Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lexical access and word retrieval

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lexical access and word retrieval'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lexical access and word retrieval"

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Schuchard, Julia, and Erica L. Middleton. "The Roles of Retrieval Practice Versus Errorless Learning in Strengthening Lexical Access in Aphasia." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 7 (2018): 1700–1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0352.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine how 2 methods known to improve naming impairment in aphasia (i.e., retrieval practice and errorless learning) affect lexical access. We hypothesized that instances of naming during retrieval practice use and strengthen item-specific connections in each of 2 stages of lexical access: Stage 1, meaning-to-word connections, and Stage 2, word-to-phonology connections. In contrast, errorless learning prioritizes opportunities for repeating words, which we expect to primarily strengthen item-specific connections in Stage 2 because repetition circumvents the need for semantically driven word retrieval. Method We tested the outcomes of retrieval practice versus errorless learning training for items that were selected because the naming errors they elicited suggested weakened connections at Stage 1 or at Stage 2 of lexical access for each of 10 individuals with chronic aphasia. Each participant's Stage 1 items and Stage 2 items were divided evenly between the 2 training conditions. Naming tests were administered 1 day and 1 week after training to assess retention of training gains. We also examined whether the participants' pretraining naming error profiles were associated with the relative efficacy of retrieval practice versus errorless learning. Results The posttraining naming tests showed an advantage of retrieval practice over errorless learning for Stage 1 items and an advantage of errorless learning over retrieval practice for Stage 2 items. In addition, greater percentages of phonological error naming responses prior to training were associated with greater posttraining accuracy in the errorless learning condition relative to the retrieval practice condition. Conclusions The findings suggest that the advantage of retrieval practice for naming impairment in aphasia largely results from greater strengthening of practiced semantic–lexical connections compared with errorless learning, which prioritizes repetition and, therefore, mainly confers strengthening of practiced lexical–phonological connections. Understanding how specific training conditions improve naming can help predict the relative efficacy of each method for individuals with aphasia.
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Brackenbury, Tim, and Clifton Pye. "Semantic Deficits in Children With Language Impairments." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 36, no. 1 (2005): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2005/002).

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Children with language impairments demonstrate a broad range of semantic difficulties, including problems with new word acquisition, storage and organization of known words, and lexical access/retrieval. Unfortunately, assessments of children’s semantic skills are often limited to measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary size. As a result, the semantic deficits of these children may not receive the attention they need. This article explores the word-learning, lexical storage, and lexical access skills of children with language impairments and the theories that account for their performance. Our review culminates with specific recommendations for speech-language pathologists to improve the breadth of their semantic assessments.
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Pestalozzi, Maria I., Marie Di Pietro, Chrisovalandou Martins Gaytanidis, et al. "Effects of Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Lexical Access in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 32, no. 10 (2018): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968318801551.

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Background. A successful interplay between prefrontal and domain-specific language areas is critical for language processing. Previous studies involving people with aphasia have shown that executive control processes might act on lexical-semantic representations during retrieval. Modulating the prefrontal control network by means of noninvasive brain stimulation might, therefore, improve lexical access in people with aphasia. Objective. The present study investigates the effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on lexical access in chronic poststroke aphasia. Methods. We report data of 14 participants with chronic poststroke aphasia. We used a sham-tDCS (S-tDCS) controlled and double-blind within-subjects design. Performances in picture naming, verbal fluency, and word repetition were assessed immediately after stimulation. Results. As compared with S-tDCS, anodal tDCS (A-tDCS) improved verbal fluency as well as the speed of naming high frequency words, but not word repetition. Conclusion. The results of our study suggest that the brain network dedicated to lexical retrieval processing can be facilitated by A-tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This finding supports the notion that strengthening executive control functions after stroke could complement speech and language-focused therapy.
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Branscheidt, Meret, Julia Hoppe, Pienie Zwitserlood, and Gianpiero Liuzzi. "tDCS over the motor cortex improves lexical retrieval of action words in poststroke aphasia." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 2 (2018): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00285.2017.

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One-third of stroke survivors worldwide suffer from aphasia. Speech and language therapy (SLT) is considered effective in treating aphasia, but because of time constraints, improvements are often limited. Noninvasive brain stimulation is a promising adjuvant strategy to facilitate SLT. However, stroke might render “classical” language regions ineffective as stimulation sites. Recent work showed the effectiveness of motor cortex stimulation together with intensive naming therapy to improve outcomes in aphasia (Meinzer et al. 2016). Although that study highlights the involvement of the motor cortex, the functional aspects by which it influences language remain unclear. In the present study, we focus on the role of motor cortex in language, investigating its functional involvement in access to specific lexico-semantic (object vs. action relatedness) information in poststroke aphasia. To this end, we tested effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left motor cortex on lexical retrieval in 16 patients with poststroke aphasia in a sham-controlled, double-blind study design. Critical stimuli were action and object words, and pseudowords. Participants performed a lexical decision task, deciding whether stimuli were words or pseudowords. Anodal tDCS improved accuracy in lexical decision, especially for words with action-related content and for pseudowords with an “action-like” ending ( t15 = 2.65, P = 0.036), but not for words with object-related content and pseudowords with “object-like” characteristics. We show as a proof-of-principle that the motor cortex may play a specific role in access to lexico-semantic content. Thus motor-cortex stimulation may strengthen content-specific word-to-semantic concept associations during language treatment in poststroke aphasia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of motor cortex (MC) in language processing has been debated in both health and disease. Recent work has suggested that MC stimulation together with speech and language therapy enhances outcomes in aphasia. We show that MC stimulation has a differential effect on object- and action-word processing in poststroke aphasia. We propose that MC stimulation may specifically strengthen word-to-semantic concept association in aphasia. Our results potentially provide a way to tailor therapies for language rehabilitation.
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Bakker-Marshall, Iske, Atsuko Takashima, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, Janet G. van Hell, Gabriele Janzen, and James M. McQueen. "Theta-band Oscillations in the Middle Temporal Gyrus Reflect Novel Word Consolidation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 5 (2018): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01240.

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Like many other types of memory formation, novel word learning benefits from an offline consolidation period after the initial encoding phase. A previous EEG study has shown that retrieval of novel words elicited more word-like-induced electrophysiological brain activity in the theta band after consolidation [Bakker, I., Takashima, A., van Hell, J. G., Janzen, G., & McQueen, J. M. Changes in theta and beta oscillations as signatures of novel word consolidation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 1286–1297, 2015]. This suggests that theta-band oscillations play a role in lexicalization, but it has not been demonstrated that this effect is directly caused by the formation of lexical representations. This study used magnetoencephalography to localize the theta consolidation effect to the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), a region known to be involved in lexical storage. Both untrained novel words and words learned immediately before test elicited lower theta power during retrieval than existing words in this region. After a 24-hr consolidation period, the difference between novel and existing words decreased significantly, most strongly in the left pMTG. The magnitude of the decrease after consolidation correlated with an increase in behavioral competition effects between novel words and existing words with similar spelling, reflecting functional integration into the mental lexicon. These results thus provide new evidence that consolidation aids the development of lexical representations mediated by the left pMTG. Theta synchronization may enable lexical access by facilitating the simultaneous activation of distributed semantic, phonological, and orthographic representations that are bound together in the pMTG.
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Swinney, David, Edgar Zurif, and Janet Nicol. "The Effects of Focal Brain Damage on Sentence Processing: an examination of the neurological organization of a mental module." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1, no. 1 (1989): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1989.1.1.25.

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The effects of prior semantic context upon lexical access during sentence processing were examined for three groups of subjects; nonfluent agrammatic (Broca's) aphasic patients; fluent (Wernicke's) aphasic patients; and neurologically intact control patients. Subjects were asked to comprehend auditorily presented, structurally simple sentences containing lexical ambiguities, which were in a context strongly biased toward just one interpretation of that ambiguity. While listening to each sentence, subjects also had to perform a lexical decision task upon a visually presented letter string. For the fluent Wernicke's patients, as for the controls, lexical decisions for visual words related to each of the meanings of the ambiguity were facilitated. By contrast, agrammatic Broca's patients showed significant facilitation only for visual words related to the a priori most frequent interpretation of the ambiguity. On the basis of these data, we suggest that normal form-based word retrieval processes are crucially reliant upon the cortical tissue implicated in agrammatism, but that even the focal brain damage yielding agrammatism does not destroy the normally encapsulated form of word access. That is, we propose that in agrammatism, the modularity of word access during sentence comprehension is rendered less efficient but not lost. Additionally, we consider a number of broader issues involved in the use of pathological material to infer characteristics of the neurological organization of cognitive architecture.
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Olkkonen, Sanna. "Processing limitations in L2 fluency." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 11, no. 1 (2017): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201704252081.

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Oral fluency is widely included in second language assessments, but its relationship to language proficiency is not straightforward. In the current study, data gathered in an experimental setting were examined with an exploratory fluency analysis. The aim was to examine the relationship between fluency of lexical access and proficiency in foreign language (L2). Fluency of the lexical access was studied by analysing inaccuracies in one word recognition and one word retrieval task. To see if proficiency had an effect on the number and the type of inaccuracies, lexical access tasks were carried out for 563 Finnish school children from grades 4, 8, and 11 in their L2 (English). Proficiency in L2 was expected to develop during school education. The inaccuracies were proposed to stem from processing limitations in language use, i.e., inefficiency of lexical access, or from control of attention. The hypothesis was that if lexical access is not automatized, there are less resources for attention-control in recognising and retrieving words. Therefore, the inaccuracies in L2 relating to inefficiency were hypothesised to decrease with proficiency, whereas the ones relating to control of attention were proposed to be more stable or to increase. Furthermore, the fluency of L1 lexical access was used as a control measure. The results offered some confirmation to these hypotheses. For example, some evidence for more available resources in correcting and monitoring speech was found for the older students. The overall results highlight caution in assessing L2 fluency, as not all types of inaccuracies were connected with lower proficiency.
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Beales, Ashleigh, Anne Whitworth, Jade Cartwright, Peter K. Panegyres, and Robert T. Kane. "Making the Right Connections: Maximizing Lexical Generalization in Lexical Impairments in Primary Progressive Aphasia and Alzheimer's Disease." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 2 (2021): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00019.

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Purpose Positive intervention effects following lexical retrieval interventions are increasingly reported with people with progressive language impairments; however, generalization of therapy gains are less frequently evident and less well understood. This study sought to explore the impact of specific therapy ingredients on generalization outcomes. Method Twelve participants with progressive lexical retrieval deficits (four each with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia, and Alzheimer's disease, amnestic presentation) and their family members participated in a 6-week intervention that aimed to increase access to different word classes (nouns, verbs, and adjectives) through a strategic self-cueing approach. Generalization was actively facilitated through strategy practice in connected speech. Repeated baselines of picture naming and connected speech were conducted prior to intervention and repeated immediately post and at 6 weeks following intervention. Results All three diagnostic groups showed significant improvements in naming performance post-intervention for all word classes and for both treated and untreated items, demonstrating consistent treatment effectiveness and generalization at the word level. No changes in the informativeness or efficiency of connected speech were found. Conclusions Despite heterogeneity across participants, widespread evidence of both treatment effects and generalization to untreated items was found for all diagnostic groups and word classes. The consistent within-level generalization across all groups is explored here in relation to optimization of strategy use through incorporation of cognitive scaffolds, strategic practice at the connected speech level, and the inclusion of family members. The absence of across-level generalization to connected speech is also explored. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14219771
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Schuchard, Julia, and Erica L. Middleton. "Word repetition and retrieval practice effects in aphasia: Evidence for use-dependent learning in lexical access." Cognitive Neuropsychology 35, no. 5-6 (2018): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2018.1461615.

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Vitkovitch, Melanie, and Elisa Cooper. "My Word! Interference from Reading Object Names Implies a Role for Competition during Picture Name Retrieval." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 6 (2012): 1229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.655699.

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A related word prime has been found to interfere with picture naming after unrelated intervening trials (word-to-picture interference). Recently, Stroop-type picture–word interference effects have been interpreted in terms of a postlexical response exclusion process rather than a competitive lexical selection process. An experiment is reported that examines whether word-to-picture effects could reflect response exclusion mechanisms and, more generally, strategic processing of the word prime. Forty-eight volunteer university students named aloud sequences of semantically related (and unrelated) word primes and picture targets, separated by two unrelated filler stimuli. On half of the trials, participants were asked to count backwards in threes from a random number presented immediately after naming the prime word. They were also given a surprise recall test at the end of the naming block. Results for naming times and errors indicated a main effect of relatedness; semantic interference effects were not dependent on the unfilled gap following the word prime trial and were also not tied to episodic recall of prime words. The data indicate that slowed picture naming times are more likely to emerge from processes intrinsic to word prime naming rather than controlled processing and do not readily fit the postlexical response exclusion account. The results are considered in relation to two recent accounts of interference over unrelated trials, which refer to some form of competition at, or prior to, lexical access.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lexical access and word retrieval"

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Morgart, Arianna Paige. "Lexical access in aphasia: impacts of phonological neighborhood density on accuracy of word production." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1704.

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Verbal communication relies heavily on the ability to effortlessly produce intended words to express a meaning. This capacity is frequently impaired in individuals with aphasia, and impairment often lasts well into the chronic stages. However, the nature of anomia can vary. Phonological neighborhood density (PND) is one feature of words which has been shown to impact the ease of retrieval in speakers with aphasia; words with more similar-sounding neighbors are easier to retrieve because the neighbors help activate the target. However, it is unclear how different types of lexical access breakdowns affect the impact of PND. The aim of this project was to analyze the relationship between word retrieval accuracy, speech error patterns, and PND in individuals with aphasia. Twenty-two participants with various types and severities of aphasia named 200 single-syllable line drawings. WebFit, an online software program designed to fit naming data to a theoretical model of word retrieval, was used to characterize participants' error patterns by calculating the strength of connections within the lexicon, as well as the rate of decay. Analyses confirmed previous findings that participants with all types of breakdown achieved lower rates of overall accuracy. Weaker connections between semantic knowledge and words resulted in a more errors that were close to the target, relative to errors with no relationship to the target. Individuals with more severe impairments of the semantic-lexical connections and the lexical-phonological connections produced words with many neighbors more accurately than words with fewer neighbors. Implications for initial therapy target selection and directions for further research are discussed.
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Kwantes, Peter J. "LEX, a retrieval theory of lexical access." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/NQ42952.pdf.

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McAllister, Janice Margaret. "Lexical stress and lexical access : effects in read and spontaneous speech." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26744.

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This thesis examines three issues which are of importance in the study of auditory word recognition: the phonological unit which is used to access representations in the mental lexicon; the extent to which hearers can rely on words being identified before their acoustic offsets; and the role of context in auditory word recognition. Three hypotheses which are based on the predictions of the Cohort Model (Marslen-Wilson and Tyler 1980) are tested experimentally using the gating paradigm. First, the phonological access hypothesis claims that word onsets, rather than any other part of the word, are used to access representations in the mental lexicon. An alternative candidate which has been proposed as the initiator of lexical access is the stressed syllable. Second, the early recognition hypothesis states that polysyllabic words, and the majority of words heard in context, will be recognised before their acoustic offsets. Finally, the context-free hypothesis predicts that during the initial stages of the processing of words, no effects of context will be discernible. Experiment 1 tests all three predictions by manipulating aspects of carefully articulated, read speech. First, examination of the gating responses from three context conditions offers no support for the context-free hypothesis. Second, the high number of words which are identified before their acoustic offsets is consistent with the early recognition hypothesis. Finally, the phonological access hypothesis is tested by manipulation of the stress patterns of stimuli. The dependent variables which are examined relate to the processes of lexical access and lexical retrieval; stress differences are found on access measures but not on those relating to retrieval. When the experiment is replicated with a group of subjects whose level of literacy is lower than that of the undergraduates who took part in the original experiment, differences are found in measures relating to contextual processing. Experiment 2 continues to examine the phonological access hypothesis, by manipulating speech style (read versus conversational) as well as stress pattern. Gated words, excised from the speech of six speakers, are presented in isolation. Words excised from read speech and words stressed on the first syllable elicit a greater number of responses which match the stimuli than conversational tokens and words with unstressed initial syllables. Intelligibility differences among the four conditions are also reported. Experiment 3 aims to investigate the processing of read and spontaneous tokens heard in context, while maintaining the manipulation of stress pattern. A subset of the words from Experiment 2 are presented in their original sentence contexts: the test words themselves, plus up to three subsequent words, are gated. Although the presence of preceding context generally enhances intelligibility, some words remain unrecognised by the end of the third subsequent word. An interaction between stress and speech style may be explained in terms of the unintelligibility of the preceding context. Several issues arising from Experiments 1, 2 and 3 are considered further. The characteristics of words which fail to be recognised before their offsets are examined using the statistical technique of regression; the contributions of phonetic and phonological aspects of stressed syllables are assessed; and a further experiment is reported which explores top-down processing in spontaneous speech, and which offers support for the interpretation of the results of Experiment 3 offered earlier.
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Vechtomova, Olga. "Approaches to using word collocation in information retrieval." Thesis, City University London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390942.

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Schnadt, Michael J. "Lexical influences on disfluency production." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4424.

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Natural spoken language is full of disfluency. Around 10% of utterances produced in everyday speech contain disfluencies such as repetitions, repairs, filled pauses and other hesitation phenomena. The production of disfluency has generally been attributed to underlying problems in the planning and formulation of upcoming speech. However, it remains an open question to what extent factors known to affect the selection and retrieval of words in isolation influence disfluency production during connected speech, and whether different types of disfluency are associated with difficulties at different stages of production. Previous attempts to answer these questions have largely relied on corpora of unconstrained, spontaneous speech; to date, there has been little direct experimental research that has attempted to manipulate factors that underlie natural disfluency production. This thesis takes a different approach to the study of disfluency production by constraining the likely content and complexity of speakers utterances while maintaining a context of naturalistic, spontaneous speech. This thesis presents evidence from five experiments based on the Network Task (Oomen & Postma, 2001), in addition to two related picture-naming studies. In the Network Task, participants described to a listener the route of a marker as it traverses a visually presented network of pictures connected by one or more paths. The disfluencies of interest in their descriptions were associated with the production of the picture name. The experiments varied the ease with which pictures in the networks could be named by manipulating factors known to affect lexical or pre-lexical processing: lexical access and retrieval were impacted by manipulations of picture-name agreement and the frequency of the dominant picture names, while visual and conceptual processing difficulty was manipulated by blurring pictures and through prior picture familiarisation. The results of these studies indicate that while general production difficulty does reliably increase the likelihood of disfluency, difficulties associated with particular aspects of lexical access and retrieval have dissociable effects on the likelihood of disfluency. Most notably, while the production of function word prolongations demonstrates a close relationship to lexical difficulties relating to the selection and retrieval of picture names, filled pauses tend to occur predominantly at the beginning of utterances, and appear to be primarily associated with message-level planning processes. Picture naming latencies correlated highly with the rates of observed hesitations, establishing that the likelihood of a disfluency could be attributed to the same lexical and pre-lexical processes that result in longer naming times. Moreover, acoustic analyses of a subset of observed disfluencies established that those disfluencies associated with more serious planning difficulties also tended to have longer durations, however they do not reliably relate to longer upcoming delays. Taken together, the results of these studies demonstrate that the elicitation of disfluency is open to explicit manipulation, and that mid-utterance disfluencies are related to difficulties during specific production processes. Moreover, the type of disfluency produced is not arbitrary, but may be related to both the type and location of the problem encountered at the point that speech is suspended. Through the further exploration of these relationships, it may be possible to use disfluency as an effective tool to study online language production processes.
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Cooperrider, Jason R. "Interactions between word frequency and neighborhood frequency in lexical access." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28449.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 25 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 15). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Ramtohul, Venita S. "Lexical access and representations in children : naming and word learning." Thesis, Open University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446288.

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Hinton, Jane. "Neighbourhood effects during visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363914.

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Christofaris, Lynne D. "Semantic and Phonological Relationships to Word Retrieval during Aging." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1209768680.

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Johnstone, Anne. "The effects of word boundary ambiguity on lexical access in automatic continuous speech recognition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24026.

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Books on the topic "Lexical access and word retrieval"

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Fera, Paul Alexander. Lexical access without frequency effects: Evidence from word naming. Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1990.

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Harnish, Stacy M. Anomia and Anomic Aphasia: Implications for Lexical Processing. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.7.

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Anomia is a term that describes the inability to retrieve a desired word, and is the most common deficit present across different aphasia syndromes. Anomic aphasia is a specific aphasia syndrome characterized by a primary deficit of word retrieval with relatively spared performance in other language domains, such as auditory comprehension and sentence production. Damage to a number of cognitive and motor systems can produce errors in word retrieval tasks, only subsets of which are language deficits. In the cognitive and neuropsychological underpinnings section, we discuss the major processing steps that occur in lexical retrieval and outline how deficits at each of the stages may produce anomia. The neuroanatomical correlates section will include a review of lesion and neuroimaging studies of language processing to examine anomia and anomia recovery in the acute and chronic stages. The assessment section will highlight how discrepancies in performance between tasks contrasting output modes and input modalities may provide insight into the locus of impairment in anomia. Finally, the treatment section will outline some of the rehabilitation techniques for forms of anomia, and take a closer look at the evidence base for different aspects of treatment.
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A History of Online Information Services, 1962–1976. The MIT Press, 2003.

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Lamel, Lori, and Jean-Luc Gauvain. Speech Recognition. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0016.

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Speech recognition is concerned with converting the speech waveform, an acoustic signal, into a sequence of words. Today's approaches are based on a statistical modellization of the speech signal. This article provides an overview of the main topics addressed in speech recognition, which are, acoustic-phonetic modelling, lexical representation, language modelling, decoding, and model adaptation. Language models are used in speech recognition to estimate the probability of word sequences. The main components of a generic speech recognition system are, main knowledge sources, feature analysis, and acoustic and language models, which are estimated in a training phase, and the decoder. The focus of this article is on methods used in state-of-the-art speaker-independent, large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). Primary application areas for such technology are dictation, spoken language dialogue, and transcription for information archival and retrieval systems. Finally, this article discusses issues and directions of future research.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lexical access and word retrieval"

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Raghavan, K. S., and A. Neelameghan. "A Bilingual Information Retrieval Thesaurus: Design and Value Addition with Online Lexical Tools." In Digital Libraries: Universal and Ubiquitous Access to Information. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89533-6_58.

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Yumoto, Takayuki, Takahiro Yamanaka, Manabu Nii, and Naotake Kamiura. "Rarity-Oriented Information Retrieval: Social Bookmarking vs. Word Co-occurrence." In Digital Libraries: Knowledge, Information, and Data in an Open Access Society. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49304-6_11.

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"Word recognition and lexical access: Connectionist approaches." In Lexikologie / Lexicology, Part 2, edited by D. Alan Cruse, Franz Hundsnurscher, Michael Job, and Peter Rolf Lutzeier. Walter de Gruyter, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110171471.2.38.1722.

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"Chapter 11: Constraining Models of Lexical Access: The Onset of Word Recognition." In Cognitive Models of Speech Processing. The MIT Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1889.003.0012.

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Hwang, Myunggwon, and Pankoo Kim. "A New Similarity Measure for Automatic Construction of the Unknown Word Lexical Dictionary." In Semantic Services, Interoperability and Web Applications. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-593-3.ch002.

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This paper deals with research that automatically constructs a lexical dictionary of unknown words as an automatic lexical dictionary expansion. The lexical dictionary has been usefully applied to various fields for semantic information processing. It has limitations in which it only processes terms defined in the dictionary. Under this circumstance, the concept of “Unknown Word (UW)” is defined. UW is considered a word, not defined in WordNet, that is an existing representative lexical dictionary. Here is where a new method to construct UW lexical dictionary through inputting various document collections that are scattered on the WebWeb is proposed. The authors grasp related terms of UW and measure semantic relatedness (similarity) between an UW and a related term(s). The relatedness is obtained by calculating both probabilistic relationship and semantic relationship. This research can extend UW lexical dictionary with an abundant number of UW. It is also possible to prepare a foundation for semantic retrieval by simultaneously using the UW lexical dictionary and WordNet.
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Morris, Robin k., and Jocelyn R. Folk. "Phonology is Used to Access Word Meaning during Silent Reading: Evidence from Lexical Ambiguity Resolution." In Reading as a Perceptual Process. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043642-5/50020-6.

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Martini, Juliane. "Beyond frequency: evaluating the lexical demands of reading materials with open-access corpus tools." In CALL for widening participation: short papers from EUROCALL 2020. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.48.1191.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the appropriateness of open-access reading materials for an intensive English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course, and to provide teachers with a set of criteria to select online texts systematically and efficiently. The Corpus for Veterinarians (VetCorpus) was compiled and analyzed using Lextutor corpus tools. Taking into account students’ vocabulary size, background knowledge, word frequency, proper nouns, compound words, and cognates, the VetCorpus was considered useful and appropriate for intermediate level students, but too difficult for elementary level students. Further lexical analysis showed that the VetCorpus also provides learners with opportunities to encounter technical and academic vocabulary.
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Kathuria, Mamta, Chander Kumar Nagpal, and Neelam Duhan. "A Fuzzy Logic Based Synonym Resolution Approach for Automated Information Retrieval." In Natural Language Processing. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0951-7.ch040.

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Precise semantic similarity measurement between words is vital from the viewpoint of many automated applications in the areas of word sense disambiguation, machine translation, information retrieval and data clustering, etc. Rapid growth of the automated resources and their diversified novel applications has further reinforced this requirement. However, accurate measurement of semantic similarity is a daunting task due to inherent ambiguities of the natural language, spread of web documents across various domains, localities and dialects. All these issues render to the inadequacy of the manually maintained semantic similarity resources (i.e. dictionaries). This article uses context sets of the words under consideration in multiple corpora to compute semantic similarity and provides credible and verifiable semantic similarity results directly usable for automated applications in the intelligent manner using fuzzy inference mechanism. It can also be used to strengthen the existing lexical resources by augmenting the context set and properly defined extent of semantic similarity.
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Kaur, Sugandha, and Bidisha Som. "Context Effects in Bilingual Language Processing." In Psycholinguistics and Cognition in Language Processing. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4009-0.ch008.

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Previous studies show that the presence of a context word in picture naming either facilitates or interferes with the naming. Although there has been extensive research in this area, there are many conflicting findings, making it difficult to reach firm conclusions. This chapter aims to delve into the dynamics of such processing and understand the nuances involved in experimental manipulations that may influence the pattern of results and be responsible for differences in outcomes. The series of experiments reported in this chapter was aimed at refining our understanding of mechanisms in the way bilinguals process language production by examining two different paradigms—primed picture naming and picture-word interference. This was investigated by manipulating both the type of visual context words presented with the picture and the time interval between the presentation of context word and picture. The results are interpreted within the context of current models of lexical access.
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Kim, Byoung Gwan, and Hye Rin Shim. "Chunk Meets Image." In Mobile Devices in Education. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1757-4.ch030.

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This study investigated the optimal conditions under which foreign language learning takes place using a smartphone. The authors proposed that two factors, chunking and imagery, would increase language learning. On the basis of previous findings, they formulated three hypotheses: (a) the use of images will have a positive effect on learning English sentences; (b) the use of chunks will have a positive effect on learning English sentences; and (c) the combined use of images and chunks will have a greater positive effect on learning English sentences than either feature alone. A total of 92 Korean seventh graders participated in this study. To examine the learning effect of chunking (i.e., sentence segmentation unit) and imagery (i.e., visual aid) in an experimental setting, they produced a smartphone learning application that incorporated the two methods. The authors measured learning effect with respect to lexical memory retention (i.e., word retrieval ability) and word order composition (i.e., ability to arrange words according to standard English syntax). The results show that the main effects of both chunking and imagery were significant and that the interaction effect between the two on lexical memory retention was also significant. The interaction effect was greater in the delayed effect measurement than in the immediate effect measurement. These findings suggest optimal conditions for designing a smartphone-based, self-learning application.
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Conference papers on the topic "Lexical access and word retrieval"

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Feist, Rico, Daniel Gerighausen, Manuel Konrad, et al. "Using Significant Word Co-occurences for the Lexical Access Problem." In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon (CogALex). Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4706.

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Endresen, A. A., V. A. Zhukova, D. D. Mordashova, E. V. Rakhilina, and O. N. Lyashevskaya. "THE RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTICON: A NEW LINGUISTIC RESOURCE, ITS DESIGN AND KEY CHARACTERISTICS." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-241-255.

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We present a new open-access electronic resource named the Russian Constructicon that offers a searchable database of Russian constructions accompanied by descriptions of their properties and illustrated with corpus examples. The project was carried out over the period 2016–2020 and at present contains an inventory of over 2200 multi-word constructions of Contemporary Standard Russian. We prioritize “partially schematic” constructions that lie between the two extremes of fully compositional syntactic sequences on the one hand and fully idiomatic (phraseological) expressions on the other hand. Constructions of this type are difficult to account for in terms of either lexicon or grammar alone, and are often underrepresented in reference works of Russian. A typical construction in our database contains a fixed part (anchor words) and an open slot that can be filled with a restricted set of lexemes. In this paper we first focus on key characteristics of this resource that make it different from existing constructicons of other languages. Second, we describe how the new interface will be designed and how it will serve the needs of both linguists and L2 learners of Russian. In particular, we discuss various search possibilities relevant for different users and those parameters that are available for specifying the retrieval output. An example of an entry is given to show how the information about each construction is structured and presented. Third, we provide an overview of our multi-level semantic classification of constructions. We argue that our system of semantic and syntactic tags subdivides our items into meaningful classes and smaller groups and eventually facilitates the identification of constructional families and clusters. This methodology works well in turning the initial list of constructions as unrelated units into a structured network and makes it possible to refine and expand the collected inventory of constructions in a systematic way.
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Roy, Dwaipayan. "Word Embedding based Approaches for Information Retrieval." In Seventh BCS-IRSG Symposium on Future Directions in Information Access. BCS Learning & Development, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/fdia2017.9.

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D’Hondt, Eva. "Lexical Issues of a Syntactic Approach to Interactive Patent Retrieval." In Third BCS-IRSG Symposium on Future Directions in Information Access (FDIA 2009). BCS Learning & Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/fdia2009.17.

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Youan, Kwon, Park Kinam, Lim Heuiseok, and Nam Kichun. "The Phonological Syllable Plays a Role in Lexical Access in Korean Visual Word Recognition." In Third International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC 2007) Vol V. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2007.731.

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Satir, Emre, Adil Alpkocak, and Deniz Kilinc. "Word-Context Matrix based Query Expansion in Information Retrieval for Turkish Text." In Sixth BCS-IRSG Symposium on Future Directions in Information Access (FDIA 2015). BCS Learning & Development, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/fdia2015.14.

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Schwarz, Julia, Mirjana Bozic, and Brechtje Post. "Individual differences in processing pseudo-inflected nonwords." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0044/000459.

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While the role of word stems has received much attention in morphological processing, the effects of inflectional suffixes on lexical access remain unclear. We address this gap as well as the contribution of individual differences on morphological segmentation with a visual priming experiment. Inflected and uninflected nonwords were preceded by a non-linguistic baseline string or the target’s suffix/word-final letters (e.g. XXXXing  SMOYING). The results indicate that the suffix length is crucial for morphological effects to surface in visual priming and that morphological processing may be modulated by the individual’s reading profile and vocabulary size. We interpret this as evidence for variable morphemic activation: morphological cues can facilitate visual access when rapid whole-word processing is unavailable. The theoretical implications are discussed.
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Figueiras, Paulo, Raquel Melo, Ruben Costa, Carlos Agostinho, Celson Lima, and Ricardo Jardim-Goncalves. "A Semantic Enrichment Approach Based on the Vector Space Model Supporting Collaboration in the Manufacturing Domain." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51042.

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Knowledge is a word that can have multiple definitions, one can think of it as information, understanding or skill that you get from previous experiences or education. In the business world, independently of the size of the companies, knowledge is without any doubt power. If in one hand the access to internal knowledge is crucial to support better decision and management strategies, on the other, when knowledge is shared by means of collaboration between partnered companies it could be the negotiations empowering base. This work presents a knowledge gathering, enrichment and sharing approach, based on concepts such as Information Retrieval, Knowledge Management and Semantic technologies, that envisions to help Manufacturing Industry companies, engaged in collaborative e-procurement tasks, to share and gain easy and fast access to crucial knowledge. The presented work was created and validated in Building &amp; Construction domain and will be integrated in Horizon 2020 C2NET project in the Manufacturing domain. Namely, the relevant achievements pursued by this work are the following: (i) conceptualization of a model that enables the semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain experts; and (ii) implementation of a proof-of-concept focusing on the Manufacturing Industry context.
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