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Books on the topic 'Level of Validity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Kelsall, Tim. Outdoor sound level prediction for industry: A review of the validity of CSA Standard Z107.55 in view of current knowledge and requirements for its use. Hatch Associates, 1986.

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2

Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Research study of the 1998 civics NAEP achievement levels. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 2000.

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3

United States. National Assessment Governing Board. and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Proceedings of Achievement Levels Workshop: Boulder, Colorado, August 20-22, 1997. National Assessment Governing Board, U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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4

Leigh, Burstein, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. The validity of interpretations of the 1992 NAEP achievement levels in mathematics. Center for the Study of Evaluation, Graduate School of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993.

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5

Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Feedback in the NAEP achievement levels setting process. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 2000.

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6

Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Analysis of item ratings for ensuring the procedural validity of the 1998 NAEP Achievement-Levels Setting. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 2000.

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7

Grant, Joan Staggs. ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS: VALIDITY OF A NURSING DIAGNOSIS. 1989.

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8

Stanley, Nile Van. A concurrent validity study of the emergent reading level. 1986.

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9

Development of a scale for assessing the level of computer familiarity of TOEFL examinees. Educational Testing Service, 1998.

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10

Zwolski, Kenneth. TESTING FOR RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE ABILITY TO FORMULATE NURSING DIAGNOSES IN SENIOR LEVEL BACCALAUREATE NURSING STUDENTS. 1988.

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11

West, Gregory K. The construct validity of the holistic writing score: An analysis of the essay subtest of the College-Level Academic Skills Test. 1988.

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12

Ward, Tony, and Anthony Beech. The explanation of sexual offending. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.3.

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This essay focuses on four core issues and their normative implications associated with the “theory problem” as it relates to sexual offending. First, a critical task is to build multi-level and interfield theories that are directly responsive to the complex nature of human functioning and psychological architecture. Second, an important cognitive task is to take seriously the level of human agency and mental state psychological explanations of action. This requires accepting the significance of values and personal meanings, and appreciating that social and cultural practices causally influenc

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13

Levinson, Marjorie. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810315.003.0011.

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This chapter bridges the gap between historicism and formalism through a new model for lyric. Different kinds of explanation suit different levels of analysis: validity in interpretation is tied to analytic level. Proposed here is a theory of the middle range—Franco Moretti’s genre, Jonathan Culler’s poetics. “Lyric” indicates the kind of poem recognized since the eighteenth century as such—hence, as the extreme form of the literary. A process resembling thinking happens in such densely coded, layered, and self-reflexive poems. The model suggested, however, is not self-reflexivity but self-ass

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14

Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira. Populism and the Question of How to Respond to It. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.21.

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Given that populist forces maintain a difficult relationship with democracy, there is an open debate about how to respond to their rise. This contribution addresses this question by developing a framework for analysis that identifies who are the actors that at the domestic and external level can try to deal with the populist challenge. Moreover, different types of responses to the emergence of populism are depicted. In addition, this contribution maintains that advancing a radical approach against populism might generate more harm than good, since “fighting fire with fire” can end up giving mo

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15

Boland, Lawrence A. Limits of equilibrium methodology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0008.

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This chapter uses a dialogue between an ‘inquisitive student’ and an ‘economics teacher’ to expose a fundamental problem with how economics is taught at the introductory level. It illustrates the need to address the questions of equilibrium stability (does an equilibrium return if disturbed) and methodological individualism (the requirement that in an explanation of social events, ‘things don’t decide; only people do’). It also illustrates the inadequacy of what is taught in beginning economics classes. Specifically, if one has to assume the presence of an equilibrium to make any policy point,

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16

Garcia, Ernest V. Use of Artificial Intelligence Including Decision Support Systems in Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0030.

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Artificial intelligence methods, including clinical decision support systems will continue to evolve with, and adapt to, nuclear cardiology and the changing needs of physicians in specific, and to nuclear medicine technology and the health care system in general. The high level of automation already achieved in myocardial perfusion imaging is unmatched by any other cardiac imaging modality, and continues to be its major strength. In addition, strong statistical evaluations of the accuracy and validity of the various techniques have been made possible simply because of the large amount of objec

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17

Smith, Peter B. Cross‐cultural Differences in Personnel Psychology. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0015.

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In recent decades, substantial advances have been made in the creation of systematic procedures for the conduct of policies relevant to an organization's human resources. These developments present challenges to the validity of personnel practices that have been honed in monocultural settings. Put rather too crudely, companies must either modify their practices to accommodate the increasing diversity of their workforces, or they must find ways to create sufficiently uniform organizational cultures to permit the retention of the procedures developed earlier. An early indication of the difficult

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18

Lovecky, Deirdre V. Misconceptions about Giftedness and the Diagnosis of ADHD and Other Mental Health Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645472.003.0005.

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In the field of gifted education, it commonly thought that behaviors such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are common in gifted children, and, therefore, due to these behaviors, they are often being misdiagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The overexcitabilities (OEs), particularly psychomotor OE, are one source of the issue. Gifted children, due to psychomotor OE, are seen as having a high level of ADHD-like behaviors that are mistaken for ADHD. This chapter explores the literature to determine the validity of these ideas. This chapter also describ

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19

Shaikh, Mohd Faraz. Machine Learning in Detecting Auditory Sequences in Magnetoencephalography Data : Research Project in Computational Modelling and Simulation. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.411.

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Does your brain replay your recent life experiences while you are resting? An open question in neuroscience is which events does our brain replay and is there any correlation between the replay and duration of the event? In this study I tried to investigate this question by using Magnetoencephalography data from an active listening experiment. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to study the brain activity and understand brain dynamics in perception and cognitive tasks particularly in the fields of speech and hearing. It records the magnetic field generat

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20

Allen, Jennifer D., Rachel C. Shelton, Karen M. Emmons, and Laura A. Linnan. Fidelity and Its Relationship to Implementation Effectiveness, Adaptation, and Dissemination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0016.

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There is substantial variability in the implementation of evidence-based interventions across the United States, which leads to inconsistent access to evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies at a population level. Increased dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions could result in significant public health gains. While the availability of evidence-based interventions is increasing, study of implementation, adaptation, and dissemination has only recently gained attention in public health. To date, insufficient attention has been given to the issue of fidelity.

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21

Martinie, Célia, Philippe Palanque, and Camille Fayollas. Performance Evaluation of Interactive Systems with Interactive Cooperative Objects Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0010.

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Arguments to support validity of most contributions in the field of human–computer interaction are based on detailed results of empirical studies involving cohorts of tested users confronted with a set of tasks performed on a prototype version of an interactive system. This chapter presents how the Interactive Cooperative Objects (ICO) formal models of the entire interactive system can support predictive and summative performance evaluation activities by exploiting the models. Predictive performance evaluation is supported by ICO formal models of interactive systems enriched with perceptive, c

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22

Kubek, Maria M., and Zhong Li, eds. Autonomous Systems 2018. VDI Verlag, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783186862105.

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To meet the expectations raised by the terms Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet and Internet of Things, real innovations are necessary, which can be brought about by information processing systems working autonomously. Owing to their growing complexity and their embedding in ever-changing environments, their design becomes increasingly critical. Thus, the many topics addressed in this book range from data integration on hardware level to methods for security and safety of data and to stochastic methods, data interferences as well as machine learning and search in decentralised systems. Their va

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23

Moreno-Lax, Violeta. The Fundamental Rights Acquis: An ‘Integrative Approach’ to Interpretation—The ‘Aggregate Standards’ Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0007.

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This chapter will catalogue the multiple ways in which human rights penetrate the EU legal order and the different functions they play qua (internalised/’Europeanised’) ‘fundamental rights’, both as standards of validity and as means of interpretation of EU acts. The main preoccupation is to identify the sources of fundamental rights obligations, retrace their origin and overall significance within the EU legal system, and determine the rules relevant to their interpretation and application. The ‘integrated’ or ‘cumulative standards’ approach will be developed against this background. Accordin

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24

Alexandrova, Anna. Is Well-Being Measurable? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0005.

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Among the scientists and policymakers, measurability of well-being is now almost uncontroversial—only the individual measures are. Philosopher Daniel Hausman, however, argues that well-being in the proper sense is too person-relative and hence heterogeneous. It is not a quantity that can be measured on the population level. This chapter agrees that there is a sense of well-being—the all-things-considered individual well-being—on which it is likely not measurable but disagrees that therefore well-being is not measurable in any sense. Crucial to measurement is the existence of generalisations be

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25

Konijnenberg, Sander, Aurele J. L. Adam, and H. Paul Urbach. BSc Optics. TU Delft Open, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5074/t.2021.003.

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This book treats optics at the level of students in the later stage of their bachelor or the beginning of their master. It is assumed that the student is familiar with Maxwell’s equations. Although the book takes account of the fact that optics is part of electromagnetism, special emphasis is put on the usefulness of approximate models of optics, their hierarchy and limits of validity. Approximate models such as geometrical optics and paraxial geometrical optics are treated extensively and applied to image formation by the human eye, the microscope and the telescope. Polarisation states and ho

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26

Newton, David E. The Animal Experimentation Debate. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400612985.

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Reviewing the topic from antiquity to the present day, this book examines the debate over the use of animals in research in a fair and balanced way. The debate over the use of nonhuman animals in experimental research has gone on for centuries, and it continues as vigorously today as it ever has. In fact, in the last decade, the controversy has intensified, making animal testing a topic at the highest level of debate of any socioscientific issue in the United States. This book presents all sides of the issue so that readers can come to their own conclusions as to the morality and validity of a

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27

Flannery, Jeanne Carper. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF LEVELS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING ASSESSMENT SCALE FOR ADULTS WITH CLOSED HEAD INJURIES. 1987.

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28

Miksza, Peter, and Kenneth Elpus. Causation and Causal Claims. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the philosophy of science surrounding warrants for causal claims, how researchers can use quantitative data to create causal knowledge, and how to evaluate the validity of causal knowledge generated through research. In music education, carefully answered causal questions can provide insights that improve both teaching and learning in music at all levels and in all contexts. In this chapter, details are provided on the kinds of experimental and quasi-experimental research designs most commonly employed for causal research, the challenges that researchers using these metho

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29

The validity of age predicted maximal and submaximal heart rates in women of various ages and activity levels. 1987.

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30

The validity of age predicted maximal and submaximal heart rates in women of various ages and activity levels. 1987.

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31

The validity of age predicted maximal and submaximal heart rates in women of various ages and activity levels. 1987.

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32

The validity of age predicted maximal and submaximal heart rates in women of various ages and activity levels. 1985.

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33

Cubides-Amézquita, Jenner Rodrigo, ed. Characterizing the fitness of Colombian military personnel. Escuela Militar de Cadetes José María Córdova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21830/9789585380240.

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One of the great limitations in applying research involving the military population is that data are taken from other studies that do not reflect the specific characteristics or conditions of Colombian soldiers. Regardless, the outcomes are applied and appropriated as if these soldiers were, in fact, the sample of the study. In response to this situation, this work publishes the results of research involving the physical performance of Colombian military personnel to provide the academic community with descriptions of the variables that make up this population’s physical fitness training. This

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34

Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0022.

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In this chapter I review the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the aim of providing a developmental synthesis. In the first section I ask: What is ADHD? I conclude that it is a relatively broad construct that, although having validity as a mental disorder dimension and utility as diagnostic category, is frequently comorbid with, but can be distinguished from, other disorders, and is highly heterogeneous. In the second section I ask: What causes ADHD? I conclude that ADHD has a complex set of causes implicating multiple genetic and environmental risks (and their

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35

Walker, Jené. Level up Now to Unlock 10 Legendary Billionaire Mindsets: How to Validate Your Authority Through a Dominion Mindset. Unleash the Leader Corporation, 2021.

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36

Hauswald, Rico, and Lara Keuck. Indeterminacy in medical classification: On continuity, uncertainty, and vagueness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0005.

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This chapter aims to clarify the terminology of and relations between ontological, epistemological, and semantic aspects of indeterminacy in medical classification systems. Although classifications of diseases and mental disorders are often characterized as having blurred boundaries, there is no consensus on what exactly this means. The following clarification may remedy this shortcoming: from an ontological point of view, disease entities are found to be discrete or continuous, depending on whether realisation gaps occur. From an epistemological perspective, the certainty of a classification

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37

Dallmeijer, Annet J., Astrid CJ Balemans, and Olaf Verschuren. Exercise, physical activity, and cerebral palsy. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0026.

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Children with cerebral palsy have major motor impairments that lead to reduced fitness and physical activity levels. Increased energy cost of walking in combination with reduced aerobic fitness induces high levels of physical strain that can lead to fatigue complaints and limited physical activity. To assess fitness, adapted laboratory and field exercise tests with good reliability and validity are available for both ambulant and wheelchair-using children with cerebral palsy. Children with cerebral palsy show increased sedentary time and low physical activity levels which relate to increased r

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38

Lamb, Kevin L., Gaynor Parfitt, and Roger G. Eston. Effort perception. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0015.

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As the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale was not appropriate for children, investigators set about developing child-specific scales which employed numbers, words and/or images that were more familiar and understandable. Numerous studies have examined the validity and reliability of such scales as the CERT, PCERT and OMNI amongst children aged 5 to 16 years, across different modes of exercise (cycling, running, stepping, resistance exercise), protocols (intermittent vs. continuous, incremental vs. non-incremental) and paradigms (estimation vs. production). Such laboratory-based research h

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39

Jean-Christophe, Martin. Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–), 60 The Ethiopian Military Intervention in Somalia—2011. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0060.

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This contribution focuses on Ethiopia’s intervention in Somalia in October 2011 in order to fight Al-Shabaab. Since this intervention was not authorized by the UN Security Council, its legality needs to be assessed through the question of Somalia’s consent, expressed by the Transitional Federal Government. It can be assumed that this government validly consented to the intervention, which was also supported at the IGAD level. Indeed, not only was the Transitional Federal Government internationally recognized as the representative of Somalia, it also exercised effective control over the state’s

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40

Hildebrand, Maria, and Ulf Ekelund. The assessment of physical activity. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0021.

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Physical activity (PA) is a complex human behaviour that comprises several dimensions, including intensity, frequency, duration, type/mode, and domain. PA outcomes can be divided into two main categories: the estimation of energy expenditure, and other quantifying metrics of PA. Subjective methods, including questionnaires and diaries, are often easy to use, cost-effective and are able to assess type of PA and to rank PA levels. However, they are prone to several limitations and are not able to provide accurate estimates of PA, energy expenditure, or intensity. Objective methods, including acc

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41

Daley, David, and Saskia Van der Oord. Behavioural interventions for preschool ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0035.

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The evidence supporting the validity and stability of ADHD during the preschool years is now considerable and, coupled with mounting evidence indicating long-term impairments and economic cost of ADHD, provides a clear rationale for early intervention during the preschool years. While medication is an evidenced-based intervention for older children with ADHD, higher side effects and lower levels of efficacy in preschool children make medication a less attractive option. This chapter presents the behavioural treatment options available for preschool children with ADHD and reviews the evidence b

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42

Mienie, Edward L. Security, Governance, and State Fragility in South Africa. Lexington Books, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978728226.

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Do existing measures of state fragility measure fragility accurately? Based on commonly used fragility measures, South Africa (SA) is classified as a relatively stable state, yet rising violent crime, high unemployment, endemic poverty, eroding public trust, identity group based preferential treatment policies, and the rapid rise of the private security sector are all indications that SA may be suffering from latent state fragility. Based on a comprehensive view of security, this study examines the extent to which measures of political legitimacy and good governance, effectiveness in the secur

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43

Watson, David, and Michael W. O'Hara. Understanding the Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199301096.001.0001.

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Understanding the Emotional Disorders: A Symptom-Based Approach examines replicable symptom dimensions contained within five adjacent diagnostic classes in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders. It reviews several problems and limitations associated with traditional, diagnosis-based approaches to studying psychopathology, and it establishes the theoretical and clinical value of analyzing specific

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44

Bates, Gillian P., and Christian Landles. Preclinical Experimental Therapeutics. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0016.

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This chapter begins by reviewing the mammalian models of Huntington’s disease (HD) that have been developed using mice, rats, and a number of large animals, including sheep, pigs, and nonhuman primates. Analysis of these models, together with genetically engineered mice created through specific manipulations of the mouse genome, has provided considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of HD. The number of potential therapeutic targets that have been proposed for HD is considerable, and their preclinical evaluation in HD mouse models is being used to select targets that should be purs

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45

Kalanthroff, Eyal, Gideon E. Anholt, and Helen Blair Simpson. Research Domain Criteria and OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0062.

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This chapter discusses the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, an initiative of the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) of the United States to develop for research purposes new ways of classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological measures, and explores how the hallmark symptoms of OCD (obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety) can be mapped onto RDoC domains. Unlike current categorical diagnostic systems (e.g., DSM), RDoC seeks to integrate many levels of information (from genomics to self-report) to validate dimensions defined by neurob

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46

Gritton, Sally Ann. The Independent Actor. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350272644.

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The Independent Actor presents a 21st-century training route achievable by self-curated learning for actors of all skill levels. This book rejects a purist approach to actor training, challenges traditional acting styles and disregards the embedded elitist notions of Western-training methods at the top of the hierarchy. Instead, it takes a contemporary, self-focused approach to learning and applying acting skills. Through doing so, the book is the first to validate a self-curated approach to actor training. Designed as a companion to practical experience and useful as a reference sourcebook, i

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47

Gartzke, Erik A., and Paul Poast. Empirically Assessing the Bargaining Theory of War: Potential and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.274.

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What explains war? The so-called bargaining approach has evolved quickly in the past two decades, opening up important new possibilities and raising fundamental challenges to previous conventional thinking about the origins of political violence. Bargaining is intended to explain the causes of conflict on many levels, from interpersonal to international. War is not the product of any of a number of variables creating opportunity or willingness, but instead is caused by whatever factors prevent competitors from negotiating the settlements that result from fighting. Conflict is thus a bargaining

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48

Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.

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La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeve

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49

Manieson, Victor. Accelerated Keyboard Musicianship. Noyam Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38159/npub.eb20211001.

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Approaches towards the formal learning of piano playing with respect to musicianship is one that demands the understanding of musical concepts and their applications. Consequently, it requires the boldness to immerse oneself in performance situations while trusting one’s instincts. One needs only to cultivate an amazing ear and a good understanding of music theory to break down progressions “quickly”. Like an alchemist, one would have to pick their creative impulses from their musical toolbox, simultaneously compelling their fingers to coordinate with the brain and the music present to generat

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