Journal articles: 'Lex arbitri'

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Thiebaut, Renata. "Lex Arbitri, Lex Curia and Lex Contractus in Brazilian Jurisdiction." Beijing Law Review 07, no. 02 (2016): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/blr.2016.72014.

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van Haersolte-van Hof, J. J., and E. V. Koppe. "International arbitration and the lex arbitri." Arbitration International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 27–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiv001.

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Villarroel, Diego. "La sede del arbitraje." Revista de Derecho de la UCB 4, no. 7 (October 5, 2020): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35319/lawreview.2020753.

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En este ensayo se analiza el concepto de la sede del arbitraje y su importancia tanto teórica como práctica en el contexto del derecho arbitral. La relevancia de la sede del arbitraje se pone de manifiesto cuando identificamos sus alcances: define la nacionalidad del laudo arbitral, la lex arbitri y los tribunales judiciales que intervendrán en el arbitraje (ya sea para tareas de control o auxilio judicial).

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Goode, R. "The Role of the Lex Loci Arbitri in International Commercial Arbitration." Arbitration International 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1008973626914.

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Baamir, A., and I. Bantekas. "Saudi Law as Lex Arbitri: Evaluation of Saudi Arbitration Law and Judicial Practice." Arbitration International 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 239–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/25.2.239.

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Vasquez Criales, Luis Antonio. "Lex Arbitri en materia de inversiones extranjeras: La deficiencia normativa ante el posible ingreso de Bolivia al MERCOSUR." Revista de Derecho de la UCB 5, no. 8 (April 2, 2021): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35319/lawreview.2021858.

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Se analizó si, ante el posible ingreso de Bolivia al MERCOSUR, es razonable la adopción del Protocolo de Colonia, como Lex Arbitri en materia de inversiones extranjeras. Los resultados de la investigación determinaron que la medida es razonable, sin embargo, la normativa boliviana vulnera el principio de voluntariedad de las partes al cohibir a las mismas a someter el arbitraje de inversiones a la jurisdicción, leyes y autoridades bolivianas. Asimismo, este análisis también conlleva la necesidad de recalcar que el Protocolo de Colonia no posee una determinación del modo de ejecutar y reconocer el laudo arbitral, lo que implica que los laudos estén sujetos a las mismas reservas que posee la sede del arbitraje respecto al reconocimiento y ejecución de los laudos de carácter comercial internacional sujetos a la Convención de Nueva York. Por ende, la búsqueda de un sistema de arbitraje de inversiones internacional satisfactorio para Bolivia no solamente involucra la necesidad de adecuar previamente la normativa boliviana en concordancia con el referido proceso de integración, sino que también es necesaria la delimitación de casos determinados en los cuales los Estados puedan acudir a un mecanismo de impugnación provisto por el MERCOSUR.

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Haigh, David R., Alicia K. Kunetzki, and Christine M. Antony. "International Commercial Arbitration and the Canadian Experience." Alberta Law Review 34, no. 1 (October 1, 1995): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1103.

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International Commercial Arbitration although enjoying a long pedigree, has only recently become a "hot topic." This is due to the growing trends towards institutionalizing and unifying ICA processes. These trends are signified by the rise in private, neutral arbitration institutions and by the adoption, in many states, of international conventions and model laws. The unification of laws is the most recent process in this trend. These trends are all examined in some detail. It is noted how the lex arbitri, or law of the situs of the arbitration, can affect the rules and procedures of the arbitration. The UNCITRAL Model Law is examined as the key example of the unification of laws movement. The alternative dispute resolution provision of NAFTA is also commented on. The authors then focus specifically on Canada's contributions to and participation in ICA. In an important closing section, Canadian jurisprudence interpreting the new Canadian ICA legislation is comprehensively surveyed. The authors conclude by giving an outlook on the future of ICA and Canada's role therein.

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Нагнибіда, В. "Виконуваність рішення міжнародного комерційного арбітражу у світлі теорії та практики правозастосування." Юридичний вісник, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/yuv.v0i1.1618.

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У статті досліджуються теоретичні та практичні аспекти виконання рішень міжнародних комерційних арбітражів. У вступі обґрунтовується актуальність обраної теми дослідження. Зокрема, автором доводиться, що поста-новлення арбітражного рішення у спорі між учасниками міжнародного комерційного обороту є кінцевою метою арбітражного розгляду, як і при вирішенні спорів у судах. Така мета повинна слугувати гарантією подальшого виконання арбітражного рішення. Саме тому після встановлення компетенції на розгляд і вирішення спору арбітр (арбітри) на основі наданих сторонами доказів, фактичних обставин і положень застосовуваного права мають вирішити спір шляхом постановлення вмотивованого рішення, яке б могло бути приведене до виконання стороною, на користь якої воно винесено, у т. ч. у примусовому порядку. З огляду на це видається актуальним завдання наукового осмислення вимог до арбітражних рішень їх виконуваності з погляду перспектив захисту прав та інтересів учасників міжнародного комерційного обороту. Дослідження побудоване через призму вивчення вимог до арбітражних рішень, а саме вимог до змісту, форми та порядку постановлен-ня таких рішень. Досліджуються питання вмотивованості рішень та обов'язку складу арбітражу поста-новлення вмотивованого рішення, а також випадки, коли допускається постановлення рішення без наведення обґрунтування. Окремо досліджуються питання формальних вимог до арбітражних рішень: постановлення у письмовій формі, наявності дати, підпису арбітрів і зазначення місця арбітражу. Окремо звертається увагана питання місця арбітражу. Акцентується увага на тому, що це є юридичний критерій, за яким оцінюється чинність арбітражного рішення. В арбітражному середовищі це право відоме також як lex arbitri. Окремо розглядаються вимоги до порядку постановлення рішень, прийняття їх більшістю від складу арбітражу та направлення сторонам спору. На підставі проведеного дослідження зроблено висновок про те, що склад арбітражу повинен вживати усіх розумних і необхідних заходів, щоб постановити рішення, яке б відповідало вимогам, встановленим правом місця арбітражу, було вмотивованим і виконуваним. Зазначені вимоги до рішення арбітражу у переважній більшості правопорядків та арбітражних Регламентів закріплені нормативно. У статті наводяться норми міжнародних актів і положення актів національного права, які обґрунтовують висновки автора.

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Нагнибіда, В. І. "Ефективний захист як ціль правозастосування в міжнародному комерційному арбітражі." Прикарпатський юридичний вісник, no. 1(30) (July 13, 2020): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/pyuv.v0i1(30).550.

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У статті досліджуються питання ефективності між-народного комерційного арбітражу та ефективного пра-вового захисту. У світлі практики Європейського суду з прав людини автор досліджує сучасні підходи до розу-міння ефективності в праві. Встановлено, що ефектив-ність засобу юридичного захисту зазвичай пов’язуєть-ся з такими його характеристиками, як доступність, достатність, визначеність. При цьому під час оцінки ефективності враховуються також загальний правовий та політичний контексти, в яких вони функціонують, та конкретні обставини справи заявника, незалежність таких заходів захисту від дій держави тощо. На основі аналізу автором зроблено висновок, що міжнародний арбітраж як раз і є тим ефективним засобом правово-го захисту, до якого звертаються сторони, підписую-чи арбітражну угоду. Його ефективність як способу вирішення комерційних спорів та захисту прав учас-ників міжнародних відносин залежить не лише від «ефективного» арбітражного розгляду, який зазвичай врегульовується Регламентом. У розумінні ефектив-ної арбітражної процедури варто виділяти збалансо-ваність і ефективність використовуваного сторонами Регламенту і те, наскільки передбачені ним процедури та процесуальні дії є розумними з позиції їх доступно-сті сторонам, достатні для потреб захисту порушених прав, визначені та ефективні з точки зору витрат часу і коштів сторін. При цьому автором обґрунтовано, що ефективність арбітражу залежить від поведінки самих сторін спору та їх юридичних радників, складу арбіт-ражу, а також характеру і складності самої справи та положень права, застосовуваного до арбітражного розгляду (lex arbitri). Адже, які б ефективні процеду-ри не були закладені в Регламенти, незнання їх Сто-ронами спору та їх представниками, чи небажання їх використовувати з метою затягування процесу, або ж з метою формування доказів для подальших юрисдик-ційних заперечень у судах місця арбітражу, так само як і оцінка складом арбітражу наданих доказів, юрис-дикційних заперечень тощо, можуть суттєво впливати як на швидкість арбітражного розгляду, так і на ефек-тивність захисту стороною своїх прав.

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Leda Leite Zenkner, Fernanda Arruda. "O reconhecimento da sentença arbitral estrangeira no Brasil e a denegação de reconhecimento de laudos anulados na origem." Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR 11, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v11i1.1148.

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O presente artigo objetiva analisar o tema do reconhecimento das sentenças arbitrais estrangeiras no Brasil pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça e a peculiaridade da possibilidade de denegação dos laudos arbitrais anulados no país de origem, utilizando-se, como fio condutor do estudo, as normas trazidas pela Lei nº 9.307/96, conhecida como Lei de Arbitragem. O tema ganha relevância diante da expansão do reconhecimento do procedimento arbitral no Brasil, notadamente com o debate decorrente da decisão inédita proferida pelo STJ negando a homologação de sentença arbitral anulada pela Câmara de Comércio Internacional, em Buenos Aires, Argentina, país sede do laudo.

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Rivkin, D. W. "Enforceability of Arbitral Awards Based on Lex Mercatoria." Arbitration International 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/9.1.67.

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Mateus Bernal, Juan. "La Nueva Lex Mercatoria y el Contrato de Seguro en la Jurisprudencia Arbitral." Via Inveniendi Et Iudicandi 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/s1909-0528.2011.0002.05.

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La Nueva Lex Mercatoria trasciende de los mercados internacionales a las relaciones comerciales locales. La costumbre, los usos, principios y contratos-tipo conforman sus elementos presentes en relaciones contractuales nacionales. El contrato de seguro, como expresión de la nueva Lex Mercatoria, se caracteriza por ser de formación no consensuada (de Contrato Tipo a Contrato de Adhesión). Dicha formación puede tender, en ocasiones, al establecimiento de cláusulas abusivas. Dichas cláusulas pueden llegar a ser revisadas por la jurisdicción arbitral colombiana –y también son expresión de la nueva Lex Mercatoria–, la cual determinará su vigencia o no, en miras de garantizar un reequilibrio contractual. Esta jurisdicción arbitral nacional, mediante su jurisprudencia, reconoce la existencia y afectación de los elementos de la Nueva Lex Mercatoria en el contrato de seguro, ya sea mediante la nulidad de cláusulas ó haciendo especial referencia a la formación de aquel mediante formatos importados, cláusulas abusivas ó imposiciones por parte de los actores internacionales de la Nueva Lex Mercatoria

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de Araujo, Nadia, and Caio Gomes de Freitas. "O caso Enka Insaat v. Insurance Company Chubb e a questão relativa à lei aplicável à cláusula arbitral: entre a lex contractus e a Lei da Sede." Revista Brasileira de Alternative Dispute Resolution 3, no. 5 (June 2021): 159–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52028/rbadr.v3i5.8.

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When negotiating a contract, parties usually establish that future and eventual disputes arising out and related to the performance of their obligations shall be resolved by arbitration. Such a choice, a clear expression of the principle of party autonomy, is embedded in a contractual clause, commonly referred to as arbitration agreement. The way by which the agreement is written and, to some extent, how it is construed can, and most commonly will, result in extensive and costly disputes. In the UK, the Supreme Court has recently decided a case related to the construction of an arbitration agreement, specifically to the law applicable to its validity, scope and effectiveness. According to the Court, in the absence of an express choice made by the parties, the system of law chosen to govern the substance of the contract will apply to the validity and scope of the agreement to arbitrate. Where no such choice is expressly or implied made by the parties, it will be the law of the seat of arbitration since it represents the system of law most closely connected to the agreement. This article reviews the case-law and provides some relevant excerpts of the case.

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Royo Pérez, Vicent. "Árbitros y mediadores en el mundo rural valenciano durante la Baja Edad Media: Els Ports y El Maestrat (s. XIII-XIV) = Arbiters and Mediators in Rural Valencia during the Late Middle Ages: Els Ports and El Maestrat (Thirteenth-Fourteenth Centuries)." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval, no. 32 (April 11, 2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfiii.32.2019.21336.

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Este artículo analiza la identidad de los árbitros que median en los conflictos suscitados en el campo valenciano en la Baja Edad Media. Tras la conquista del siglo XIII, la implantación de la nueva sociedad rural provoca el surgimiento de numerosos conflictos entre los actores sociales presentes en las comarcas de Els Ports y El Maestrat, situadas al norte del reino de Valencia. Muchos de estos litigios se solucionan a través de la institución arbitral, de modo que los mediadores tienen la responsabilidad de gestionar los cambios de la estructura social. En consecuencia, se pretende analizar la identidad de los árbitros y averiguar los criterios que siguen señores, burgueses y campesinos para elegir a los mediadores durante los siglos XIII y XIV, porque estos personajes tienen un papel esencial en la articulación de las relaciones sociales en el mundo rural.AbstractThis article analyses the identity of the arbiters in conflicts that took place in the rural country of the kingdom of Valencia during the late Middle Ages. After the conquest of the thirteenth century, the implementation of a new rural society led to the emergence of numerous conflicts between the social actors present in the regions of Els Ports and El Maestrat, both located in the northern part of the kingdom of Valencia. Many of these conflicts were resolved through arbitration, so the arbiters are responsible for managing any changes in social structure. Consequently, our aim is to analyse the identity of the arbiters and to determine the diverse criteria that lords, bourgeois and peasants followed to choose mediators during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as these individuals played an essential role in the forging of relationships in rural society.

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Delfim, T. F., and V. L. B. de Jesus. "O problema da simultaneidade na lei do impedimento do futebol." Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 33, no. 4 (December 2011): 4308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-11172011000400008.

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Segundo a regra da FIFA (do frances: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), para que a posição de impedimento de um jogador seja considerada uma infração, é necessária a observação simultanea da posição do jogador e da bola no momento do passe, para quaisquer posições da bola e do jogador no campo de futebol, exceto no caso de recebimento direto da bola de um tiro de meta, ou arremesso lateral, ou tiro de canto (escanteio). Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar que não é possível a marcação correta da infração do impedimento em todos os casos. Essa impossibilidade se dá pelo fato de o arbitro auxiliar responsável pela marcação da infração, também conhecido vulgarmente como "bandeirinha", não possuir um campo de visão correspondente a 180° mas de aproximadamente 30° a 40° que permite a detecção simultanea de eventos, conforme discussão apresentada na seção 2. Baseado nesta discussão foi estimado o tempo característico gasto pelo arbitro auxiliar para girar a cabeça de aproximadamente 90° para tentar observar eventos simultâneos fora de seu campo de visão. Com estes intervalos de tempo foi possível estimar avanços típicos de jogadores em relação à linha de impedimento, quando em posição legal no momento do passe.

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Sadik, Shalom. "Le libre arbitre dans la pensée de R. Abraham bar Yehudah (élève de Hasdaï Crescas)." Sefarad 74, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.014.003.

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Engelmann, Fabiano. "O espaço da arbitragem no Brasil: notáveis e experts em busca de reconhecimento." Revista de Sociologia e Política 20, no. 44 (November 2012): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-44782012000400012.

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O artigo expõe resultados de uma pesquisa sócio-política sobre a construção do espaço da arbitragem no Brasil. O argumento consiste em três pontos centrais. O primeiro privilegia a mobilização em torno da justiça arbitral como "causa política" que envolve advogados, professores e políticos vinculados às associações empresariais e institutos liberais e tem como principal resultado a concretização de um marco institucional para as práticas arbitrais, a Lei n. 9 307 promulgada em 1996. Uma segunda dimensão focaliza os autores e publicações sobre arbitragem indicando a difusão de idéias e a especialização disciplinar ao longo da década de 2000. Na terceira parte, aborda-se o espaço dos árbitros no Rio Grande do Sul investigando-se as condicionantes de seu desenvolvimento. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e privilegia diversas bases de dados, destacando-se publicações legais, jornalísticas e acadêmicas, currículos vitae e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Destaca-se como principal resultado a explicitação das dificuldades de legitimação deste modelo de mediação de conflitos frente ao sistema judicial estatal no caso estudado. O artigo está organizado em três partes. Na primeira procura-se recompor elementos para compreensão da difusão do ideário arbitral no Brasil e da mobilização em torno da construção do marco institucional para sua prática. Na segunda, é analisado o espaço da produção intelectual em torno do tema e a difusão de bases doutrinárias para a construção do conhecimento nesse campo. Em um terceiro momento, analisase o perfil e as modalidades de atuação dos árbitros tendo-se por base as práticas de arbitragem no estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Calvão, Francisco, and Paulo Da Cunha Monteiro. "Análise de Algumas Disposições do Código de Processo dos Tribunais Administrativos à Luz da Lei da Arbitragem." Review of Business and Legal Sciences, no. 9 (July 18, 2017): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.26537/rebules.v0i9.896.

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As presentes anotações constituem uma breve incursão pelas disposições do Titulo IX — Tribunal Arbitrai e centros de arbitragem — do Código de Processo dos Tribunais Administrativos, numa análise conjugada com a Lei da Arbitragem Voluntária. Pretendemos apenas contribuir para a discussão deste tema, suscitando algumas questões que em nosso entender assumem considerável relevo prático no plano do direito adjectivo administrativo.

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Gaillard, Emmanuel. "France: Court of Cassation Decision in Pabalk Ticaret v. Norsolor (Enforcement of Arbitral Awards; Lex Mercatoria)." International Legal Materials 24, no. 2 (March 1985): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900028084.

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Arshad. "Understanding the Praetorian Rule of Fatah al-Sisi in Egypt." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i2.3233.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser established the praetorian regime in 1952. Nasser ruled Egypt with the ‘party-state’ system to maintain the ‘social contract’ between the state and the Egyptians. The government thrived on the patrimonial relationship and de-politicization of the population. The ‘Egyptian upheaval’ in 2011 sought the protection of individuals’ rights, equality, and freedom against the military-led praetorian regime. A short-democratic experiment led to the arrival of Islamist majority rule in Egypt under the leadership of President Mohammed Morsi. The liberal-secular oppositions and the military removed President Morsi because Islamists failed to achieve the protesters’ aspirations. Egyptians supported the military’s rule that led to the election of General Abdel Fatah al-Sisi as President of Egypt. Fatah al-Sisi shifted the dynamics of government from ‘party-state’ to ‘ruler-arbiter’ praetorian rule that centralized the authority and power under his leadership through military domination to counter the Islamists and revolutionary aspirations. The research explains the causality behind the Egyptian military's intervention in politics, structuring of the praetorian regime in Egypt; the return of military praetorianism after the removal of President Hosni Mubarak; the rise of the Sisi as ‘ruler-arbiter’ and its implications on the democratization process. The paper’s method is explanatory to study the ‘structural’ (military) and ‘agential’ (Sisi’s rule) factors to determine the causes of establishing the praetorian ‘ruler-arbiter’ type Sisi’s regime. The approach to examine the ruler-arbiter phenomenon is the ‘actor-centric’ instead of the ‘mechanistic’ to understand the praetorian rule in Egypt. The research finds that the rise of the ‘ruler-arbiter’ regime under the leadership of the Sisi, caused by the military-established praetorian authority and President Sisi's choices and decisions, led to the failure of the democratization in Egypt.

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Gotanda, John Y. "Awarding Interest in International Arbitration." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (January 1996): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203750.

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The popularity of arbitration as a mechanism for settling disputes between transnational contracting parties has led to standardization in many areas of arbitration law and procedure. One important aspect of the arbitral process, however, the practice of awarding compensatory interest, has been left behind in the march toward uniformity. To date, arbitral tribunals have failed to adopt a rational and uniform approach for evaluating interest claims. Consequently, resolving interest claims is often an expensive and time-consuming process, fraught with uncertainty, which typically results in inconsistent arbitral awards. This result is particularly problematic in the international arbitral arena: such claims often involve millions of dollars, and because a lengthy period may elapse between the origin of the dispute and the final award, whether an arbitrator awards interest may be as significant, from a monetary standpoint, as the principal claim itself.

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Kennett, Wendy. "V. Recognition of Arbitral Awards." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 4 (October 1999): 975–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063831.

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A number of issues relating to the finality of arbitration awards in the face of arguments based on public and fraud were addressed by the Court of Appeal in Westacre Investments Inc. v. Jugoimport—SDRP Holding Co. Ltd.20 The claimant had obtained an arbitration award in its favour in Switzerland which it was seeking to enforce in England. The dispute referred to arbitration concerned a claim for payment of commission. The commission was due under a contract through which the claimant assisted the defendant to obtain a contract for the supply of military equipment to Kuwait. It was alleged in the English proceedings that this contract was invalid since the commission payment in fact amounted to a bribe to a member of the Kuwaiti government. The issue of bribery had been raised before the Swiss arbitral tribunal, but the majority of the tribunal found that they were not required to investigate this issue if the parties led no evidence to prove that it had taken place. The contract between the parties was therefore found valid and binding. An appeal to the Swiss Federal Tribunal was lodged by the defendant for an annulment of the arbitral award. The Federal Tribunal concluded that the nature of its competence to review arbitral proceedings required it to base its decision on the facts found by the Tribunal. It therefore confirmed the award. The defendants then tried to raise the same bribery issue in the enforcement proceedings in England.

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Torres, Vladimir. "Compensação Ambiental: Lei Complementar Municipal 757 de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil." Revista da ESDM 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29282/esdm.v1i1.9.

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A questão ambiental é, sem dúvida, o "fato do momento" na civilização humana contemporânea e, provavelmente, o de maior potencial de questionamento e transformação na trajetória do processo civilizatório. O estabelecimento e a expansão das urbes, acopladas a sua constante mutabilidade gerou a necessidade de minimizar os impactos ambientais ocasionados, através de medidas legislativas. Recentemente (janeiro de 2015) o Município de Porto Alegre editou a Lei Complementar Nº 757 estabelecendo regras para a supressão, o transplante ou a poda de espécimes vegetais. A lei, entretanto, apoia-se em conceitos clássicos e ortodoxos para arbitrar o manejo, deixando de considerar o ambiente como algo sistêmico, com amplas interações, particularmente com a fauna.

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Gonzalez, Ewerton Zeydir, Carla Dendasck, and Adonias Osias Silva. "Processo Arbitral- Formação do Tribunal e Instrução processual." Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento 01, no. 03 (May 3, 2016): 68–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/lei/processo-arbitral-formacao-do-tribunal-e-instrucao-processual.

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Jie, Zhao, Fei Yu, Jing Xia Wang, and Liu Li. "Design and Implementation of RAM Operation Conflict Arbiter IC in LED/LCD Display Control System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1574.

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To solve the writing and reading operation conflict to RAM in LED/LCD display control system, a new RAM operation conflict arbiter IC was proposed. Comparing the traditional dual ports RAM, the IC has the advantages of low-cost and high stability. By analyzing the working principle and structure design, the IC was designed in pure digital way with Verilog HDL, and passed the simulation verify. Finally the IC was realized by Alter FPGA chip and passed the actual test.

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Berlingher, Remus Daniel, and Daniela Cristina Cret. "Procedural Aspects Regarding International Arbitration." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2015-0008.

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Abstract Socio-economic changes have led to significant changes with regard to the institutions regulated by the 1865 Code of Civil Procedure and other laws, such as Law no. 105/1992 on the regulation of private international law. Among the institutions that have undergone these reconfigurations in the regulation of the Code of Civil Procedure, which entered into force in 2013, one that stands out is arbitration. Our study will analyze the main aspects of private international law arbitration: arbitration agreement, the arbitral tribunal, the proceedings in the matter, as well as the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards

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Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy. "Disintegration and Change in the International Law on Foreign Investment." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 2 (June 2020): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa014.

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Abstract Resistance to the law made through expansionist interpretation of investment treaties by arbitral tribunals has led to the disintegration of the resulting structure of investment protection. The creation of an inflexible system of investment protection through arbitral interpretation undermines the exercise of power of states to take measures to protect the public interest. The process of disintegration of this unjust system must be hastened through the creation of new norms that ensure that obligatory rules deter the misconduct of multinational investors. If investment treaties are necessary, the regulatory power of states to promote the public interest should be given priority over investment protection.

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Santos, Ricardo Stersi dos, and Rafael Peteffi da Silva. "Princípio Compétence-Compétence: Amplitude, Limitações e Aplicabilidade na Arbitragem Comercial." Conpedi Law Review 1, no. 8 (June 2, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/2448-3931_conpedilawreview/2015.v1i8.3479.

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O presente artigo visa apresentar as melhores soluções jurídicas para os casos em que existe dúvida razoável sobre o alcance da cláusula arbitral. O princípio Compétence- Compétence estabelece a prerrogativa dos árbitros para realizar a análise inicial sobre a sua própria competência e está positivado no art. 8º da lei de arbitragem brasileira. Apesar disso, existem algumas ocasiões em que o princípio Compétence-Compétence é relativizado, ora por força da própria legislação arbitral, ora por força de uma jurisprudência mais protetiva, em algumas searas, da jurisdição estatal. Em relação à seara empresarial, ao contrário, a Jurisprudência apresenta solidez ao dar máxima eficácia ao princípio da Compétence-Compétence.

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Schirato, Vitor Rhein. "As partes do processo administrativo: os papéis da Administração Pública na Lei Federal de Processos Administrativos." A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional 11, no. 46 (October 16, 2011): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21056/aec.v11i46.202.

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O objeto do texto gravita em torno da atuação da Administração Pública no processo administrativo. De acordo com a Lei Federal de Processos Administrativos, pode-se entender que seus termos e condições aplicam-se a qualquer pessoa que exerça uma função administrativa, assim como pode-se entender que aquelas pessoas sujeitas ao iter contido na Lei Federal de Processo Administrativo têm três atribuições fundamentais: decidir, produzir como provas, atuando como verdadeira parte processual e arbitrar e ponderar os interesses públicos que se colocam diante de cada decisão a ser tomada.

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Ribeiro, Gustavo. "Princípio da Ordem Pública no indeferimento de homologação de sentenças arbitrais estrangeiras no Brasil: quando a imprecisão pode levar à desnecessidade." Revista Opinião Jurídica (Fortaleza) 14, no. 19 (January 27, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12662/2447-6641oj.v14i19.p86-111.2016.

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O artigo enfrenta a aplicação do princípio da ordem pública na homologação da sentença arbitral estrangeira pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça. O tema é objeto de extenso debate ainda não totalmente consolidado na doutrina e nas cortes. Utilizando-se como marco teórico as concepções delineadas por Jacob Dolinger, desde 1979, indicando a dificuldade e a imprecisão na definição do conteúdo da ordem pública, sugere-se que os indeferimentos dos pedidos de homologação poderiam ter ocorrido sem qualquer alusão à violação à ordem pública. A base da pesquisa consistiu nas sentenças estrangeiras contestadas no período de 2006-2015. Dela, delimitaram-se seis casos cujos pedidos de homologação foram indeferidos pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça na matéria. Aponta-se que as fundamentações poderiam ter se dado por remissão a critérios objetivos, por exemplo, a ausência de convenção arbitral, a incompetência do juízo arbitral e/ou falta de citação regular de uma das partes - hipóteses previstas na Lei de Arbitragem Brasileira e legislação relacionada. O recurso à ordem pública era desnecessário, embora reflita a complexidade do tema.

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Calderón Marenco, Eduardo Andrés. "Los Incoterms a través de la Autonomía Conflictual." Derecho Global. Estudios sobre Derecho y Justicia 5, no. 13 (November 10, 2019): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/dgedj.v0i13.245.

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En las últimas décadas, en el seno de la sociedad de comerciantes se ha instaurado un nuevo ordenamiento jurídico, permitiendo el resurgimiento de la Lex Mercatoria como fuente de este Derecho. Ello ha generado un amplio debate en torno a la aparición de la nueva Lex Mercatoria en el Derecho mercantil internacional, discutiéndose, entre muchos aspectos, su papel en el sistema de fuentes jurídicas y, en consecuencia, su aptitud para ser fuente de Derecho en la resolución de los conflictos mercantiles tanto en el ámbito jurisdiccional Estatal como en el plano arbitral. Antes de esto, es necesario exponer las razones de la vigencia de la autonomía conflictual en este sector, y analizar las condiciones y las consecuencias de una elección del derecho aplicable en el Derecho de los contratos internacionales, así como sus límites, los que llevará a determinar la aplicación de la Lex Mercatoria en virtud de la autonomía conflictual de las partes y, más específicamente, la elección de los Incoterms como manifestación de este nuevo ordenamiento jurídico.

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Karton, Joshua. "Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration: The Case of Suspension of Performance." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 58, no. 4 (October 2009): 863–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589309001419.

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AbstractDespite much attention to the controversial lex mercatoria, international commercial arbitration remains underanalysed as a venue for contract law unification. This article considers a specific case of substantive contract law in arbitration, the remedy of suspension of performance: When will one party's non-performance enable the other party to withhold performance without terminating the contract? In domestic laws, suspension of performance is governed by clearly-defined doctrines; however, it remains unclear whether it constitutes a general principle of international law. This article places suspension in a comparative context, then analyses the published arbitral awards for indications of arbitrators' preferences.

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Moreira, Felipe Bartolomeo, and Frederico De Andrade Gabrich. "DIREITO DE RECESSO NAS SOCIEDADES LIMITADAS QUANDO OCORRE ALTERAÇÃO CONTRATUAL COM INCLUSÃO DE CLÁUSULA ARBITRAL." Revista Brasileira de Direito Empresarial 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/indexlawjournals/2526-0235/2018.v4i2.4811.

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O presente artigo analisa o instituto do direito de recesso à luz do sistema normativo contemporâneo, entremeado por princípios e regras que devem conviver de forma harmônica no ordenamento, e verifica a sua aplicação às sociedades limitadas brasileiras, especificamente em razão de alteração contratual que inclua no documento uma cláusula compromissória ou arbitral. Utiliza-se o método hipotético dedutivo, tendo como marcos teóricos o Código Civil, a Lei 6.404/76 e na Lei n. 9.307/96.

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Palmirski, Tomasz. "PRAWNOKARNA ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ SĘDZIEGO ŹLE WYPEŁNIAJĄCEGO SWOJE OFFICIUM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2004.4.1.02.

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The Criminal Liability of a Judge Wrongly Fulfilling His officiumSummaryBribing judges was an indispensable element of the lawsuits, especially criminal, which is reflected both in the acts issued to prevent bribery and the literature.The oldest regulations concerning this issue are included in the Law of the XII Tables, which were handed down by Aulus Gellius. It is evident from this Law that index or arbiter who adjudged in favour of the person from whom he received money, was sentenced to death. The issue of corruption appears also in the sources of the late republic. It is evident that the attempts to fight against the judges’ corruption were made in a series of acts, among others, in lex Sempronia ne quis iudicio circumveniretur. This act concerned only those who had the senatorial status and who sentenced the accused not because he was guilty but because they were bribed. In the period of the early principate and probably until the end of the classical law era, the liability of the judge was regulated above all by two acts: lex Cornelia de sicariis and lex Iulia de repetundis. However, on the basis of the passages referring to the scope of applying lex Cornelia in the principate period it appears that it is impossible to point the particular stages of the development of a corruptible judge’s liability. It can be only supposed that the original scope of the act’s applicability to the cases threatened with a death sentence in which the acquittal of the accused was adjudged, was later broadened to other crimes. Whereas, on the basis of legis Iuliae the one who, after taking a bribe, sentenced, acquitted or gave yet another verdict in compliance with the briber’s wish, was liable to a penalty. It should be stressed that this law referred not only to judges in criminal cases but also in civil ones (iudexzs well as arbiter). According to Paulus who comments on the act, lex Cornelia de sicariis provided deportation to an isle and confiscation of the property, whereas the penalty provided for in lex Iulia de pecuniis repetundis, as reported by Macer, was an exile. In case of more serious crimes such as accepting property benefit and passing a death sentence to an innocent person, the penalty was death or deportation to an isle. Iudices pedanei provided for dismissal from the curia to which the judge belonged to or an exile. In the period of principate lex Cornelia testamentaria nummaria (de falsis) dated 81 BC, issued by Sulla, was applied to the liability of a judge. This act originally referred to cases of forging wills and coins and later also to cases of giving and receiving property benefits to present false evidence and bribe a judge. Lex Cornelia testamentaria provided for a death sentence in case of sentencing humiliores. Honestiores were treated in a more mild way since they were sentenced to the confiscation of property and exile with deprivation of citizenship.

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Ortega Sánchez, Rodrigo. "Arbitraje jurídico deportivo." Diálogos de saberes, no. 41 (December 1, 2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/0124-0021/dialogos.41.199.

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El presente artículo refiere a la temática del arbitraje y con ello al Arbitraje Jurídico Deportivo, una rama del arbitraje “sui generis” que, poco a poco, comienza a hacer su camino. En primer lugar, se muestran las ventajas del proceso arbitral en favor de los deportistas buscando caracterizar el objeto de estudio del procedimiento arbitral y descomponiendo el mismo en sus mínimas elementos. Posteriormente, se describe la jurisdicción arbitrales deportivos. Finalmente el artículo muestra la influencia que ha tenido algunas asociaciones o gremios especializados en la resolución de conflictos deportivos En el artículo se afirma que, como consecuencia del poco desarrollo regional en materia y de la dinámica deportiva cambiante en el plano internacional, los conflictos jurídicos-deportivos que se generan al interior del derecho del deporte se surten en un alto porcentaje bajo la égida del Tribunal Arbitral du Sport [Tribunal de Arbitraje Deportivo, en adelante TAS], más específicamente, como consecuencia de la inexistencia –hasta el momento– de organismos o instituciones independientes que lleven adelante la tarea en el ámbito internacional y, particularmente, en el ámbito latinoamericano. Situación ésta que se lee como el escenario propicio para el surgimiento de instituciones proveedoras de mecanismos alternativos de resolución del conflicto jurídicos-deportivos en todo el continente Latinoamericano.

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Pereira, Rosalie Helena De Souza. "Agostinho de Hipona: considerações sobre o mal e temas correlatos em De libero arbitrio." Veritas (Porto Alegre) 58, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2013.3.12957.

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Em várias obras, Agostinho aborda a questão do mal, mas é no diálogo De libero arbitrio que ele mais se estende sobre esse tema. A pergunta sobre a origem do mal conduz a argumentação do diálogo, introduzindo aos poucos o que vai se tornar a fórmula clássica do agostinismo, a saber, o intelecto aceita o que a fé esculpe. O mal surge quando há desordem, desmedida, excesso ou deficiência. O mal é o avesso da ordem natural. Cupiditas, a má libido, é uma desordem na alma, é o desejo por coisas passíveis de perda. O mal preexiste àpromulgação da lei, já que deriva do pecado original. Do cogito de Agostinho – existir, viver e inteligir –, a principal e exclusiva qualidadedo homem é a inteligência. Agostinho estabelece o axioma: a fé busca e a inteligência encontra. No entanto, para que haja inteligência, énecessária a iluminação, que, mais tarde, tomará contornos mais nítidos na conceituação da graça divina. Pela livre vontade, o ser humano peca.A graça é necessária ao livre-arbítrio da vontade humana para enfrentar eficazmente a luta contra o mal.

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Soares, Tamírames De Almeida Damásio. "As Vantagens e Desvantagens do Procedimento Arbitral e o Limite Mínimo da Publicidade nas Controvérsias que Envolvem a Administração Pública." Revista de Direito Administrativo e Gestão Pública 2, no. 1 (October 17, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21902/2526-0073/2016.v2i1.638.

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Este trabalho tem como escopo examinar as vantagens e desvantagens da adoção do procedimento arbitral no que diz respeito às controvérsias que envolver o Poder Público, bem como compreender a satisfação das regras e princípios próprios do regime de Direito Público, especificamente sob o enfoque do princípio da publicidade, adequando tais especificidades ao instituto da arbitragem, nos termos da Lei nº 9.307/1996, recentemente alterada pela Lei nº 13.129/2015. O tema foi explorado a partir da verificação de necessidade de evolução e desenvolvimento do instituto da arbitragem na hipótese de a Administração Pública litigar como parte, sem tolher-lhe as principais características.

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Pauker, Saar A. "Substance and procedure in international arbitration." Arbitration International 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 3–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiaa005.

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Abstract The distinction between substance and procedure in private international law has been subject to extensive debates among national courts and scholarly writings. The basic theme that procedural issues are governed by the lex fori, and substantive issues are subject to the lex causae, is widely accepted, although the boundaries between substance and procedure are not always clear. This article examines the application of the distinction between substance and procedure in the area of international arbitration, as regards both commercial cases and investment treaty disputes. It is argued that the distinction between substance and procedure has significant ramifications in international arbitration. The central (though not the only) aim of this distinction refers to the determination of the rules to be applied to borderline issues, such as evidentiary matters, interest, and limitation rules. Arbitral tribunals should have a considerable level of discretion in drawing the distinction. Specified points of guidance are suggested for common grayzone questions. Although the general principles concerning the substance/procedure distinction are similar in investment treaty arbitration and international commercial arbitration, material points of difference, such as the key role of public international law, may somewhat narrow the investment treaty tribunals’ discretion in respect of drawing the distinction.

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Myslik, Hannah N. "Attempting—and Failing—to Balance Fairness and Efficiency in the Arbitral System." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 3 (May 2021): 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i3.4.

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The Supreme Court has actively expanded the Federal Arbitration Act into realms not originally contemplated by Congress. This harms consumers who are parties to pre-dispute, binding arbitration agreements. If consumers sign a contract containing an arbitration agreement, they may be required to arbitrate everything within the agreement’s scope, including their statutory rights. Simultaneously, the Court has restricted class action arbitration—a device on which consumers have relied when they are forced to arbitrate. The Court’s expansion of arbitration and restriction of class action arbitration has led many to distrust and advocate for changing the arbitral system. Arbitration institutions have directly reacted to the concerns about arbitration by promulgating more rules, procedures, and safeguards to make arbitration fairer for consumers. However, adding rules and procedures is probably not enough to make arbitration proceedings truly fair, and doing so creates a system that is so court-like that arbitration loses its chief benefits—affordability and efficiency. Thus, if the Court continues with its expansive arbitration jurisprudence and its anti-class action arbitration jurisprudence, institutional reaction is an unlikely solution to address arbitration’s fairness concerns.

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Marzal, Toni. "Quantum (In)Justice: Rethinking the Calculation of Compensation and Damages in ISDS." Journal of World Investment & Trade 22, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 249–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340209.

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Abstract The present article seeks to critically rethink the key issue of how compensation and damages are and should be calculated in the context of investor-State arbitration – the ‘quantum’ question, as is commonly referred to in arbitral practice. We will make three main claims: first that such calculations are premised on a fundamental consensus that presents the work of arbitrators in this area as essentially uncontroversial fact-finding operations and has led to an inflation of awards, second that this consensus is in reality built on a series of myths and unjustifiable assumptions, and third that the realization that this is so should lay the ground for more acceptable calculations.

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Domagała, Przemysław. "CJEU Achmea Judgment and What Comes Next. Some Reflections on the Potential Implications of the CJEU Judgment (C-284/16)." Polish Review of International and European Law 8, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2019.8.1.06.

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In the judgment of 6.03.2018 (Achmea case, C-284/16), CJEU ruled that treaty clauses that allow investor from one of the Member States to bring proceedings against another Member State before an arbitraltribunal outside the EU judicial system are irreconcilable with Articles 267 and 344 TFEU when such tribunal may be called on to interpret or apply EU law. This principle is applicable to EU trade or investment agreements (FTAs and IIAs), since they are part of EU law, and to BITs, FTAs and IIAs, since they contain explicit or implicit referrals to municipal (EU) law. In intra-EU relations, such a conflict of norms must be solved according to customary international law codified in the VCLT. According to this law, TFEU would prevail as lex superior and, in the case of Poland and many other Member States, as lex posterior. In intra-EU relations, TFEU prevails ex proprio vigore, i.e. without the need to terminate intra-EU BITs. However, such termination is highly desirable, not only for reasons of clarity, but also because arbitral tribunals and extra-EU courts are not bounded by the ECJ’s ruling. In the case of agreements with non-Member States, the incompatibilities referred to in the Achmea judgment must be eliminated by renegotiation or formal termination (Article 307 (2) TFEU). In the case of the BITs, the latter seems to be the only practical solution.

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Negócio, Ramon. "DA SOBERANIA JURÍDICA À NACIONALIDADE: DA LOCALIZAÇÃO ESTATAL À DESLOCALIZAÇÃO ESPORTIVA." Revista Jurídica da FA7 18, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24067/rjfa7;18.1:1315.

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Este trabalho objetiva analisar como conceitos de soberania, cidadania e nacionalidade – tradicionalmente do direito público – são ressignificados pelo direito desportivo. O artigo parte da premissa de que a globalização já transformou a nossa forma de ver o Estado. O Estado e a sua estatalidade passam a conviver também com atores privados. A percepção sobre território, povo e monopólio da sanção ganham novos atores de controle. Com isso, se faz necessário diferenciar soberania jurídica da soberania política para explicar a validade das decisões de estruturas globais privadas, tal como a lex sportiva. Pautada na autonomia privada, a ordem desportiva consegue ser efetiva por causa de seu caráter associativo e de sua hierarquia. A partir de casos concretos e pesquisa bibliográfica, o Tribunal Arbitral do Esporte consegue aplicar dentro de sua lógica interna a ideia de soberania jurídica, cidadania e nacionalidade para garantir a igualdade desportiva. As conclusões apontam que alguns conceitos tradicionais do direito público não dão mais conta para explicar a atuação de atores privados globais, necessitando, assim, de uma reatualização.

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Mendes, Flaviani Christine, Genicelia Rangel De Almeida, Lauriete Mendes Do Carmo, Laury Valentin Pereira, and Poliana Matos Da Silva. "O CONTROLE DO USO DE AGROTÓXICO NA REGIÃO DO VALE DO JAMARI." Revista Científica FAEMA 9, edespdir (December 7, 2018): 640–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31072/rcf.v9iedespdir.720.

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O uso de agrotóxicos foi sendo introduzido desde o princípio, com o incentivo de programas de governo, travando em grandes áreas uma verdadeira guerra entre cultivo, fertilização e combate a pestes e a doenças. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo central verificar o uso indiscriminado desses produtos, tendo em vista a responsabilidade imposta pela lei aos órgãos fiscalizadores, com todo o processo de uso como a receita agronômica, os profissionais envolvidos e as responsabilidades com as normas vigentes. Foi possível verificar o compromisso dos profissionais de assumirem responsabilidade ao assinar estes documentos. O assunto abordado detectou como problemática a ineficiência em conseguir acompanhar todas as perdas e controlar todos os riscos do uso dos produtos, sintetizando que a fiscalização deficiente, deixa brechas para utilização indiscriminadas. A partir da realização de entrevistas com agricultores da Região do Vale do Jamari, foi possível concluir que há uma grande facilidade em aplicar os agrotóxicos e as normas não são cobradas de maneira arbitra. Diante dos resultados principais, notou-se com detectou a justificativa da pesquisa, no tocante a necessidade de realizar estudos complementares dos efeitos á longo prazo da aplicação sem o devido controle dos produtos agrotóxicos. A pesquisa baseou-se no conceito legal do agrotóxico, definido no Decreto Federal n.º 4.074/ 2002, que regulamentou a Lei Federal n.º 7.802/1989, sendo desenvolvida através do método dedutivo, partindo de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica.

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Simões, Fernando Dias. "The role of investment arbitration in water services governance." Water Policy 19, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.032.

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The flux of foreign investment into the water industry that took place over recent decades had a significant impact on the relationship between water companies and states. The creation of a global network of international investment agreements also altered the method of adjudication of possible disputes between the parties. The emergence of global water markets and the advent of Public–Private Partnerships led to the emergence of what has been called Global Water Governance. This articles analyses how the decisions of arbitral tribunals in water-related disputes are becoming an integral part of this global regulatory system and discusses their impact on water services governance. Governments are increasingly required to have a thorough knowledge of the functioning and possible implications of the legal frameworks that underpin foreign investments in the water services market.

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Chen, Meng. "Reforming Judicial Supervision of Chinese Arbitration." Journal of International Dispute Settlement 10, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 542–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idz016.

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Abstract Balancing arbitration autonomy and sovereignty supervision is the essential rhythm of international arbitration development. Influenced by the international trend of relaxing national judicial supervision, the Chinese judicial system, led by the Chinese Supreme People’s Court (SPC), has promoted a series of judicial reforms to coordinate domestic arbitration and international practice. This article elaborates the SPC’s recent reforms of the Chinese mechanisms of arbitration judicial supervision. The article first explores the international trend of the restraint of the national judicial supervision of arbitration. Then, the article introduces how such a trend impacts China’s recent reforms of its arbitration judicial supervision. By focusing on the rules established by the SPC regarding the judicial review of both international and domestic arbitral awards, this article exposes the essential factors and corresponding solutions that hinder the efficiency of the judicial supervision of Chinese arbitration.

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Stiphany, Kristine. "Infrastructural insurgency: Constructing situated data at Brazil’s urban periphery." plaNext - next generation planning 11 (July 2021): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24306/plnxt/75.

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This paper focuses on how insurgencies are continually recast in parallel to State-led redevelopment or ‘upgrading’. It brings attention to communities that shape and are reshaped by inclusion of data in processes through which citizens participate in city-making. Drawing on a comparative case study of intensively upgraded informal settlements in São Paulo, Brazil, findings show that data-based insurgencies have been forged from prior collective action. The resultant co-created or situated data challenge the State’s legitimacy as sole arbiter of informal settlement representation and infrastructure transformation in cities. In this context, the term infrastructural insurgency is proposed as a way that socio-material agencies iterate over time and in space, and to stimulate discourse about the future of upgrading. It reflects on which interactions between data and redevelopment can inform planning in post-redevelopment conditions across global south.

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오석웅. "The Party’s Autonomy Principle on the Choice of the Applicable law to International Commercial Arbitral Awards - Focus on the Choice of the Lex Rercatoria and the Possibility of Dépeçage by the Party -." JOURNAL OF ARBITRATION STUDIES 17, no. 1 (March 2007): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.16998/jas.2007.17.1.117.

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Badmus, Isiaka. "Humanitarian intervention and the protection of civilian populations." Medjunarodni problemi 61, no. 1-2 (2009): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0902007b.

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The author interrogates the critical question of whether forcible humanitarian intervention be legitimised in spite of clear contradiction to the classical norms of inter-state relations. Classical approach puts emphasize on the principle of sovereignty when governments become the perpetrators of human rights abuses of their citizens, or if states have collapsed into civil war, chaos, and disorder. The author examines this security debate by juxtaposing the age-old doctrine of humanitarian intervention vis-?-vis the imperatives of the concept of ' Responsibility to Protect'. The author argues that humanitarian intervention, due to the ambiguities and controversies surrounding its application, has become an anachronism, which ultimately led to the conceptualisation of Responsibility to Protect vulnerable populations. This approach is based on its concerns with human security as against that of the state and its relevance as arbiter to the longstanding discord between sovereignty and intervention.

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Judd, Andrew J. "Substantiating the Worthless Securities Deduction." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2008.6.1.1.

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The Internal Revenue Code generally provides for the deductibility of economic losses incurred by taxpayers in for-profit transactions. § 165(g) specifically allows the deduction of losses associated with securities that become worthless. Unfortunately, neither Congress nor Treasury have articulated specific conditions necessary to demonstrate that a security satisfies the requisite “worthless” condition. This uncertainty has led to the courts having been placed in the role of arbiter in the many cases where taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service differ in perceptions regarding whether a particular stock is worthless. This article examines statutory provisions, factors the courts have considered in deciding the worthless stock question, an analysis of case law, and proposes conditions that Treasury could consider in establishing safe harbor rules. Such rules could provide both taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service with a means to reduce the continuing litigation of this question.

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Andreeva, Yulia. "Salvaging or Sinking the Investment? MHS v. Malaysia Revisited." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 7, no. 2 (2008): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180308x373121.

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AbstractThe absence of a definition of "investment" in the ICSID Convention has led several arbitral tribunals to develop a narrow reading of this term. The most recent notable example of such conservative interpretation is a decision of the ICSID tribunal in Malaysian Historical Salvors (MHS) v. Malaysia. In that case, the tribunal concluded that MHS's contract with Malaysia to undertake complex salvage operations did not rise to the level of an investment because, among other things, the contract did not significantly contribute to Malaysia's economic development. MHS's four years of work also failed to reach the necessary level of risk and duration. This decision signifies a worrying trend in international jurisprudence to interpret the notion of investment restrictively. It remains to be seen whether an ad hoc annulment committee, which was constituted at the claimant's request on October 30, 2007, will support the tribunal's interpretation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lex arbitri'

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