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Arnold, Thomas K. "Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1573224799095916.
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Vose, Brenda. "Assessing the predictive validity of the level of service inventory-revised /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1212026987.
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VOSE, BRENDA. "Assessing the Predictive Validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised: Recidivism Among Iowa Parolees and Probationers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1212026987.
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Lu, Wuyi. "Customer service level in Multi-variant lean inventory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490108.
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The research interest in multi-variant lean inventory is quite recent and effective general solution methods have yet to be developed. We propose new solution methods to manage multi-variant inventory for a number of scenarios. The mathematical analyses and three theoretical models are developed to calculate the average customer service level for these scenarios.
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Atkins, Carina T. "Initial Drug Court Risk Assessment Scores and Probationers' Completion of Drug Court Programs." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5823.
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Drug offenders continue to cost citizens and governments money, while drug courts attempt to rehabilitate offenders and reduce recidivism. The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) is a risk assessment tool used by courts and probation offices to determine needs and risks of offenders, and often determine levels of supervision. The purpose of this quasi experimental study was to determine if there is a statistically significant association between the initial LSI-R scores of offenders entering drug courts and their successful completion of the drug court program. Therapeutic jurisprudence theory, the theoretical framework for this study, suggests that the courts and the law are therapeutic to people and that drug treatment will promote positive behavior changes for the offenders. Data for this study were acquired from a database provided by a Kansas drug court, including initial LSI-R scores, completion records, and demographics of 210 drug court participants. A one-way ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. Significant statistical results were found, indicating that drug court success was positively associated with the LSI-R score. The study may lead to social change by providing information about participants, most likely to benefit from drug court programs, which will save governments money and make room in the programs for more successful candidates, thus producing more productive citizens in the community.
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Muhr, Sandra. "Inventory level Visibility : Reasons Causing Lack in Service Field Operations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279647.
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Visibility refers to availability of information in real-time to requiring actors so that strategy and operations can be monitored, controlled and changed. A symptom of lack of visibility in inventory management is when information in IT systems does not accurately match what is present in the physical inventory. While there are studies in the area of scientific literature documenting reasons for inventory inaccuracy, a literature gap exists for inventory accuracy in relation to service field operations. This study's objective is therefore to examine what reasons are causing lack of inventory visibility in service field operations and which affected KPI are the most impacted by this lack. The study was designed as a case study at an industrial tools and equipment manufacturer, featuring observations and interviews. A visibility assessment approach to extract affected KPI was also applied. The results found that reasons causing lack in service field operations stem from how company IT systems are designed and in how accurately information is entered by employees in said IT system. It further found that a service technicians' years of service influences the inventory accuracy of their van inventory. Unclearly defined areas of responsibility and accountability were further found to contribute to lack of inventory visibility. The most affected KPI impacted were found to be Inventory in % of COGS and Provision in % of inventory, the reasons being that a lack of visibility leads to higher inventory levels and an increase in provisions.<br>Synlighet i en lagernivåkontext syftar till att information skall finnas tillgänglig för berörda aktörer i realtid så att strategier och operationer kan övervakas, kontrolleras och förändras. Ett symptom på synlighetsbrist i lagernivåer är när information i IT-system inte matchar med vad som finns fysiskt tillgängligt i lagret. Vetenskapliga studier har dokumenterat olika anledningar till felaktigheter i lagerinformation, dock existerar ett litteraturgap gällande hur felaktigheter i lagerinformation uppstår i relation till servicefältverksamheter. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka vilka skäl som orsakar brist på lagersynlighet i servicefältverksamheter och vilka KPI som påverkas mest av denna brist. Studien utformades som en fallstudie hos ett industriföretag. Observationer och intervjuer utfördes, dessutom tillämpades en synbarhetsbedömningsmetod för att extrahera påverkade KPI. Resultatet av studien visar att orsaker som vållar brist i servicefältverksamheter orsakas av hur företagets IT-system är utformade och från hur noggrant information bokförs av anställda i nämnda IT-system. Studien fann även att en serviceteknikers år i tjänst påverkar graden av felaktigheter dennes tjänstefordons lagernivåer. Oklart definierade ansvarsområden och ansvarsskyldighet upptäcktes vidare bidra till bristande synlighet i lagernivåer. De mest drabbade KPI konstaterades vara Inventory in % of COGS och Provision in % of inventory, orsakerna till detta är att synlighetsbrister leder till högre lagernivåer och en ökad volym avsättningar.
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Girard, Lina. "The Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision, risk/need assessment and recidivism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0021/NQ46520.pdf.
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Guzman, Pamela, Franklin Montalvo, Edgardo Carvallo, and Carlos Raymundo. "Implementation of a process management model and inventory control to increase the level of service in the after-sales area of industrial equipment." Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656260.
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Currently, many industrial companies generate many losses in their after sales this is generated to an error in the control of inventories and in turn in a mishandling of their assets through their processes, therefore the present research proposes a management model of processes and control of inventories in order to reduce customer losses due to the large number of existing complaints and thus increase sales. Therefore, the process management model, which will contribute to the standardization, optimization and control of its critical processes, and for which indicators, procedures and policies will be proposed for each stage of the process in order to measure its efficiency and effectiveness for correct decision making. With respect to the control of inventories, it is proposed to make a segmentation of the products, which allows the identification of the most important products for the company, to then design a demand forecast model for families of products that will later be individualized considering their factors initial and finally using an inventory management model will obtain the optimal quantity of spare parts order to use in the technical service of the equipment reducing the annual costs related to the inventory.
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Chakrabarty, Nayan. "A Methodology for Supply Inventory Management for Hospital Nursing UnitsConsidering Service Level Constraint." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1596192804676873.
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Hofmann, Nadine Elisabeth. "Testing a heuristic that determines customer service level in a two-echelon inventory system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24399.
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The purpose of this thesis is to test, via a GPSS simulation, a heuristic developed by B.A. Rosenbaum. The heuristic determines the level of service a customer receives in a multi-echelon inventory system. The system consists of one central Distribution Centre (DC) which is the source of supply for eight Regional Distribution Centres (RDC's), which themselves are the source of supply for customer demand. Service is defined to be the fraction of demand met from on-hand stock at the location where the order is placed.
Two distinct sets of tests on the heuristic are performed in this thesis. First, a wide range of parameter values are used in the simulations to test the sensitivity of the assumptions essential in the development of the heuristic. Second, the robustness of the heuristic is examined when different assumptions are substituted in the inventory system analysed.
The analysis indicates the heuristic performs fairly well under various conditions. In particular, increasing the order size or reducing the number of warehouses in the system yield calculated values predictive of the simulated results.<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Graduate
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Takahashi, Masaru. "PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE YOUTH LEVEL OF SERVICE/CASE MANAGEMENT INVENTORY AMONG JAPANESE JUVENILE OFFENDERS." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/318.
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The main purpose of the present study is to examine the predictive validity of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) to Japanese juvenile offender population. Three hundred and eighty-nine juveniles who were released from the five Juvenile Classification Homes (JCHs) were followed for more than one year on average. Results demonstrate that those who show higher score on the YLS/CMI are more likely to recidivate than those who are not. A total score of the YLS/CMI also significantly contributes to predict faster time to recidivate. Furthermore, the superiority of actuarial risk measures over clinical risk judgment is confirmed. The overall findings support the applicability of the YLS/CMI among Japanese juvenile offenders. Practical implications and limitations to the current study are also discussed.
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Jeffery, Mariah. "ACHIEVING COST-EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN AGILITY FOR THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2451.
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Supply chain agility has been receiving a lot of attention in recent literature as a way for organizations to become more responsive to change and improve customer service levels. However, agility is typically dealt with qualitatively, and organizations are usually unsure of the steps to take to improve their agility and the customer service level to target. This research studies supply chain agility based on a case study of Intel Corporation, a large semiconductor manufacturer. Here, agility is defined as the ability to satisfy customer demands by reacting effectively to changes in market stimuli. Reacting effectively does not mean reacting to every change in supply or demand. Doing so means increasing supply chain variability unnecessarily, which is amplified by the bullwhip effect. The essence of supply chain agility is determining the degree to which variability should be managed through artificial means such as safety stock, and appropriate triggers for changing production levels and inventory targets. The purpose of this research is to examine factors that influence supply chain agility and identify a cost-effective plan for achieving it. The first phase addresses the problem of identifying target inventory and customer service levels based on regression analysis of historical data and financial analysis of inventory holding costs and stock-out costs. The impact of three factors (forecast error, order lead-time, and demand variability) on the relationship between inventory and customer service level is also examined. The second phase of the research evaluates strategies for production and inventory control with the goal of finding the appropriate trade-off between minimizing cost (of holding inventory and stock-outs) and minimizing variability. Control policies based on the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) control chart with control limits on demand forecasts are proposed to detect when tighter control of processes is necessary. A Monte Carlo supply chain simulation is used to evaluate the performance of these policies under various levels of forecast error and demand variability. Results indicate that several control chart-based policies outperform Intel's current planning policy in terms of cost without significantly increasing variability. The selection of the appropriate policy must be based on the decision-makers' desire to minimize cost compared to the desire to minimize variability, as each policy results in a trade-off between these two objectives.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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Ramos, Edgar, Timothy J. Pettit, Monika Flanigan, Luis Romero, and Katherine Huayta. "Inventory management model based on lean supply chain to increase the service level in a distributor of automotive sector." ExcelingTech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653830.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>The present research seeks to show the importance of applying process management techniques and food safety norms in the operational processes of the supply chain to know the meaning and the need for an integrated hybrid model. The article reviews the sugarcane distillery sector of Peru and its main operational problems. Based on the literature reviewed and discussed with academics who have knowledge of the food supply chain, an integrated hybrid model was developed to help any distillery with lower levels of competitiveness than its competitors in other sectors, such as pisco, applying techniques of process management and food safety to increase the efficiency of liquor distilleries. The findings confirm that distilleries can increase their efficiency, thanks to the higher performance of their operations after their alignment with the integrated model.<br>Revisión por pares
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Nowicka-Sroga, Margaret. "The Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision: A recidivism follow-up study within a sample of male young offenders." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29149.
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This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision (LSI-OR; Andrews, Bonta, & Wormith, 1995) on young offenders. The LSI-OR is a risk/need assessment measure designed to assess risk of recidivism and other offender problems, and to classify offenders for supervision and treatment (Andrews & Bonta, 1998). Although the scale has been used with young offenders, it has not yet been adequately validated with this population.
The sample consisted of 154 16- to 18-year old, Caucasian, male, young offenders from Northern Ontario, who had been sentenced to custody or community (probation) terms. Following a 3.8-year follow-up period, 50.6% of the sample had been reconvicted, with 20.1% for a violent offence. Recidivists scored significantly higher than nonrecidivists on the LSI-OR total score and on six of the eight risk and need subscales. Correlations between the LSI-OR total score and general and violent recidivism were .46 and .31, respectively. ROC analyses indicated significant effects for LSI-OR total and combined scales with general offending (AUCs of .77 to .80) and with violent offending (AUCs of .72 to .74). Controlling for location (custody-community), hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed the LSI-OR's incremental predictive validity for general, violent, and nonviolent recidivism. The General Risk/Need and Responsivity Sections made unique contributions to the final model of binary nonviolent recidivism. General Risk/Need contributed to the prediction of binary violent recidivism. Among the General Risk/Need subsections, Criminal history and Leisure/recreation as well as Criminal history and Education/employment uniquely contributed to the model of nonviolent and violent charges, respectively. The results support the use of the LSI-OR instrument with 'older' young offenders, especially those in the community, but should be cross validated on another (larger) sample of 16- to 18-year old offenders. Future research exploring the role of young offenders' responsivity concerns, in particular their motivational problems and use of denial/minimization, is suggested because these items also discriminated between recidivists and nonrecidivists in the current study.
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Flores, Anthony W. "Examining the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory in the Context of Reliability, Validity, Equity, and Utility: A Six-Year Evaluation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1380612886.
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Tan, Yang. "Optimal Discrete-in-Time Inventory Control of a Single Deteriorating Product with Partial Backlogging." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3711.
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The implicit assumption in conventional inventory models is that the stored
products maintain the same utility forever, i.e., they can be stored for an infinite period of
time without losing their value or characteristics. However, generally speaking, almost all
products experience some sort of deterioration over time. Some products have very small
deterioration rates, and henceforth the effect of such deterioration can be neglected.
Some products may be subject to significant rates of deterioration. Fruits, vegetables,
drugs, alcohol and radioactive materials are examples that can experience significant
deterioration during storage. Therefore the effect of deterioration must be explicitly taken
into account in developing inventory models for such products.
In most existing deteriorating inventory models, time is treated as a continuous
variable, which is not exactly the case in practice. In real-life problems time factor is
always measured on a discrete scale only, i.e. in terms of complete units of days, weeks,
etc. In this research, we present several discrete-in-time inventory models and identify
optimal ordering policies for a single deteriorating product by minimizing the expected
overall costs over the planning horizon. The various conditions have been considered, e.g.
periodic review, time-varying deterioration rate, waiting-time-dependent partial
backlogging, time-dependent demand, stochastic demand etc. The objective of our
research is two-fold: (a) To obtain optimal order quantity and useful insights for the
inventory control of a single deteriorating product over a discrete time horizon with
deterministic demand, variable deterioration rates and waiting-time-dependent partial
backlogging ratios; (b) To identify optimal ordering policy for a single deteriorating
product over a finite horizon with stochastic demand and partial backlogging. The
explicit ordering policy will be developed for some special cases.
Through computational experiments and sensitivity analysis, a thorough and
insightful understanding of deteriorating inventory management will be achieved.
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Krieger, Sören, Jérémy Bellina, Olegs Bodins, and Mathilde Olivier. "Managing upstream supply chain in order to decrease inventory level : A case study on the paper merchant Papyrus Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27636.
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Business Administration, Business Process and Supply Chain Management Degree Project (master), 15 higher education points, 4FE06E, Spring 2013 Authors: Jeremy Bellina, Olegs Bodins, Soeren Krieger and Mathilde Olivier Tutor: Roger Stokkedal Title: Managing Upstream Supply Chain in Order to Decrease Inventory Level: A Case Study on the Paper Merchant Papyrus Sweden. Background: The research is based on Papyrus Sweden, a paper merchant, which is facing a decrease in the demand of paper products. It was identified that inventory level reduction is now crucial for the company in order to stay in the market. Therefore, Papyrus Sweden is focused on inventory level and tied-up capital reduction in order to decrease costs and increase net profit. Purpose: This thesis aims to analyze the current situation in Papyrus Sweden in terms of inventory level and activities related to suppliers, and prepare recommendations which could help Papyrus Sweden to reduce its inventory level. Method: The data has been collected through interviews with managers from the supply chain department as well as through a data sample from Papyrus Sweden database given to the researchers. All data was analyzed and compared with the literature review. Data received from the database was processed and transformed in Microsoft Excel in order to make the analysis. Results: The analysis identifies issues in material planning methods, safety stock calculation, ABC-XYZ classification and forecast calculation, on which Papyrus Sweden could act in order to decrease its inventory level. Furthermore, the researchers identify two solutions Papyrus Sweden could implement with its suppliers in order to reduce inventory level which are a Service Level Agreement and a Vendor Managed Inventory system. Keywords: inventory level, material planning method, safety stock, ABC-XYZ classification, forecast calculation, replenishment lead time, supplier relationship, information sharing, Service Level Agreement (SLA), Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) and Collaborative planning, forecast and replenishment system (CPFR).
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Carlsson, Camilla, and Jonna Rommedahl. "ABC-klassificering och dess användningsområde : En fallstudie inom inköp mot lagerorder." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Logistik och verksamhetsledning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how the inventory can becontrolled and managed when purchasing in conjunction with an ABC-classification. To fulfilthe purpose, two research questions have been formulated: [1] How can the ABC classification be used to manage the purchasing process? [2] How can the ABC classification contribute to improved warehouse service? Method – The study was initiated with a feasibility study in order to shed light on the problemarea and its context which the study intends to investigate further. The feasibility study incombination with a literature review contributed to the formulation of the purpose and researchquestions. The study is designed in accordance with a case study with a singular analysis unit, in this case the purchasing unit in a business system. Furthermore, data collection wasgenerated via literature study, interview, and questionnaire. The interviews and thequestionnaires contributed to qualitative primary data which were intended to illustrate theusers’ knowledge and use of the studied phenomenon. Findings – It was found in the study that ABC classification is an effective method fordifferentiating purchasing and inventory management. This study demonstrates that aninterconnection of ABC classification and inventory service level is the most effective approachin order to control and minimize the occurrence of shortages, resulting in improved warehouseservice. Implications – The subject areas, which first and foremost are ABC classification andinventory management, are thoroughly researched as proven by existing literature, hencegenerating new knowledge to the fields are considered to be challenging. Despite the givencircumstances, this study adds knowledge to a certain extent, as the study presents andstrengthens existing research regarding how a combination of an ABC classification and acertain degree of service level has been shown to streamline the purchasing process andimprove the warehouse service as well as the inventory management. Limitations – This study only includes the users of the business system and the purchasingmodule provided by the case company, which can be considered to affect the generalizability ofthe study. The fact remains, however, that generalizability should also apply in other systemsin connection with purchasing, since the starting point of the theory and its area of applicationis so well known and generally accepted. Keywords – ABC analysis, ABC classification, inventory management, inventory control,safety stock, service level, warehouse service.<br>Syfte – Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om hur olika artikelklassificeringar bör styrasvid inköp. För att besvara syftet har det brutits ner i två frågeställningar: [1] Hur kan ABC-klassificering användas för att styra inköp? [2] Hur kan ABC-klassificering bidra till förbättrad lagerservice? Metod – Studien initierades med en förstudie för att belysa det problemområde och desskontext, vilken studien ämnar undersöka. Förstudien i kombination med litteraturstudie bidrogtill formulering av studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studien är av enfallsdesign med enanalysenhet, i det här fallet inköpsmodulen i ett affärssystem. Vidare genereradesdatainsamling via litteraturstudie, intervju samt enkät. I samband med intervju och enkäterhölls kvalitativa primärdata som avsåg åskådliggöra användarnas kunskap och användningav det studerade fenomenet. Resultat – ABC-klassificering visar sig vara en effektiv metod för differentiering av inköp ochlagerstyrning. Den här studien påvisar att en sammankoppling av artikelklassificering ochlagerservicenivå är det mest effektiva tillvägagångssättet i syfte att kontrollera och minimerauppkomsten av bristtillfällen som ger upphov till förbättrad lagerservice. Implikationer – Ämnesområdet kring ABC-klassificering och servicenivå är väl utforskatinom befintlig litteratur, vilket bidrar till mindre utrymme att generera ny kunskap till området.Trots given omständighet tillför studien i viss utsträckning kunskap, då genomförd studieframlägger och stärker befintlig forskning då en kombination av ABC-klassificering ochservicenivå har visat sig effektivisera inköpsarbetet. En sådan kombination visar sig i empirinha minimerat antal bristtillfällen och på så vis förbättrat lagerservicen. Begränsningar – Studien inkluderar enbart användare av inköpsmodulen som fallföretagettillhandahåller, vilket kan påverka studiens generaliserbarhet. Faktum kvarstår dock attgeneraliserbarhet även bör gälla i andra fall då inköp görs eftersom utgångspunkten för teorinoch dess användningsområde är så pass känt och allmänt godtaget. Nyckelord – ABC-analys, ABC-klassificering, lagerhantering, lagerservice, lagerstyrning,servicenivå, säkerhetslager.
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Dahl, Erik. "Improvement of material supply systems : A case study in a Swedish pharmaceutical company executed on a research and development plant." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41152.
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Material supply systems have for a long time been regarded as an important function with strong potential to increase the performance of companies in different industries. Consequently, substantial research has been conducted in the field. However, in the pharmaceutical industry within research and development plants, material supply systems have historically not been a prioritized function. Therefore, there is a research gap regarding material supply systems in that peculiar context. This study aims to fill that gap by investigating how a material supply system could be designed and which factors are critical to achieve a cost-efficient service level within a research and development plant in the pharmaceutical industry. To do so, a single case study has been conducted at a Swedish pharmaceutical company’s research and development plant. An abductive approach has been applied to both test if the general design principles developed in other industries and business functions can be applied to this context. Further, context specific factors affecting the material supply system design needed to be identified and investigated to adapt the general design principles to the specific context by generalizing data. The empirical data was collected by utilizing focus groups, interviews, observations and documents. The findings yielded that there is a substantial potential for improvement of material supply systems within the context of this study. The existing decentralized inventory structure at the case company was a particularly vital aspect that hindered the system from operating cost-efficiently in relation to the service level and a centralization is crucial to improve. Further, calibration and a general decrease of safety stocks, order points and order quantities is essential to uphold a consistent service level at a justifiable cost at the case company. The general design principles and formulas retrieved from the theoretical framework was partly applicable in the context of this study but needed some adjustments. Especially the low volume articles with high variety in consumption rate was not suitable to be managed by the existing methods and needed another approach. Further, the context establishes high requirements on system dynamics, it comes with boundaries due to laws regulating the industry, and companies in the context generally need to be better at aligning their design factors to the purpose. The result of this study adds valuable content to the research field and fills the gap for material supply systems in the context of research and development plants in the pharmaceutical industry. Further studies are needed in this field to investigate how articles with low and varying demands can be managed within material supply systems cost-efficiently and with high service levels.
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Huarca, Guevara Kevin Paolo, and Ricalde Harless Hanset Ninahuanca. "Análisis correlacional entre los costos evitables en operaciones de importación marítima y nivel de servicio: el caso de una empresa." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626038.
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La presente tesis tiene como objetivo identificar si existe correlación alguna entre los costos evitables en operaciones de importación marítima y la prestación de nivel de servicio mostrando resultados sobre la implementación realizada en una de las principales empresas en el rubro de importación y distribución de equipamiento gastronómico profesional de la ciudad de Lima. Luego de realizar la implementación aprobada para el 2017, los costos evitables en operaciones de importación marítima fueron reducidos en un 13.85% con respecto al periodo anterior. Se demostró que los costos evitables (r=0.75) tiene una relación alta y positiva con el nivel de servicio, es decir que a medida que se disminuyan y la empresa deje de asumir estos podrá ser mejor su nivel de servicio. Para la presentación se tiene una estructura de cinco capítulos:
En el primer capítulo, el marco teórico, se detalló conceptos relacionados a los costos evitables en operación de importación marítima, nivel de servicio, cantidad óptima a ordenar, inventario de seguridad, punto de reorden y costos totales de gestión de inventarios. Además, se mostró información sobre la empresa donde se implementaron las mejoras. En el segundo capítulo, se explicó temas en relación al plan de investigación, dando a conocer el problema, la formulación de la hipótesis, el objetivo general y los específicos. En el tercer capítulo, se trató la metodología de la investigación, donde se determinó el enfoque y diseño, la población, la definición de variables y la recolección de datos. En el cuarto capítulo, se desarrolló la investigación calculando los costos evitables en 3 niveles de servicio. Se estableció dos escenarios (con costos evitables y sin costos evitables) a los sub-variables niveles de servicio, cantidad óptima a ordenar, inventario de seguridad, punto de reorden y costos totales de gestión de inventarios. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo se mostró el análisis de resultados respondiendo al problema si existe correlación entre los costos evitables en operación de importación marítima y la prestación de nivel de servicio, y brindaremos conclusiones y las recomendaciones sobre la investigación desarrollada.<br>The objective of this thesis is to identify if there is any correlation between the avoidable costs in maritime import operations and the level of service provision, showing results on the implementation carried out in one of the main companies in the import and distribution of professional gastronomic equipment category from the city of Lima. After implementing the approved implementation for 2017, avoidable costs in maritime import operations were reduced by 13.85% compared to the previous period. It was shown that the avoidable costs (r = 0.75) has a high and positive relationship with the service level, that is to say that as they decrease and the company stops assuming these, their level of service may be better. For the presentation there is a structure of five chapters:
In the first chapter, the theoretical framework, detailed concepts related to avoidable costs in maritime import operation, service level, optimal quantity to order, safety inventory, reorder point and total inventory management costs. In addition, information was shown about the company where the improvements were implemented. In the second chapter, topics were explained in relation to the research plan, making known the problem, the formulation of the hypothesis, the general objective and the specific ones. In the third chapter, the methodology of the research was discussed, where the approach and design, the population, the definition of variables and the data collection were determined. In the fourth chapter, the research was developed calculating avoidable costs in 3 levels of service. Two scenarios were established (with avoidable costs and no avoidable costs) to the sub-variables service levels, optimal quantity to be ordered, security inventory, reorder point and total inventory management costs. Finally, the fifth chapter showed the analysis of results answering the problem if there is a correlation between the avoidable costs in maritime import operation and the level of service provision, and we will provide conclusions and recommendations on the research developed.<br>Tesis
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Giguère, Guy. "Une étude métrologique des items du Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI) avec la contribution de la théorie classique des tests et de la théorie des réponses aux items chez les personnes contrevenantes du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28541/28541.pdf.
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Rioja, Levano Martin Reynaldo. "Propuesta para incrementar el nivel de servicio interno en el proceso de abastecimiento mediante el diseño de un sistema de control de inventarios y de la gestión de relación con los proveedores en una empresa del sector minero." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652335.
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La presente tesis se centra en analizar las herramientas de ingeniería industrial que permitan incrementar el nivel de servicio interno en el proceso de abastecimiento logístico en una empresa del sector minero y con el entorno económico de los últimos 10 años. La hipótesis plantea la implementación de un sistema de control de inventarios y de la gestión de relación con los proveedores. El trabajo está compuesto de cuatro capítulos. En el primero se analizó el marco teórico y los casos de éxito. En el segundo, se abordaron temas como: antecedentes y procesos generales y logísticos de la organización, definición del problema y sus causas, el impacto económico y el planteamiento del objetivo general y específico. Por su parte, el tercer capítulo se dividió en dos etapas: la primera correspondiente al diseño de la metodología y en la segunda etapa el desarrollo de la propuesta. Finalmente, en el cuarto capítulo, se incluyó el presupuesto de recursos, el análisis financiero de riesgos y la elaboración del flujo de caja respectivo; asimismo, se validó la propuesta por medio de la simulación con el software ProModel.
Por lo expuesto, se concluye que, con la correcta elección del sistema de inventarios y una adecuada gestión de relación con los proveedores, se podrá incrementar el nivel de servicio interno en el proceso de abastecimiento logístico, con lo cual se logrará cumplir con un óptimo nivel de atención de repuestos de alta rotación, así como el cumplimiento en las entregas a tiempo para las compras con prioridad normal.<br>The present thesis focuses on analyzing industrial engineering tools that allow increasing the level of internal service in the logistics supply process in a company in the mining sector and with the economic environment of the last 10 years. he hypothesis raises the implementation of an inventory control system and supplier relationship management. The following work is made up of four chapters. In the first, the theoretical framework and success cases were analyzed. In the second, topics such as: background and general and logistical processes of the organization, definition of the problem and its causes, the economic impact and the approach of the general and specific objective were addressed. Consequently, the third chapter was divided into two stages: the first corresponding to the design of the methodology and the second to the development of the proposal. Nevertheless, in the fourth chapter, the resource budget, the financial risk analysis and the preparation of the respective cash flow were included; Likewise, the proposal was validated through simulation with the Promodel software.
Based on the foregoing, it is concluded that, with the correct selection of the inventory system and proper relationship management with suppliers, the level of internal service in the logistics supply process may be increased, thereby achieving optimum compliance level of attention of high rotation spare parts, as well as the fulfillment in the deliveries in time for the purchases with a normal priority.<br>Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional
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Portocarrero, Luis Villegas, and Saud AlKhan. "Development of an Inventory Management Strategy to Determine Stock Levels and Service Levels for COTECMAR." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7425.
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MBA Professional Report<br>Approved for public release, distribution unlimited<br>The main objective of this research is to determine the best approach for managing inventory at COTECMAR, a shipyard in the Colombian Navy. The distinct nature of demand for items required in building and repair of ships, the uncertainty surrounding the repair needs, and the broad range of customers being served make managing inventory at a shipyard uniquely challenging. The project started with a review of selected inventory management strategies and theories. Thereafter, we identified a small sample of items, collected demand data for these items, and analyzed that data to better understand the drivers of demand. We concluded that (1) the items needed in shipbuilding and other special projects are dependent demand items that are better managed through Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) approach, and (2) the items needed in repairs are independent demand items better managed through the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) approach. Accordingly, we collected and analyzed additional data, such as cost factors, to perform the necessary EOQ and service level calculations for selected items to illustrate the methodology we propose in this research. We conclude the paper with several specific recommendations for the management at COTECMAR and provide suggestions for carrying out future research.
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Brady, Stephan P. "Multi-echelon inventory impact of varied ordering policies on realized service levels." Adobe Acrobat reader required to view the full dissertation, 1999. http://www.etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-10/index.html.
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SILVA, MARCELO PETERSOHN CORDEIRO DA. "APPROACHES FOR MODELS WITH SERVICE LEVELS IN INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM (Q,R)." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18554@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>O nível de serviço fill rate é uma alternativa viável de quantificação do
custo de falta em um modelo de estoque para o Sistema de Controle (Q, R).
Aproximações deste modelo são importantes para tornar mais simples a busca por
sua solução. Uma aproximação é proposta e outras duas são analisadas.
Experimentos foram feitos com as três aproximações para verificar o erro da
solução encontrada em relação à solução resultante do modelo exato. Foram
analisados os casos em que as aproximações são aceitáveis.<br>The fill rate service level is a viable alternative to quantify the penalty cost
in a inventory model for control system (Q, R). Approximations of this model are
important to make a simplest solution. An approximation is proposed and two
other are analyzed. Experiments were made with the three approximations to
check the error of the solution in relation to the resulting solution of the exact
model. So, we defined cases where the approximations are acceptable.
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Cardoso, Fábio Germano. "Tomada de decisão sobre a alocação de estoques na indústria automobilística." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8710.
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Previous issue date: 2016-09-12<br>Não recebi financiamento<br>Logistics has been a differentiator more and more important among automakers, since quality, price and technical characteristics have been moving towards a common ground. In order to seek for additional differentiation, companies focus on strategies of stock allocation that allow them to either increase revenue or reduce costs. Stock allocation strategies within the companies requires the decision between centralizing and decentralizing stocks. Present research aims at investigating the decision process about stock allocation for auto parts in aftersales Market, and analyzing what the important criteria for such a decision are. It was conducted a descriptive research with that purpose. It was investigated relevant criteria within literature and validated through questionnaires performed with dealership. Because dealers are the ultimate responsible for the brand image to the customer, they also participated in criteria and alternatives ponderations. Then, it was possible to suggest a final decision for stock allocation, through the organization of all criteria and alternatives in a decision tree together with their weights. Research results seems to suggest the necessity that automakers focus the aftersales resources in increasing their service level to dealership through stock decentralization, as a method to increase their revenue in long-term. Present research contributes to management because it investigates which are the relevant criteria and their weight for centralization decision. In addition, the use of multi-criteria decision making aid to suggest a postponement decision in auto parts distribution chain also represent a contribution.<br>A logística é um diferenciador cada vez maior entre empresas automobilísticas concorrentes, dada a equiparação da qualidade, dos preços e características notada nos veículos. Ao buscar essa diferenciação, as empresas privilegiam estratégias de alocação de estoques que permitam o aumento de sua receita e/ou a redução de seus custos. As estratégias de alocação de estoques de uma empresa privilegiam a centralização ou descentralização dos estoques. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é investigar o processo de decisão acerca da alocação de estoques de peças de reposição para o mercado de pós-vendas, ao analisar quais critérios são relevantes para essa decisão. Com esse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva. Os critérios relevantes para a decisão foram investigados na literatura e validados através de questionários realizados com concessionárias. Sendo a concessionária uma grande responsável pela imagem final da marca diante do cliente, elas participaram ainda na ponderação desses critérios e também das alternativas. Foi possível então sugerir uma decisão para alocação de estoques, através da organização dos critérios e alternativas ponderados em uma árvore de decisão. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de as montadoras descentralizarem suas distribuições de autopeças, elevando assim o nível de serviço para as concessionárias, como meio de elevarem suas receitas no longo-prazo. Esta pesquisa possui contribuições gerenciais de curto e de longo prazos. Em adição, o uso de técnicas de apoio à decisão multicritério para decisões sobre o uso de postergação para cadeias de distribuição também representa uma contribuição em si.
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Josiah, Sobondo. "A Markov model for forecasting inventory levels for Navy Medical Service Corps healthcare administrators." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41401.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.<br>The United States Navy Medical Service Corps is a diverse group of healthcare professionals that functions as a support community, providing administrative and clinical services as an integral part of Navy Medicine. There are currently more than 3,000 active and reserve Medical Service Corps officers serving around the globe, approximately 40 percent of whom are healthcare administrators. This thesis develops a Markov model to estimate the number of HCA accessions necessary to meet inventory requirements from FY14 to FY18. The general HCA model validation and analysis show that aggregate annual transition rates pass the stationary assumption required of Markov models. Models the study develops for some subspecialties perform better than others and are consistent and accurate. Consistency and accuracy are important because budget planners and recruiting command rely on manpower estimates during the fiscal year. These results suggest that the Markov model is a useful tool for HCA community managers to forecast inventory levels across rank and subspecialties, and is effective for determining force structure. Determining the end strength of HCA officers is an important part of the accession planning process for manpower planners to balance the force structure to effectively minimize deviation from target inventory levels that impact training and labor costs, as well as to manage career progression.
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Wonsowicz, Johanna Christine. "Establishing an inventory management process to meet high customer service levels in a vaccines organization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59189.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-77).<br>Inventory management is a complex aspect of Supply Chain Management that is frequently discussed and debated due to the fact that it has a high impact on customer satisfaction as well as financial performance. This thesis addresses how an inventory management policy was developed and established in a vaccines company where customer service is the top priority and product quantities are high. The work in this thesis is from a six month internship at Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics in Marburg, Germany. Project work focused on three inventory management questions: What are the right inventory targets for each product? What is the process to manage, monitor and maintain the inventory targets? How should the inventory targets be measured and controlled? The results from this project show that an effective way to set inventory targets is through the combination of analytical inventory calculations and the strategic analysis of the business environment. A detailed inventory model was built in Microsoft Excel that uses common inventory formulas and considers critical product attributes such as shelf-life, process lead times, batch sizing, replenishment frequency and capacity constraints to calculate the inventory targets. The model results are part of the larger inventory management policy that was created and incorporated into the Supply Chain group's Sales & Operations Planning process. The complete inventory management policy addresses the details of regularly setting inventory targets, how they should be maintained and tracked and defines clear roles and responsibilities.<br>by Johanna Christine Wonsowicz.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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GRENMARK, OSKAR, and DANIEL OHLSSON. "Applying a model for lateral transshipments in fast-fashion retail." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-237236.
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The highly variable demand of fast fashion causes retailers in the industry to face large uncertainties when allocating initial inventory batches across multiple locations. Further into the selling season, inventory imbalances might arise as an effect of deviations from expected demand. To mitigate these imbalances, retailers can make use of lateral transshipments of inventory from locations with excess stock to those facing the risk of a stockout. Such transshipments require models for determining what and how much to ship as well as when to ship it. This thesis investigates how such a model can be applied on replenishment warehouse level in a fast-fashion retail setting. The research was conducted through a quantitative case study at Hennes & Mauritz (H&M), one of the largest fast-fashion retailers in the world. An appropriate existing transshipment model based on the concept of service level was identified and adjusted to suit the characteristics of H&M. In contrast to the vast majority of models in literature, empirical probability distributions were used for dynamically modelling short-term demand. The proposed model was evaluated and found to suggest transshipments yielding significant revenue increase driven by lowered price reductions. This thesis differs from existing literature by providing a unique case-study of how a transshipment model can be applied in practice and how it performs on empirical data from one of the largest fast-fashion retailers in the world.<br>Den kraftigt varierande efterfrågan på snabbt mode gör att aktörer i branschen står inför stora osäkerheter vid initiala lagerallokeringar. Längre in i försäljningscykeln kan lagerobalanser uppstå till följd av avvikelser från den förväntade efterfrågan. För att hantera obalanserna kan företag flytta lager från de regioner med lageröverskott till de som i närtid riskerar att få slut i lager. Sådana flyttar kräver modeller för att avgöra vad och hur mycket som ska flyttas samt när det ska flyttas. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur en sådan modell kan appliceras inom branschen för snabbt mode. Studien genomfördes som en kvantitativ fallstudie i samarbete med Hennes & Mauritz (H&M), en av världens största aktörer inom snabbmodebranschen. En lämplig existerande modell som baseras på konceptet om servicenivå identifierades och anpassades efter H&M:s egenskaper. Till skillnad från majoriteten av modeller i literature användes empiriska sannolikhetsfördelningar för att dynamiskt modellera kortsiktig efterfrågan. Den föreslagna modellen utvärderades och visades föreslå flyttar som genererar signifikanta intäktsökningar drivet av lägre prisnedsättningar. Denna studie skiljer sig från existerande litteratur genom sitt bidrag med en unik fallstudie av hur en modell för lagerflyttar kan appliceras i praktiken samt hur den presterar på empirisk data från en av världens största snabbmodeaktörer.
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Satir, Benhur. "An Analysis Of Benefits Of Inventory And Service Pooling And Information Sharing In Spare Parts Management Systems." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12612073/index.pdf.
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Inventory management and production control problem of a dealer operating in a decentralized
spare parts network is analyzed in this dissertation. Spare parts network is
assumed to be formed of two dealers and the problem of a dealer is considered under
the assumption that the other dealer has a known policy. These dealers collaborate
through inventory and service pooling. Furthermore, the dealers collaborate through
sharing information on the net inventory status.
Upon demand arrival, a dealer may request a part from the other dealer, in which
case a payment is made. Under this competitive and collaborative environment, the
optimal operating policy of an individual dealer is characterized under full information.
Through computational analysis, the conditions under which the dealer under
consideration is most profitable are identified. Finally, by comparing dierent pooling
strategies and several information availability levels, the benefit of information
sharing is quantified.
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Holtne, Jim, and Anton Auvoja. "A case study of Mionix’s distribution system on how to improve inventory management with focus on customer service and total cost." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45889.
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Background - A company’s distribution system is a critical component and businesses need to consider the aspects of customer service and total cost when designing the distribution system. A distribution system can be defined as the process of making products or services available for customers. The rise of e-commerce has increased the challenge of having a cost efficient distribution system together with a high standard of customer service. The distribution system is put under heavy pressure to deliver goods as quickly as possible and at the lowest possible cost due to globalization and outsourcing. E-commerce involves a new approach of the distribution system with its small order sizes, daily order volumes and small parcel shipments that are often shipped the same day. Inventory management is being regarded as an important part of the distribution system. Inventory management is the ability to balance the demand of products with the supply of products in a cost-effectively way. Companies therefore need to use material planning methods to coordinate the flow of material effectively throughout the distribution system. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study Mionix’s current distribution system with focus on customer service and total cost. Based on the findings, this thesis will identify which costs that are possible to influence and reduce. Secondly, the aim is to study how material planning methods can help Mionix to improve the inventory management function and propose measures for improvement. Method - This thesis has used a positivistic view with a deductive approach. It is a case study that contains elements of both qualitative and quantitative research strategy. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study the authors have conducted a flow and situational analysis in order to identify services and costs in the distribution system that Mionix can influence. Further, the authors conducted a situation analysis of Mionix’s current inventory management function. The authors then calculated and analysed how material planning methods such as EOQ, Total cost, Sensitivity analysis, Ordering points and optimal safety stock and service levels could improve Mionix’s inventory management function. Next, alternative solutions are presented together with the authors’ evaluations and recommendations for the company. The data that was needed to accomplish this was collected by performing interviews, observations and extracting data from computer system e.g. Excel. Conclusion - The authors have identified two distribution channels within the distribution system: the wholesaler channel and the retailers/e-commerce channel. Mionix has the opportunity to influence two particular costs: capital costs and cost of loss of sales, which are included in inventory- and customer service costs according to the total cost model. Material planning methods can improve Mionix’s inventory management function by deciding safety stock levels, ordering points and EOQ for all products in accordance with the theoretical framework. Further, if Mionix use the authors’ recommendation the company can reduce estimated total annual cost by 23% or 26% depending on what mode of transportation that is used
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Chen, Yan-Zhi, and 陳彥智. "The Inventory Models of Fashion Products with Service Level." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59689603873479938672.
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碩士<br>真理大學<br>數理科學研究所<br>95<br>The object of the inventory management is satisfy the customer demand with minimum inventory cost and the inventory policy is how to decide the quantity or timing of every order times, that can reach the object of the inventory management.
However inventory service level setting that also has got trade off relation with the total inventory cost. Now, the services of all customers be satisfied is important competitive policy during business. All operators of the business practice is looking for the balance point between service level and cost.
So this research mainly focuses on the inventory model for the logistic demand. In the controllable lead time, the shortages are allowed and the total amount of stockout during the stockout period is considered to be a mixture of backorders and lost sales, then put in the subject of service level. We propose the inventory model of decision variables that includes order quantity、reorder point、setup cost、quality level、lead time and service level etc. Then we utilize the numerical simulation examples to illustrate the relation between total cost and service level.
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Pai, Hung-Jui, and 白鴻叡. "Optimized (r,Q) Inventory Model under Diverse Customer Service Level Control." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77962500222472442516.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>工業工程與系統管理學研究所<br>94<br>The major goal of the inventory management is to keep the cost under a reasonable boundary and also keep the customer requirement satisfied. In order to reach this goal, the decision maker has to minimize the stock as well as fulfill the customer service level. Consequently, the model of inventory management has to consider two factors: 1.)customer service level; 2.) lowest cost of ordering, holding and shortages.
A three-echelon inventory system consisting of supplier, retailer and downstream customers will be developed in this research. In this system, retailer is required to satisfy the demand of service level β and to determine reorder point r and ordering quantity Q which would lead to minimized inventory cost. After the inventory model is built, an algorithm for acquiring the reorder point r and ordering quantity Q which lead to the lowest total cost under the required service level will also be developed. Thereafter any decision maker in an enterprise will be able to make out an optimal reorder point r and ordering quantity Q when facing a thirsty demand and a trict level of customer service.
In developing the algorithm, the values of parameter, average demands for a cycle and standard deviations will be considered in the rule of algorithm. Finally the sensitivity analysis will be performed to see how the ordering cost, holding cost, and shortage cost affect the total cost through the total cost curve. This analysis will help to determine the decision parameters.
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Shivsharan, Chetan T. "Optimizing the Safety Stock Inventory Cost Under Target Service Level Constraints." 2012. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/822.
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The level of customer satisfaction largely depends on manufacturer’s ability to respond to customer orders with promptness. The swiftness with which the manufacturers are able to meet customer demand is measured by the service level. There are two service level measures typically used. The first one is type 1 service level which denotes the probability of not stocking out over a planning period. The other is fill rate which denotes the proportion of demand satisfied with the existing inventory. We review the rich and diverse literature available on inventory cost optimization under these service level constraints. Subsequently two optimization models are developed for the two different types of service level measures. The goal is to determine the safety stock values for all products in a multi product inventory required to achieve aggregate type 1 and type 2 service levels at the minimum inventory cost. For both the models we also maintain a minimum threshold for individual type 1 and type 2 service level for every product. The models are solved using Lagrangian relaxation techniques.
The models are computationally solved in Microsoft Excel. We then carry out discrete event simulation to validate the results and to test the performance of the models. To provide the decision makers with an idea of variability in the service levels and the related risks associated with it on an immediate finite horizon planning scale we also carry out simulation for a time span of one, two and four years.
The results obtained show desired type 1 and type 2 service levels for products with under both infinite and finite planning horizons.
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Mangkuharjo, Gunawan, and 馬光寧. "Inventory Strategy For Finite Planning Horizon Considering Lost Sales and Service Level." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sy7feq.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>工業與系統工程研究所<br>102<br>In a perfectly competitive market, lost sale happens when there is a shortage; demand is ususally lost permanently. Shortages also result in a lost of goodwill for the distributor or retailer. The finite-horizon economic inventory model is more appropriate than the infinite-horizon planning model for product with short life cycles.
This study extends a previous Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model to include lost sales inventory and finite planning horizon. Exact algorithms are developed for this model. The objectives are to determine an optimal number of orders and reorder point to minimize total relevant cost that consists of order cost, holding cost, and shortages cost. Numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are performed to validate the models and to demonstrate the practical use of the study. The analysis shows that the minimum total relevant cost of the finite planning horizon method using the proposed algorithm in this study is higher than the global optimal solution using integer non-linear programming. Managerial insights are provided for decision makers to implement the optimal inventory policies with service levels that have been determined at the beginning of the inventory system plan.
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NathaniaSterling, Margaret, and 盧淑玲. "Using OptQuest to Solve a Two-Echelon Inventory Problem Subject to Service Level Constraints." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69004621529148098901.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工業與資訊管理學系碩博士班<br>101<br>Inventory management is an important issue, because it is very difficult to decide whether minimizing the level of inventory or satisfying customer demand is more important, and thus companies face a dilemma in this regard.
In this Master’s Thesis, we present a simulation model for the two-echelon inventory optimization problem using Arena and OptQuest subject to service level constraints, with the objective being to minimize the total inventory cost when the decision variables are the reorder point and reorder quantity. In the example examined in this work, there are three retailers; and one warehouse, with each adopting a continuous inventory control review (R,Q) policy.
The results show that the proposed method is very capable of solving stochastic problems, and that it can find the best combination of our decision variables without the hundreds, or even thousands of calculations that traditional mathematical approaches need to analyze complex supply chain systems. We thus recommend using Arena with OptQuest to solve such complex problems.
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Lin, Kuang-Kuei, and 林光奎. "A study of continuous review inventory models involving controllable parameters with service level constraint." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54071337318841168654.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>管理科學研究所碩士班<br>93<br>The Japanese experience of using Just-In-Time (JIT) production shows that there are advantages and benefits associated with their efforts to control lead time. Japanese manufacturers are known for their strong and lasting partnership with their suppliers. This helps reduce lead time and is one of the sources of success of their JIT philosophy. The successful JIT is through the various effects and continuous improvements that efficient usage of resources the high quality products in the most economical manner, so as to gain the competitive advantages for business enterprise. Many activities, such as reducing the setup cost, shorting the lead time, and improving the quality of production processes and products, are recognized as the feasible and effective ways to achieve the goal of JIT. In other viewpoints, the factors (setup cost, lead time, and quality) mentioned above are often assumed as fixed constant and uncontrollable in the traditional inventory models, but are controllable in practice. On the other hand, in many practices, the stockout cost often includes intangible components such as loss of goodwill and potential delay to the other parts of the inventory system, and hence it is difficult to determine an exact value for the stockout cost.
In this thesis, we employ a service level constraint to replace the shortage cost in the objective function, and discuss the problem. In chapter 2, we discuss the problem the problem of investing capital in reducing setup cost, where the setup cost is treated as one of the decision variables in the model. In chapter 3, we further consider the possible relationship between quality and lot size, and investigate the quality improvement problem in which the quality level is viewed as a controllable factor and is one of the decision variables. In chapter 4, we assume lead time and ordering cost reductions act dependently, and discuss the same problem as in chapter 3. For all models proposed in this thesis, we utilize the numerical examples to illustrate the effects of inventory systems associated with investing capital in changing the values of parameters.
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Wei-TeLee and 李維德. "Using Retrospective Optimization to Solve a Two-Echelon Inventory Problem Subject to Service Level Constraints." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uj6hx7.
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"An Examination of the Professional Override in the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision (LSI-OR)." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2014-06-1398.
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Despite the overwhelming amount of research conducted on forensic risk assessments in the last twenty years there has been a distinct lack of information on the use of the professional override to adjust actuarial scores. The current study was designed to fill the gap in the research literature examining the effects from using the professional override in the Level of Service Inventory – Ontario Revision (LSI-OR). While there has been recent research conducted indicating that overrides or adjusted actuarial risk assessments are not as accurate as purely actuarial methods (Gore, 2007; Hanson et al., 2007; Hogg, 2011; Wormith, Hogg, & Guzzo, 2012) there is a lack of research conducted solely on the use of professional overrides in forensic risk assessment. This study analysed data from 40,539 provincial offenders in Ontario, Canada. The sample was primarily male (83.9%), White (63.0%), and was comprised of violent (53.0%), sexual (3.3%), and non-violent offenders (43.7%). Predictive validity analyses were conducted to determine the effects of the override for the total sample and then stratified by gender and ethnicity. Special attention was paid to the effects of the override compared between violent, sexual, and non-violent offenders.
Results showed that the General Risk/Need score was most strongly correlated with non-violent recidivism over violent and sexual recidivism and that the General Risk/Need was significantly more correlated with non-violent recidivism for female offenders compared to male offenders. Correlation analyses showed that the initial risk levels appeared to be better predictors of general, violent, and non-violent recidivism whereas the final risk levels appeared to be better predictors of sexual recidivism in some cases. For violent and sexual offenders, the initial risk levels were significantly stronger predictors of general, violent, and non-violent recidivism than the final risk levels yet the final risk levels were non-significantly stronger predictors of sexual recidivism. There were no significant differences between the initial and final risk levels’ prediction estimates of the recidivism outcomes for non-violent offenders. Further, there were many more overrides used to increase risk levels than to decrease risk levels overall; sexual offenders had more overrides used to increase risk levels than violent and non-violent offenders combined. Risk level matrices indicated that there were many discrepancies between the number of offenders overridden and their corresponding recidivism rates. Regression analyses indicated additional discrepancies between the significant predictors of recidivism and the significant predictors of the override.
Though there were certain methodological limitations to the current study the results still provide important information on the use of the override in a sample of male and female Ontario offenders. The results showed that the override resulted in decreased predictive validity of multiple recidivism outcomes. The conflicting information between the prediction of sexual recidivism and general, violent, or non-violent recidivism prevents a clear message being drawn from this study, yet the equivocal results provide further doubt and criticism of the use of adjusted actuarial practices in forensic risk assessment. Training assessors for how to use the override and examinations of the effects of the override for various offender groups must be improved and more frequently monitored. Further research should also focus on the reasons why overrides are used and if there are any biases concerning certain offender types. Misuse of the override has far-reaching ethical and legal implications that must be limited to ensure the future of forensic risk assessment is as accurate and appropriate as possible.
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Jui-MingHu and 胡瑞明. "Inventory control systems for products with optional components and payment options under service level and budget constraints." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65267882905401519834.
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博士<br>國立成功大學<br>工業與資訊管理學系碩博士班<br>98<br>Globalization, customization, quick response and rapid technology changes are important environmental challenges facing enterprises in recent years. Firms increasingly must offer differentiated products that are differentiated in terms of quality, function, and so on to target fickle customer preferences as well as different levels of willingness to pay. Enterprises should not only consider product and process design, but also to emphasize how to support these mentioned service objects, reduce the forecast errors and balance their budget. Modularization, postponement and information sharing are the key issues related to product and process redesign that are required in adapting enterprises to the tendency of environmental challenges. Hence, managing the multi-item inventory system is becoming one of the important policies for enterprises. Literatures have explored the multi-item inventory system with independent demand among different items. However, there are interaction effects that should not be overlooked in the multi-item inventory system with independent demand. Moreover, some scholars have introduced different aspects of cost into their models for modifying the variable cost pragmatically. Thus, the service cost is introduced and defined in proportion to the service level. In this thesis, the (Q, r) model (continuous review) is developed to find the optimal decision variables (the lot size and reorder point) for a multi-item inventory control system with interactions between necessary and optional components. Our objective is to find the optimal inventory management policies under the consideration of minimizing the expected total costs and some constraints caused by the environmental challenges. These models are formulated as nonlinear optimization problems as the service level is nonlinear. Some known procedures are revised to solve some of these problems and the results are compared with other known procedures.
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Hsieh, I.-Hung, and 謝依宏. "A Study of Inventory Control for a Supply Chain with Variable Lead Time and Service Level Constraints." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97482820443478275168.
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碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>行銷與流通管理研究所<br>93<br>With the increasing competition in market, businesses usually hold large stocks in order to satisfy required service levels of customers. About control and management of inventory system, lead time is one of the important factors which may influence strategies. In fact, a company can reduce safety stock as well as increase service level via shortening the lead time of inventory replenishment. The lead time is composed of times of several operations among trading parties, such as ordering, manufacturing, delivering, and storing. Therefore, the reduction of lead time may involve with all trading parties to improve the related operations. However, most of earlier research has considered this issue as a single buyer’s decision. This thesis is to study the effect of lead time reduction on the inventory decisions for a single supplier and multiple buyers supply chain under stochastic demand and constraint service level.
The study initially focuses on a supply chain consisting of a single supplier and its multiple buyers with probabilistic demand following a normal distribution. The vendor is assumed to adopt an outbound freight consolidation policy and thus merchandises to each buyer on a common cycle. A common-cycle periodic review inventory model is proposed to determine the optimal common cycle and target levels for replenishments of all trading parties. The models revise the work of Banerjee & Banerjee (1994) by incorporating the ordering cost and a stricter solution procedures under two common service level constraints. Besides, two of the models extends the proceeding common-cycle inventory model by involving variable lead time with extra crashing cost. The optimal lead time, the common cycle and the target levels for replenishments are derived under two common service level constraints, and the application of model is further illustrated by a stair-step lead-time reduction cost function. Numerical experiments and sensitivity analyses are also performed for the stair-step lead-time reduction cost case, which give managerial implications of effects of parameters on the total system cost.
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I-YingHo and 何怡瑩. "Using Sample Average Approximation to Solve a Two-Echelon Inventory System Problem Subject to Service Level Constraints." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99751970062138807503.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工業與資訊管理學系<br>104<br>We address a two-echelon inventory system consisting of an external supplier, a central warehouse and some retailers. The objective is to determine an (S-1, S) pair that minimizes a cost function, defined in terms of both holding costs and shortage costs, subject to the constraint that the average response time to each customer is below a specified threshold level. The problem we formulate has a large solution space; however, traditional mathematical model can not solve these problems efficiently, so we propose an algorithm based on simulation. The Ranking and Selection (R＆S) procedure can be used to solve simulation optimization problems for which the number of feasible solutions is small, and thus we propose a simulation algorithm which combines the sample average approximation, the cutting plane method and the feasibility check procedure.
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Li, Chien-Ming, and 李建明. "(Q,r,L) inventory model involving quantity discounts, additional holding capital and shortage allowed with a service level constraint." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83017760310763794135.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>管理科學學系<br>91<br>In the traditional inventory models, lead time is often viewed as a uncontrollable constant or a random variable. However, as pointed out by Tersine (1982), lead time usually consists of five components. Liao and Shyu (1991) first reduced lead time by adding crashing cost. Recently, some inventory model literatures considering lead time as a decision variable have been developed to search optimal strategy. In addition, in most of inventory model literatures, they often ignored additional holding capital in expected annual cost, but in real situation, besides having the holding cost, the inventory has additional holding capital, it has great effect to the use of business capital. Besides, supplier often use quantity discounts for some purposes or promotion, therefore, how to make a suitable purchase strategy at quantity discounts is very important for manager. Moreover, because the loss caused by stockout is usually hard to estimate accurately, many authors employ a service level constraint to replace the shortage cost.
This paper extend the present literature, in involving service level constraint, quantity discounts and considering additional holding capital three situations, we establish two inventory models, respectively: in Chapter 2, we establish a continuously reviewed inventory model involving quantity discounts, additional holding capital and stochastic backorder rate with a service level constraint; in Chapter 3, we further establish a continuously reviewed inventory model involving a service level constraint, quantity discounts, additional holding capital and having defective units with a stochastic defective rate and a fixed backorder rate. Both of the inventory model consider two situations: the demand of lead time follows a normal distribution and distribution free. We use traditional optimum principle and computer aided to find out the suitable order strategy.
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Yu-ChiehTsai and 蔡妤潔. "Combining Cutting Plane Method and Local Search to Solve a Two-Echelon Repairable Inventory System Problem Subject to Service Level Constraints." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49997681980815168047.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>工業與資訊管理學系<br>103<br>We address a two-echelon spare parts repairable inventory system consisting of a central repair warehouse and some regional depots. The objective is to determine an (S-1, S) pair that minimizes a cost function, defined only in terms of holding costs, subject to the constraint that the average response time to each customer is below a threshold level. To avoid the mistakes resulting from the approximation and implausible assumptions in traditional methods, we propose an algorithm based on simulation instead of queueing theory. The R＆S procedure can be used to solve simulation optimization problems for which the number of feasible solution is small, and thus we propose a simulation algorithm which combines the cutting plane method, the feasible check procedure and the feasible direction approach.
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WEI-TANG-WU and 吳韡堂. "A Study of Spare Parts Inventory Policy and Lead Time Based on Service Level－ A Simulation of X Air Force Warehouse." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51680642749762160706.
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碩士<br>國防管理學院<br>資源管理研究所<br>92<br>ABSTRACT
Spare parts management is one of most important duties for military logistic departments who charge the availability of weapon systems. Because of the insufficiency of spare parts could result in failed equipment and fighting, but excessive stock of spare parts may lead to the high holding cost. So the difficulty of the job is that the manager must provide sufficient spare parts to ensure the availability of weapon systems under restricted budget. We lead to the topic of the paper by using the concept of service level. Discussing the influence to service level of weapon system and inventory expected total cost on the basis of safety stock and economic order quantity and lead time strategy.
We use （s , S）inventory strategy and SimscriptⅡ.5 to construct a simulation , performing model verification under the basis of inventory strategy , and set X mid-price spare part as an example.
We found the higher of service level of spare parts , the more payment of expected total cost , cause the increasing of inventory holding cost , Under the same service level , the longer of lead time , the more payment of expected total cost. So lead time is a severe burden whatever the setting of service level. No doubts , shorten the lead time is a useful approach if we want to promote service level without increasing expected total cost , and it is important for us to do some correction on that because budget-cutting problem will happen every year.
Keywords：Service Level、Spare Parts、Inventory Strategy、 System Simulation
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"Gender and Risk Assessment in Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-analysis." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.38408.
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abstract: Although young males are still the primary perpetrators of juvenile crime, girls are increasingly coming into contact with the criminal justice system. While girls may have different pathways to crime and risks for recidivism than boys, their risk to reoffend is typically assessed using a gender-neutral tool that is based on social learning theory: a theory originally developed and tested on males. With the appropriateness of using gender-neutral tools to assess female criminality coming into question, a number of researchers have searched for a resolution. To date, mixed findings on the predictive validity of risk assessment tools have not provided any definitive answers. To help assess the predictive validity of the Youth Level of Service Inventory, separate meta-analyses were conducted for male and female juvenile offenders using previous studies. The mean effect sizes were compared in order to determine whether the predictive validity is similar for both males and females. With the exception of violent recidivism, results indicate that the YLS/CMI works equally well for male and female offenders. The implications of these findings for theory, research, and correctional policy are discussed.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016
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Afonso, André Luís Oliveira. "Gestão de stocks: aplicação prática a uma empresa de consumíveis de escritório." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/5421.
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O projecto que se passa a apresentar consiste na procura da optimização do processo logístico de uma empresa de consumíveis de escritório, a JackPaper, através da implementação de uma nova política de gestão de stocks, com o intuito de garantir um bom nível de serviço ao cliente, ao mesmo tempo que se estreita a relação com os fornecedores.
Actualmente, a empresa tem implementado um processo logístico baseado numa abordagem pull, ou seja, não existe a constituição de stocks, sendo que a recepção de uma encomenda do cliente despoleta uma encomenda para o fornecedor, com posterior deslocação até ao mesmo para recolha do material encomendado e entrega ao cliente num espaço temporal de 2 dias. Tendo em conta os novos objectivos estratégicos da empresa, foram seleccionados pontos de melhoria para o actual processo logístico que passam por criar uma política de gestão de stocks para alguns artigos que privilegie a manutenção do nível de serviço ao cliente da JackPaper, reduzindo os custos e a dependência do nível de serviço dos fornecedores. Foram analisados e estudados diversos cenários para a implementação de uma política de gestão de Stocks na empresa. Conclui-se que a adopção de uma política de gestão de Stocks baseada no modelo de revisão contínua para os artigos classificados como A e B (através da aplicação da análise ABC) permite reduzir custos, mantendo o nível de serviço ao cliente. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de apoio a decisão que permite à JackPaper aplicar o modelo proposto de forma autónoma, contribuindo assim para aumentar a eficiência e eficácia nesta empresa.<br>The present work aims at optimizing the logistics process of a business office supplies, JackPaper, by implementing a new policy of inventory management, in order to ensure a high service level to the customer at the same time that narrows the relationship with the suppliers.
Currently, the company has implemented a logistics process based on a pull approach, i.e., there are no stocks, and the customer's order triggers an order to the supplier. Afterwards, JackPaper travels to the supplier to collect the material ordered and delivers to the customer within a lead time of 2 days. Given the company's new strategic goals, improvement measures were selected for the current logistics process that are to create an inventory management policy for some items while customer service level is maintained , and costs and the dependence on the service level of suppliers are reduced. Some scenarios for the implementation of an inventory policy were analyzed and studied. It is concluded that the adoption of an inventory policy based on a continuous review model for items classified as A and B (through the application of ABC analysis) will reduce costs while maintaining the customer service level. We developed a decision support tool that allows JackPaper to apply the model independently, thereby increasing the efficiency and effectiveness in this company.
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Reis, Elisete Estrada. "Gestão de inventários numa empresa de produção de linhas de costura." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/39297.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial<br>O projeto de investigação descrito nesta dissertação centrou-se na análise e revisão das
políticas de gestão de inventários na empresa Liconfe S.A. O principal objetivo era reduzir os
custos de stock, contribuindo para o aumento do nível de serviço ao cliente e tendo por base a
melhoria contínua do processo produtivo.
O processo de armazenagem e a programação da produção são áreas importantes na gestão de
stocks da empresa. Na verdade, para existir controlo dos stocks efetivo e informação
fidedigna acerca dos seus valores, as atividades de armazenamento devem ter procedimentos
padronizados. Com vista à garantia de um elevado nível de serviço ao cliente, e devido à
grande variedade de referências de artigos, a produção da empresa é programada para
produzir para stock.
No sentido de reduzir a complexidade da pesquisa, devido à variedade de artigos, e permitir
alcançar resultados úteis no tempo disponível, procedeu-se à elaboração de uma análise ABC
de todos os tipos de fio com o objetivo de selecionar o artigo que correspondesse ao maior
valor financeiro na atividade da empresa. Concluiu-se que o fio 100% poliéster 42/2, na
tonalidade de cru, representa mais do que 50% do valor financeiro investido em matériaprima
(classe A). Este fio constitui a base para todo o processo de tingimento em mais de
1400 tonalidades, representado assim cerca de 70% das vendas da empresa.
Numa primeira fase verificou-se que os valores correspondentes aos stocks da matéria-prima
sem transformação não estavam controlados no armazém. Só faria sentido a elaboração de
propostas de novas políticas de gestão de stocks caso se elaborassem procedimentos padrão
para o controlo dos mesmos. Desta forma, analisou-se a variação de stock do fio 100%
poliéster 42/2 cru no ano de 2014 e propôs-se a adoção de uma política de nível de reencomenda
para a gestão de stocks da matéria-prima para o armazém da empresa e para o
armazém da tinturia1. Este último necessita de ter stocks controlados para que não ocorram
quebras no processo de tingimento.
Elaboraram-se propostas para racionalizar os stocks dos produtos em vias de fabrico.
Nomeadamente, a priorização da matéria-prima com transformação para o início da
rebobinagem, bem como a criação de um documento de entrada de produção que informa em
que etapa do processo de fabrico o artigo se encontra.<br>The research project described in this dissertation is focused on the analysis and revision of
inventory management politics in Liconfe S.A Company. The main objectives was to reduce
stock costs, thus helping to increase the level of customer service and, simultaneously, to keep
working on the continuous improvement of the production process.
The storage process and production programming are important areas concerning inventory
management of the company. In order to achieve an effective stocks control and reliable
information, storage activities should be based on standardized procedures. Also, so as to
provide a high customer service level and given the diversity of articles’, the company’s
produces for stock.
In order to reduce the complexity of research, due to the variety of articles and to get useful
results in the time available, we developed an ABC analysis for all types of yarn with the
purpose of determining the article that corresponds to the highest financial value in the
company's activity. We conclude that 100% polyester 42/2 yarn in the raw tone represents
more than 50% of the financial value invested in raw material (class A), furthermore this yarn
constitutes the basis for all the dyeing process in more than 1400 shades, which accounts for
about 70% of company sales.
In an initial stage, we observed that the data concerning stocks of untransformed raw
materials were not exact in the warehouse. It would only make sense to draw up proposals for
new stock management policies if standard procedures were created as so to record and
control them. Thus, we analysed the stock variation of 100% polyester 42/2 raw yarn in 2014
and proposed the adoption of a re-ordering policy for raw materials stocks management at the
company warehouse and at the dyeing warehouse 1. This last one needs an accurate stocks
control to avoid disruptions in the dyeing process.
Proposals have been elaborated to rationalize of work-in-process stocks. Particularly,
prioritization of the raw materials with conversion for the winding operation, as well as
creating a production input document that states the stages of the manufacturing process for
articles.
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"The Effect of Social Interactions on Demand and Service Levels of Online Retailers in the Social Shopping Context." Doctoral diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15822.
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abstract: Social shopping has emerged as a popular online retailing segment. Social shopping revolves around online communities that bring consumers together to shop for deals. Online retailers have been making significant investments to encourage consumers to join online communities linked to their websites in the hope that social interactions among consumers will increase consumption rates. However, the assumption that social interactions increase consumption rates in social shopping remains largely untested in empirical settings. Also, the mechanisms of such an effect remain unclear. Moreover, extant literature has overlooked the role played by elements of the marketing mix, including product characteristics and the commercial context, in defining the effect that social interaction mechanisms have on consumption rates in this focused context. Furthermore, common knowledge in the operations management discipline challenges the largely held assumption, in the social interactions literature, that increasing consumption rates will always be beneficial to online retailers. Higher consumption rates may lead to stockouts, leading to lower service levels. This dissertation develops and empirically tests a theoretical framework that addresses these managerially relevant issues. Specifically, the investigation centers on the effects of social interaction mechanisms on consumption rates in social shopping. In turn, it assesses the nature of the relationship between consumption rates and service levels, after controlling for inventory provision. Finally, it assesses the role played by elements of the marketing mix in defining the relationship between social interaction mechanisms and consumption rates in this focused context. The research methodology uses experiments as the primary source of data collection, and employs econometrics techniques to statistically assess the conceptual framework. The results from the empirical analysis provide interesting insights. First, they unveil influential consumers in social shopping according to relational and structural elements of the social network of consumers and time of purchase. Second, the influence of early buyers' purchases on consumption rates becomes weaker when the quality of the products being offered as part of a deal increases, but it becomes stronger when the price of those products increases. Finally, as deals' consumption rates increase, their service levels decrease at a faster pace.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Ph.D. Business Administration 2012
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Liang, Gang-Ming, and 梁剛銘. "Replenishment policies for inventory system with outsourcing and scrap, and EPQ-based system with breakdown, scrap, backordering and service levels." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21877030741606935572.
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