Academic literature on the topic 'Level Sub Module'
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Journal articles on the topic "Level Sub Module"
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V., Ramadas, and P. Antony Samy V. "P-FUZZY LEVEL SUBMODULES OF NEAR RINGS." International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (2018): 84–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1165264.
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A Technique of generating of P- fuzzy R- sub module by a given arbitrary P- fuzzy set is provided. It is shown that (i) The sum of two P- fuzzy R- sub module of a module M is the P- fuzzy R- sub module generated by their union and (ii) The set of all P- fuzzy sub module of a given module forms a complete lattice. Consequently it is established that the collection of all P- fuzzy R- sub module, having the same values at zero, of M of the lattice of P- fuzzy R- sub module of M. Interrelationship of these finite range sub lattices is established. Finally it is shown that the lattice of all P- fuzzy R- sub module of M can be embedded into a lattice of P- fuzzy R- sub module of M. Through out this paper , M denote as P- fuzzy R- sub module where R is the commutative near ring with unity. Characterization of P- fuzzy left R- sub modules with respect to t- norm are also given.
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Jin, Enshu, and Yagu Zhang. "The Method of MMC Redundancy Optimization Allocation Based on Multi-objective Optimization." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 03075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817303075.
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When the modular multi-level converter of the sub-module faults, which will cause the unbalanced system, affect the normal operation of the system, so to the MMC arm configuration redundant sub-module is necessary, if the sub-module faults, redundant sub-modules will replace the fault sub-module maintaining the normal operation of system. In this paper, we propose a reasonable and effective method for the configuration optimization of redundant sub-module based on the three indexes, namely, efficient utilization of redundant sub-module, the number of redundant sub-module and the reliability of the system MMC, considering the three factors, establishing a multi-objective optimization function of redundant configuration, By calculating the optimal value to accurately calculate the number of redundant sub-module of MMC, based on the proposed redundancy configuration optimization method, building a simulation model of MMC 5 level in PSCAD, the results verify the rationality and feasibility of the proposed optimization method.
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Merie, Saad S., and Hatam Yahya Khalf. "Fuzzy Soc-Semi-Prime Sub-Modules." Ibn AL- Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 35, no. 1 (2022): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/35.1.2804.
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In this paper, we study a new concept of fuzzy sub-module, called fuzzy socle semi-prime sub-module that is a generalization the concept of semi-prime fuzzy sub-module and fuzzy of approximately semi-prime sub-module in the ordinary sense. This leads us to introduce level property which studies the relation between the ordinary and fuzzy sense of approximately semi-prime sub-module. Also, some of its characteristics and notions such as the intersection, image and external direct sum of fuzzy socle semi-prime sub-modules are introduced. Furthermore, the relation between the fuzzy socle semi-prime sub-module and other types of fuzzy sub-module presented.
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Ju, Pengfei, Bowen Zhao, Yanchi Zhang, Tian Din, Wanting Liao, and Jun Fang. "Capacitor voltage balance control strategy based on MMC-MTDC." E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001073.
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The MMC is composed of a large number of sub-modules. The operating conditions of each sub-module are different, which will inevitably affect the capacitor voltage of each sub-module, resulting in the difference of the capacitor voltage of each sub-module. The problem of uneven voltage of the sub-module capacitor voltage of the MMC system is unavoidable, and the uneven voltage of the capacitor will greatly affect the stable operation of the MMC system. This paper studies the multi-terminal flexible DC transmission system (MMC-MTDC) based on modular multi-level converters. The multi-terminal MMC-MTDC system model is established through the MMC-MTDC converter station level and the MMC-MTDC system level controller, and then according to the shutdown process of MMC-MTDC system, several optimal control methods are proposed to realize energy feedback and sub-module discharge to achieve capacitor voltage balance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by building a simulation model.
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Xie, Yan, Bo Chao Chen, and Yao Jun Chen. "Current Analysis of Power Devices of the Sub-Module in New Modular Multi-Level Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.410.
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This paper introduced a new modular multi-level converter (MMC), which could enhance the voltage and power level by sub-converter modules in series and was easy to extend to any level of output. Its structure and working mechanism were described.By analyzing the new modular multi-level converter (MMC) working mode, its sub-module four power devices’ current distribution is detailed analysis. It can further guide the choice of the device. The simulation results show that the analysis is correct and effective. It can provide a valid theoretical basis for the choice of the MMC sub-module power devices.
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Farahpour, M., H. van Keulen, M. A. Sharifi, and M. Bassiri. "A planning support system for rangeland allocation in Iran with case study of Chadegan sub-region." Rangeland Journal 26, no. 2 (2004): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj04015.
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Overgrazing and untimely grazing are common on rangelands in Iran often because of land tenure ambiguities. For the same reason a considerable portion of the rangelands has been converted into farmland for rainfed cereal production. As a result, these rangelands are experiencing land degradation under the increasing pressure to support a growing population of people and livestock. Land tenure reform is perceived as one approach to improving the use and condition of Iranian rangelands. Changes in land tenure involve very complex decision-making that should lead to sustainable use of the land and contribute to the sustainable livelihood of present and future generations. This paper describes a planning support system developed for rangeland allocation in Iran to support the tenure-reform process. The system is composed of three modules: land evaluation module, district planning module and local planning module. The land evaluation module works in a GIS environment and uses the FAO methodology for land evaluation, with emphasis on biophysical characteristics of the land-use system. Socio-economic factors in terms of the effect of human intervention on the current status of the land have also been taken into account. The district planning module comprises three sub-modules: planning sub-module, grazing sub-module, and a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) sub-module. The planning sub-module is an optimisation model that examines the degree of realisation of various objectives of stakeholders and generates alternative solutions. For each alternative, the grazing capacity of the land is assessed (grazing sub-module). The MCE sub-module ranks the alternative solutions, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages. The outcome is a pattern of land use consistent with existing government policies and satisfying the needs and desires of the local population. The local planning module also comprises three sub-modules: land allocation sub-module, economically viable grazing enterprise sub-module, and a land improvement planning sub-module. The land allocation sub-module transforms the district land-use pattern into a local land-use plan. The economically viable grazing enterprise sub-module determines the appropriate size of the land holding for each household on each land-mapping unit. Finally, the land improvement planning sub-module provides information on the status and impact of the land improvement program. This planning support system has been applied to the Chadegan sub-region in Iran to illustrate its potential as a decision-making tool. Three scenarios were defined at district level, in addition to the status quo: maximum benefit for farm households; minimum government subsidies; and maximum land cover, emphasizing environmental goals. Results suggest that maximum land cover is the preferred scenario with the highest income and carrying capacity, and lowest level of subsidisation. However, since it eliminates wheat production, this scenario it culturally less attractive.
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Alharbi, Yousef, Ahmed Darwish, and Xiandong Ma. "A Comprehensive Review of Distributed MPPT for Grid-Tied PV Systems at the Sub-Module Level." Energies 16, no. 14 (2023): 5468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145468.
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Energy crises and the growth of the energy demand have increased the interest in utilizing unconventional power sources. Thus, renewable energy sources have become a topic of interest to mitigate rising energy concerns and cope with increased electricity demand. With remarkable merits including cleanness and abundance, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems are a key to solving these issues. The employed inverters should effectively utilize the maximum available power from the PV solar system and transfer this power to the utility grid without posing any further limitations. However, the unequal power generation of different PV systems caused by partial shading (PS) and other PV panel degradation factors leads to a reduction in generation capacity. One of the relatively new solutions to mitigate the mismatch concerns between the PV modules and sub-modules is to extract the maximum power of each sub-module individually. The main objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of such PV grid-connected inverters topologies associated with sub-module connection and control. It will classify the PV grid-tied inverters in accordance with the level where the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system is implemented. A special focus has been placed on sub-module microinverters (MI) in terms of circuit topologies, conversion efficiency, and controller design. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of employing the distributed MPPT (DMPPT) approach to maximize the power generation of PV systems by mitigating the mismatch issues inside the PV module. The circuit topology, PV system configuration, and MPPT algorithms used for applying DMPPT solutions in PV SMs are discussed in detail in this study.
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Singh, Sarabjeet, and Yogesh Chandra Sharma. "Investigation on the impacts of thickness on thermal stress on Thermoelectric materials MoSi2 and Mo5SiB2." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1221, no. 1 (2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1221/1/012045.
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Abstract Thermoelectric cooler employs Peltier effect for dissipating heat in an electronic casing structure. It shows exceptional rewards over conservative cooling skill via quiet process, extended life span, and effortless integration. Nevertheless, Joule heating results in the accumulation of internal heat thereby exposes thermoelectric cooler towards the risk of thermo-mechanical breakdown all through continuous operations in pragmatic thermal surroundings. A relative analysis of the effect of thickness size on thermal stress on MoSi2 and Mo5SiB2 by the COMSOL-Multiphysics platform is offered. Mo5SiB2 in comparison to MoSi2 has lower anisotropic single crystal elastic moduli, along with lower shear modulus. Mo5SiB2 has a slightly higher bulk, shear and Young’s than MoSi2. RT Vickers hardness of Mo5SiB2 is much larger than those of MoSi2. Fracture toughness is comparable to those of MoSi2. In this paper, a 3D module of thermoelectric materials MoSi2 and Mo5SiB2 is designed on the way to examine the effect of thermal stress with increasing thickness of the material taking into consideration the temperature reliant TE material traits. One side of the module is kept at 300K with fixed constraints while the other side is kept at 1200K. It has been observed that the thermal stress induced in MoSi2 and Mo5SiB2 decrease exponentially with increase in thickness of the material. Beyond thickness of 500 nm, the incremental difference in thermal stress is not large although a slight rise in stress level is observed at thickness 700 nm. It was found that the induced thermal stress for a particular thickness in Mo5SiB2 is lower than MoSi2. For MoSi2, the voltage swings across the length is from -2.42mV to 1.09 mV whereas for Mo5SiB2, the voltage swings across the length is from -1.87 mV to 1.64 mV. It was found that excessive elevated levels of thermal strain may source the dislocations as well as cracks in the layers of the material.
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Zhang, Bao Shun, Cheng Yong Zhao, Chun Yi Guo, Li Zhuan Zhou, and Lin Li. "Sub-Module Controller and Sub-Module Steady-State Test Platform Design for MMC-HVDC." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1006.
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Compared with Line-Commutated-Converter High Voltage Direct Current (LCC-HVDC), the primary and secondary systems of modular multilevel converter based HVDC (MMC-HVDC) are more complicated. And control and protection function of sub-module controller (SMC) have great influence on the operation of MMC-HVDC system. This paper investigates the design method of SMC and sub-module (SM) steady-state platform. First, the structure of the primary system and the electrical parameters of the 21-level MMC-HVDC are designed. Second, the architecture of the control system and SM fault protection strategy are proposed, and the control program is developed and debugged. Then SM steady-state test platform and the relevant control and protection are designed. Finally, the steady-state test and the system test of the physical MMC-HVDC simulation system are conducted. The test result shows that the sub-module is of good property and SMC can communicate with upper control layer efficiently, control and protect the SM efficiently.
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Rampisela, Nicolaas Saul, Christiana Demaja Sahertian, and Yance Zadrak Rumahuru. "High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) based Learning Module Design: Study at Youth Sub-Level I Sunday School/Evangelism Shoots." Journal of Educational Analytics 1, no. 3 (2022): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/jeda.v1i3.1837.
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The concept of teaching materials applied to Sunday Schools/Evangelism Buds has not yet adopted the concept of HOTS-based education. The teaching materials used are still based on LOTS (Lower Order Thinking Skills). This is clearly seen from the General Instructional Objectives and Special Instructional Objectives which still use operational words to explain, know and explain. For this reason, this research was conducted, namely to produce HOTS-based learning modules in stimulating interest in learning in Sunday School children, Sub-Level Youth I Congregation of GPM Imanuel OSM Ambon. The researcher developed a learning product in the form of a Sunday School Teen Class learning module with research steps referring to Borg and Gail (1981). In this study, researchers succeeded in producing a product in the form of a HOTS-oriented learning module that can increase students' thinking levels, and produce a learning module product that is used by caregivers in the teaching and learning process for adolescents at SMTPI sub-level 1.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Level Sub Module"
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Joseph, Ashton Edward. "Comparison of the sutherlandioside B levels in two commercially available Sutherlandia frutescence preparations and the effect of elevated temperature and humidity on these levels." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1532_1299237071.
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<p>Sutherlandia frutescens (tribe Galegeae, Fabaceae), is a popular medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa. In 2000, a company called Phyto Nova (Pty) Ltd. initiated large-scale cultivation and contract manufacturing of tablets, made from the powdered herb (i.e. thin stems and leaves). Most of these commercial Sutherlandia solid dosage forms are made from the dried leaf powder but recently a new product, viz. Promune&trade<br>capsules, made from a freeze-dried aqueous extract, came on the market and was claimed to be &ldquo<br>better&rdquo<br>as it mimics the traditional tea. However, the pharmaceutical quality and stability of these preparations have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study were firstly, to develop a validated stability-indicating HPLC assay for sutherlandioside B (SU-B)<br>secondly, to compare the SU-B levels in the two commercially available Sutherlandia products viz, the Phyto Nova Sutherlandia SU1&trade<br>tablet and the Promune&trade<br>capsule, and, thirdly, to determine the effect of elevated temperature and humidity as well as acid hydrolysis on the SU-B levels in these two products.</p>
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Groenewald, Jakobus William. "Collective bargaining, minimum labour standards and regulated flexibility in the South African clothing manufacturing sector: at the level of the National Clothing Bargaining Council's Western Cape Sub-Chamber." Thesis, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5115_1228892816.
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<p align="justify">In the context of a society in which there is an urgent need to create jobs, this research considers, firstly, whether the current labour regulatory environment is flexible enough to allow for an employment scenario that is conducive to job creation. The research then considers what is meant by the policy of &lsquo<br>regulated flexibility&rsquo<br>and considers how flexibility operates in practice at NBC level. It is argued that the concept of flexibility is a misnomer &ndash<br>since it creates more problems than it solves. The research concludes with a call for real flexibility that will allow for increased investment and a greater supply of jobs.</p>
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Sun, Sisi. "The China-OHADA BIT, a step in the right direction : a new model of China-Africa BIT at a regional or sub-regional level." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22567.
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Idris, Nurul Hazrina. "Development of new retracking methods for mapping sea levels over the shelf areas from satellite alimetry data." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1051125.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Through research carried out in the last few years, sea level anomalies (SLAs) from altimeter range measurements have been improved in the near coastal zone between 50-10 km from the coastline using waveform retracking techniques. However, closer than about 10 km from the coastline, the improvement of altimetry data accuracy is still challenging due to the complex nature of the coastal topography and rougher coastal sea states. Although there is a healthy diversity of waveform retracking algorithms that have been beneficial to the coastal community, there is a lack of clear recommendations and guidelines on which retracker should be used under the various conditions. This dissertation presents a waveform retracking system that improves the accuracy of coastal altimetry data through the optimal selection and seamless switching of retrackers. The principles of the system are twofold. The first is to reprocess altimeter waveforms using the optimal retracker, which is sought, based on the analysis from a fuzzy expert system. The second is to minimise the relative offset in the retrieved SLAs caused by switching from one retracker to another, using a neural network. With the retracking system, the risk of assigning the waveform to an inappropriate retracker is minimised by including information about the waveform shapes and statistical features of the retracking results in the fuzzy expert system. The system also reduces inconsistency in the retracked SLAs when switching retrackers by employing the neural network to handle the nonlinear relationship between the retracker and the scattering surface, thus providing seamless transition from the open ocean to coast, or vice versa. The retracking system has been demonstrated to 20 Hz waveforms of Jason-1 and Jason-2/OSTM missions from 2009 to 2011. It has been applied to areas of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Prince William Sound in Alaska. The regional investigations have demonstrated that the retracking system can effectively improve the quality of the altimeter derived SLAs in coastal regions. It reduces the standard deviation of the unretracked sea levels by up to 500 cm for Jason-1 and 300 cm for Jason-2. It extends the SLA profiles further (1-7 km) to the coastline and recovers up to 70% more data than the existing retrackers from the Sensor Geophysical Data Records(SGDR). Comparison with the SLAs from the tide gauges indicates that the SLAs from the retracking system are more reliable than those of from the SGDR products, in the sense that it has a higher (>0.8) temporal correlation and smaller (<17 cm) RMS errors. The retracked SLAs from the retracking system also produce reliable geostrophic velocities as they are consistent with those of the high frequency radar velocities in the Great Barrier Reef region. Comparison with the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) at Prince William Sound shows good agreement between the SLA patterns from the retracking system and the ROMS. The results obtained in this dissertation, therefore, present a significant improvement in the accuracy and precision of the estimated SLAs and efficiently reduce the altimetry no-data gap in coastal regions. In addition, it also addresses the systematic validation protocol for validating the altimetry retracked SLAs using the HF radar in the region of the Great Barrier Reef, and using the ROMS in the region of Prince William Sound.
Books on the topic "Level Sub Module"
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Kachelriess, Michael. Symmetries and symmetry breaking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0013.
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The spontaneous breaking of symmetries (SSB) is discussed for global symmetries and Goldstones theorem is derived. The renormalisation of theories with SSB is studied using the effective potential. Then SSB is applied to the Abelian Higgs model, both on the classical and quantum level.
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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
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Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.
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Chalabi, Azadeh. National Human Rights Action Planning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822844.001.0001.
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This book deals with human rights action planning, as a largely under-researched area, from theoretical, doctrinal, empirical, and practical perspectives in order to put forward a new account of such planning. As such, the present work provides one of the most comprehensive studies of human rights planning to date. At the theoretical level, by advancing a novel general theory of human rights planning, it offers an alternative to the traditional state-centric model of planning. This new theory contains four sub-theories: contextual, substantive, procedural, and analytical ones. At the doctrinal level, a textual analysis of core human rights conventions is conducted in order to reveal the scope and nature of the obligation to adopt a national human rights action plan and to consider how to ensure that states are in compliance with this obligation. At the empirical level, a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries is conducted exploring the major problems of these plans in different phases and uncovering the underlying causes. At the practical level, both national and supra-national human rights governance systems are examined. At the supra-national level, a networked model of global human rights governance is suggested as a practical response strategy against the extant global governance system which hardly works as an integrated system. At the national level, after suggesting the establishment of a nation-wide network for implementing human rights, the essential parts of human rights action planning are probed in four phases putting forward some methodological techniques for each phase.
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Bellet, Carme, and Francisco Cebrián. Ciudades medias en España. Urbanización y políticas urbanísticas (1979-2019). 40 años de ayuntamientos democráticos. Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/cme_01.
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Las áreas urbanas articuladas por ciudades medias han experimentado los crecimientos más intensos del sistema urbano español durante las últimas cuatro décadas. La expansión de estas ciudades hacia sus periferias se ha intensificado en una etapa de fuertes cambios, con el máximo exponente de los crecimientos acontecidos durante la década prodigiosa del boom inmobiliario, entre 1997 y 2007. Como norma general, durante este período las ciudades medias han incrementado leve o moderadamente su población, pero han multiplicado exponencialmente su parque inmobiliario y su superficie urbanizada. Ello ha supuesto la alteración de sus tradicionales estructuras, en general relativamente compactas y densas hasta el momento, abriendo el debate sobre la configuración de espacios urbanos dispersos y fragmentados. En la última década, los crecimientos se han ralentizado y se ha planteado la aparición de un urbanismo más contenido, que reconsidere la pauta de la clasificación masiva de nuevos suelos urbanizables. Sin embargo, el análisis del planeamiento municipal reciente plantea una contradicción en el modelo, ya que parece persistir la expectativa urbanizadora. De hecho, la estrategia urbanística en ciudades medias parece seguir centrada en propuestas de extensión.
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Loughlin, John. 11. Federal and local government institutions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0013.
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This chapter focuses on federal and local government institutions. More specifically, it considers the ways in which territorial governance has been understood and implemented within the nation-state model. The territorial organization of nation-states may be either federal or unitary, although each of these categories may be further categorized as being either more or less decentralized. The welfare states of the post-war period represent the culmination of the nation-state-building process and placed emphasis on central control over sub-national levels of government. The chapter begins with a discussion of the modern nation-state and territorial governance, citing the rise of nationalism in unitary states and federal states. It then considers territorial governance in welfare states, along with the classical distinction between federal and unitary states. It also examines trends towards regionalization and decentralization in unitary states before concluding with an assessment of local government and local autonomy.
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Manirakiza, Pacifique. Complementing the ICC Efforts to Curb the Impunity of International Crimes in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810568.003.0015.
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A matter raised consistently by eminent personalities asked to report on atrocities in Africa, such as former South African President Thabo Mbeki, is the utilization of traditional justice mechanisms known to Africans. Their use has been limited to Gacaca courts in Rwanda, set up in haste and subject to much criticism. However, there exist several types and models of traditional justice mechanisms at the African level. The contribution of these sui generis mechanisms towards accountability for heinous crimes is largely unaddressed in academic literature. This chapter intends to fill this gap by exploring their potential contribution towards accountability for heinous crimes, alongside the International Criminal Court (ICC). In short, the chapter explores how community-based judicial mechanisms and the ICC, two types of accountability mechanisms with different methodologies and approaches, can work side by side to eradicate impunity regarding, and also to prevent, mass atrocities on the African continent.
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Davidson, James. Asymptotics for Fractional Processes. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198955207.001.0001.
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Abstract The object of this book is to develop an approach to the large-sample analysis of fractional partial-sum processes, featuring long memory increments. Long memory in a time series, equivalently called strong dependence, is defined to mean that the autocovariance sequence is nonsummable. The processes studied have a linear moving average representation with a single parameter, denoted $d$, to measure the degree of long-run persistence. Long memory means that $d \gt 0$, while $d \lt 0$ defines a special type of short memory known as antipersistence. Antipersistent processes are treated in parallel with the long memory case. Topics treated include the weak convergence of normalized partial sums to fractional Brownian motion and the limiting distribution of stochastic integrals where both the integrand and the integrator processes exhibit either long memory or antipersistence. The results are proved both for the case of independent shock processes and under the assumption of nonparametric weak dependence. Applications of the results to regression and cointegration analysis are explored. To provide context, chapters are included on the harmonic analysis of fractional models and local-to-unity autoregression. The level of mathematics is intended to make the material accessible to students of econometrics and statistics.
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Nogueira, Maria Aparecida Farias de Souza, Rosemar José Hall, and Vera Luci de Almeida. Gestão pública em perspectivas práticas. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-445-6.
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The book comes from the work of students and professors of the Master's Program in Public Administration in the National Network (PROFIAP), with the objective of bringing reflections on the practical perspectives of application of public management in different institutional environments, even considering different levels of public spheres, thus consolidating their concepts. Thus, the work is structured in 7 chapters that cover different subjects of public management, namely: training policy in brazilian federal universities, public purchases in the electronic auction mode and for family farming, and also considering the bias in the sustainable area, as instrument it; it also addresses the importance of satisfaction surveys in IFES university restaurants as a tool for improving public policy, creating an efficiency index for the inspection teams of the military fire department in Mato Grosso do Sul and finally, the management audit with focus on the performance of brazilian higher education institutions.
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Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.
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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.Major achievements of past centuries have included developing and organizing regular observation and monitoring programs. The free availability of data sets has supported the development of more accurate forcing functions for Baltic Sea models and made it possible to better understand and model the Baltic Sea–North Sea system, including the development of coupled land–sea–atmosphere models. Most indirect and direct observations of the climate find great variability and stochastic behavior, so conclusions based on short time series are problematic, leading to qualifications about periodicity, trends, and regime shifts. Starting in the 1980s, systematic research into climate change has considerably improved our understanding of regional warming and multiple threats to the Baltic Sea. Several aspects of regional climate and environmental changes and how they interact are, however, unknown and merit future research.
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Marques, Marcia Alessandra Arantes, ed. Pesquisa em Engenharia: Ciência e Aplicação. Bookerfield Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf22040200.
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Neste livro são apresentados resultados de trabalhos científicos aplicados à grande área de Engenharia. De abordagem objetiva, a obra se mostra de grande relevância para graduandos, alunos de pós-graduação, docentes e profissionais. Os capítulos estão agrupados em duas seções: i) materiais; ii) águas continentais e oceânicas. Pelo capítulo um é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para obter-se reprodutibilidade da área superficial de um eletrodo de estanho durante o estudo do crescimento de óxidos de estanho. A reprodutibilidade da área superficial pode ser comprovada pela reprodutibilidade das densidades de carga anódicas dos voltamogramas anódicos a 50 mVs-1 posteriores a cada tratamento. Por meio do capítulo dois é analisada a substituição de parte do carvão mineral, utilizado em siderúrgicas, por biomassa. Entre os grandes desafios do setor estão a produção de aço a preços competitivos e a substituição de parte do carvão mineral utilizado por biomassa. A biomassa é considera neutra em emissões de CO2, devido a captura do mesmo durante o processo de fotossíntese, o que a torna atraente para seu uso nos processos siderúrgicos. Além disso, o seu uso pode gerar redução de custos, principalmente se for considerado os rejeitos do agronegócio que não possuem um alto valor agregado. Neste contexto, por este capítulo serão mostradas algumas possíveis utilizações de biomassa nos processos siderúrgicos através de estudos que vem sendo realizado no tema e aplicações na indústria. Será possível notar que o uso de biomassa é uma alternativa viável a curto prazo para atender as crescentes restrições ambientais atuais. Através do capítulo três é analisado o crescimento voltamétrico de óxido de estanho em solução tampão fosfato, pH 8,7. Medidas elipsométricas ex-situ foram realizadas para determinar a espessura dos óxidos crescidos. A partir desses resultados, o volume do filme por unidade de carga, Vf, foi calculado para diferentes densidades de carga. As medidas elipsométricas mostram que filmes de óxido de estanho crescidos a 2 mVs-1 são menos densos para valores de espessura 3,37 nm, tendo Vf próximo a 1,70 x 10-4 cm3C-1. Para valores mais altos de espessura (11,0 – 12,4 nm) os filmes se tornam mais densos tendo Vf próximo a 0,5 x 10-4 cm3C-1. No caso de 100 mVs-1 os filmes apresentam o mesmo comportamento, tendo Vf próximo de 3,74 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 4,56 nm e Vf próximo de 1,32 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 7,42 nm. Imagens de Microscopia de Força Atômica mostraram que a morfologia muda e a rugosidade dos filmes aumenta com o aumento da espessura e do potencial final da voltametria. O capítulo quatro trata do Nitreto cúbico de boro (cBN), material imprescindível para usinagem com alta precisão e alta velocidade de APRESENTAÇÃO materiais ferrosos como aço. O cBN é recomendado para trabalhos sob condições severas, tais como corte intermitente, em que dureza deve estar associada com tenacidade para evitar a quebra. Na síntese do cBN, são aplicados, basicamente, dois tipos de catalisadores: nitreto de magnésio e magnésio. Cada qual oferece diferentes possibilidades, tais como maiores valores de profundidade de corte ou menor nível de rugosidade superficial. Este capítulo contribui para uma melhor compreensão da manipulação dos parâmetros aplicados no regime de síntese deste elemento e, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sua produção. Por meio do capítulo cinco é avaliada a aplicação de separação magnética de alta intensidade no beneficiamento de itabiritos pobres. Na rota de processo avaliada (separação magnética + flotação), a etapa de separação magnética executa a função de pré-concentração e deslamagem. O teor de SiO2 no concentrado foi de 1,46% (menor que o teor objetivo de 2,00%). As recuperações mássica e metalúrgica obtidas com a rota separação magnética + flotação foram maiores em termos absolutos 3,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Através do capítulo seis é realizada a otimização de injeção de poliamida PA66 com 50% GF usando o método Taguchi. O estudo se justifica pela necessidade crescente de materiais mais leves e de maior produtividade em substituição às ligas metálicas, o que demanda o constante desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos e eficazes processos de fabricação. Como resposta do estudo, mediu-se a resistência máxima de tração (RTmáx), numa poliamida 66 com carga de 50% de fibra de vidro, Grivory GV-5H®. Fez-se uso da metodologia ANOVA para indentificar-se os fatores de maior significância para o processo. A melhor resistência máxima de tração obtida de 242,6 N/m2, mostrou-se como uma opção na substituição à aplicações de ligas metálicas de alumínio. A melhor resultado se obteve com a temperatura de processamento em 270°C, o fluxo volumétrico de 83 cm³/s, a pressão de recalque de 300 bar, a contrapressão de 10 bar, velocidade da rosca de 50 min-1 e o tempo de recalque com valor de 5 s. As porcentagens de contribuição encontradas foram pressão de recalque com contribuição de 61%, seguido da temperatura de processamento, com contribuição de 17% e em terceiro, o fluxo volumétrico com contribuição de 12%. A instalação de grandes equipamentos submarinos em águas profundas apresenta uma série de desafios. O capítulo sete trata da análise de estabilidade hidrodinâmica de Manifolds submarinos durante a instalação pelo método pendular. O presente capítulo racionaliza tal método e, além disso, considera sistemas para evitar o capotamento, durante um momento crítico do método que é o início da descida, apresentando uma modelagem matemática fenomenológica a partir de casos similares. A etapa de validação foi realizada pela análise comparativa entre a modelagem proposta e resultados de testes experimentais realizados com modelos físicos. Com a confirmação da aderência dos resultados numéricos com os experimentos, esta abordagem se confirma como uma ferramenta de engenharia para dimensionamento dos equipamentos submarinos instalados pelo Método Pendular para que sejam direcionalmente estáveis. Por meio do capítulo oito são apresentados os resultados da simulação da distribuição espacial das ondas geradas pela ação de ventos severos sobre o reservatório da barragem de Salto Caxias, no rio Iguaçu, estado do Paraná. Os ventos severos foram estimados através da análise de frequência regional para várias estações anemométricas do Instituto Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR) para o período de 1998 a 2005. As alturas de ondas foram estimadas pelo método paramétrico SMB, que usa como dados de entrada o fetch e a velocidade do vento. O método SMB foi aplicado pelo modelo computacional ONDACAD. Os testes estatísticos indicaram que a distribuição de Wakeby foi a mais robusta para as séries curtas de ventos horários máximos anuais, produzindo estimativas de ventos severos que variaram entre 25,7 ms-1 (tempo de retorno de Tr=10 anos) a 50,9 ms-1 (Tr=100 anos). O estudo presta grande contribuição à compreensão da quantificação das alturas de ondas geradas por ventos severos neste importante reservatório do estado do Paraná. Pelo capítulo nove é apresentada uma análise comparativa bidimensional entre alturas de ondas resultantes da aplicação dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP ao reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional, localizado no Rio Paraná entre o Brasil e o Paraguai. Os campos de vento uniforme relacionados a períodos de recorrência de 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos foram obtidos pelos registros realizados pelo Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR). Através da utilização do modelo ONDACAD foram determinados os campos de fetch e a transformação em campos de ondas pela utilização dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP. Ao proceder a análise constatou-se que, ao majorar os resultados do modelo JONSWAP em 78% chega-se aos resultados bidimensionais gerados pelo modelo Marques. Esta condição foi verificada para situações de ventos extremos, ou seja, superiores a 20ms-1 e corpos hídricos que possuem fetch máximo da ordem de 10 quilômetros. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da distribuição das magnitudes das alturas de ondas neste reservatório de grande importância no âmbito da América do Sul, de grande utilidade para estudos relacionados, por exemplo, a erosões marginais, ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, psicultura por tanques-rede, quantificação de gases de efeito estufa devido à ressuspensão de sedimentos devido a propagação de ondas.
Book chapters on the topic "Level Sub Module"
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Baake, Jonathan, and Zhenmin Tao. "A Cost Modeling Framework for Modular Battery Energy Storage Systems." In Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89444-2_35.
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Abstract This paper presents a cost modeling framework for battery systems. Based on findings in battery cost modeling literature, there is a need for scalable, systematic frameworks to model cost. The framework in this paper, which is developed with a systems approach in mind, incorporates parametric cost models that consider scaling in component rating, future cost prediction and economies of scale with a limited set of tunable parameters per component. This framework is employed to construct an instance of a novel battery architecture, the module level converter topology, in a scalable way using different classes for (sub-)systems and indivisible components, based on the desired power output and energy content of the system. By doing so, the system costs of the novel hybrid battery architecture are compared to a baseline battery topology in terms of cost decomposition. The prospects of this novel architecture are also mapped out in terms of production volume and future component costs.
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Bucat, Bob, and Mauro Mocerino. "Learning at the Sub-micro Level: Structural Representations." In Models and Modeling in Science Education. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8872-8_2.
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Parroco, Anna Maria, and Micaela Arcaio. "Assessing intimate partner violence in African countries through a model-based composite indicator." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.35.
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Violence against women has been recognised to affect all dimensions of women’s lives and health, involving both the physical and mental conditions of victims and their general well-being. Intimate partner violence (IPV) – characterized by one of the partners seeking power and control over the other – can be identified as either emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. Recent data show that 33% of ever-married women in Sub-Saharan Africa have survived this form of abuse. The literature lacks an overall measure of violence suitable for surveys since the Composite Abuse Scale (Revised) – Short Form captures IPV mostly in a clinical setting. The data here used are drawn from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). They are part of fifteen surveys that include a module on domestic violence and were carried out in African countries mostly from 2015 to 2018. All women selected for this sample are married women, aged 15-64. Three logistic regression models were previously defined to investigate the determinants of physical, emotional and sexual abuse - independently. In these models, the history of violence – defined as witnessing parental violence, rape by a man other than her partner, and number of abusers in life – turned out to be crucial in predicting violence itself. The intensity of how justified wife-beating is by women themselves and the number of control issues also resulted as significant across all models. On the other hand, the partner’s high education and higher wealth turned out to be protective factors. On these bases, the definition and construction of a composite indicator of IPV with a Structural Equation Model (SEM) are already underway. The possibility of ranking the units of analysis according to the level of the IPV indicator can allow governmental and non-governmental organizations to implement socio-educational interventions that are better targeted to the actual needs of each context.
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Davidowitz, Bette, and Gail Chittleborough. "Linking the Macroscopic and Sub-microscopic Levels: Diagrams." In Models and Modeling in Science Education. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8872-8_9.
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Tan, Kim Chwee Daniel, Ngoh Khang Goh, Lian Sai Chia, and David F. Treagust. "Linking the Macroscopic, Sub-microscopic and Symbolic Levels: The Case of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis." In Models and Modeling in Science Education. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8872-8_7.
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van Erp, Tim, Frederik Bredahl Pedersen, Niels Peter Lamm Larsen, and Rasmus Bæk Lund. "Industrial Digital Twin in Industry 4.0: Enabling Service Exchange Between Assets in Manufacturing Systems." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_64.
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AbstractThe idea of the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) is currently evolving into a framework for the Industrial Digital Twin in Industry 4.0 since more and more industrial use cases for its application as well as AAS sub-models with standardized semantic properties are being defined. The concept of the AAS enables data interoperability and thus provides novel opportunities for exchanging services between manufacturing assets, digital platforms, and value chain actors. Services in this sense are fabrication or assembly operations and tasks. It is demonstrated, how the data link and exchange between different AASs on the equipment level can be accomplished through an overlaying AAS on the manufacturing system level. A conceptual model for the service exchange is developed based on the state-of-the-art within the field of Industry 4.0. The model is subsequently verified and validated through a case implementation at the University of Southern Denmark’s Industry 4.0 lab.
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Sohnius, Felix, Martin Iglauer, and Robert H. Schmitt. "Design Model for the Sustainability Management of Manufacturing Companies." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_101.
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AbstractThis paper presents a design model that supports the systematic steering and operationalization of sustainability in manufacturing industry at all corporate levels. Studies show (e.g. Ramboll Group, Smurfit Kappa) that companies are aware of both the need for and the opportunities of corporate sustainability. Corporate sustainability means improving environmental and social effects as well as conditions, while operating profitably in the long term. However, companies face the challenge of resolving the complexity of corporate sustainability. Due to this challenge, the sustainability management model presented in this paper provides a holistic framework that addresses the relevant elements, fields of action and interrelationships of sustainability management in manufacturing companies. A top-down approach enables the management of sustainability at several corporate levels. In addition, various design elements enable the integration of sub-models through which a further concretization and operationalization of corporate sustainability can be realized.
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Dixon, Alex, Ranko Lazić, Andrzej S. Murawski, and Igor Walukiewicz. "Leafy automata for higher-order concurrency." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71995-1_10.
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AbstractFinitary Idealized Concurrent Algol ($$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA ) is a prototypical programming language combining functional, imperative, and concurrent computation. There exists a fully abstract game model of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA , which in principle can be used to prove equivalence and safety of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA programs. Unfortunately, the problems are undecidable for the whole language, and only very rudimentary decidable sub-languages are known.We propose leafy automata as a dedicated automata-theoretic formalism for representing the game semantics of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA . The automata use an infinite alphabet with a tree structure. We show that the game semantics of any $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA term can be represented by traces of a leafy automaton. Conversely, the traces of any leafy automaton can be represented by a $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA term. Because of the close match with $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA , we view leafy automata as a promising starting point for finding decidable subclasses of the language and, more generally, to provide a new perspective on models of higher-order concurrent computation.Moreover, we identify a fragment of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA that is amenable to verification by translation into a particular class of leafy automata. Using a locality property of the latter class, where communication between levels is restricted and every other level is bounded, we show that their emptiness problem is decidable by reduction to Petri net reachability.
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Curry, Edward, Sonja Zillner, Andreas Metzger, et al. "Technical Research Priorities for Big Data." In The Elements of Big Data Value. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68176-0_5.
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AbstractTo drive innovation and competitiveness, organisations need to foster the development and broad adoption of data technologies, value-adding use cases and sustainable business models. Enabling an effective data ecosystem requires overcoming several technical challenges associated with the cost and complexity of management, processing, analysis and utilisation of data. This chapter details a community-driven initiative to identify and characterise the key technical research priorities for research and development in data technologies. The chapter examines the systemic and structured methodology used to gather inputs from over 200 stakeholder organisations. The result of the process identified five key technical research priorities in the areas of data management, data processing, data analytics, data visualisation and user interactions, and data protection, together with 28 sub-level challenges. The process also highlighted the important role of data standardisation, data engineering and DevOps for Big Data.
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Di Maso, Matteo, Monica Ferraroni, Pasquale Ferrante, Serena Delbue, and Federico Ambrogi. "Longitudinal profile of a set of biomarkers in predicting Covid-19 mortality using joint models." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.36.
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In survival analysis, time-varying covariates are endogenous when their measurements are directly related to the event status and incomplete information occur at random points during the follow-up. Consequently, the time-dependent Cox model leads to biased estimates. Joint models (JM) allow to correctly estimate these associations combining a survival and longitudinal sub-models by means of a shared parameter (i.e., random effects of the longitudinal sub-model are inserted in the survival one). This study aims at showing the use of JM to evaluate the association between a set of inflammatory biomarkers and Covid-19 mortality. During Covid-19 pandemic, physicians at Istituto Clinico di Città Studi in Milan collected biomarkers (endogenous time-varying covariates) to understand what might be used as prognostic factors for mortality. Furthermore, in the first epidemic outbreak, physicians did not have standard clinical protocols for management of Covid-19 disease and measurements of biomarkers were highly incomplete especially at the baseline. Between February and March 2020, a total of 403 COVID-19 patients were admitted. Baseline characteristics included sex and age, whereas biomarkers measurements, during hospital stay, included log-ferritin, log-lymphocytes, log-neutrophil granulocytes, log-C-reactive protein, glucose and LDH. A Bayesian approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm were used for fitting JM. Independent and non-informative priors for the fixed effects (age and sex) and for shared parameters were used. Hazard ratios (HR) from a (biased) time-dependent Cox and joint models for log-ferritin levels were 2.10 (1.67-2.64) and 1.73 (1.38-2.20), respectively. In multivariable JM, doubling of biomarker levels resulted in a significantly increase of mortality risk for log-neutrophil granulocytes, HR=1.78 (1.16-2.69); for log-C-reactive protein, HR=1.44 (1.13-1.83); and for LDH, HR=1.28 (1.09-1.49). Increasing of 100 mg/dl of glucose resulted in a HR=2.44 (1.28-4.26). Age, however, showed the strongest effect with mortality risk starting to rise from 60 years.
Conference papers on the topic "Level Sub Module"
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V, Harisyam P., Surjakanta Mazumder, Abhay Gupta, Saichand Kasicheyanu, Shashidhar Mathapati, and Kaushik Basu. "Comparison of Sub-Modules for Cascaded Multi-Level MVAC to DC Solid State Transformer." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/pedes61459.2024.10960868.
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Cheng, Min. "Research on Vocational English Sub-Level and Sub-Module Strategies at Computer Age." In 2016 International Conference on Economy, Management and Education Technology. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemet-16.2016.219.
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Ke, Longzhang, Zhenxing Liu, and Cui Li. "Fault diagnosis method for sub-module in modular multi-level converters." In 2018 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2018.8407593.
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Li, Xiangfeng, Lili Qu, Bo Zhang, Hui Liao, and Zonghua Zhang. "An improved multi-level converter with a novel sub-module circuit." In IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2017.8216839.
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Schaef, Christopher, Kapil Kesarwani, and Jason T. Stauth. "A coupled-inductor multi-level ladder converter for sub-module PV power management." In 2013 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2013. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2013.6520291.
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Niazi, Kamran Ali Khan, Yongheng Yang, Wenjie Liu, and Dezso Sera. "Sub-Module Level Differential Power Processing for Parallel-Connected Architecture in Photovoltaic Systems." In 2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE '19 ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/epe.2019.8915215.
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Abdelsalam, M., S. Tennakoon, A. L. Griffiths, and M. Marei. "Investigation of sub-module fault types of modular multi-level converters in HVDC networks." In 2015 50th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec.2015.7339838.
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Joshi, Shamkant D., Mukul C. Chandorkar, and Anshuman Shukla. "Improved Balancing And Sensing of Sub-module Capacitor Voltages In Modular Multi-level Converters." In 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2018.8558331.
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Zhang, J., Y. Yan, and X. Tian. "RESEARCH ON A CROSSING BIPOLAR THREE LEVEL SUB MODULE TOPOLOGY AND ITS CONTROL STRATEGIES." In The 10th Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2240.
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Low, Pui Leng. "Nondestructive Package Level Fault Isolation of Multichip Power Module." In ISTFA 2023. ASM International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2023p0436.
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Abstract Government regulations focused on reducing carbon footprint are driving the widespread adoption of cleaner and more energy-efficient electric vehicles (EV/HEV). As electric vehicles continue to be adopted widely, the power electronics market has experienced tremendous growth. To achieve better thermal, electrical, and lifetime reliability, novel processes and advanced materials are frequently assessed, incorporating high temperature/pressure conditions. Given the high safety requirements for vehicles, a reliable power electronics construction is critical. The generic trend in power electronics prompts the evaluation of a robust non-destructive failure analysis technique at the component-level. Scanning acoustic tomography (SAT) stands out as one of the most effective nondestructive tools for conducting failure analysis of the semiconductors. This technique proves valuable for visualizing defect characteristics, including their morphology, location, and size distribution prior to any destructive physical testing. Furthermore, SAT also exhibits a remarkable capability to detect delamination at sub-micron levels. In this paper, one of the most prominent methods of SAT, the “Tomographic Acoustic Micro Imaging” (TAMI) is capable to inspect the sample subsurface layer by layer simultaneously with an excellent penetration of the ultrasonic waves while scanning the material surface. The objective of current work is to detect the defect and localize the defect, nondestructively. The choice of methodologies, such as the structure of device under test, transducer selection and gate setting will be elaborated further in further sections.
Reports on the topic "Level Sub Module"
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Yildiz, Dilek, Arkadiusz Wiśniowski, Zuzanna Brzozowska, and Afua Durowaa-Boateng. A FLEXIBLE MODEL TO RECONSTRUCT EDUCATION-SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA CASE. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003e65e0.
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The future world population growth and size will be largely determined by the pace of fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa. Correct estimates of education-specific fertility rates are crucial for projecting the future population. Yet, consistent crosscountry, comparable estimates of education-specific fertility for sub-Saharan African countries are still lacking. We propose a flexible Bayesian hierarchical model that reconstructs education-specific fertility rates by combining the patchy Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data and the United Nations’ (UN) reliable estimates of total fertility rates (TFR). Our model produces estimates that match the UN TFR to different extents (in other words, estimates of varying levels of consistency with the UN). We present three model specifications: Consistent but not identical with the UN; fully-consistent (nearly identical) with the UN, and consistent with the DHS. Further, we provide a full time series of education-specific TFR estimates covering five-year periods between 1980 and 2014 for 36 sub-Saharan African countries. The results show that the DHS-consistent estimates are usually higher than the UN-fully-consistent ones. The differences between the three model estimates vary substantially in size across countries, yielding 1980–2014 fertility trends that diverge from each other—mostly in level only, but also sometimes in direction.
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Melby, Jeffrey, Thomas Massey, Fatima Diop, et al. Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Feasibility Study : Coastal Texas flood risk assessment : hydrodynamic response and beach morphology. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41051.
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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Feasibility Study coastal storm risk management (CSRM) project for the region. The project is currently in the feasibility phase. The primary goal is to develop CSRM measures that maximize national net economic development benefits. This report documents the coastal storm water level and wave hazard, including sea level rise, for a variety of flood risk management alternatives. Four beach restoration alternatives for Galveston Island and Bolivar peninsula were evaluated. Suites of synthetic tropical and historical non-tropical storms were developed and modeled. The CSTORM coupled surge-and-wave modeling system was used to accurately characterize storm circulation, water level, and wave hazards using new model meshes developed from high-resolution land and sub-aqueous surveys for with- and without-project scenarios. Beach morphology stochastic response was modeled with a Monte Carlo life-cycle simulation approach using the CSHORE morphological evolution numerical model embedded in the StormSim stochastic modeling system. Morphological and hydrodynamic response were primarily characterized with probability distributions of the number of rehabilitations and overflow.
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Noble, Michael. How to implement sub-national poverty lines in a SOUTHMOD country model using conditional constants: The case of UGAMOD. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-3.
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This note describes how to incorporate sub-national poverty lines into a SOUTHMOD country model using conditional constants within the constants function in such a way that the Statistics Presenter can generate national-level poverty statistics. The Uganda tax-benefit microsimulation model UGAMOD is used as an example.
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Z.P. Walton and J.T. Kam. 2003 International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference Breached Drip Shield Test and Validation of a TSPA Sub-Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808018.
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Fernandes, R. A., and N. Djamai. Simplified Level 2 Vegetation Processor – Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (SL2P-CCRS) for estimating biophysical variables using multispectral-imager data. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4095/pgf517rsk9.
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Il existe un consensus sur la nécessité de surveiller globalement les variables biophysiques du couvert végétal à une résolution moyenne (<1 ha) et avec une fréquence de <=10 jours (Organisation Météorologique Mondiale, 2016). Les capteurs satellites multispectraux conçus pour satisfaire aux exigences de mesure pour cette tâche sont et continueront d'être disponibles (https://gcos.wmo.int/en/essential-climate-variables/requirements). Le Simplified Level 2 Processor – D (SL2P-D) produit des estimations des variables biophysiques du couvert végétal à partir d'entrées de réflectance multispectrale bidirectionnelle, soit en haut de l'atmosphère (TOA), soit en haut du couvert végétal (TOC), ainsi que des angles d'illumination, de vue et d'azimut relatif. Des modèles de régression non linéaires distincts sont utilisés pour estimer la valeur attendue et l'erreur quadratique moyenne attendue de chaque variable. Les estimateurs de régression sont optimisés pour les entrées de réflectance multispectrale (c'est-à-dire <10 bandes avec une largeur de bande >10 nm) mais peuvent être appliqués à des spectres arbitraires tant qu'un modèle de transfert radiatif avec une précision suffisante pour simuler ces spectres est inclus dans le processeur. La paramétrisation, l'algorithme et les résultats d'échantillons du SL2PD sont présentés et comparés à son prédécesseur, SL2P (Weiss et Baret, 2016).
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Richards, Robin. The Effect of Non-partisan Elections and Decentralisation on Local Government Performance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.014.
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This rapid review focusses on whether there is international evidence on the role of non-partisan elections as a form of decentralised local government that improves performance of local government. The review provides examples of this from Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. There are two reported examples in Sub-Saharan Africa of non-partisan elections that delink candidates from political parties during election campaigns. The use of non-partisan elections to improve performance and democratic accountability at the level of government is not common, for example, in southern Africa all local elections at the sub-national sphere follow the partisan model. Whilst there were no examples found where countries shifted from partisan to non-partisan elections at the local government level, the literature notes that decentralisation policies have the effect of democratising and transferring power and therefore few central governments implement it fully. In Africa decentralisation is favoured because it is often used as a cover for central control. Many post-colonial leaders in Africa continue to favour centralised government under the guise of decentralisation. These preferences emanated from their experiences under colonisation where power was maintained by colonial administrations through institutions such as traditional leadership. A review of the literature on non-partisan elections at the local government level came across three examples where this occurred. These countries were: Ghana, Uganda and Bangladesh. Although South Africa holds partisan elections at the sub-national sphere, the election of ward committee members and ward councillors, is on a non-partisan basis and therefore, the ward committee system in South Africa is included as an example of a non-partisan election process in the review.
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Espino, Emilio, and Martín González Rozada. On the Implications of Taxation for Investment, Savings and Growth: Evidence from Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011693.
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This paper explores the qualitative and quantitative implications of taxation for growth and savings in three Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile and Mexico, studying a small open economy in the context of an endogenous growth model where the domestic interest rate depends on the level of domestic debt. The model's parameters are calibrated to the Brazilian, Chilean and Mexican economies. The findings suggest that, in order to implement the optimal tax regime, Brazil must tax capital at a considerably lower rate than at present. Consumption should be heavily taxed in Brazil and Mexico and optimal labor taxes should be lower than actual taxes in Brazil and Chile. However, while sub-optimal taxes seem to imply lower long-run growth in these three countries, low saving rates do not seem to be a direct consequence of sub-optimal taxation.
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Djamai, N., R. A. Fernandes, L. Sun, F. Canisius, and G. Hong. Python version of Simplified Level 2 Prototype Processor for retrieving canopy biophysical variables from Sentinel-2 multispectral data. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/p8stuehwyc.
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La mission Sentinel-2 de Copernicus est conçue pour fournir des données pouvant être utilisées pour cartographier les variables biophysiques de la végétation a une échelle globale. Les estimations des variables biophysiques de la végétation ne sont pas encore produites de manière opérationnelle par le segment au sol de Sentinel-2. Plutôt, un algorithme de prédiction, appelé Simplified Level 2 Prototype Processor (SL2P), a été défini par l'Agence Spatiale Européenne. SL2P utilise deux réseaux neuronaux à rétropropagation, un pour estimer le variable biophysique de la végétation et l’autre pour quantifier l'incertitude de l'estimation, en utilisant une base de données de conditions de canopée globalement représentatives peuplée à l'aide de simulations de modèle de transfert radiatif de la canopée. SL2P a été mis en œuvre dans la boîte à outils LEAF du Centre Canadien de Télédétection qui s'appuie sur Google Earth Engine. Ce document décrit une implémentation PYTHON de SL2P (SL2P-PYTHON) qui fournit des estimations identiques estimations obtenues avec LEAF en utilisant la même image Sentinel-2 en entrée.
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Sudhivoraseth, Jitraporn. Policy evaluation on promotion projects implemented by the Public Relations Department's Regional Offices. National Institute of Development Administration ; Chulalongkorn University, 2002. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2002.21.
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This research aims to study the achievement or failure of the promotion projects implemented by the Public Relations Department’s Regional Offices. The objectives of this study are two fold. First, to evaluate the three promotion projects: Democracy Promotion Project, Drug Prevention and Solution Promotion Project, and AIDS Prevention and Solution Promotion Project under the Action Plan of the Public Relations Department, fiscal year 2000. Second, to investigate the factors relating to the achievements or failures of these three promotion projects under study. The conceptual framework is developed by applying the Mazmanian and Sabatier’ criteria conditions for policies evaluation. As policies are interpreted in term of promotion projects, the output is the dissemination of knowledge and information to the target groups. In order to find out whether and how the knowledge and information effect the target audiences in their implementation, Rogers’s theory of Diffusion of Innovations is used to support the study. The research methodology is an integration of qualitative and quantitative approached. In the conceptual framework there are two sub-models of study. The qualitative approach for data analysis based on Mazmanian and Sabatier’s criteria conditions for policy evaluation is one part of the framework. The variables for the qualitative data analysis are commitment and skills of the officials, hierarchical integration, changing socioeconomic conditions, diversity of target groups, level of clarity of the objectives of projects, causal theories of projects, and budget and resources. The are the causes of the outputs which are types of media, frequency of message and characteristics of message. The quantitative approach for data analysis, the other of the model, is based on Roger’s theory of Diffusion of Innovations. The sub-model of the quantitative approach is at the other side of the general conceptual framework. The variables of the quantitative data analysis are knowledge, comprehension, attitude, decision and implementation. The research results indicate that the officials have moderate commitment and skills in attaining the target goals of the policy of the promotion projects. By having commitment and skills, especially skills in communication and media selection they can implement the promotion projects under the constraint of budget and resources, as well as under the political interference. The level of the objectives of the promotion projects is perceived as moderate and the causal theories are perceived as highly significant by the public relations officials and frontline implementers. This enables them to understand how to select the type of media use which is moderately successful in disseminating the knowledge of the promotion projects and their activities appropriate to the target groups who are upper secondary students. In summary, the implementation of the policies which are interpreted in terms of promotion projects and activities are moderately successful. Two factors are found. They are political interference and the constraint of broader participation. They are significant to the success or failure of an implementation of policy in the Thai bureaucracy. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests that at the policy level, the National Public Relation Policy be more recognized in its importance by the top executives and should be implemented more frequently than it is actually at present. The National Public Relations Policy should be put in every national economic and social development plan. In the past, it was put in the Sixth National Economic and Social Development Plan only. At the implementation level, training courses in public relations campaign planning are particularly needed. There should be also more participation from the frontline implementers in decision making at the national level because they are the persons who are close to the local situation.
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Olsen, Laurie, Kathryn Lindholm-Leary, Magaly Lavadenz, Elvira Armas, and Franca Dell'Olio. Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative: A Three-Year Pilot Study Research Monograph. PROMISE INITIATIVE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.seal2010.
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The Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative Research Monograph is comprised of four sub-studies that took place between 2006 and 2009 to examine the effectiveness of the PROMISE Initiative across six implementing counties. Beginning in 2002, the superintendents of the six Southern California County Offices of Education collaborated to examine the pattern of the alarmingly low academic performance of English learners (EL) across Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Riverside, and Ventura. Together, these six counties serve over one million EL students, more than 66% of the total EL population in the state of California, and close to 20% of the EL population in the nation. Data were compiled for the six counties, research on effective programs for ELs was shared, and a common vision for the success of ELs began to emerge. Out of this effort, the PROMISE Initiative was created to uphold a critical vision that ensured that ELs achieved and sustained high levels of proficiency, high levels of academic achievement, sociocultural and multicultural competency, preparation for successful transition to higher education, successful preparation as a 21st century global citizen, and high levels of motivation, confidence, and self-assurance. This report is organized into six chapters: an introductory chapter, four chapters of related studies, and a summary chapter. The four studies were framed around four areas of inquiry: 1) What is the PROMISE model? 2) What does classroom implementation of the PROMISE model look like? 3) What leadership skills do principals at PROMISE schools need to lead transformative education for ELs? 4) What impact did PROMISE have on student learning and participation? Key findings indicate that the PROMISE Initiative: • resulted in positive change for ELs at all levels including achievement gains and narrowing of the gap between ELs and non-ELs • increased use of research-based classroom practices • refined and strengthened plans for ELs at the district-level, and • demonstrated potential to enable infrastructure, partnerships, and communities of practice within and across the six school districts involved. The final chapter of the report provides implications for school reform for improving EL outcomes including bolstering EL expertise in school reform efforts, implementing sustained and in-depth professional development, monitoring and supporting long-term reform efforts, and establishing partnerships and networks to develop, research and disseminate efforts.