investigated after the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. The energy head during levee overtopping for each location was calculated from post-tsunami surveys. The relationship between the energy head and gully scour dimensions (length, width, and depth) was analyzed. The analyses clarified that gully scour dimensions were greatly dominated by two important phenomena: (i) overflow type (free overflow or submerged overflow), and (ii) soil texture at the scoured region. The present study results can be utilized to obtain the overtopping flow height for post-tsunami analysis.

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10

SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Hiroshi YOKOYAMA, and Mitsuaki YONEMOTO. "THE EFFECT OF CHANNEL CROSS-SECTION ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 4 (2018): I_1243—I_1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.i_1243.

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11

SEKINE, Masato, Toshiki SUGA, and Taichi MATSUURA. "EFFECT OF SEDIMENT COMPOSITION ON THE PROCESS OF LEVEE BREACH." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_949—I_954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_949.

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12

FUKUOKA, Shoji, and Hiroya OHGUSHI. "Effect of Levee Alignment on Doubly Meandering Compound Channel Flows." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 41 (1997): 1137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.41.1137.

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13

Collenteur, R. A., H. de Moel, B. Jongman, and G. Di Baldassarre. "The failed-levee effect: Do societies learn from flood disasters?" Natural Hazards 76, no. 1 (November 9, 2014): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1496-6.

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14

Jafari, Navid H., Timothy D. Stark, Aaron L. Leopold, and Scott M. Merry. "Three-dimensional levee and floodwall underseepage." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 1 (January 2016): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0343.

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Levee and floodwall seepage models based on two-dimensional (2D) conditions can underpredict landside vertical hydraulic gradients and uplift pressures due to excavations and convex bends. The Sherman Island levee system is used to calibrate a three-dimensional (3D) seepage model to evaluate the effect of finite landside excavations and convex levee bends on landside seepage. The model shows that a 3D analysis is required for a landside excavation with an aspect ratio (length to width) less than 1L:1.5W. For drainage canals and ditches that parallel a levee or floodwall and are wider than 15 m, gradients at the excavation center are essentially equal to 2D vertical gradients but greater than 2D gradients near the excavation sidewalls. The Sherman Island calibrated seepage model also confirms concave bends diverge seepage and yield lower vertical gradients than 2D models. Varying the degree of levee curvature (ω = 45°–100°) indicates that sharper convex bends (ω = 100°; axisymmetric radius, 150 m) cause vertical gradients that can be about 150% greater than 2D analyses.

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15

Kang, Woochul, Dongwoo Ko, and Joongu Kang. "Erosion Resistance Performance of Surface-Reinforced Levees Using Novel Biopolymers Investigated via Real-Scale Overtopping Experiments." Water 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182482.

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This study evaluates a novel biopolymer-based material reinforcement method. A real-scale experiment minimizing flood disasters and economic losses incurred by the collapse of river levees due to overtopping was conducted. At the Andong River Experiment Center, lateral overflow was reproduced to induce levee collapse using sand, reinforced novel materials, and vegetation levees represented as cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The flow in the upstream and downstream areas was measured, and fluctuations in the lateral overflow discharge were calculated using an acoustic Doppler current profiler. To quantitatively verify the performance of this method, the collapse delay effect based on the surface loss rate of the levee slope was analyzed using image pixel analysis and three-dimensional point cloud modeling. Comparing the collapse delay effect of the new-material levee with that of the non-reinforced levees, we found a time delay of approximately 2.7–7 times from the occurrence of overtopping via the lateral flow to the end of the test. These results indicate that we can secure time for emergency repairs and operations by reinforcing the levee surface using the material proposed in this study. These research findings are expected to provide the basis for the proper design and construction of river levees.

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16

SHIMADA, Tomonori, Daisuke TOBITA, Syunichi MAEDA, Kazuhisa KASHIWAYA, and Hideaki YOKOHAMA. "MITIGATION EFFECT OF LEVEE BREACH FLOW AT THE CHIYODA EXPERIMENTAL CHANNEL." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 72, no. 4 (2016): I_1159—I_1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.72.i_1159.

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17

Ko, Dongwoo, and Joongu Kang. "Biopolymer-Reinforced Levee for Breach Development Retardation and Enhanced Erosion Control." Water 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041070.

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This study proposes an earthen levee reinforcement method with a new biopolymer-based material to prevent levee scour and breach. It is an eco-friendly method that can efficiently protect the levee slope as it enhances soil strength, even at a very low concentration of biopolymer, and has high resistance to surface runoff in addition to promoting vegetation growth. The function and effectiveness of this method were demonstrated through an overflow-based semi-scale experiment in a previous study. In this study, we examined the effect of biopolymer-mixed soil layer on levee stability against an overflow-induced breach. In these experiments, biopolymer-mixed soils were sprayed on the crest and land-side levee surface. Two full-scale tests were conducted (2.5–2.7 m high and 14 m wide on bottom). Case 1 (control case) consisted of bare sand without any treatment, while Case 2 consisted of a 1.0% biopolymer-mixed soil sprayed on the crest and landside slope of the levee and turf put on it. By applying an image analysis technique, we analyzed the breach phenomenon and breach retardation effect of the levee treated with a biopolymer and covered with vegetation. In this experiment, the slope loss rate of Case 2 was retarded 1.5 to 2.3 times over time as compared to Case 1. During the experiment, we observed that soil erosion followed through the narrow water channel formed by the stripped turfs. This means that the grasses did not root firmly enough to protect the surface. In this regard, although the experimental results may seem unsatisfactory, the biopolymer was found to help improve erosion retardation. In 2020, we will conduct more experiments with different compositions and concentrations of the biopolymer regardless of levee vegetation. With this research, we expect to confirm that the new technology of using biopolymer-treated soils is promising for solving the levee overflow breach problem.

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18

Tadesse, Yohannis Birhanu, and Peter Fröhle. "Modelling of Flood Inundation due to Levee Breaches: Sensitivity of Flood Inundation against Breach Process Parameters." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123566.

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This paper analyses the sensitivity of flood inundation due to river levee breach against breach process parameters using the 1996 Awash River levee breach case at Wonji, Ethiopia. A parametric levee breach model integrated into the 2D hydrodynamic numerical model Telemac-2D is used to simulate a levee breach flood event at Wonji, Ethiopia. Levee breach process parameters are systemically varied to find out their effect on the flood inundation. The analysis of the model results shows that the flood inundation is sensitive to the final breach dimensions and breach location. However, the parameters describing the levee breach development have negligible influence on the flood inundation. This implies that final breach dimension and breach location in an event of levee breach are the most important and decisive parameters affecting the resulting inundation of the flood plain, and as such should be given due consideration when creating flood inundation maps due to levee breach.

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19

Ko, Dongwoo, Joongu Kang, Sungjoong Kim, and Yonguk Ryu. "Experimental study on the performance analysis of river levee using new substance for improving earth surface resistance." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184003022.

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The reasons why levee breaches during floods are largely due to overtopping, seepage, and structurally induced piping. According to an analysis of domestic and overseas reported cases of levee breaches, overtopping was found to be the cause for approximately 40% of all cases of breach. Despite such efforts of previous research to establish disaster prevention plans associated with levee breaches, to enhance our understanding of the processes and reasons, further research regarding the prediction of levee breaches must be undertaken by accumulating test data under several different conditions and further verification of the data using numerical models must also be undertaken. In this study, development of technologies regarding a new environmentally friendly bio-polymer capable of protecting levees from erosion is being undertaken. Breach mechanisms was assessed using an image measurement system that collected data regarding the breach progress of the levee, close-up views of the breaching surface, and the formation of the final breaching cross-sections. Further, levee slopes were covered with a bio-soil mixed with a new substance for the purpose of analyzing the stability and the time delay effect.

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20

Liu, Yi, Yan Hua Yang, and Fu Quan Ji. "Research of Effect on the Levee by Drawdown of Caisson Foundation of the North Anchorage of Maanshan Yangtze River Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.619.

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On account of the north anchorage of Maanshan Yangtze River bridge, the drawdown of caisson foundation may bring about new seepage field of the ground, which make soil consolidate. This paper build two-dimensional plane strain finite-element models of open caisson and the Yangtze River levee, which aim to analyze the effect on the Yangtze River levee by drawdown of the open caisson foundation. Through the seepage analysis of the open caisson foundation and the stability analysis of the slope, this paper obtain the settlement and coefficients of stability against sliding of the Yangtze River levee.

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21

Takahashi, Hidenori, Yoshiyuki Morikawa, Nobuhito Mori, and Tomohiro Yasuda. "Collapse of concrete-covered levee under composite effect of overflow and seepage." Soils and Foundations 59, no. 6 (December 2019): 1787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.08.008.

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22

McClain, W. Ray. "Effect of Levee Reconstruction and Rainfall on Crawfish,Procambarus clarkiiEmergence from Burrows." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 10, no. 2 (June 2000): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v10n02_03.

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23

Lee, Seung Oh, Kwang Seok Yoon, Jun Seon Lee, and Seung Ho Hong. "Estimates of Discharge Coefficient in Levee Breach Under Two Different Approach Flow Types." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 21, 2019): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082374.

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The amount of released water (discharge) in a levee breach is a primary input variable to establish an emergency action plan for the area next to the levee. However, although several studies have been conducted, there is still no widely applicable discharge coefficient formula; this needs to be known to estimate discharge amount through an opening caused by a levee breach. Sometimes, the discharge coefficient developed for a sharp crested side weir is used to rate the discharge, but, in case of a levee breach, the resulting geometry and flow types are similar to that over a broad crested weir. Thus, in this study, two different openings—rectangular and trapezoidal shape—are constructed in the center of a levee at a height of 0.6m to replicate levee breach scenarios, and the effect of two different approach flow types—the river type approach and reservoir type approach—are explored to suggest a discharge coefficient formula applicable for discharge rating for a levee breach. The results show that the ratio of head above the bottom of an opening and the opening width is a key variable for calculating the discharge coefficient of a reservoir type, but the approach Froude number should also be considered for a river type approach. The measured data are used to improve rating equations and will be useful in the future to validate computational fluid dynamics simulations of wave propagation during levee failure into the inundation area.

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24

Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, Adda, and Mustafa Saadi. "Ground Motion Selection for Liquefaction Evaluation Analysis of Earthen Levees." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 4 (November 2012): 1331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000078.

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Guidelines for selecting ground motions for liquefaction evaluation analysis of earthen levees are proposed. These guidelines were developed based on results from dynamic analyses of characteristic earthen levee cross sections using a wide range of ground motions (~1,500). The effect of a number of ground motion parameters on the dynamic response of the levees in terms of liquefaction susceptibility was studied, and the parameters that correlated best to the response were identified. For the liquefaction triggering evaluation, the mean period of the ground motion ( Tm) is best correlated to the cyclic stress ratio (CSR). Regression relationships between CSR and Tm are proposed for a series of levee types and shaking intensities.

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25

SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Kazuhiro OKABE, Toshiki IWASAKI, and Yasuhiro NAKASHIMA. "THE EFFECT OF CHANNEL WIDTH AND CHANNEL BED SLOPE ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 73, no. 4 (2017): I_1345—I_1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.73.i_1345.

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26

SHIMADA, Tomonori, Yasuharu WATANABE, Hirokazu OKABE, Toshiki IWASAKI, and Yasuhiro NAKASHIMA. "THE EFFECT OF CHANNEL WIDTH AND CHANNEL BED SLOPE ON LEVEE BREACH PROCESSES." Journal of JSCE 8, no. 1 (2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.8.1_71.

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27

Hutton, N. S., G. A. Tobin, and B. E. Montz. "The levee effect revisited: Processes and policies enabling development in Yuba County, California." Journal of Flood Risk Management 12, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): e12469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12469.

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28

Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, Adda, Heidi Pence, and Adam Lobbestael. "Ground Motion Selection for Seismic Slope Displacement Evaluation Analysis of Earthen Levees." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 1 (February 2016): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/062513eqs169m.

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Guidelines for selecting ground motions for evaluation of seismic slope displacements for earthen levees are proposed. These guidelines were developed based on results from two-dimensional equivalent-linear dynamic analyses of characteristic earthen levee cross sections using a wide range of ground motions (∼1 ;500). The effect of a number of ground motion parameters on the dynamic response of the levees in terms of seismic slope stability was studied, and the parameters that correlated best to the response were identified. For the seismic slope stability evaluation, the peak ground velocity ( PGV) best correlates to the seismic slope displacements ( u). Regression relationships between u and PGV are proposed for a series of levee types and shaking intensity levels, which are used in the proposed methodology for selecting ground motions for site specific analysis of levees.

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29

Tinh, Nguyen Xuan, Hitoshi Tanaka, Gen Abe, Yuka Okamoto, and Kwanchai Pakoksung. "Mechanisms of Flood-Induced Levee Breaching in Marumori Town during the 2019 Hagibis Typhoon." Water 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020244.

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Typhoon Hagibis, which occurred at the beginning of October 2019, was one of the largest and most powerful tropical cyclones and was considered to be the most devastating typhoon to hit Japan in recorded history. Extreme heavy rainfall caused massive impacts to Japan in general and to Marumori Town, Miyagi Prefecture in particular. In the present study, the detailed flood characteristics at Marumori Town were investigated by using field observation and numerical simulations. The obtained data immediately after the flood has clearly shown that most levee breaches were caused by the water overflow on the river embankment at the constriction areas such as the tributaries’ junction and the intersection of the river embankment. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the mechanism of levee breaching in Marumori Town. According to the simulation results, the flooding water from the upstream levee breach locations flowed into the paddy field area and caused the levee to breach at the river embankment interaction in the downstream area. A new levee breach criterion in terms of overflow depth and its duration on the river embankment was proposed. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was also performed to understand the effect of the backwater and phase lag of water level rise between the mainstream and tributaries. Although there have been many studies on flood disasters, the typhoon’s flood-induced disasters on the river and coastal infrastructures have still remained a big challenge. The present study outcomes provide useful information not only to understand how the river embankment of tributaries is vulnerable to water level rise, but also to support the river authorities to prepare better mitigation plans for future flood disasters.

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30

Miramontes, Elda, Joris T. Eggenhuisen, Ricardo Silva Jacinto, Giovanni Poneti, Florian Pohl, Alexandre Normandeau, D. Calvin Campbell, and F. Javier Hernández-Molina. "Channel-levee evolution in combined contour current–turbidity current flows from flume-tank experiments." Geology 48, no. 4 (January 31, 2020): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47111.1.

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Abstract Turbidity currents and contour currents are common sedimentary and oceanographic processes in deep-marine settings that affect continental margins worldwide. Their simultaneous interaction can form asymmetric and unidirectionally migrating channels, which can lead to opposite interpretations of paleocontour current direction: channels migrating against the contour current or in the direction of the contour current. In this study, we performed three-dimensional flume-tank experiments of the synchronous interaction between contour currents and turbidity currents to understand the effect of these combined currents on channel architecture and evolution. Our results show that contour currents with a velocity of 10–19 cm s−1 can substantially deflect the direction of turbidity currents with a maximum velocity of 76–96 cm s−1, and modify the channel-levee system architecture. A lateral and nearly stationary front formed on the levee located upstream of the contour current, reduced overspill and thus restrained the development of a levee on this side of the channel. Sediment was preferentially carried out of the channel at the flank located downstream of the contour current. An increase in contour-current velocity resulted in an increase in channel-levee asymmetry, with the development of a wider levee and more abundant bedforms downstream of the contour current. This asymmetric deposition along the channel suggests that the direction of long-term migration of the channel form should go against the direction of the contour current due to levee growth downstream of the contour current, in agreement with one of the previously proposed conceptual models.

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Shin, Seungwon, Sangbeen Lee, Sungsu Lee, and Jongwon Jung. "Evaluation of Slope Stability of Reservoir Considering Heterogeneous Soil Properties." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.167.

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The slope stability evaluation of reservoirs is required because of the aging of reservoirs. Reservoir levees are designed to achieve homogeneous construction, but the spatial heterogeneity of the material properties of reservoirs is unavoidable. Because the existing method for evaluating reservoir stability is limited in terms of considering the spatial heterogeneity of material properties, the stability evaluation was conducted in this study, in which the spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of the material properties of the reservoir levee were considered. In addition, the results for the existing and proposed methods were compared and analyzed, and the variability of the entire material properties of the reservoir levee, instead of spatial heterogeneity, was reflected. The evaluation results confirmed that the probability of failure obtained using the proposed method was lower than that for the existing stability evaluation method, considering the variations in material properties because the levee did not reach the critical state, owing to changes in local properties. Therefore, the proposed method is useful for the cost-effect repair and reinforcement of reservoir slopes, compared to the existing slope stability evaluation method.

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Ge, Hua, and Chunyan Deng. "A numerical study of flood effect of a bridge at tail of Ganjiang River, entrance of Poyang Lake." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804006.

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The construction of a river-crossing bridge will have an impact on the flow movement of the river section, which will bring adverse impact on flood control. In this paper, the influence of a planned bridge project on flood water level and flow field was analysed by using a two-dimensional mathematical model. The calculation results show that the construction of the bridge will cause backwater to the upstream of the bridge, resulting in the elevation of flood water level, thus bringing pressure to the use of flood control dam. At the same time, due to the squeezing effect of bridge piers on the flow, the flow velocity between piers and between piers and embankments on both sides will increase, which will bring adverse effects on the safe operation of the levee and pier.

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Jadid, Rowshon, Brina M. Montoya, Victoria Bennett, and Mohammed A. Gabr. "Effect of repeated rise and fall of water level on seepage-induced deformation and related stability analysis of Princeville levee." Engineering Geology 266 (March 2020): 105458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105458.

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34

Riha, Jaromir, and Miroslav Spano. "The Influence of Current on the Height of Wind Wave Run-Up: A comparison of experimental results with the Czech National Standard." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-012-0015-2.

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The Influence of Current on the Height of Wind Wave Run-Up: A comparison of experimental results with the Czech National StandardOne of the basic questions related to the safety of dikes and river levees is the size of the freeboard. One of the important parameters for freeboard design is the height of waves and wave run-up on levee slopes. Routine and standardised calculations of wave run-up deal with the freeboards of dams where wind waves originate on the still water of the reservoir. In the case of running water in streams (thereinafter only "currents") the effect of wave and current interaction on wave run-up is usually not taken into account due to the lack of reliable knowledge regarding the phenomenon. In the Czech Republic this question is topical in the case of large rivers such as the Elbe, the Vltava and the Morava. Within the framework of the projects Hydralab III and NAZV QI 92A139, hydraulic research and further analysis focused on wave run-up as a result of the combination of current and wind wave parameters were performed. The laboratory research was carried out in a hydraulic flume with a wavemaker on the right bank and a levee with a slope of 1:3 installed on the left bank opposite the wavemaker. Waves were generated both perpendicular and oblique to the levee axis; the angle of oblique wave attack varied within the range of ± 30°. The aim of this paper is to compare the results of the mentioned research with recommendations mentioned in the Czech National Standard CSN 75 0255Calculation of wave effects on water structuresand to quantify the effect of current on the wave run-up height.

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35

Otani, I., and O. Watanabe. "Effect of mulching with organic matters on growth of ground cover plants in levee slope." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 49, Supplement (2004): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.49.supplement_94.

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36

Su, Huaizhi, Hao Li, Linhai Zhang, and Zhiping Wen. "Particle flow code method-based seepage behavior analysis and control effect evaluation for soil levee." Engineering with Computers 36, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00366-018-0687-2.

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37

Li, Lin, Farshad Amini, and Jianhua Wu. "Turbulence Effect on Slope Stability of an Earthen Levee Strengthened by HPTRM Under Overtopping Conditions." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 33, no. 1 (August 28, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9813-0.

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Uzuoka, Ryosuke, and Keita Semba. "Numerical Analysis of Liquefaction in a River Levee on Soft Cohesive Ground." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0711.

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During the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake, liquefaction at the bottom of embankments extensively damaged river levees in the Tohoku and Kanto areas. This study presents preliminary numerical simulation of liquefaction in a river levee on soft cohesive ground along the Eai River during the earthquake. Static analysis reproduced the initial state of stress and moisture in such an embankment before the earthquake. Static analysis showed a decrease in mean effective stress and an increase in water content at the bottom of the embankment due to the settlement of soft cohesive ground. The effect of initial stress and moisture conditions on the seismic responses of the river levee are discussed through dynamic threephase coupled analysis with an initially deformed configuration and moisture distribution. Numerical results showed that stress relaxation in the embankment caused an increase in settlement at the crest of embankment.

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MACHIDA, Yoko, and Yasuo NIHEI. "EFFECT OF DISCONTINUOUSLY LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT OF DRAIN LAYER ON REDUCTION OF PHREATIC SURFACE IN RIVER LEVEE." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 74, no. 5 (2018): I_1447—I_1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.74.5_i_1447.

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T. Tracy, Fred, and Maureen K. Corcoran. "Effect of Changes in Hydraulic Conductivity on Exit Gradient at Selected Levee Systems Using Numerical Models." Open Hydrology Journal 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2014): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874378101408010027.

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Niroshinie, M. A. C., Kazuaki Ohtuski, and Yasuo Nihei. "Effect of Small Rivers for the Inundations Due to Levee Failure at Kinu River in Japan." Procedia Engineering 154 (2016): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.408.

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42

Song, Chung Rak, Jinwon Kim, James Tyler Kidd, Alexander Cheng, and David Admiraal. "Effect of thickness of planar nozzles on erosion depth of levee soils subjected to plunging water." International Journal of Sediment Research 33, no. 3 (September 2018): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.04.010.

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43

Herzog, Mark P., and James S. Sedinger. "Dynamics of Foraging Behavior Associated With Variation in Habitat and Forage Availability in Captive Black Brant (Branta Bernicla Nigricans) Goslings in Alaska." Auk 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.1.210.

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Abstract We conducted an experiment to study the effect of gosling density on food abundance and feeding behavior of Black Brant (Branta bernicla) goslings in two habitat types important to Black Brant on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: (1) Carex subspathacea grazing lawns and (2) slough levees that contain Triglochin palustris. Within each habitat, we manipulated grazing pressure by allowing goslings to graze specific plots every 6, 9, or 12 days. We randomly assigned six goslings to one of six treatment groups (three grazing frequencies × two habitats). Biomass of C. subspathacea was higher in lightly grazed plots (grazed every 12 days) than in the heavily grazed plots (grazed every 6 days). Offtake in C. subspathacea was also greater in the lightly grazed plots. Within C. subspathacea stands, proportion of time spent feeding varied among grazing intensities. Goslings within heavily grazed plots spent more time feeding than goslings in lightly grazed plots. Within slough levee habitat, there were no differences between heavily and lightly grazed plots in either biomass or offtake of T. palustris. Whereas overall percentage of time feeding did not vary between the two habitats, percentage of time feeding declined as gosling mass increased in all treatments and habitats. Although the trend in peck rate over time varied among treatments and between habitats, during trials very early in the season we observed a reduced peck rate in the heavily grazed treatment, but only within the C. subspathacea grazing lawns. There was no variation in peck rate among treatments within slough levee habitat; however, peck rates for goslings fed on C. subspathacea was double the rate of goslings in slough levee. Thus, the varied growth responses of plants between habitats to variation in grazing pressure that we observed during this experiment suggest the importance of density-dependent effects on brood-rearing habitat and the resulting variation in gosling growth.

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Stark, Timothy D., Navid H. Jafari, Aaron L. Leopold, and Thomas L. Brandon. "Soil compressibility in transient unsaturated seepage analyses." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 8 (August 2014): 858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0255.

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Most levee underseepage and uplift analyses are based on steady-state seepage and can yield conservative results. Although computations are simpler and steady-state seepage parameters are easier to determine and readily available, transient unsaturated seepage analyses are more representative of levee seepage conditions because boundary conditions acting on the levee or floodwall and saturation change with time, which induce pore-water pressure and seepage changes with time in the embankment and foundation strata. In addition, these boundary conditions, e.g., flood surge or storm event, are rapid such that steady-state conditions may not have time to develop in the embankment and some foundation materials. Transient seepage analyses using a floodwall case study indicate that as soil compressibility of the underseepage layer decreases, rapid landside pore-water pressures increase and can approach steady-state values. The transient results also indicate that uplift factors of safety during the flood event are about 22% higher than those at steady state. The effect of soil compressibility can delay or accelerate the onset of uplift water pressure increase from the initial steady-state conditions.

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FUKUOKA, Shoji, Daisuke KURISU, Alex MUTASINGWA, Tsuyoshi NAKAMURA, and Masanori TAKAHASHI. "EFFECT OF LEVEE AND MAIN CHANNEL ALIGNMENTS AND FLOOD CHANNEL WIDTH ON WATER STORAGE DURING FLOOD FLOW." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 46 (2002): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.46.433.

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46

Sanyal, Joy. "Uncertainty in levee heights and its effect on the spatial pattern of flood hazard in a floodplain." Hydrological Sciences Journal 62, no. 9 (June 12, 2017): 1483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2017.1334887.

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47

Sýkora, K. V., H. J. Stuiver, I. de Ronde, and L. J. de Nijs. "Fourteen years of restoration and extensive year round grazing with free foraging horses and cattle and its effect particularly on dry species rich riverine levee grasslands." Phytocoenologia 39, no. 3 (October 21, 2009): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0265.

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48

Auerswald, Karl, Peter Moyle, Simon Paul Seibert, and Juergen Geist. "HESS Opinions: Socio-economic and ecological trade-offs of flood management – benefits of a transdisciplinary approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1035-2019.

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Abstract. In light of climate change and growing numbers of people inhabiting riverine floodplains, worldwide demand for flood protection is increasing, typically through engineering approaches such as more and bigger levees. However, the well-documented “levee effect” of increased floodplain use following levee construction or enhancement often results in increased problems, especially when levees fail or are compromised by big flood events. Herein, we argue that there are also unintended socio-economic and ecological consequences of traditional engineering solutions that need to be better considered, communicated and weighed against alternative solutions. Socio-economic consequences include reduced aesthetic and recreational values as well as increased downstream flooding risk and reduced ecosystem services. Ecological consequences include hydraulic decoupling, loss of biodiversity and increased risk of contamination during flooding. In addition, beyond river losses of connectivity and natural riparian vegetation created by levees, changes in groundwater levels and increased greenhouse gas emissions are likely. Because flood protection requires huge financial investments and results in major and persistent changes to the landscape, more balanced decisions that involve all stakeholders and policymakers should be made in the future. This requires a transdisciplinary approach that considers alternative solutions such as green infrastructure and places emphasis on integrated flood management rather than on reliance on technical protection measures.

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Di Baldassarre, Giuliano, Heidi Kreibich, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Jeroen Aerts, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Marlies Barendrecht, Paul Bates, et al. "Hess Opinions: An interdisciplinary research agenda to explore the unintended consequences of structural flood protection." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 5629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5629-2018.

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Abstract. One common approach to cope with floods is the implementation of structural flood protection measures, such as levees or flood-control reservoirs, which substantially reduce the probability of flooding at the time of implementation. Numerous scholars have problematized this approach. They have shown that increasing the levels of flood protection can attract more settlements and high-value assets in the areas protected by the new measures. Other studies have explored how structural measures can generate a sense of complacency, which can act to reduce preparedness. These paradoxical risk changes have been described as levee effect, safe development paradox or safety dilemma. In this commentary, we briefly review this phenomenon by critically analysing the intended benefits and unintended effects of structural flood protection, and then we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda to uncover these paradoxical dynamics of risk.

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Ali, M. H. "Drought Screening and Supplemental Irrigation Management for some Rice Cultivars in Drought Prone Area of Bangladesh." International Journal of Applied Science 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): p107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ijas.v1n2p107.

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Water stress is one of the limiting factors for rice production. Under rainfed condition with erratic rainfall, water stress becomes a serious threat for sustainable rice production. Drought tolerant cultivars along with appropriate management practices can solve the problem. Field and control condition studies were carried out to study the response of some rice cultivars to water-stress, and to develop appropriate on-farm management strategy for sustainable yield under drought condition. The results revealed that most of the cultivars produced good yield under drought condition compared to normal irrigated condition (under control condition and field study). Levee management strategy (of height of 20 cm) seems a viable option to alleviate the effect of drought under field condition. Levee management and life-support supplemental irrigation (when necessary) can facilitate good yield of most of the cultivars. These cultivars seemed to be appropriate for cultivation in drought-prone areas.

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