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Journal articles on the topic 'Lex animata'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Schönfeld, K. M. "Rex, Lex et Judex." European Constitutional Law Review 4, no. 2 (2008): 274–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019608002745.

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Doubts about the traditional, positivistic interpretation of Montesquieu's ‘bouche de la loi’-text – Reading Montesquieu in his historical context – England and France: judge made law and parlementaire ideology – Natural law context – Lex animata, lex loquens: King versus judge – The Ciceronian and English background of the ‘bouche de la loi’ – The Fronde and les Mazarinades – George Buchanan, Sir Edward Coke and Calvin's Case

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2

DURGUN, Fatih. "Lex Animata ve Lex Facit Regem Prensipleri Çerçevesinde 13. ve 14. Yüzyıllarda İngiliz Siyaset Düşüncesinin Krizi." İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5, no. 1 (2018): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.394029.

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3

Wolff, Francis. "¿Liberar los animales? Un eslogan inmoral y absurdo." Ciencias Sociales y Educación 5, no. 10 (2016): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22395/csye.v5n10a15.

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4

Kwame Nyame, A., R. Debose-Boyd, T. D. Long, V. C. W. Tsang, and R. D. Cummings. "Expression of Lex antigen in Schistosoma japonicum and S.haematobium and immune responses to Lex in infected animals: Lack of Lex expression in other trematodes and nematodes." Glycobiology 8, no. 6 (1998): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/8.6.615.

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5

Ho, Jean. "Unraveling the Lex Causae in Investment Claims." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 3-4 (2014): 757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504021.

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A key concern in the resolution of investor-State disputes through arbitration is which law to apply to the substance of these disputes. It is not always straightforward if a claim brought by a foreign investor, a traditional subject of national law, against a host State, a traditional subject of international law, should be decided in accordance with national law, international law, or both. This essay reviews three books that consider how the lex causae in investment claims should be unraveled. Each book offers a different alternative to a conflict-of-laws approach in the determination of the governing law. Together, they reflect the diversity of views that animate the study and practice of international investment law.

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6

Bonella, Alcino Eduardo. "Animais em laboratórios e a lei Arouca." Scientiae Studia 7, no. 3 (2009): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-31662009000300008.

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7

Strannegård, Claes, Wen Xu, Niklas Engsner, and John A. Endler. "Combining Evolution and Learning in Computational Ecosystems." Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 11, no. 1 (2020): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2020-0001.

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AbstractAlthough animals such as spiders, fish, and birds have very different anatomies, the basic mechanisms that govern their perception, decision-making, learning, reproduction, and death have striking similarities. These mechanisms have apparently allowed the development of general intelligence in nature. This led us to the idea of approaching artificial general intelligence (AGI) by constructing a generic artificial animal (animat) with a configurable body and fixed mechanisms of perception, decision-making, learning, reproduction, and death. One instance of this generic animat could be an artificial spider, another an artificial fish, and a third an artificial bird. The goal of all decision-making in this model is to maintain homeostasis. Thus actions are selected that might promote survival and reproduction to varying degrees. All decision-making is based on knowledge that is stored in network structures. Each animat has two such network structures: a genotype and a phenotype. The genotype models the initial nervous system that is encoded in the genome (“the brain at birth”), while the phenotype represents the nervous system in its present form (“the brain at present”). Initially the phenotype and the genotype coincide, but then the phenotype keeps developing as a result of learning, while the genotype essentially remains unchanged. The model is extended to ecosystems populated by animats that develop continuously according to fixed mechanisms for sexual or asexual reproduction, and death. Several examples of simple ecosystems are given. We show that our generic animat model possesses general intelligence in a primitive form. In fact, it can learn simple forms of locomotion, navigation, foraging, language, and arithmetic.

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8

Griffiths, Ian, Peter Holmes, Martin Sullivan, and Norman Wright. "Robin Lee." Veterinary Record 186, no. 17 (2020): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.m2145.

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9

Kovic, Vanja, Kim Plunkett, and Gert Westermann. "Eye-tracking study of animate objects." Psihologija 42, no. 3 (2009): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0903307k.

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This study involved presentation of animate objects under labeling and non-labeling conditions and examination of participants' looking pattern across these conditions. Results revealed a surprisingly consistent way in which adults look at the pictures of animate objects. The head/eyes of the animals were a typical region attracting a number of fixations, but also some other parts of animals (e.g. the tail in cats, or the udder in cows and the body in snakes). Furthermore, not only did participants tend to look at similar regions of the pictures of animate objects, but also the looking order to these regions was consistent across participants. However, contrary to the original predictions, these patterns of fixations were similar across the naming and non-naming conditions ('Look at the <target>!', 'Look at the picture!' and 'What's this?', respectively), which led to the conclusion that participants' consistency in processing animate objects was not reflecting underlying mental representation evoked by labels, but was rather driven by the structural similarity of animate objects, in particular the presence of a head.

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10

Archer, Gregory S. "Comparison of Incandescent, CFL, LED and Bird Level LED Lighting: Growth, Fear and Stress." International Journal of Poultry Science 14, no. 8 (2015): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2015.449.455.

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11

Smith, Kimberly G. "Cooperation among Animals--An Evolutionary Perspective Lee Alan Dugatkin." Condor 100, no. 4 (1998): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369771.

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12

Cohen, Lara Langer. "Civilized Creatures: Urban Animals, Sentimental Culture, and American Literature, 1850-1900 (review)." Legacy 23, no. 2 (2006): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/leg.2006.0016.

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13

Gomes, Carla Amado. "Animais Experimentais." Review of Business and Legal Sciences, no. 26 (July 24, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26537/rebules.v0i26.998.

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1. Experimentação animal: sensibilidade e bom senso 2. As experiências com animais no Direito da União Europeia 3. As experiências com animais no ordenamento jurídico português: o Decreto-Lei 113/2013, de 7 de Agosto

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14

Donovan, Josephine. "Tolstoy's Animals." Society & Animals 17, no. 1 (2009): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853009x393756.

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AbstractIn recent years, critics sensitive to animal issues have begun to theorize a new direction in literary criticism, an animal-centric or animal-standpoint criticism. Such a criticism seeks to examine works of literature from the point of view of how animals are treated therein, often looking to reconstruct the standpoint of the animals in question. This article examines a selection of short stories by Leo Tolstoy considering them exemplary from the point of view of animal-standpoint criticism.

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15

Pancheri, Ivanira, and Roberto Augusto de Carvalho Campos. "COMENTÁRIOS À LEI SANSÃO: CRIME DE MAUS-TRATOS CONTRA CÃES E GATOS SOB A LEI Nº 14.064/20." Unisul de Fato e de Direito: revista jurídica da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina 11, no. 22 (2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/ufd.v11e22202161-74.

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O artigo analisa a recente Lei nº 14.064/20, que aumenta as penas cominadas ao crime de maus-tratos a animais quando se tratar de cão ou gato. A partir de pesquisa teórica, objetiva-se compreender as inovações introduzidas no arcabouço jurídico da criminalidade contra animais e ainda, seu significado ao eleger unicamente estas duas espécimes. Não obstante pendentes questões a serem pacificadas em sede de hermenêutica jurídica, o resultado porém, é positivo reforço da defesa animal junto à relevante conscientização sobre sofrimento dos animais não humanos.

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16

Trompenaars, Thijs. "Empathy for the inanimate." Linguistics in the Netherlands 35 (December 3, 2018): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00009.tro.

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Abstract Narrative fiction may invite us to share the perspective of characters which are very much unlike ourselves. Inanimate objects featuring as protagonists or narrators are an extreme example of this. The way readers experience these characters was examined by means of a narrative immersion study. Participants (N = 200) judged narratives containing animate or inanimate characters in predominantly Agent or Experiencer roles. Narratives with inanimate characters were judged to be less emotionally engaging. This effect was influenced by the dominant thematic role associated with the character: inanimate Agents led to more defamiliarization compared to their animate counterparts than inanimate Experiencers. I argue for an integrated account of thematic roles and animacy in literary experience and linguistics in general.

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17

NAKANO, T., J. J. BRENNAN, and F. X. AHERNE. "LEG WEAKNESS AND OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN SWINE: A REVIEW." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (1987): 883–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-094.

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Leg weakness (lameness) in swine is a problem resulting in economic loss. Osteochondrosis, a noninfectious condition manifested as a failure of endochondral bone formation, is thought to be a principal predisposing cause of leg weakness. Frequent sites of osteochondrotic lesions include the medial condyles of the femur and humerus, semilunar notch of the ulna and the distal ulnar physis. Osteochondrosis results in focal thickening of cartilage with the affected portion of cartilage, which fails to ossify, retained in the subchondral bone. The retained cartilage is frequently associated with chondrocyte death and loss of extracellular matrix proteoglycans. An advanced degree of the condition is observed as osteochondrosis dissecans or secondary osteoarthrosis, and frequently causes lameness of animals. Changes in proteoglycan structure are noted in severely affected porcine joint cartilage. Causes of leg weakness and osteochondrosis remain unclear. Many researchers suggest that mechanical overloading is responsible for the relatively high frequency of osteochondrotic lesions on the weight-bearing surfaces of affected bones. Leg weakness and joint lesions have been studied in relation to various factors associated with animal feeding and management practices (e.g., growth rate, exercise and floor types). Rapid weight gain has often been suggested to be related to the incidence of osteochondrosis, but results are not consistent among experiments reported. The incidence of osteochondrosis is very high (> 90% in one study) even in genetically selected slow-growing pigs, and most attempts to prevent or reduce the incidence of osteochondrosis are unsuccessful. A certain amount of exercise is essential for normal growth of bone and cartilage, but data are lacking concerning whether pigs under normal confinement systems need additional exercise. Experiments with enforced exercise on treadmill or brisk walking suggest that the treatments have little effect on soundness of limb joints of swine. It is unlikely that the incidence of joint lesions could be reduced by changing type of floors studied so far. It has been reported that dietary supplementation of various minerals and vitamins within wide limits has little effect on the incidence or severity of osteochondrosis, suggesting that prevention of joint lesions by nutritional means is also difficult. Genetic studies suggest that the heritabilities of leg weakness and osteochondrosis are low to moderate (0.1 – 0.3), and therefore the problem will be difficult to solve by selection alone. Other factors including carcass characteristics, sex or breed are also discussed in realtion to leg abnormalities. It is possible that pathogenesis of or susceptibility to joint abnormality differs among animals studied, even in the same experiment, resulting in a failure to observe a correlation between a certain factor and the occurrence of leg abnormalities. The last part of this review covers studies examining recovery of pigs from lameness or osteochondrosis including therapeutic means. Treatment of osteochondrotic lame boars by intramuscular administration of glycosaminogiycan polysulfate (GAGPS) improves their locomotory ability. Key words: Leg weakness, osteochondrosis, joint cartilage, bone, growth, pig

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18

Ristivojevic, Branislav, and Tatjana Bugarski. "Can experiments on animals constitute a criminal offence of cruelty to animals?" Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 4 (2014): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1404339r.

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The criminal offence ?killing and torturing animals? under Article 269 of the Criminal Code says that it can be committed only ?contrary to regulations?. The regulations governing the treatment of experimental animals are the Animal Welfare Law from 2009 and the Law on the Ratification of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes amended by the Protocol of amendment to the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes from 2010. The first one imposes numerous obligations and introduces numerous prohibitions in the treatment of experimental animals, which at first sight make the possibilities of committing this criminal offence greater. The other law does not contain most of the prohibitions and restrictions that are included in the Animal Welfare Law. Thanks to a legal rule which says that a later law regulating the same subject replaces the former one (lex posterior derogate legi priori) and the aforementioned unconstitutionality of many provisions of the Animal Welfare Law, researchers and teachers in Serbia are not in particular danger of criminal prosecution.

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19

Shen, ZhuoHua, and Justin Seipel. "The leg stiffnesses animals use may improve the stability of locomotion." Journal of Theoretical Biology 377 (July 2015): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.010.

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20

Costanza, Robert. "Beyond Reciprocity Cooperation among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective Lee Alan Dugatkin." BioScience 48, no. 7 (1998): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313321.

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21

PAIBA, GILES. "Rabbit leg identification rings." Journal of Small Animal Practice 34, no. 11 (1993): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1993.tb03562.x.

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22

Mellersh, C., N. Holmes, M. Binns, and J. Sampson. "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at four canine loci (LEI 003, LEI 007, LEI 008 and LEI 015)." Animal Genetics 25, no. 2 (2009): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00098.x.

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23

Fujikawa, Toru Oshima Tomohiko, and Mina on Kumamoto. "Actuator Arrangement and Motion Form of Vertebrate Leg." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 14, no. 3 (2002): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2002.p0262.

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We clarified the relationship between the arrangement and the motion of actuators (muscles), corresponding to the drive system for vertebrate legs, including those of the human, planning to apply our results to robot drive systems. To do so, we anatomically compared muscular arrangements of plantigrade animals, such as humans and gorillas, and unguligrade animals, such as horses and deers,and amphibious jumping vertebrates, such as frogs. We analytically clarified distinctive functional features at the link end constituted by the differences in muscular arrangement by a robotic engineering method with a 2-joint link model. We found that muscular arrangement features are greatly involved in output and stiffness at the link end and reflect features of motion in each group of animals. We studied feasible application of the drive system by verifying its effects in muscular arrangement to make the drive system practical.

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24

Silva, Eliane, and Celina Abbade. "O campo léxico dos animais em cartas ao Barão de Jeremoabo: uma análise lexicológica." Revista GTLex 1, no. 1 (2015): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/lex1-v1n1a2015-5.

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25

Leite, Lenir G., Franklin Riet-Correa, Rosane M. T. Medeiros, Andrea Piacenti, Marcos Aragão, and Sandro V. Schons. "Susceptibilidade de animais de laboratório à intoxicação por Ateleia glazioviana (Leg. Papilionoideae)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22, no. 2 (2002): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2002000200007.

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Coelhos, cobaias, ratos e camundongos foram utilizados com a finalidade de reproduzir a forma cardíaca da intoxicação por Ateleia glazioviana. Quatro animais de cada espécie receberam por 4 meses a planta, secada à sombra, na concentração de 10% na ração, fornecida na forma de pelets. Os pelets foram preparados misturando 700 g de ração comercial, 200 g de amido de milho, 1000 ml de água destilada e 100 g de planta seca e, posteriormente, secados em estufa a 100ºC, durante 16 a 20 horas. Quatro animais de cada espécie serviram como testemunhas, recebendo a ração preparada da mesma forma, porém com a utilização de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) em lugar de A. glazioviana. Era fornecida água à vontade e, para os coelhos e cobaias, também aveia (Avena sativa) verde diariamente. Esses animais não apresentaram nenhuma alteração clínica, e foram pesados semanalmente nas últimas 5 semanas do período experimental, não apresentando diferença significativa no ganho de peso. À necropsia não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas e pelo exame histológico também não foram detectadas lesões significativas no coração e em outros órgãos. Para testar a atividade abortiva de A. glazioviana, ração contendo 10% de planta seca, preparada da mesma forma que no experimento anterior, foi administrada a 11 outros ratos, fêmeas, prenhes, nos dois últimos terços da gestação. Um grupo controle de 11 fêmeas recebeu a ração com azevém a 10%, durante o mesmo período. Esses animais tiveram filhotes normais e no prazo correto. Para determinar a possível perda de toxidez da planta durante a preparação dos pelets, A. glazioviana foi aquecida por 16 a 20 horas a 100ºC e, posteriormente, administrada a um ovino em 26 doses diárias de 2,65 g/kg de planta seca. Durante o período experimental, a ovelha apresentou batimentos cardíacos mais fortes, taquicardia e arritmia cardíacas, depois bradicardia e, no período final, apatia acentuada. Foi sacrificada 7 dias após a última administração da planta. Esse animal apresentava gestação de 2,5 a 3 meses e o feto não apresentava sinais de autólise. As alterações macroscópicas mais evidentes à necropsia foram ascite, hidrotórax, áreas esbranquiçadas no músculo cardíaco e fígado de coloração clara. Na histologia do coração foram observadas degeneração e necrose de fibras cardíacas e proliferação de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. O fígado apresentava congestão e degeneração de hepatócitos nas áreas centrolo-bulares. Os resultados indicam que esses animais de laboratório não foram susceptíveis à ação cardiotóxica de A. glazioviana, por via oral, e sugerem a possibilidade de que o princípio ativo da planta, que é resistente ao calor, seja semelhante ao princípio ativo das plantas do sul da África que causam fibrose cardíaca.

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26

Teixeira, Karen. "MAUS-TRATOS DE ANIMAIS: UMA PROTEÇÃO SIMBÓLICA NA LEI DE CRIMES AMBIENTAIS." Justiça & Sociedade - Revista do Curso de Direito do IPA 2, no. 1 (2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.15602/2525-3883/rjs.v2n1p351-393.

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O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a aplicação dapunição prevista no art. 32 da Lei de Crimes Ambientais, impostaa quem praticar maus-tratos ou atos de abuso contra animais. Referidanorma decorre diretamente do mandamento constante noart. 225, §1º, inciso VII da Constituição Federal de 1988, que determinaa proteção da fauna e veda a crueldade contra os animais.

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27

Knežević, Milan, and Miloš Knežević. "Transverse size of interacting directed lattice animals studied by Yang–Lee approach." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 54, no. 38 (2021): 385001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac1d8d.

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28

Marques, Any De Castro Ruiz, Gabrielle Cristine Gabbiatti, Ângela Andréia França Gravena, and Valéria Do Amaral. "Influência das Dietas Hipercalóricas sobre os Parâmetros de Obesidade, Dislipidemia e Hiperglicemia em Ratos." Saúde e Pesquisa 8, no. 1 (2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/1983-1870.2015v8n1p55-62.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo induzir dietas hipercalóricas em ratos para promover a obesidade e verificar seus níveis bioquímicos, relacionando-os com ratos alimentados por dieta padrão. Foram utilizados 30 ratos, pesando entre 250 e 300 g. Os ratos foram divididos em dois grupos: Dieta Padrão (SD) e Dieta Cafeteria (CD). Após 30 dias, os grupos foram divididos em: SD, Dieta Plus (PD) e CD. Em 30 e 60 dias, realizaram-se as dosagens bioquímicas. Os animais foram pesados, medidos e realizaram-se os Índices de Lee e a análise macroscópica da gordura visceral. Os valores de peso, circunferência, tamanho e Índice de Lee, aumentaram nos animais da PD em 30 e 60 dias de dieta. Os parâmetros bioquímicos em 30 dias aumentaram os níveis de colesterol total e HDL do grupo SD em relação à PD e CD. Em 60 dias o colesterol total e HDL sofreram uma diminuição. Os níveis de glicose em 30 dias aumentaram em relação aos grupos da PD e CD. Na análise macroscópica da gordura visceral, o grupo PD apresentou alteração visível em relação à SD. Ao induzir dietas em animais, estes apresentaram respostas diferentes através do metabolismo e do tempo de indução da dieta. Influence of Hypercaloric Diets on the Parameters of Obesity, Dyslipidemia and Hyperglycemia in Rats ABSTRACT: Hypercaloric diets were induced in rats to trigger obesity and analyze their biochemical levels. The rats were then compared with others fed on standard rations. Thirty rats, weighing 250-300 g, were used and divided into two groups: Standard Diet (SD) and Cafeteria Diet (CD). After 30 days, the groups were divided into SD, Diet Plus (PD) and CD; and biochemical tests were undertaken after 30 and 60 days. The animals were weighed, measured and the Lee Index and the microscopic analysis of visceral fat were taken. Weight, circumference, size and Lee Index increased in PD animals after 30 and 60 days of diet. In 30 days the chemical parameters increased total cholesterol and HDL levels of group SD when compared to PD and CD. Total cholesterol and HDL decreased after 60 days. Glucose levels increased after 30 days when compared to groups PD and CD. Group PD had a clear change in the microscopic analysis of visceral fat when compared to SD. Induced diet in animals had different reactions due to metabolism and induction time.

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29

Boggess, M. V., M. F. Rothschild, and L. L. Christian. "Comparison of foot and leg structure in crossbred pigs sired by Duroc Boars differing in degree of leg weakness1." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 106, no. 1-6 (1989): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1989.tb00212.x.

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30

Meek, PD, DJ Jenkins, B. Morris, AJ Ardler, and RJ Hawksby. "Use of Two Humane Leg-Hold Traps for Catching Pest Species." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950733.

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This technical note comments on the use of Victor 'Soft Catch' No. 3 traps and Treadle snare throwers, two leg-hold devices that have been developed to minimise injuries to captured animals. Both types of traps were evaluated during more than 1000 nights of use. The numbers of animals caught in each trap type, and the degree of injury sustained by the trapped animals were recorded. Both these traps were found to be humane alternatives to the steel-jawed trap currently in common use in Australia. However, the 'Victor' traps were the more convenient to use. They gave fewer technical problems, minimised injuries, caught more animals and allowed fewer escapes.

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31

Muller, Eridani. "Queensland’s Threatened Animals." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 1 (2014): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140127.

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THE explosion of the mining industry, recent change of government and ongoing debates over climate change and use of national parks makes threatened animals and their protection a red hot issue for many in the conservation sector in Queensland. Under “How to use this book” (p. 16) Lee Curtis states that “we hope that the information offered will lead you quickly and efficiently to the next step that will help to halt the population declines of threatened animals in our state”; the naivety of such a statement will not appeal to scientists in the field who constantly fight for increased legislative protections for threatened species, and actively work on on-ground management programs in attempts to halt such population declines. Anybody who has reached a stage where they are able to effect such a change

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32

Avila-Pires, Fernando Dias de. "Lei da espécie." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 12, no. 4 (1995): 1015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751995000400029.

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33

Du, J., Y. Liu, B. Meline, et al. "Loss of CD44 attenuates aberrant GM-CSF signaling in Kras G12D hematopoietic progenitor/precursor cells and prolongs the survival of diseased animals." Leukemia 27, no. 3 (2012): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.251.

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34

Eusebio-Ba, P., E. O. Oviedo-Ron, J. L. Grimes, and J. Scott. "Bone Development and Leg Problem Incidence in Four Strains of Turkeys." International Journal of Poultry Science 14, no. 9 (2015): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2015.497.505.

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35

Marchant, J. N., and D. M. Broom. "Effects of housing system on movement and leg strength in sows." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41, no. 3-4 (1994): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90038-8.

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36

Silva, Vera Lucia da, and Marcelo Saccardo Branco. "Limitações Jurídicas à Experimentação no Novo Estatuto dos Animais." Revista de Biodireito e Direito dos Animais 2, no. 1 (2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2525-9695/2016.v2i1.284.

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Este artigo apresenta os dispositivos sobre experimentação previstos no Estatuto dos Animais. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma abordagem teórica do biodireito e da bioética. A seguir, é mencionada a Lei Arouca, norma vigente que regulamenta o artigo 225 da Constituição Federal e autoriza a experimentação em animais. Posteriormente, são destacados elementos dos Projetos de Lei que visam alterar a Lei Arouca, em tramitação no Senado Federal. O objetivo é apresentar uma interpretação do caráter protetivo mais abrangente do Estatuto dos Animais quanto ao uso destes em experimentos científicos.

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Shen, ZhuoHua, and Justin Seipel. "Animals prefer leg stiffness values that may reduce the energetic cost of locomotion." Journal of Theoretical Biology 364 (January 2015): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.09.008.

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Tourigny, Eric. "People with Animals: Perspectives and Studies in Ethnozooarchaeology, edited by Lee G. Broderick." Archaeological Journal 174, no. 2 (2016): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2016.1252203.

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Silla, Aimee J., and Phillip G. Byrne. "The Role of Reproductive Technologies in Amphibian Conservation Breeding Programs." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115056.

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Anthropogenic environmental change has led to unprecedented rates of species extinction, presenting a major threat to global biodiversity. Among vertebrates, amphibians have been most severely impacted, with an estimated 41% of species now threatened with extinction. In response to this biodiversity crisis, a moral and ethical obligation exists to implement proactive interventionist conservation actions to assist species recovery and decelerate declines. Conservation breeding programs have been successfully established for several threatened amphibian species globally, aiming to prevent species’ extinction by maintaining genetically representative assurance colonies ex situ while providing individuals for population augmentation, translocation, and reestablishment in situ. Reproductive technologies have enormous potential to enhance the propagation and genetic management of threatened species. In this review, we discuss the role of reproductive technologies in amphibian conservation breeding programs and summarize technological advancements in amphibian hormone therapies, gamete storage, and artificial fertilization.

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Womack, James E. (Jim). "Mapping Genes Is Good for You." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-114902.

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I abandoned my original career choice of high school teaching to pursue dentistry and soon abandoned that path for genetics. The latter decision was due to a challenge by a professor that led to me reading Nobel speeches by pioneer geneticists before I had formal exposure to the subject. Even then, I was 15 years into my career before my interest in rodent genomes gave way to mapping cattle genes. Events behind these twists and turns in my career path comprise the first part of this review. The remainder is a review of the development of the field of bovine genomics from my personal perspective. I have had the pleasure of working with outstanding graduate students, postdocs, and colleagues to contribute my small part to a discipline that has evolved from a few individuals mapping an orphan genome to a discipline underlying a revolution in animal breeding.

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Panserat, S., L. Marandel, I. Seiliez, and S. Skiba-Cassy. "New Insights on Intermediary Metabolism for a Better Understanding of Nutrition in Teleosts." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115250.

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The rapid development of aquaculture production throughout the world over the past few decades has led to the emergence of new scientific challenges to improve fish nutrition. The diet formulations used for farmed fish have been largely modified in the past few years. However, bottlenecks still exist in being able to suppress totally marine resources (fish meal and fish oil) in diets without negatively affecting growth performance and flesh quality. A better understanding of fish metabolism and its regulation by nutrients is thus mandatory. In this review, we discuss four fields of research that are highly important for improving fish nutrition in the future: ( a) fish genome complexity and subsequent consequences for metabolism, ( b) microRNAs (miRNAs) as new actors in regulation of fish metabolism, ( c) the role of autophagy in regulation of fish metabolism, and ( d) the nutritional programming of metabolism linked to the early life of fish.

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S. Archer, Gregory. "Spectrum of White Light During Incubation: Warm vs Cool White LED Lighting." International Journal of Poultry Science 15, no. 9 (2016): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2016.343.348.

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Kotake, Nobuhiro. "Changes in lifestyle and habitat ofZoophycos-producing animals related to evolution of phytoplankton during the Late Mesozoic: geological evidence for the ‘benthic-pelagic coupling model’." Lethaia 47, no. 2 (2013): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/let.12046.

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Haas, Sarah K., Virginia Hayssen, and Paul R. Krausman. "Panthera leo." Mammalian Species 762 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:pl]2.0.co;2.

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Dittrich, Nicole, Gabriel Natan Pires, Sergio Tufik, and Monica Levy Andersen. "Conhecimento sobre a bioética e a Lei 11.794/2008 na graduação." Revista Bioética 27, no. 3 (2019): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-80422019273339.

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Resumo O uso de animais para fins didáticos e de pesquisa requer cuidados específicos. Atualmente, vigora no Brasil a Lei 11.794/2008, que rege parâmetros legais de manejo e conduta neste caso. Esta lei foi acompanhada da instalação ou adequação de comissões de ética em instituições que utilizam animais para ensino e investigação, bem como da criação do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal. No entanto, apesar dos avanços, especialmente na legislação, ainda não foi consolidada nenhuma grande mudança de comportamento de pesquisadores e alunos de graduação que manuseiam animais em laboratório. A divulgação de informações deixa a desejar, e a prática acaba por repercutir a carência de reflexão ética. Este artigo busca averiguar o atual conhecimento bioético de alunos de graduação e professores com o objetivo de estimular mudanças de conduta. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE 8563417.8.0000.0107

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Armstrong, Joel, Ian T. Fiddes, Mark Diekhans, and Benedict Paten. "Whole-Genome Alignment and Comparative Annotation." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115005.

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Rapidly improving sequencing technology coupled with computational developments in sequence assembly are making reference-quality genome assembly economical. Hundreds of vertebrate genome assemblies are now publicly available, and projects are being proposed to sequence thousands of additional species in the next few years. Such dense sampling of the tree of life should give an unprecedented new understanding of evolution and allow a detailed determination of the events that led to the wealth of biodiversity around us. To gain this knowledge, these new genomes must be compared through genome alignment (at the sequence level) and comparative annotation (at the gene level). However, different alignment and annotation methods have different characteristics; before starting a comparative genomics analysis, it is important to understand the nature of, and biases and limitations inherent in, the chosen methods. This review is intended to act as a technical but high-level overview of the field that should provide this understanding. We briefly survey the state of the genome alignment and comparative annotation fields and potential future directions for these fields in a new, large-scale era of comparative genomics.

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Silva, Elidsandra Oliveira da, and Eduardo Maffei. "A guarda compartilhada de animais domésticos no Brasil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (2021): e30710817298. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17298.

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Abordar-se-ão o status jurídico do animal não humano no Ordenamento Jurídico Brasileiro, além da senciência do animal não humano, bem como o seu lugar no âmbito familiar sobre à luz do conceito contemporâneo de família multiespécie, a qual compreende o animal não humano como um dos membros da família humana. O fato dos animais não humanos serem considerados como sujeitos de direito pela família multiespécie justifica o pleito pela guarda compartilhada de animais domésticos no momento da dissolução conjugal. Porém, ainda que cientificamente declarados como sencientes e assim também os vistos pela sociedade, inexiste lei que tutele os seus direitos no âmbito familiar. Desta forma, o Poder Judiciário cumula entendimentos divergentes ao tratar do direito de guarda compartilhada do animal doméstico, ora por analogia, o trata como sujeito de direito, ora como impõe a lei, nos termos do art. 82 do Código Civil, o trata como mero objeto. Portanto, enquanto não houver lei que dê aos animais não humanos um status que lhe confira direitos, bem provável que não haverá um entendimento pacificado no que diz respeito ao direito de guarda compartilhada de animais domésticos.

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Jansen, Anne Lucia, and Karen Thodberg. "Do Contraceptive Rods Affect the Behaviour of African Lions (Panthera leo) in Captivity?" Journal of Zoo Biology 3, no. 1 (2020): ACCEPTED. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/zoobiol.003.01.2672.

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Surplus animals in zoos and wildlife parks are handled differently across Europe. Some zoos use the “Breed and Cull”-method where animals are allowed to reproduce, and surplus animals culled when the mature. Other zoos sterilize the animals or inject them with contraceptive rods to prevent reproduction. Naturally secreted hormones affect both behaviour and morphology, but the effect of the injected hormones has not been studied in lions. The aim of this observational study was to compare the behaviour in captive groups of female lions, that had either been injected with contraceptive rods or not. The study was made in eight different zoos in Denmark, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands. We found no significant differences in the behaviour of the two groups (with and without rods), indicating that there was no effect of contraceptive rods. However, the small sample size, and unbalanced factors such as pride composition, age and weather could have blurred our results. In order to address the challenge of surplus animals, we suggest, future studies with a more optimal experimental design and larger sample sizes and the inclusion of physiological measurement in addition to quantitative behavioural recordings.

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Daverio, M. S., Y. Lorenzo, F. Rigalt, L. Vidal-Rioja, and F. Di Rocco. "Genetic diversity of GH1 and LEP genes in Argentine llama (Lama glama) populations." Small Ruminant Research 120, no. 1 (2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.03.014.

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McVea, D. A., and K. G. Pearson. "Long-Lasting, Context-Dependent Modification of Stepping in the Cat After Repeated Stumbling-Corrective Responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (2007): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00921.2006.

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A consistent feature of animal locomotion is the capacity to maintain stable movements in changing environments. Here we describe long-term modification of the swing movement of the hind leg in cats in response to repeatedly impeding the movement of the leg. While studying phase transitions in the hind legs, we discovered that repetitively evoking the stumbling-corrective reaction led to long-lasting increases in knee flexion and step height during swing to avoid the impediment. These increases were apparent after nearly 20 stimuli and maximal after about 120 stimuli and, in some animals, they persisted for ≥24 h after presentation of the stimuli. Furthermore, these long-lasting changes were context dependent and did not generalize to other environments; when walking was observed in an environment distinct from that used in training, the hind-limb kinematics returned to normal. To gain insight into what regions of the nervous system might be involved in this long-term modification, we examined the changes in stepping in decerebrate cats after multiple perturbed steps. In this situation, there was a short-term increase in step height, although this increase was smaller than that evoked in intact animals and persisted for <1 min after termination of the stimuli. Thus induction of the long-term increase in step height requires the forebrain. We propose that the conditioned change in leg movement is related to a general ability of animals to adapt locomotor movements to new features of the environment.

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