Journal articles: 'Levels of use'

1

Goodnick, Paul, and Irl Extein. "Use of Fluoxetine Blood Levels." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10401238909149982.

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2

Morrison, Paul, and Michael Lehane RMN. "Staffing levels and seclusion use." Journal of Advanced Nursing 22, no. 6 (May 3, 2006): 1193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1995.tb03122.x.

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3

Thomson, Rebecca L. "The Impact of Vitamin D on Weight Loss." US Endocrinology 09, no. 02 (2013): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.02.146.

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The incidence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels, which are inversely associated with measures of obesity, are lower in overweight and obese populations. There have been several studies that have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on weight loss, and studies combining weight loss interventions with increased vitamin D intake, either through supplementation or foods fortified with vitamin D. 25OHD levels have also been measured before and after weight loss to see if they improve and if the changes in 25OHD levels are related to the degree of weight loss. Some studies have suggested that vitamin D status is associated with weight loss success, with supplementation resulting in weight loss, or higher baseline 25OHD or greater increases in 25OHD levels associated with greater weight loss, although this has not been shown in all studies.

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4

Young, R. "6-TG levels: to use or not to use?" American Journal of Gastroenterology 97, no. 2 (February 2002): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9270(01)04150-8.

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Kataoka, Yu, Kiyoko Uno, and Stephen J. Nicholls. "Management of Dyslipidemia in Patients with Diabetes." US Endocrinology 07, no. 01 (2011): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2011.07.01.40.

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of major morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The recent focus on the apparent lack of cardiovascular benefit associated with glucose-lowering strategies has overshadowed the importance of targeting dyslipidemia for cardiovascular prevention in patients with diabetes. While lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is beneficial, diabetes is also characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoproteHDL-cholesterol and abundant levels of small, dense LDL particles. Accordingly, these factors represent additional targets for therapeutic modification in order to achieve more effective reductions in cardiovascular risk.

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Alshaarawy, Omayma, and Hosam A. Elbaz. "Cannabis use and blood pressure levels." Journal of Hypertension 34, no. 8 (August 2016): 1507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000000990.

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SALZMAN, CARL. "Clinical Use of Neuroleptic Plasma Levels." American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 6 (June 1994): 940—a—941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.6.940-a.

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Vítek, Libor, Lucie Muchová, and Aleš Žák. "Statin use and serum bilirubin levels." Atherosclerosis 219, no. 2 (December 2011): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.001.

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Theodore, William H. "Rational use of antiepileptic drug levels." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 54, no. 3 (January 1992): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(92)90004-j.

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Reeves, Katherine W., Olivia I. Okereke, Jing Qian, Shelley S. Tworoger, Megan S. Rice, and Susan E. Hankinson. "Antidepressant use and circulating prolactin levels." Cancer Causes & Control 27, no. 7 (May 10, 2016): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-016-0758-x.

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Groeneweg, Stefan, Robin P. Peeters, Theo J. Visser, and W. Edward Visser. "Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in the Allan—Herndon—Dudley Syndrome." US Endocrinology 12, no. 02 (2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2016.12.02.90.

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Thyroid hormone (TH) is important for normal brain development. The TH transporter protein monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is crucial to maintain adequate TH levels in the brain during development and throughout life. Mutations in MCT8 result in the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome (AHDS), which is characterized by a severe delay in neurocognitive development, combined with abnormal serum thyroid function tests (TFTs). The combination of an increased (F)T3 and decreased (F)T4 and rT3 serum levels are characteristic for the presence of AHDS in male patients with moderate to severe delay in neurocognitive development. Here, we provide an overview of current insights, challenges and pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of patients with AHDS.

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Clarke, William L. "Blood Glucose Monitoring In Pediatric Patients—Looking Toward Better Diabetes Management and Perspectives for the Future." US Endocrinology 06, no. 01 (2010): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2010.06.1.54.

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Self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) is an important component of day-to-day diabetes management for children and their families. Despite some recent concerns in terms of its analytical accuracy, it has been used successfully to implement intensive glucose control in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, prevent acute complications, and make it possible for children to attend school and participate in sports activities safely. While still in its infancy, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to be useful in reducing the occurrence of nocturnal hypoglycemia, lowering HbA1clevels, and reducing glycemic variability. Its analytical accuracy has prevented its approval as an alternative to SBGM for insulin decision-making. However, it has made possible the development and testing of closed-loop ‘artificial pancreas’ systems for controlling glucose levels in adults and adolescents.

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Barnett, Anthony H. "The Incretin System and Type 2 Diabetes." US Endocrinology 05, no. 01 (2009): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2009.05.1.57.

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While antidiabetes therapies target glycemic control, most do not address the underlying problems of excess bodyweight and deteriorating pancreatic beta-cell function. Some therapies also provoke hypoglycemia and/or weight gain. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted by the gut in response to nutrient intake and has a major role in the post-prandial insulin response in healthy individuals. The incretin response is, however, impaired in individuals with type 2 diabetes. There are two therapeutic approaches that target the incretin system: GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. GLP-1 receptor agonists provide pharmacological levels of GLP-1 activity, while DPP-4 inhibitors restore physiological levels. The pharmacological levels of GLP-1 induced by GLP-1 receptor agonists provide effective glycemic control and weight reduction. The DPP-4 inhibitors also improve glycemic control but are weight-neutral. Pre-clinical studies in animal models andin vitrosystems suggest that incretin-based therapies have the potential to preserve beta-cell mass and improve their function. Initial clinical data show improvements in beta-cell function in patients treated with incretin-based therapies, supporting the pre-clinical observations. A further benefit of incretin-based therapies is that they provide glucose-dependent glucose control, which means that they have a low inherent risk of inducing hypoglycemia. These agents therefore look extremely promising in the management of type 2 diabetes, being efficacious and having positive benefits on weight, low risk of hypoglycemia, and the potential to improve pancreatic islet cell function in the long term.

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Cozma, Adrian I., and John L. Sievenpiper. "The Role of Fructose, Sucrose, and High-fructose Corn Syrup in Diabetes." US Endocrinology 09, no. 02 (2013): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.02.128.

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Concerns are growing regarding the role of dietary sugars in the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, including diabetes. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and sucrose are the most important dietary sweeteners. Both HFCS and sucrose have overlapping metabolic actions with adverse effects attributed to their fructose moiety. Ecologic studies have linked the rise in fructose availability with the increases in obesity and diabetes worldwide. This link has been largely underpinned by animal models and select human trials of fructose overfeeding at high levels of exposure. Although prospective cohort studies have shown significant associations comparing the highest with the lowest levels of intake sugar-sweetened beverages, these associations are small, do not hold at moderate levels of intake, and are subject to collinearity effects from related dietary and lifestyle factors. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses from controlled feeding trials have shown that fructosecontaining sugars in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates do not show evidence of harm and, in the case of fructose, may even have advantages for glycemic control, especially at small doses. Nevertheless, trials in which fructose-containing sugars supplement diets with excess energy have shown adverse effects, effects that appear more attributable to the excess energy than the sugar. There is no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects, although there is potentially cause for concern where fructose is provided at high doses or contributes excess energy to diets. Further investigation is warranted due to the significant knowledge gaps and weaknesses in existing research.

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15

Amarpal, RA Ahmad, P. Kinjavdekar, HP Aithal, AM Pawde, and D. Kumar. "Potential use of dexmedetomidine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 2 (April 2, 2013): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6699-vetmed.

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A combination of drugs may be preferred over the use of a single agent to induce deep sedation. A synergistic interaction between the drugs reduces the dose requirements of the drugs thereby minimising the unwanted side effects associated with each drug and improving recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with midazolam-fentanyl or midazolam-fentanyl-ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. In a prospective, blinded, randomised clinical trial, 12 mixed breed dogs were divided into three groups. Animals of Group I were injected with dexmedetomidine 20 μg/kg. Animals of Group II received 20 μg/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 μg/kg fentanyl and animals of Group III were administered with 20 μg/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 μg/kg fentanyl + 10 mg/kgketamine. All the drugs were given simultaneously via the intramuscular route. Jaw relaxation, palpebral reflex, pedal reflex and response to intubation were recorded and graded on a numerical scale. Values of heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and mean arterial pressure were recorded at baseline and then at predetermined intervals up to 120 min. Onset of sedation time, onset of recumbency time, time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time were recorded. Maximal muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia were observed in animals of Group III, which was followed in decreasing order by Groups II and I. Heart rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after administration of drugs in Groups I and II but a significant (P < 0.05) increase was recorded in Group III. Respiratory rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in all the groups. Rectal temperature decreased non-significantly in all the groups. Mean arterial pressure initially increased significantly (P < 0.01) in Groups I and III followed by a decrease in Group I, but in Group III it remained above the base line. In Group II, MAP decreased throughout the study period. Onset of sedation time and onset of recumbency time were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in Group III as compared to Group I. Time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time did not differ significantly between the groups. It is concluded that dexmedetomidine provides a reliable moderate sedation and analgesia. Addition of midazolam and fentanyl enhances sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation induced by dexmedetomidine. Addition of ketamine produced deep sedation and complete anaesthesia with lesser cardiopulmonary depression. Thus, dexmedetomidine can be used safely in combination with midazolam, fentanyl and ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs.  

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16

Schwartz, Frank L., and Cynthia R. Marling. "Use of Automated Bolus Calculators for Diabetes Management." US Endocrinology 09, no. 02 (2013): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.02.124.

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Less than 30 % of patients with diabetes who are on insulin therapy achieve target glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Automated bolus calculators (ABCs) are now almost universally used for patients on insulin pump therapy to calculate pre-meal insulin doses. Use of ABCs in glucose monitors and smart phone applications have the potential to improve glucose control in a larger population of individuals with diabetes on insulin therapy by overcoming the fear of hypoglycemia and assisting those with low numeracy skills.

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17

Franck, Sanne E., Aart Jan van der Lely, and Sebastian Neggers. "Extra-hepatic Acromegaly." US Endocrinology 09, no. 01 (2013): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.01.66.

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After the introduction of somatostatin analogs (LA-SMSA) and the growth hormone (GH) receptor antagonist, pegvisomant (Peg-v) normal serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in virtually every patients with acromegaly is possible. The impact of these products on the GH–IGF1 axis is completely different. We advocate that LA-SMSA may normalize serum IGF1 levels in the presence of elevated GH actions in extrahepatic tissues. This results in persistent peripheral disease activity that we call ‘extra-hepatic acromegaly’. Peg-v competitively blocks systemic GH action and results in a GH serum level increase. Therefore high doses of Peg-v are necessary to control IGF-1. Since the mode of action differs between these products, it is questionable if identical IGF-1 levels, during Peg-v or LA-SMSA are really identical representations of the biochemical situation. With the traditional biomarkers medical treatment is therefore difficult to monitor with the traditional biomarkers. Additionally, Peg-v and LA-SMSA could be ideal combination since they have different mode of actions. We believe that the time has come to challenge the existing concepts of treatment and monitoring of patients with acromegaly.

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18

Grice, Brian A., and Jeffrey S. Elmendorf. "New Aspects of Cellular Cholesterol Regulation on Blood Glucose Control—Review and Perspective on the Impact of Statin Medications on Metabolic Health." US Endocrinology 13, no. 02 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2017.13.02.63.

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Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, and during the past several years, diabetes researchers have found that membrane cholesterol levels in adipocytes, skeletal muscle fibers and pancreatic beta cells influence insulin action and insulin secretion. Consequently, it is thought that dysregulated cell cholesterol homeostasis could represent a determinant of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent clinical findings compellingly add to this notion by finding increased T2D susceptibility in individuals with alterations in a variety of cholesterol metabolism genes. While it remains imperfectly understood how statins influence glucose metabolism, the fact that they display an influence on blood glucose levels and diabetes susceptibility seems to intensify the emerging importance of understanding cellular cholesterol in glucose metabolism. Taking this into account, this review first presents cell system and animal model findings that demonstrate the negative impact of cellular cholesterol accumulation or diminution on insulin action and insulin secretion. With this framework, a description of how changes in cholesterol metabolism genes are associated with T2D susceptibility will be presented. In addition, the connection between statins and T2D risk will be reviewed with expanded information on pitavastatin, a newer statin medication that displays actions favoring metabolic health.

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19

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Use of AED Levels by Pediatric Neurologists." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 7, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-7-9-5.

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20

Sanfelippo, Michael J., Jessica M. Engel, and Adedayo A. Onitilo. "Antithrombin Levels Are Unaffected by Warfarin Use." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 138, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0065-oa.

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Context.—The results of studies among patients with antithrombin deficiency have suggested that the use of warfarin will increase the level of antithrombin. Objective.—To reevaluate the effect of warfarin on antithrombin levels using an automated amidolytic method in current use. Design.—Antithrombin levels were measured in patients who were receiving warfarin for atrial fibrillation and were compared with antithrombin levels in preoperative patients who had not received warfarin. Results.—Patients receiving warfarin had a mean antithrombin level of 100.40% (range, 81%–153%). Patients not receiving warfarin had a mean antithrombin level of 99.97% (range, 79%–120%). The Student t test was not significant for a difference between the mean antithrombin levels of the 2 populations. Conclusions.—The use of warfarin does not increase the level of antithrombin in patients receiving the drug.

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21

&NA;. "Cholesterol levels, statin use and cognitive impairment." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1334 (April 2002): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200213340-00044.

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22

Bell, Ron, Andrew McLaren, Jason Gaianos, and David Copolov. "The Clinical Use of Plasma Clozapine Levels." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 4 (August 1998): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809068332.

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Objective: This review examines the evidence supporting the proposition that a threshold clozapine plasma level can predict clinical response. In addition, it provides a brief overview of the pharmacokinetics, side effects, drug interactions and assay methodology of clozapine. Method: A comprehensive search of relevant literature was made with respect to the above criteria. The findings were collated and analysed to produce an overview of the usefulness of using clozapine levels in clinical practice. Results: Most researchers find that, although the correlation between dose of cloza pine and clinical effect is not high, a threshold plasma level of 350–420 ng mL of clozapine is associated with an increased probability of a good clinical response to the drug. Results vary, however, with the study design. Conclusions: The data reviewed present a case for increasing the dose of cloz apine in non-responsive patients to achieve a plasma level of at least 350–420 ng mL−1. Non-response at these levels, however, should not preclude a further upward titration of dose. This should occur unless (i) clinical response is obtained at a lower dose, (ii) intolerable side effects occur, or (iii) a daily dose of 900 mg is reached.

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23

Bayazit, Huseyin, Erdinc Cicek, Salih Selek, Nurten Aksoy, I. Fatih Karababa, Hasan Kandemir, and Sultan Basmaci Kandemir. "Increased S100B Levels in Cannabis Use Disorder." European Addiction Research 22, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442046.

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Background: It has been determined that cannabis has adverse effects on brain tissue, and that increased S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) blood levels are markers of neuronal damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the S100B levels in cannabis use disorder. Method: Thirty-two patients with cannabis use disorder and 31 matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Appropriate blood samples were taken from the enrolled subjects, and the serum S100B protein levels were measured with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the quantification of the protein. Findings: We found significantly increased S100B protein levels in patients with cannabis use disorder. The mean serum concentration of S100B was 0.081 ± 0.018 μg/l in patients with cannabis use disorder, and 0.069 ± 0.018 μg/l in the control group (p = 0.008). Interpretation: Our data suggest that elevated S100B protein levels might indicate neuronal damage in the brains of people with cannabis use disorder.

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24

GOTTS, N. M., J. G. POLHILL, and A. N. R. LAW. "ASPIRATION LEVELS IN A LAND USE SIMULATION." Cybernetics and Systems 34, no. 8 (December 2003): 663–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/716100277.

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25

Shaughnessy, A. F., and M. R. Mosley. "Elevated carbamazepine levels associated with diltiazem use." Neurology 42, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.42.4.937.

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26

Garke, Maria Å., Nils Hentati Isacsson, Karolina Sörman, Johan Bjureberg, Clara Hellner, Kim L. Gratz, Christopher R. Berghoff, Rajita Sinha, Matthew T. Tull, and Nitya Jayaram-Lindström. "Emotion dysregulation across levels of substance use." Psychiatry Research 296 (February 2021): 113662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113662.

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27

Skamp, Keith. "Understanding teachers’ ‘levels of use’ of learnscapes." Environmental Education Research 15, no. 1 (February 2009): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504620802629864.

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28

Zarei, Abbas Ali, and Nooshin Baharestani. "Language Learning Strategy Use Across Proficiency Levels." i-manager’s Journal on English Language Teaching 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jelt.4.4.3027.

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29

&NA;. "Long term quinagolide use reduces prolactin levels." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 808 (October 1991): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199108080-00021.

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30

Herzog, Andrew G., Erin L. Farina, and Andrew S. Blum. "Serum Valproate Levels with Oral Contraceptive Use." Epilepsia 46, no. 6 (June 2005): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00605.x.

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31

King, Gavin, Marek Roland-Mieszkowski, Timothy Jason, and Daniel G. Rainham. "Noise Levels Associated with Urban Land Use." Journal of Urban Health 89, no. 6 (June 16, 2012): 1017–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9721-7.

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32

Newberger, S., M. Kolins, and C. Lauter. "Test Use Evaluation of Serum Tryptase Levels." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125, no. 2 (February 2010): AB26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.135.

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33

Robertson, Deborah. "Statin prescribing, preventative use and lipid levels." Journal of Prescribing Practice 3, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2021.3.7.258.

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Deborah Robertson provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to non-medical prescribers. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided

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34

Watson, Rory. "Cocaine use rises in Europe while overall drug use levels out." BMJ 335, no. 7630 (November 29, 2007): 1117.1–1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39412.365718.db.

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Hosgorur, Tugba. "Relationship Between School Administrators’ Anxiety Levels for Authority Use and Burnout Levels." Educational Process: International Journal 2, no. 1-2 (November 30, 2013): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/edupij.2013.212.2.

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Zoungas, Sophia, John Chalmers, and Anushka Patel. "Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes – Reflecting on the ADVANCE Study." US Endocrinology 05, no. 01 (2009): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2009.05.1.42.

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The world is facing an unprecedented increase in type 2 diabetes. Most disability and premature mortality experienced by patients with diabetes is related to vascular disease and, in particular, macrovascular disease (such as coronary heart disease and stroke) and microvascular disease (such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy). Indeed, around 1.9 million cardiovascular deaths worldwide are attributable to high blood glucose levels and diabetes, as well as to their associated dangerous companions of high blood pressure and abnormal lipid levels. The global economic costs of diabetes, including foregone economic growth and increasing healthcare expenditure, are substantial and are anticipated to grow. Therefore, strategies to reduce disease burden have continued to focus on reducing cardiovascular risk. Recently, a number of large-scale clinical trials have evaluated approaches for managing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Among them the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: PreterAx and DiamicroN MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial has reported the effects of blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on major vascular events in patients with established type 2 diabetes. In this article we summarise the findings of the ADVANCE trial and discuss its relevance to the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes worldwide.

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Hill, James O., Holly R. Wyat, and John C. Peters. "The Importance of Energy Balance." US Endocrinology 09, no. 01 (2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2013.09.01.27.

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Globally, bodyweight and obesity are rising in both the developing and developed world. To maintain a stable bodyweight, energy intake must, over time, exactly equal energy expenditure, a state known as energy balance. An understanding of the physiologic control of energy balance may be useful for designing interventions to tackle the obesity epidemic worldwide. Obesity occurs when the body’s energy balance is positive (i.e. when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure). Human physiology is biased toward maintaining energy balance at high levels of energy intake and expenditure. As a result, strategies to combat obesity should include a focus on increasing physical activity along with strategies for modifying food intake. An understanding of energy balance leads to the conclusion that prevention of weight gain should be easier than treatment of obesity. Components of energy balance are interdependent, and weight loss requires major behavior changes, which trigger compensatory decreases in energy expenditure that facilitate weight regain. Prevention of weight gain can be accomplished by smaller behavior changes. In addition to being easier to sustain than larger behavior changes, smaller ones produce less compensation by the energy balance regulatory system. It has been estimated that relatively small changes in energy intake and expenditure totaling 100 kcal per day could arrest weight gain in most people. Interventions that advocate small changes have shown promising levels of success.

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Sharma, I., N. S. Bains, B. Raj, A. Sirari, and R. C. Sharma. "Genetics of Karnal bunt resistance: use of Tilletia indica populations at diﬀerent levels of heterogeneity." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, Special Issue (August 1, 2012): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6226-cjgpb.

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Hassan, Ghazala, Sarah Ghafoor, Saima Chaudhry, and Zubair Ahmed Khan. "Salivary Interleukin-1 Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients after use of Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) Oil." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 29, no. 04 (November 4, 2020): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.294.205.

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OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis is the second most prevalent microbiome associated inflammatory disease posing a threat to oral health. Nigella sativa (Kalonji) has been used since ancient times as a remedy for oral inflammatory conditions. Interleukin1 (IL-1 ) is critical for periodontal inflammation, collagen degradation and bone turn over. The motive of our study was to determine the change in the levels of salivary IL-1 after the use of Nigella sativa oil to determine if it has any correlation with salivary IL-1 . METHODOLOGY: A parallel-arm triple-blind placebo-based randomized control trial was conducted on a total of ninety three patients. Out of these, fifty individuals with chronic periodontitis were included in the study as per the eligibility criteria. Baseline screening of the participants was done via clinical periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BoP). These individuals were categorized into two groups; 1. Control Group (n=25), which was given normal saline as placebo; 2. Treatment Group, which was given Nigella sativa oil (n=25). All participants underwent scaling and root planing before the start of the trial. The intervention was given for two weeks. Salivary samples were collected on day 0 and day 15 and were evaluated for interleukin-1 levels using ELISA. The statistical interpretation was done using IBM SPSS (version 25.0, SPSS Inc.) on forty participants due to loss to follow up. RESULTS: Levels of salivary interleukin-1 came out to be statistically insignificant after two-week use of Nigella sativa oil. CONCLUSION: No correlation was found between the salivary IL-1 and the use of Nigella sativa oil in patients with chronic periodontitis in contrast to the patients using normal saline. KEYWORDS: Chronic periodontitis, Interleukin-1 , Nigella sativa, Kalonji, Salivary HOW TO CITE: Hassan G, Ghafoor S, Chaudhry S, Khan ZA. Salivary interleukin-1 Levels in chronic periodontitis patients after use of nigella sativa (Kalonji) oil. J Pak Dent Assoc 2020;29(4):205-210.

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Walker, M. Susan, Stephanie J. Fonda, Sara Salkind, and Robert A. Vigersky. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Realtime Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People with Type 2 Diabetes." US Endocrinology 08, no. 01 (2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2012.08.01.22.

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Previous research has shown that realtime continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) is a useful clinical and lifestyle aid for people with type 1 diabetes. However, its usefulness and efficacy for people with type 2 diabetes is less known and potentially controversial, given the continuing controversy over the efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in this cohort. This article reviews theextantliterature on RT-CGM for people with type 2 diabetes, and enumerates several of the advantages and disadvantages of this technology from the perspective of providers and patients. Even patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin and/or are relatively well controlled on oral medications have been shown to spend a significant amount of time each day in hyperglycemia. Additional tools beyond SMBG are necessary to enable providers and patients to clearly grasp and manage the frequency and amplitude of glucose excursions in people with type 2 diabetes who are not on insulin. While SMBG is useful for measuring blood glucose levels, patients do not regularly check and SMBG does not enable many to adequately manage blood glucose levels or capture marked and sustained hyperglycemic excursions. RT-CGM systems, valuable diabetes management tools for people with type 1 diabetes or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, have recently been used in type 2 diabetes patients. Theextantstudies, although few, have demonstrated that the use of RT-CGM has empowered people with type 2 diabetes to improve their glycemic control by making and sustaining healthy lifestyle choices.

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Twigg, Stephen M., Mahmood R. Kazemi, and Maria E. Craig. "Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring and its IMPACT to REPLACE Blood Glucose Monitoring in the Management of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes." US Endocrinology 13, no. 02 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2017.13.02.57.

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Objective: Established methods of self-monitoring of glucose levels include capillary self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and interstitial continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Flash CGM is a novel form of self-monitoring that provides on-demand continuous interstitial glucose profiles. The purpose of this article is to critically review the recent outcome data from randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy and safety of flash CGM to replace routine SMBG in diabetes management. Methods: Two recent six-month, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trials in type 1 (IMPACT; NCT02232698) and type 2 (REPLACE; NCT02082184) diabetes compared flash CGM with SMBG under otherwise usual care conditions. The trials did not use a prescribed treatment algorithm based on self-monitoring of glucose. Results: Both trials demonstrated that the time spent in hypoglycemia over a 24-hour period, as well as overnight, was markedly reduced by flash CGM without deterioration in glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels. In IMPACT there was a 38% reduction in time in hypoglycemia with flash CGM versus SMBG, and in REPLACE there was a 43% reduction in time in hypoglycemia with flash CGM compared with SMBG. Moreover, patient satisfaction improved with flash CGM, usage adherence rates were high, and flash CGM was well tolerated. Conclusions: The findings from these trials suggest that improved care outcomes can be achieved when flash CGM is integrated into current established clinical care paradigms. Flash CGM provides important advantages over SMBG that are likely to be applicable to real-world care of individuals with differing forms of diabetes requiring intensive insulin treatment.

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Yardley, Jane. "Type 1 Diabetes in Athletes." US Endocrinology 13, no. 02 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2017.13.02.51.

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Managing training and competition with type 1 diabetes is complicated, but not impossible. Athletes, and their diabetes care providers, should be aware of everything that might impact blood glucose responses to exercise. These factors include the type, timing, intensity and duration of exercise, as well as the timing and size of insulin dosage adjustments and carbohydrate intake. Due to differences in physiology (age, sex, fitness levels, etc.) there is no “one size fits all” solution, however, with careful planning and record-keeping, athletes with type 1 diabetes have the same opportunities for success in their sport as everyone else.

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Reynolds, G. Shawn, and Wayne E. K. Lehman. "Levels of Substance Use and Willingness to Use the Employee Assistance Program." Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 30, no. 2 (April 2003): 238???248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075484-200304000-00008.

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Reynolds, G. Shawn, and Wayne E. K. Lehman. "Levels of substance use and willingness to use the employee assistance program." Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 30, no. 2 (April 2003): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02289811.

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Hamdy, Osama. "Can Type 2 Diabetes be Reversed?" US Endocrinology 12, no. 02 (2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2016.12.02.76.

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Over the last few years, the question, “can type 2 diabetes be reversed?” came to the surface after several observations of partial or complete remission from the disease were seen in response to surgical and non-surgical interventions for weight management. This leads us to propose an alternative model for type 2 diabetes management by targeting body weight instead of our current classic model of targeting blood glucose levels by anti-hyperglycemic medications. The proposed alternative model may be successful in the early stages of type 2 diabetes as we currently have several effective tools. Untimely, this model of intervention may reduce cost and improve patients’ quality of life.

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Yurchenko, A., O. Udovychenko, Yu Khvorostina, and S. Petrenko. "Research levels of future physics teachers 'levels at the use of digital laboratories." Physical and Mathematical Education 22, no. 4 (December 2019): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/2413-1571-2019-022-4-021.

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Fazio, Sergio. "The Role of Statin Therapy in Primary Hyperlipidemia and Mixed Dyslipidemia." US Endocrinology 07, no. 01 (2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2011.07.01.23.

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In the US, ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke combined are the major cause of death for all age groups older than 55 years. Preventive approaches are based on the management of all risk factors and co-morbidities. The management guidelines for the lipid risk factors focus on lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Statins, which inhibit cholesterol synthesis via blockade of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are the drug of choice for LDL-C control. Currently, there are three generic and four branded statins. Pitavastatin, the latest statin to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2009), has the lipid indications of the other statins but is not indicated for CVD risk reduction. It is available in 1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg doses, with the recommended starting dose of 2 mg being equivalent to 20 mg of simvastatin and 10 mg of atorvastatin, and superior to 20 mg of pravastatin. Pitavastatin 2 mg reduces LDL-C levels by 39 %, apolipoprotein B by 31 %, total cholesterol by 28 % and triglycerides by 16 %, and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 6 %. In phase III clinical trials, pitavastatin 4 mg decreases LDL-C by up to 45 %. Pitavastatin has a unique metabolism, with little processing by cytochrome P450 (CYP) and none by CYP3A4, and thus it may display less CYP-mediated drug interaction than other statins. However, the FDA has determined that pitavastatin should not be taken with cyclosporine. Pitavastatin should be limited to 1 mg daily with erythromycin and 2 mg daily with rifampin. Preliminary vascular investigations have suggested benefits in line with those obtained by other statins.

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Shook, Robin P., Steven N. Blair, John Duperly, Gregory A. Hand, Sandra M. Matsudo, and Joanne L. Slavin. "What is Causing the Worldwide Rise in Body Weight?" US Endocrinology 10, no. 01 (2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2014.10.01.44.

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The worldwide rise in body weight has reached epidemic proportions and this has serious public health consequences. Despite the universal recognition of this problem, its causes are still debated: some attribute it to excess caloric intake; others blame a lack of physical activity (PA); some implicate specific changes to micro- and macro-nutrients. During the past century, government health agencies have developed guidance on healthy eating. These, along with advances in agriculture and food manufacturing, have largely eliminated nutrient deficiencies and helped reduce the consumption of fat. Over the past 60 years, however, technological advances and shifts in the types of occupations prominent in industrialized as well as developing countries have resulted in well-documented decreases in energy expenditure. Energy intake must be balanced with energy expenditure in order to prevent weight gain, and there is increasing evidence that this balance must be at a relatively high level of energy flux. A program that was started in São Paulo in 1996 known as ‘Agita’ has sought to motivate populations to engage in small amounts of physical exercise daily to tackle growing obesity levels. This multi-agency initiative is one example of how to successfully increase exercise within a community and scale both within (e.g. all states in Brazil) and across many nations. Reducing caloric intake in whole populations is challenging especially at relatively low levels of energy expenditure, and evidence suggests that there is a critical energy flux threshold for regulating intake to achieve energy balance. Increasing PA, however, may be more achievable than reducing intake. Activity raises caloric expenditure and can offset excess intake. The implementation of programs to achieve greater PA is therefore vital if the worldwide rise in body weight is to be halted, while we also need to implement programs to help people eat smarter.

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Higham, Claire E., and Peter J. Trainer. "Advances in Our Understanding of Acromegaly – Is There an Optimal Management Regimen?" US Endocrinology 05, no. 01 (2009): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2009.05.1.51.

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The two- to three-fold increased mortality associated with active acromegaly can be significantly decreased and even normalised with effective treatment to reduce growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels to within normal limits. This article addresses the advances in surgical techniques, new approaches in radiotherapy and the choice of medical treatments that make it possible to achieve biochemical remission and improve signs and symptoms of disease in almost every patient with acromegaly. The literature is reviewed with regard to the relative merits of each treatment method, recent controversies such as the role of radiotherapy and primary octreotide therapy are discussed and a treatment algorithm is proposed to provide a guide to management.

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Sabaté i López, Joan. "The use of language levels in advertising communication." Questiones Publicitarias, no. 6 (July 31, 1997): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/qp.256.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Levels of use'

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