Journal articles: 'Lever arm'

1

Geeves, Michael A. "Stretching the lever-arm theory." Nature 415, no. 6868 (January 2002): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415129a.

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2

Huxley, A. F. "Support for the lever arm." Nature 396, no. 6709 (November 1998): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24503.

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3

Sun, Yujie, and Yale E. Goldman. "Lever-Arm Mechanics of Processive Myosins." Biophysical Journal 101, no. 1 (July 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.05.026.

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4

Mugnai, Mauro L., and D. Thirumalai. "Kinematics of the lever arm swing in myosin VI." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 22 (May 16, 2017): E4389—E4398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615708114.

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Myosin VI (MVI) is the only known member of the myosin superfamily that, upon dimerization, walks processively toward the pointed end of the actin filament. The leading head of the dimer directs the trailing head forward with a power stroke, a conformational change of the motor domain exaggerated by the lever arm. Using a unique coarse-grained model for the power stroke of a single MVI, we provide the molecular basis for its motility. We show that the power stroke occurs in two major steps. First, the motor domain attains the poststroke conformation without directing the lever arm forward; and second, the lever arm reaches the poststroke orientation by undergoing a rotational diffusion. From the analysis of the trajectories, we discover that the potential that directs the rotating lever arm toward the poststroke conformation is almost flat, implying that the lever arm rotation is mostly uncoupled from the motor domain. Because a backward load comparable to the largest interhead tension in a MVI dimer prevents the rotation of the lever arm, our model suggests that the leading-head lever arm of a MVI dimer is uncoupled, in accord with the inference drawn from polarized total internal reflection fluorescence (polTIRF) experiments. Without any adjustable parameter, our simulations lead to quantitative agreement with polTIRF experiments, which validates the structural insights. Finally, in addition to making testable predictions, we also discuss the implications of our model in explaining the broad step-size distribution of the MVI stepping pattern.

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Vilfan, Andrej. "Elastic Lever-Arm Model for Myosin V." Biophysical Journal 88, no. 6 (June 2005): 3792–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.046763.

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Huang, Yangming, Kaidong Zhang, Shaokun Cai, Feng Luo, and Meiping Wu. "Lever Arm Effect in Airborne Vector Gravity." Advanced Science Letters 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2012.2305.

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7

Theologis, Tim. "Lever arm dysfunction in cerebral palsy gait." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 7, no. 5 (November 2013): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11832-013-0510-y.

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8

Köhler, Danny, Christine Ruff, Edgar Meyhöfer, and Martin Bähler. "Different degrees of lever arm rotation control myosin step size." Journal of Cell Biology 161, no. 2 (April 28, 2003): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200212039.

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Myosins are actin-based motors that are generally believed to move by amplifying small structural changes in the core motor domain via a lever arm rotation of the light chain binding domain. However, the lack of a quantitative agreement between observed step sizes and the length of the proposed lever arms from different myosins challenges this view. We analyzed the step size of rat myosin 1d (Myo1d) and surprisingly found that this myosin takes unexpectedly large steps in comparison to other myosins. Engineering the length of the light chain binding domain of rat Myo1d resulted in a linear increase of step size in relation to the putative lever arm length, indicative of a lever arm rotation of the light chain binding domain. The extrapolated pivoting point resided in the same region of the rat Myo1d head domain as in conventional myosins. Therefore, rat Myo1d achieves its larger working stroke by a large calculated ∼90° rotation of the light chain binding domain. These results demonstrate that differences in myosin step sizes are not only controlled by lever arm length, but also by substantial differences in the degree of lever arm rotation.

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9

Zhaoxing, Lu, Fang Jiancheng, Gong Xiaolin, Li Jianli, Wang Shicheng, and Wang Yun. "Dynamic Lever Arm Error Compensation of POS Used for Airborne Earth Observation." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9464568.

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The position and orientation system (POS) is widely applied in airborne Earth observation, which integrates the strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) and global positioning system (GPS) to provide high-accuracy position, velocity, and attitude information for remote sensing motion compensation. However, for keeping the appointed direction of remote sensing load, the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and remote sensing load will be driven to sweep by the servo machine. The lever arms among IMU, GPS, and remote sensing load will be time varying, and their influence on the measurement accuracy of POS is serious. To solve the problem, a dynamic lever arm error compensation method is proposed, which contains the first-level lever arm error compensations between IMU and GPS and the second-level lever arm error compensation between POS and remote sensing load. The flight experiment results show that the proposed method can effectively compensate the dynamic lever arm error and achieve high measurement accuracy for POS.

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10

Huang, Yang Ming, Kai Dong Zhang, Shao Kun Cai, and Mei Ping Wu. "Requirements of Level Arm Measurement Precision in Airborne Gravity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.211.

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Accelerometer bias and gyro drift determines the long term precision of the strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) which is the primary and critical component of the strapdown airborne gravimeter (SAG). Making use of the complementary characteristic of DGPS and SINS has been widely and successfully used in many practical applications to prohibit the long term drift on condition that they are consistent in time and space, which stands for time synchronization and lever arm effect respectively. The paper extends kalman filter with lever arm as one of its states and gives the observability analysis in a global perspective. Observability shows that at least two segments of the trajectory with linearly independent angle rate make the lever arm observable. Simulation demonstrates that 10 centimeters error in three quantities of the lever arm vector has an impact at the level of 3 mGal in the horizontal accelerometer bias but little effect on the vertical quantity. Different simulations prove the analysis and highlight the pitch maneuvers during the climbing of the flight test and emphasize the importance of the angle rate to the estimation of the lever arm rather the magnitude of the angle itself.

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11

Borko, Aviram, Itzik Klein, and Gilad Even-Tzur. "GNSS/INS Fusion with Virtual Lever-Arm Measurements." Sensors 18, no. 7 (July 11, 2018): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072228.

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The navigation subsystem in most platforms is based on an inertial navigation system (INS). Regardless of the INS grade, its navigation solution drifts in time. To avoid such a drift, the INS is fused with external sensor measurements such as a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Recent publications showed that the lever-arm, defined as the relative position between the INS and aiding sensor, has a strong influence on navigation accuracy. Most research in this field is focused on INS/GNSS fusion with GNSS position or velocity updates while considering various maneuvers types. In this paper, we propose to employ virtual lever-arm (VLA) measurements to improve the accuracy and time to convergence of the observable INS error-states. In particular, we show that VLA measurements improve performance even in stationary conditions. In situations when maneuvering helps to improve state observability, VLA measurements manage to gain additional improvement in accuracy. These results are supported by simulation and field experiments with a vehicle mounted with a GNSS and an INS.

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12

IWAMOTO, Hiroyuki. "Reconsidering the Lever-Arm Theory of Myosin Action." Seibutsu Butsuri 42, no. 1 (2002): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.42.9.

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13

Sun, Y., H. W. Schroeder, J. F. Beausang, K. Homma, M. Ikebe, and Y. E. Goldman. "Myosin VI lever arm rotation: Fixed or variable?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 16 (April 14, 2010): E63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914990107.

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14

Rietveld, AB, HA Daanen, PM Rozing, and WR Obermann. "The lever arm in glenohumeral abduction after hemiarthroplasty." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 70-B, no. 4 (August 1988): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.70b4.3403598.

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15

Clarke, Maxine. "Sighting of the swinging lever arm of muscle." Nature 395, no. 6701 (October 1998): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/26629.

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16

Holmes, Kenneth C. "The swinging lever-arm hypothesis of muscle contraction." Current Biology 7, no. 2 (February 1997): R112—R118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00051-0.

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17

Klukovich, Hope M., Tatiana B. Kouznetsova, Zachary S. Kean, Jeremy M. Lenhardt, and Stephen L. Craig. "A backbone lever-arm effect enhances polymer mechanochemistry." Nature Chemistry 5, no. 2 (December 23, 2012): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1540.

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18

Park, Je Doo, Minwoo Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Je Young Lee, and Hyung Keun Lee. "Lever Arm Error Compensation of GPS/INS Integrated Navigation by Velocity Measurements." Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences 41, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2013.41.6.481.

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19

Kim, M.-S., M. Derebew, Y.-K. Park, and D.-I. Kang. "Arm balancing experiments in the deadweight torque standard machine with adjustable lever-arm lengths." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1065 (August 2018): 042032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/4/042032.

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20

Trivedi, Darshan V., Joseph M. Muretta, Anja M. Swenson, Jonathon P. Davis, David D. Thomas, and Christopher M. Yengo. "Direct measurements of the coordination of lever arm swing and the catalytic cycle in myosin V." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 47 (November 9, 2015): 14593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517566112.

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Myosins use a conserved structural mechanism to convert the energy from ATP hydrolysis into a large swing of the force-generating lever arm. The precise timing of the lever arm movement with respect to the steps in the actomyosin ATPase cycle has not been determined. We have developed a FRET system in myosin V that uses three donor–acceptor pairs to examine the kinetics of lever arm swing during the recovery and power stroke phases of the ATPase cycle. During the recovery stroke the lever arm swing is tightly coupled to priming the active site for ATP hydrolysis. The lever arm swing during the power stroke occurs in two steps, a fast step that occurs before phosphate release and a slow step that occurs before ADP release. Time-resolved FRET demonstrates a 20-Å change in distance between the pre- and postpower stroke states and shows that the lever arm is more dynamic in the postpower stroke state. Our results suggest myosin binding to actin in the ADP.Pi complex triggers a rapid power stroke that gates the release of phosphate, whereas a second slower power stroke may be important for mediating strain sensitivity.

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21

Sasaki, Y. C., Y. Okumura, N. Oishi, S. Adachi, and N. Yagi. "Corralled brownian motion of the myosin lever arm domain." Seibutsu Butsuri 40, supplement (2000): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.40.s17_4.

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22

Wang, Junpeng, Tatiana B. Kouznetsova, Zachary S. Kean, Lin Fan, Brendan D. Mar, Todd J. Martínez, and Stephen L. Craig. "A Remote Stereochemical Lever Arm Effect in Polymer Mechanochemistry." Journal of the American Chemical Society 136, no. 43 (October 21, 2014): 15162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja509585g.

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23

Pylypenko, Olena, and Anne M. Houdusse. "Essential “ankle” in the myosin lever arm: Fig. 1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 1 (December 21, 2010): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017676108.

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24

Tveit, Per, Andrew G. Cresswell, Karl Daggfeldt, and Alf Thorstensson. "Spinal curvature changes lever arm lengths for erector spinae." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 7 (July 1992): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90425-z.

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25

Mugnai, Mauro L., and Dave Thirumalai. "Kinematics of the Lever Arm Swing in Myosin VI." Biophysical Journal 112, no. 3 (February 2017): 265a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.1439.

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26

Trivedi, Darshan V., Jonathan P. Davis, and Christopher M. Yengo. "Dynamics of the Lever-Arm Swing in Myosin V." Biophysical Journal 106, no. 2 (January 2014): 178a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.1008.

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27

Swenson, Anja M., Darshan V. Trivedi, and Christopher M. Yengo. "Converter Mutation Disrupts Lever arm Rotation in Myosin V." Biophysical Journal 108, no. 2 (January 2015): 302a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1641.

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28

Leslar, M., J. G. Wang, and B. Hu. "Boresight and Lever Arm Calibration of a Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR System." GEOMATICA 70, no. 2 (June 2016): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2016-202.

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Unlike Mobile Airborne LiDAR (MAL), it has become common for Mobile Terrestrial LiDAR (MTL) sys tems to consist of two or more LiDAR sensors. It is a challenging task for a user to simultaneously verify and calibrate their lever arms and boresight angles with respect to the IMU using the kinematic data. This paper presents a novel method for determination of MTL calibration parameters using the vector geometry created by a stereo pair of MTL sensors. Through the use of the stereo information provided by a pair of MTL sensors working in tandem, system parameters such as lever arm and boresight angles can be deter mined for both sen sors based on a single pass of a calibration object or scene. In this way, any data collected by a multi-sensor MTL can potentially be used to calibrate the system. Unlike many other calibration methods for calibrating MTL and MAL systems, the proposed method enables the simultaneous calibration of all lever arm and bore sight parameters for all of the LiDAR sensors integrated into the MTL system. Many MTL systems do not make it easy for end users to measure the lever arms, usually forcing users to fall back on mechanical drawings to determine the lever arms. The calibration method has been realized using test data acquired by two inde pend ent Lynx Mobile Mapper systems on 1) a single pass of a typical 400-m-long urban street scene and 2) a single pass around a calibration building. Each experiment succeeded at producing arc - second accurate boresight and sub-centimetre accurate lever arm parameters. Several scenarios were run. It was found that this accuracy level could be practically maintained with a control field consisting of five to seven control points dis tributed on horizontal and vertical surfaces.

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29

Lewis, John H., John F. Beausang, H. Lee Sweeney, and Yale E. Goldman. "The azimuthal path of myosin V and its dependence on lever-arm length." Journal of General Physiology 139, no. 2 (January 30, 2012): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201110715.

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Myosin V (myoV) is a two-headed myosin capable of taking many successive steps along actin per diffusional encounter, enabling it to transport vesicular and ribonucleoprotein cargos in the dense and complex environment within cells. To better understand how myoV navigates along actin, we used polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to examine angular changes of bifunctional rhodamine probes on the lever arms of single myoV molecules in vitro. With a newly developed analysis technique, the rotational motions of the lever arm and the local orientation of each probe relative to the lever arm were estimated from the probe’s measured orientation. This type of analysis could be applied to similar studies on other motor proteins, as well as other proteins with domains that undergo significant rotational motions. The experiments were performed on recombinant constructs of myoV that had either the native-length (six IQ motifs and calmodulins [CaMs]) or truncated (four IQ motifs and CaMs) lever arms. Native-length myoV-6IQ mainly took straight steps along actin, with occasional small azimuthal tilts around the actin filament. Truncated myoV-4IQ showed an increased frequency of azimuthal steps, but the magnitudes of these steps were nearly identical to those of myoV-6IQ. The results show that the azimuthal deflections of myoV on actin are more common for the truncated lever arm, but the range of these deflections is relatively independent of its lever-arm length.

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Savich, Yahor, Benjamin P. Binder, Andrew R. Thompson, and David D. Thomas. "Myosin lever arm orientation in muscle determined with high angular resolution using bifunctional spin labels." Journal of General Physiology 151, no. 8 (June 21, 2019): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201812210.

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Despite advances in x-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and fluorescence polarization, none of these techniques provide high-resolution structural information about the myosin light chain domain (LCD; lever arm) under ambient conditions in vertebrate muscle. Here, we measure the orientation of LCD elements in demembranated muscle fibers by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using a bifunctional spin label (BSL) with an angular resolution of 4°. To achieve stereoselective site-directed labeling with BSL, we engineered a pair of cysteines in the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), either on helix E or helix B, which are roughly parallel or perpendicular to the myosin lever arm, respectively. By exchanging BSL-labeled RLC onto oriented muscle fibers, we obtain EPR spectra from which the angular distributions of BSL, and thus the lever arm, can be determined with high resolution relative to the muscle fiber axis. In the absence of ATP (rigor), each of the two labeled helices exhibits both ordered (σ ∼9–11°) and disordered (σ > 38°) populations. Using these angles to determine the orientation of the lever arm (LCD combined with converter subdomain), we observe that the oriented population corresponds to a lever arm that is perpendicular to the muscle fiber axis and that the addition of ATP in the absence of Ca2+ (inducing relaxation) shifts the orientation to a much more disordered orientational distribution. Although the detected orientation of the myosin light chain lever arm is ∼33° different than predicted from a standard “lever arm down” model based on cryo-EM of actin decorated with isolated myosin heads, it is compatible with, and thus augments and clarifies, fluorescence polarization, x-ray interference, and EM data obtained from muscle fibers. These results establish feasibility for high-resolution detection of myosin LCD rotation during muscle contraction.

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31

Deforth, Manja, Lukas Zwicky, Tamara Horn Lang, and Beat Hintermann. "The Effect of Three Foot Types on the Achilles Tendon Lever Arm." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00209.

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Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: During locomotion, propulsion of the body is created by the force of the triceps surae complex as it is transmitted to the metatarsal heads. The amount and pattern of the resulting propulsion force highly depends on the moment arm of the Achilles tendon. To our knowledge, no data exists on how and to which extent position and morphology of the foot affects the moment arm of the Achilles tendon. The aim of this study was 1) to develop a method to determine the Achilles tendon moment arm, and 2) to calculate the Achilles tendon moment arm with the foot in different degrees of dorsi- and plantarflexion for 3 foot types (normal arched foot, pes planus, and pes cavus). Methods: 99 study participants with a healthy ankle joint (males, 40; females, 59; mean age 49 [range, 14 – 78] years) were included. Participants’ foot type was classified as a normal arched foot (n = 33), as pes planus (n = 33), or as pes cavus (n = 33) based on the calcaneal inclination angle (CI) (Figure 1). Besides the foot type, the foot length (FL), the calcaneal insertion of the Achilles tendon (ATI), the angle (a) between the line (L) connecting ATI with the center of rotation of the ankle (COR) and the horizontal line (L’) were measured on the lateral radiographs. The interrater reliabilities of measuring a on radiographs and on MRIs were compared. The lever arm of the Achilles tendon (L’calculated) was calculated as following (foot and tibia were regarded as two rigid segments; the influences of other muscles were neglected): L’calculated = cos(a - plantarflexion)*L Results: The interrater reliability of a was higher on radiographs (ICC = 0.84, [0.73 – 0.91]) than on MRIs (ICC = 0.61, [0.27 – 0.81]). The ICC comparing a measured on MRIs and radiographs was 0.63 [0.50-0.74]. There was no difference in FL between the three foot types (p = 0.199). However, the average a was significantly different (normal arched foot 31°, pes planus 24°, pes cavus 36°, p = 0.021), resulting in a statistically significant shorter Achilles tendon lever arm for pes cavus than for pes planus (p < 0.0001) and normal arched feet (p = 0.006) in neutral position. The maximum lever arm for the three different foot types was reached at different degrees of plantarflexion (Figure 2). Conclusion: The assessment of the Achilles tendon lever arm using radiographs is reliable. The foot configuration determines the lever arm of the Achilles tendon for a given flexion position of the foot. It also determines the plantarflexion position where the Achilles tendon reaches the maximum of its lever arm. This has to be taken into consideration when planning surgeries that change a or L, as they may also result in changes of plantarflexion power.

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32

Kolwinski, Ulrich, and Daniel Schwind. "Performance of force standard machines with compensation of lever arm distortion." ACTA IMEKO 3, no. 2 (June 23, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v3i2.71.

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The demand for lower uncertainties in force measurement is increasing. Deadweight force standard machines are known to yield the lowest measurement uncertainty in force realization. However, their capacities cannot be extended indefinitely as they become too large in size and prohibitively expensive. Lever amplification of a deadweight force is an option for higher capacities in force realization. This paper describes the performance of a force standard machine with a new method (patent pending) for automatic compensation of lever arm distortion in order to keep the amplification ratio constant.

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33

Lim, Seung-Min, and Ryoon-Ki Hong. "Distal Movement of Maxillary Molars Using a Lever-arm and Mini-implant System." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/102506-438.

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Abstract Recently, many studies have been reported on distal molar movement using temporary anchorage devices. However, the side effects of distal movement, such as distal tipping, rotation, or extrusion, are still unsolved. This article describes the use of the lever-arm and mini-implant system for controlled distal movement of maxillary molars and two clinical cases in which patients were treated with this system. Mini implants are needed to control the point of force application in the posterior area with no anchorage loss. When the length of the lever arm and the position of the mini implant are adjusted, the desired line of action of the distal force is determined with respect to the center of resistance of maxillary molars. The lever-arm and mini-implant system is useful not only for absolute anchorage, but also for three-dimensional control during distal movement of the upper molars.

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Schott, Daniel H., Ruth N. Collins, and Anthony Bretscher. "Secretory vesicle transport velocity in living cells depends on the myosin-V lever arm length." Journal of Cell Biology 156, no. 1 (January 7, 2002): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200110086.

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Myosins are molecular motors that exert force against actin filaments. One widely conserved myosin class, the myosin-Vs, recruits organelles to polarized sites in animal and fungal cells. However, it has been unclear whether myosin-Vs actively transport organelles, and whether the recently challenged lever arm model developed for muscle myosin applies to myosin-Vs. Here we demonstrate in living, intact yeast that secretory vesicles move rapidly toward their site of exocytosis. The maximal speed varies linearly over a wide range of lever arm lengths genetically engineered into the myosin-V heavy chain encoded by the MYO2 gene. Thus, secretory vesicle polarization is achieved through active transport by a myosin-V, and the motor mechanism is consistent with the lever arm model.

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35

Cho, Yong Hyeon, Woo Jung Park, and Chan Gook Park. "Novel Methods of Mitigating Lever Arm Effect in Redundant IMU." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 9465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2021.3054945.

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36

Tan, Qiangjun, Yongsheng Cheng, Bin Tang, Hao Zhou, and Yinxin Li. "Compensation method of lever arm effect based on multi-accelerometers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 768 (March 31, 2020): 042052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/768/4/042052.

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37

Xiong, Zhi, Hui Peng, Jie Wang, Rong Wang, and Jian-Ye Liu. "Dynamic calibration method for SINS lever-arm effect for HCVs." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 51, no. 4 (October 2015): 2760–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2015.140048.

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38

Usman, Muahammad, and Ali Raza. "Development of adjustable stiffness actuator by varying lever arm length." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 40, no. 8 (October 19, 2017): 651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2017.1385423.

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39

Röske, Dirk. "Some problems concerning the lever arm length in torque metrology." Measurement 20, no. 1 (January 1997): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(97)00006-7.

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40

Highsmith, Stefan. "Lever Arm Model of Force Generation by Actin−Myosin−ATP†." Biochemistry 38, no. 31 (August 1999): 9791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi9907633.

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41

Hariadi, R. F., M. Cale, and S. Sivaramakrishnan. "Myosin lever arm directs collective motion on cellular actin network." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 11 (March 3, 2014): 4091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315923111.

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42

Hsu, Horng-Chaung, Jiunn-Jer Wu, Tain-Hsiung Chen, Wai-Hee Lo, and Dah-Jung Yang. "The influence of abductor lever-arm changes after shoulder arthroplasty." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2, no. 3 (May 1993): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-2746(09)80049-9.

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43

Gildemeister, A. E., T. Ihn, M. Sigrist, K. Ensslin, D. C. Driscoll, and A. C. Gossard. "Lever arm of a metallic tip in scanning gate experiments." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 40, no. 5 (March 2008): 1640–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2007.10.033.

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44

Sun, Jie, Yuan-Ming Liu, Qing-Long Wang, Yu-Kun Hu, and Dian-Hua Zhang. "Mathematical model of lever arm coefficient in cold rolling process." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 97, no. 5-8 (May 3, 2018): 1847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2078-7.

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45

Gerbeaux, M., E. Turpin, G. Lensel-Corbeil, and E. Pertuzon. "Validation of the modelisation of the triceps brachii lever arm." Journal of Biomechanics 27, no. 6 (January 1994): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)91222-x.

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Benli, Wang, Liao He, and Yang Dahao. "On-orbit determination and adjustment of electrostatic accelerometer lever arm." Acta Astronautica 68, no. 7-8 (April 2011): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.09.008.

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Colliander, Erland B., and Per A. Tesch. "Isokinetic torque expressed relative to knee versus lever arm angle." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90154-1.

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Song, Jin Woo, and Chan Gook Park. "Optimal Configuration of Redundant Inertial Sensors Considering Lever Arm Effect." IEEE Sensors Journal 16, no. 9 (May 2016): 3171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2015.2510545.

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Ma, Yan Hai, Xiao Ming Mai, and Ke Wang. "Changing Dimensional Feedback Correction Method of INS/GPS Integrated Navigation System Based on Lever Arm Estimation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.405.

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Abstract:

In traditional INS/GPS integrated navigation system, whether a error state can be feedback is determined by its observability, however, in that there is no precise motion reference, it is difficult to judge whether the system is observable, therefore, which error states can be feedback is hard to determine. According to the vehicle’s maneuver’s effect on error states’ observability, a changing dimensional feedback correction method based on lever arm estimation error minimization is proposed. In the beginning phase of Kalman filtering, part of error states feedback correction was executed on a 18 dimensional error sates vector including lever arm error, this scheme runs until the difference between lever arm estimation and it’s measurement less than the setting threshold, all error states feedback correction was executed with a 15 dimensional error states model. The flying test shows that the estimation result with all error states feedback is prevail to that of part of error states feedback correction after lever arm estimation error converges. The proposed method is of great value in engineering application.

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Fu, Qiangwen, Sihai Li, Yang Liu, Qi Zhou, and Feng Wu. "Automatic Estimation of Dynamic Lever Arms for a Position and Orientation System." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124230.

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Abstract:

An inertially stabilized platform (ISP) is generally equipped with a position and orientation system (POS) to isolate attitude disturbances and to focus surveying sensors on interesting targets. However, rotation of the ISP will result in a time-varying lever arm between the measuring center of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and the phase center of the Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna, making it difficult to measure and provide compensation. To avoid the complexity of manual measurement and improve surveying efficiency, we propose an automatic estimation method for the dynamic lever arm. With the aid of the ISP encoder data, we decompose the variable lever arm into two constant lever arms to be estimated on line. With a complete 21-dimensional state Kalman filter, we accurately and simultaneously accomplish navigation and dynamic lever arm calibration. Our observability analysis provides a valuable insight into the conditions under which the lever arms can be estimated, and we use the error distribution method to reveal which error sources are the most influential. The simulation results demonstrate that the dynamic lever arm can be estimated to within [0.0104; 0.0110; 0.0178] m, an accuracy that is equivalent to the positioning accuracy of Carrier-phase Differential GPS (CDGPS).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lever arm'

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