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Journal articles on the topic 'Lexical borrowing'
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1
Benő, Attila. "Lexical Borrowing, Categorization, and Mental Representation." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2017-0028.
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AbstractThe article argues that lexical borrowing is not only motivated by cultural factors linked to prestige or economical aspects but also by the speakers’ need for new lexical-semantic categories and for highly expressive metaphorical terms to operate with, which makes them borrow words. The semantic changes of the lexical borrowings point to the creation of new items in the semantic fields of the receiving language. The integration of borrowings into Hungarian and Romanian exemplifies these processes.
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Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal, Johann-Mattis List, Hans Geisler, Heiner Fangerau, Russell D. Gray, William Martin, and Tal Dagan. "Networks uncover hidden lexical borrowing in Indo-European language evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1713 (November 24, 2010): 1794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1917.
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Language evolution is traditionally described in terms of family trees with ancestral languages splitting into descendent languages. However, it has long been recognized that language evolution also entails horizontal components, most commonly through lexical borrowing. For example, the English language was heavily influenced by Old Norse and Old French; eight per cent of its basic vocabulary is borrowed. Borrowing is a distinctly non-tree-like process—akin to horizontal gene transfer in genome evolution—that cannot be recovered by phylogenetic trees. Here, we infer the frequency of hidden borrowing among 2346 cognates (etymologically related words) of basic vocabulary distributed across 84 Indo-European languages. The dataset includes 124 (5%) known borrowings. Applying the uniformitarian principle to inventory dynamics in past and present basic vocabularies, we find that 1373 (61%) of the cognates have been affected by borrowing during their history. Our approach correctly identified 117 (94%) known borrowings. Reconstructed phylogenetic networks that capture both vertical and horizontal components of evolutionary history reveal that, on average, eight per cent of the words of basic vocabulary in each Indo-European language were involved in borrowing during evolution. Basic vocabulary is often assumed to be relatively resistant to borrowing. Our results indicate that the impact of borrowing is far more widespread than previously thought.
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List, Johann-Mattis, and Robert Forkel. "Automated identification of borrowings in multilingual wordlists." Open Research Europe 1 (August 24, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13843.2.
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Although lexical borrowing is an important aspect of language evolution, there have been few attempts to automate the identification of borrowings in lexical datasets. Moreover, none of the solutions which have been proposed so far identify borrowings across multiple languages. This study proposes a new method for the task and tests it on a newly compiled large comparative dataset of 48 South-East Asian languages from Southern China. The method yields very promising results, while it is conceptually straightforward and easy to apply. This makes the approach a perfect candidate for computer-assisted exploratory studies on lexical borrowing in contact areas.
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List, Johann-Mattis, and Robert Forkel. "Automated identification of borrowings in multilingual wordlists." Open Research Europe 1 (March 23, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13843.3.
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Although lexical borrowing is an important aspect of language evolution, there have been few attempts to automate the identification of borrowings in lexical datasets. Moreover, none of the solutions which have been proposed so far identify borrowings across multiple languages. This study proposes a new method for the task and tests it on a newly compiled large comparative dataset of 48 South-East Asian languages from Southern China. The method yields very promising results, while it is conceptually straightforward and easy to apply. This makes the approach a perfect candidate for computer-assisted exploratory studies on lexical borrowing in contact areas.
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List, Johann-Mattis, and Robert Forkel. "Automated identification of borrowings in multilingual wordlists." Open Research Europe 1 (July 15, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13843.1.
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Although lexical borrowing is an important aspect of language evolution, there have been few attempts to automate the identification of borrowings in lexical datasets. Moreover, none of the solutions which have been proposed so far identify borrowings across multiple languages. This study proposes a new method for the task and tests it on a newly compiled large comparative dataset of 48 South-East Asian languages. The method yields very promising results, while it is conceptually straightforward and easy to apply. This makes the approach a perfect candidate for computer-assisted exploratory studies on lexical borrowing in contact areas.
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Cortés, Ileana, Jesús Ramírez, María Rivera, Marta Viada, and Joan Fayer. "Dame un hamburger plain con ketchup y papitas." English Today 21, no. 2 (April 2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078405002051.
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English/Spanish contact in Puerto Rico.ONE OUTCOME of language contact is lexical borrowing. Borrowing in Puerto Rico (for political, economic, and social reasons) is evident in the influence English has had on Spanish, especially in lexical terms. This paper explores the impact of American English on the lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish, specifically on vocabulary relating to food. Data were collected through participant observation in selected fast food restaurants from different regions in P.R. An analysis of the corpus provides the basis for five categories useful in understanding the influence of English on Spanish in this domain. The study indicates that English borrowings have had a tremendous influence on the Puerto Rican lexicon, and predicts that, even though Spanish will continue to be the dominant Puerto Rican language, it will continue to change under the influence of English.
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Dek-Xenovna, Kim Nataliya, and Jumaniyazova Feruza Iskanderovna. "Lexical borrowing in Korean." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 7 (2021): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01752.3.
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Tat, Deniz. "Lexical Borrowing Targets Spans." Languages 7, no. 4 (November 11, 2022): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040289.
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In this study, I revisit the claim that nominals denoting complex events must derive from discernible verbal stems and must be headed by an overt nominalizer. I show that Turkish has a set of nominals, crucially of foreign origin, which provides counter-evidence to both claims. From the perspective of Turkish grammar, they are morphologically noncompositional, manifesting neither a detectable verbal basis nor an overt nominalizer although they are categorically complex event nominals. Since (zero-)derived nominals of Turkic origin do not allow argument structure, the puzzling makeup of underived complex event nominals in question boils down to their loan word nature. I show that their behavior is different from both derived nominals as well as gerundive nominals in important ways. I claim that they are defective nominalizations lacking an nP representation. After reviewing previous accounts of these nominals, I consider three syntactic approaches to word derivation, which differ in their theoretical assumptions only in granularity, and conclude that the Spanning approach of Bye and Svenonius provides us with a conceptually superior account.
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Miller, John E., Tiago Tresoldi, Roberto Zariquiey, César A. Beltrán Castañón, Natalia Morozova, and Johann-Mattis List. "Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0242709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242709.
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Lexical borrowing, the transfer of words from one language to another, is one of the most frequent processes in language evolution. In order to detect borrowings, linguists make use of various strategies, combining evidence from various sources. Despite the increasing popularity of computational approaches in comparative linguistics, automated approaches to lexical borrowing detection are still in their infancy, disregarding many aspects of the evidence that is routinely considered by human experts. One example for this kind of evidence are phonological and phonotactic clues that are especially useful for the detection of recent borrowings that have not yet been adapted to the structure of their recipient languages. In this study, we test how these clues can be exploited in automated frameworks for borrowing detection. By modeling phonology and phonotactics with the support of Support Vector Machines, Markov models, and recurrent neural networks, we propose a framework for the supervised detection of borrowings in mono-lingual wordlists. Based on a substantially revised dataset in which lexical borrowings have been thoroughly annotated for 41 different languages from different families, featuring a large typological diversity, we use these models to conduct a series of experiments to investigate their performance in mono-lingual borrowing detection. While the general results appear largely unsatisfying at a first glance, further tests show that the performance of our models improves with increasing amounts of attested borrowings and in those cases where most borrowings were introduced by one donor language alone. Our results show that phonological and phonotactic clues derived from monolingual language data alone are often not sufficient to detect borrowings when using them in isolation. Based on our detailed findings, however, we express hope that they could prove to be useful in integrated approaches that take multi-lingual information into account.
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Asif Mehdiyeva, Mehriban. "A look to the contemporary changes of lexical system of the Turkic languages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/91-93.
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In this paper were given the changes met in the lexical system of a language, some information on international words, there also made necessary analyses on the contemporary processes taken place in lexic systems of Turkic languages. There met vivid examples of nationalizing vocabulary in the system of Turkic languagea as a result of qaining independence in these Republics. And in this view-point one can note that borrowings for now mainly come from Turkey. Contemporary researches prove that the process of borrowings in the meantime go rather apart from these languages. And this cannot serve forming one common Turkic language for all. Key words: language, contacts, close contacts, disjointed contacts, borrowing, lexics
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Aksenova, Anna V. "Italian Lexical Interference in the Romanian-Speaking Environment." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 3(2021) (September 25, 2021): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2021-3-183-194.
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This study focuses on the semantic borrowings, their structure and classification. Borrowings constitute a special layer of vocabulary in terms of both nomination and motivation. It is known that interference is a change in the language system under the influence of another language. The author notes that the phenomenon of interference includes not only the processes of word borrowing (known as lexical borrowing), but also linguistic calque. Borrowings occur because of a more or less direct contact between languages. Special attention is paid to lexical and semantic borrowings, their structure and classification. It is noted that the borrowed words themselves most often fill the lexical gaps that exist in the Romanian language and are associated with the emergence of new realities. The author analyzes various ways of assimilation of borrowed units. For centuries, the Romanian language has demonstrated a certain “flexibility” in the morphophonological assimilation of borrowings. On the basis of factual material, it was established that in the case of the Romanian language in the Italian-speaking environment, there is a complete or partial encapsulation of the morphological structure of the word, while its phonetics undergoes a process of adaptation. The borrowed words that do not assimilate are motivated by the novelty of the referent.
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Trofimova, Nadezhda A., and Olga G. Shchitova. "Latest Borrowings in Russian Construction Terminology of the 21st Century." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 470 (2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/470/6.
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The article deals with the latest foreign naming units for construction technologies within the construction terminology in modern Russian. The article aims to identify and analyze the latest foreign naming units in Russian construction terminology and to create a typology of these lexical units. The research objectives involve selecting the material, determining the sources and period of the borrowings, the semantics of the lexical units, and creating the typology of the borrowings. The material for the research is the latest foreign-language vocabulary of the construction sphere, borrowed into Russian from the 1990s till the present. The sources for the analysis are dictionaries of construction terminology, encyclopedias, textbooks, commercial catalogues, internet resources data both in Russian and foreign languages, as well as professional standards (GOSTs), scientific papers, etc. The linguistic comparative and contrastive methods serve as the methodological basis of the article. More than 210 naming units functioning in the scientific and internet discourse were selected for the analysis. The authors identified the following foreign lexical units denoting construction technologies that are not fixed either in the terminological dictionaries for construction or the Russian National Corpus: lexical, morphemic, syntactic, semantic (calques and semi-calques), and combined borrowings. The comparative analysis of the lexical units in Russian and in the source language is made, the definitional analysis of lexical units is presented, and the examples of functioning of these naming units in professional internet discourse are provided. The analysis has shown that more than 76% of the total number of the analyzed naming units were borrowed from English. Moreover, lexical borrowings are widely represented in the typology of the borrowings, among which the most numerous ones are transliterated and mixed lexical borrowings; structural derivational and syntactic calques, and semi-calques. Cases of word-forming affixes borrowing, i.e. morphemic borrowing, are found. Examples of foreign language inclusions denoting modern construction technologies as well as occasional examples of combined borrowing are also found. A case of lexical lacunarity among the newest lexical units of construction vocabulary is observed. The analysis data indicate an intensive penetration of foreign-language lexical units into the terminology of the sublanguage of construction. Although many of the analyzed names (about 62 %) are not yet fixed in terminological dictionaries, they widely occur in professional discourse and are fixed in standards and commercial catalogues.
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Navalna, Maryna. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНИХ ЛЕКСЕМ У МОВІ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЗАСОБІВ МАСОВОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ." Psycholinguistics in a Modern World 15 (December 25, 2020): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/10.31470/2706-7904-2020-15-204-207.
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The article analyzes the most commonly used foreign-language lexical items in the language of modern Ukrainian mass media. The object of the article is to study the thematic direction of foreign-language lexical items, to determine their stylistic role, as well as to indicate the instability of spelling of certain borrowings. The descriptive method and method of observation are used as main in scientific research for the study of lexical items in the language of Ukrainian periodicals of the beginning of the XXI century. At different stages of the research, the method of functional analysis was used to determine the stylistic load of lexical items. Foreign-language words are an integral part of Ukrainian vocabulary, due to some extralinguistic factors, such as Ukraine’s course towards European integration, the process of globalization, restructuring of the economy, orientation towards the countries of the West, that have caused a close cultural, political, and social and economic cooperation of the Ukrainians with other nations. As the language of modern mass media shows, borrowings get into various scopes of society: economic, social and political, scientific, cultural, educational, communication, everyday life etc. Due to the active borrowing of foreign-language lexical items, we can have a threatening linguistic situation: functioning of doublets in the language, increasing the number of unwanted homonyms, borrowing of proper names without translation, borrowing of words that aim at imitating something different. Often borrowings in the Ukrainian language have different spelling, which proves the instability of spelling and which requires further scientific researches.
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Navalna, Maryna. "Pecularities of Borrowed Lexical Items Functioning in Ukrainian Mass Media Language." Scientific notes of the Institute of Journalism, no. 1 (74) (2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-1272.2019.74.7.
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The article analyzes the most commonly used foreign-language lexical items in the language of modern Ukrainian mass media. The objective of the article is to study the thematic direction of foreign-language lexical items, to determine their stylistic role, as well as to indicate the instability of spelling of certain borrowings. The descriptive method and method of observation are used as the main ones in the scientific research for the study of lexical items in the language of Ukrainian periodicals of the beginning of the XXI century. At different stages of the research, the method of functional analysis was used to determine the stylistic meaning of lexical items. The foreign-language words are an integral part of Ukrainian vocabulary, due to some extralin factors, such as Ukraine’s course towards European integration, the process of globalization, economy restructuring, orientation towards the countries of the West, that have caused the close cultural, political, and social and economic cooperation of the Ukrainians with other nations. As the language of modern mass media shows, the borrowings get into various scopes of society: economic, social and political, scientific, cultural, educational, communication, everyday life etc. Due to the active borrowing of foreign-language lexical items, we can have a threatening linguistic situation: functioning of doublets in the language, increasing the number of unwanted homonyms, borrowing of proper names without translation, borrowing of words that aim at imitating something different. The borrowings in the Ukrainian language have often different spelling, which proves the instability of spelling and requires further scientific researches.
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Navalna, Maryna. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНИХ ЛЕКСЕМ У МОВІ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЗАСОБІВ МАСОВОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ." Psycholinguistics in a Modern World 15 (December 25, 2020): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2706-7904-2020-15-204-207.
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The article analyzes the most commonly used foreign-language lexical items in the language of modern Ukrainian mass media. The object of the article is to study the thematic direction of foreign-language lexical items, to determine their stylistic role, as well as to indicate the instability of spelling of certain borrowings. The descriptive method and method of observation are used as main in scientific research for the study of lexical items in the language of Ukrainian periodicals of the beginning of the XXI century. At different stages of the research, the method of functional analysis was used to determine the stylistic load of lexical items. Foreign-language words are an integral part of Ukrainian vocabulary, due to some extralinguistic factors, such as Ukraine’s course towards European integration, the process of globalization, restructuring of the economy, orientation towards the countries of the West, that have caused a close cultural, political, and social and economic cooperation of the Ukrainians with other nations. As the language of modern mass media shows, borrowings get into various scopes of society: economic, social and political, scientific, cultural, educational, communication, everyday life etc. Due to the active borrowing of foreign-language lexical items, we can have a threatening linguistic situation: functioning of doublets in the language, increasing the number of unwanted homonyms, borrowing of proper names without translation, borrowing of words that aim at imitating something different. Often borrowings in the Ukrainian language have different spelling, which proves the instability of spelling and which requires further scientific researches.
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Næss, Åshild, and Mathias Jenny. "Who changes language? Bilingualism and structural change in Burma and the Reef Islands." Journal of Language Contact 4, no. 2 (2011): 217–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740911x589253.
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AbstractIn this paper we discuss two cases of contact-induced language change where lexical and grammatical borrowing appear to have gone in opposite directions: one language has borrowed large amounts of vocabulary from another while at the same time being the source of structural borrowings into the other language. Furthermore, it appears in both cases that the structural borrowing has come about through bilingualism in L1 speakers of the source language, while L1 speakers of the language undergoing the structural change are largely monolingual. We propose that these two unusual factors are not unrelated, but that the latter is the cause of the former: Under circumstances where the numerically much smaller language in a contact situation is the contact language, the L2 speakers' variety, influenced by their L1, may spread into the monolingual community. e lexical borrowing naturally happens from the bilingual speakers' L2 into their L1, resulting in opposite directions of lexical and structural borrowing. Similar processes have been described in cases of language shift, but we show that it may take place even in situations where shift does not occur.
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Rizka, Budi, and Zainuddin Zainuddin. "LEXICAL CHANGE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CONTACT AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF PASE DIALECT." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 10, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v10i1.6296.
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The aims of this study were to analyze the types, the patterns of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect. The subjects of the study were personal documents written in Pase dialect as available in Language Department of Aceh. From the research, 505 lexicons were found, where 154 lexicons underwent loss. The percentage of lexical loss of noun was 75.32%, adjective 12.34%, and verb 12.34%. The number of lexical borrowings was 177 lexicons. The percentage of lexical borrowing of noun was 78.53%, adjective 15.25%, verb 5.09%, and adverb 1.13%. In phonological change, there were 155 lexicons. The percentage of phonological changes of noun was 89.68%, adjective 6.45%, verb 2.38%, and adverb 1.29%. In semantic change, there were 19 lexicons found, the percentages of which are: noun 68.42%, adjective 10.53%, and verb 21.05%. The patterns of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect were potential loss in lexical loss, borrowings in the patterns of loan-words, loan-blend, loan-translation. The patterns of phonological change were lenition, fortition, vowel and syllable structure, syncope, apocope, and epenthesis. In semantic change, the patterns were narrowing, extension, figurative use, and pejoration.Keywords: lexical borrowing, Pase dialect, phonological change, semantic change
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Et al., Yakubova Noira. "Lexical Borrowing in Tourism Terminology." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1761.
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The article studied borrowing in replenishing the terminology fund of the tourism sector showed that it was most widely used in the Uzbek language, and most of the terms are borrowed from the English language, which can be attributed to the typological line of the Russian language. The predominance of English terms in Uzbek and Russian terminology is explained primarily by extralinguistic factors: the development of the tourism sector takes place with an orientation towards foreign experience, and tourism as a branch of the economy is highly developed in English-speaking countries, therefore the terms serving it are anglicisms that are most universal and meet the needs of this moment of development of the tourism industry.
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Sullivan, Celeste. "A mechanism of lexical borrowing." Journal of Language Contact 1, no. 2 (2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000008792512529.
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AbstractThis paper offers a model to explain the general observation that lexical items are more often borrowed from a higher status language into a lower status one, than visa versa. Material from Lahore, Pakistan, shows that in casual speech among plurilinguals codeswitching is the norm. In formal contexts, in which there is attention to proper language, educated speakers filter out features which are not part of the standard language. Constraints on language and education in the hierarchical social structure withhold from most speakers of the lower status languages the knowledge necessary to evaluate their own speech in this way, thus allowing features of other languages to become established in their language.
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Chebanne, Andy, and Mawande Dlali. "Tsua lexical borrowing from Setswana." South African Journal of African Languages 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2017.1316935.
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Khasanovna, Uktamova Malika. "Linguistic Borrowings from English in Spanish Language." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48194.
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Abstract: This study is devoted to the analysis of the concept of linguistic borrowing in Spanish. The main purpose of the work is to determine the semantic areas in which Anglicism is most used, that is, borrowings from the English language, respectively. Within the framework of this study, the following goals are set: to define the term “borrowing”; to identify the reasons for the need for borrowings; to classify lexical borrowings according to the degree of their adaptation to the host language; to give a comparative characteristic of the use of Anglicism in Spanish.
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Schultz, Julia. "The impact of Spanish on English vocabulary since 1901." English Today 34, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000347.
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While there are numerous investigations of the impact of English on Spanish vocabulary, the opposite direction of lexical borrowing has as yet received fairly little attention. Spanish-derived words and meanings which have been taken over into English in the last few decades have been relatively neglected. The present article gives essential insight into the influence of Spanish on the English lexicon since 1901. I assign the different twentieth and twenty-first century Spanish borrowings to various lexical domains in order to offer an overview of the subject areas and fields of life to which Spanish has added new words and senses in recent times.
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Karlova, V. O. "Methodology of Language Contact Studies and Their Result – Lexical Borrowings." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 18 (March 18, 2019): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.18.06.
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The article is devoted to the study of those sociolinguistic processes, which became the main factors of the lexical borrowings appearance as the result of the language contacts in general and the English language contacts with other languages in different stages of the development in particular. It is described the process of new lexical units appearance, which adapting to the language-recipient, became the integral part of its vocabulary. It is defined the notion “Language Contacts” and its meaning for English inlargement. It is shown the methodological approaches for language contacts and borrowing process investigation. It is established the relation between such variants of linguistic contacts as bilingualism and interference, which contribute new lexical elements to the borrowing process. Types of interference are established which stimulate the borrowing process to English. Two main approaches (structural and sociological) were found to comprehend the process of language contacts and reveal ways of borrowed units adapting as the result of assimilation of the language of a new word. Available methods of lexical borrowing analysis are analyzed which had been developed by representatives of the structural approach (distributive analysis, component analysis, transformation analysis, oppositional analysis, semantic field analysis). Two types of factors, influencing borrowing processes within the limits of the sociological approach are characterized: 1) different social phenomena and 2) conscious society influence. Extralinguistic factors are found out which influence the increasing English vocabulary. It is defined the notions “Linguistic planning”, “Linguistic construction”, “Linguistic Politics”. The scale of borrowing analysis (Thomason) is represented and it predicts the extent of interference and bilingualism (irregular, more regular and intense contacts). The developed methods for the adaptation analysis (non-adaptation) of new words in English are systematized by researchers, taking into account sociolinguistic and proper linguistic processes.
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Kuvshynova, Nataliia M., and Liudmyla A. Vozniuk. "ASSIMILATION OF BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE-RECIPIENT." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 22 (January 12, 2022): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2021.22.04.
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In the Russian language of the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, the significant part of foreign words were German lexical borrowings. According to the degree of development of the language loanwords recipient traditionally distinguish two main groups of words - assimilated and unassimilated. One of the main bits of foreign words, allocated according to the degree of assimilation, are actually borrowing assimilated words about the skill that scientists have no disagreements. The only problem in this sense is to hold the line between borrowing and internationalism. Internationalism represented, first of all, in the terminological lexicon. By the terms-internationalism: a) socio-political lexicon: congress, constitution, minister, meeting, party, politics, revolution, republic, resolution, senate, etc.; b) scientific terminology: biology, geography, geodesy, geology, zoology, history, linguistics, mathematics, physics, etc.; c) the technical name: unit, antenna, apparatus, harvester, monoplane, tank, tractor; d) art criticism lexicon: aria, ballet, drama, genre, novella, opera, poetry, tenor, etc. When classifying loanwords must be considered the formal features (assimilation of words in the borrowing language) and functionality (use of words in the borrowing language). According to the degree of adaptation of lexical units in the system of the Russian language-recipient, both full and partial assimilation of the German-language vocabulary is possible. Partially assimilated vocabulary can be divided into the following groups: 1) German vocabulary assimilated at the graphic and grammatical levels; 2) German- language vocabulary assimilated at the grammatical level; 3) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the word-formation level; 4) German-language blotches with preceding and following Russian equivalents. The research is based on actual data obtained by different linguists, and on the results of the author's own observations.
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Irina B., Diaghileva, and Szabolcs Janurik. "From the history of borrowed vocabulary in the Russian and Hungarian languages of the XIX century (panorama, panoráma)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 4 (July 2022): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.4-22.022.
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The article presents a historical and lexicological description of the popular borrowing of the 19th century panorama, panoráma in Russian and Hungarian, as well as the borrowings and derivatives with the same root (panoramicheskij, panoramnyj, panoramskij, enciklopedicheski panoramicheskij, panoramicheski, panoramshchik, panoramograf; panorámai, panorámás). The analysis of the lexical family shows that with the great social significance of new borrowings they quickly come into use and form derivatives, getting fixation in dictionaries. The development of the meanings of neologisms in Russian was influenced by the processes of semantic analogy with the borrowing previously rooted in the language (kartina-panorama), adjective polysemy was formed under the influence of noun polysemy (panorama → panoramicheskij, panoramnyj). The study conducted a comparative analysis of lexical families in Russian and Hungarian, marked similarities and differences determined by cultural, historical and linguistic features. Drawing on the example of the panorama, significant similarities were traced in the process of borrowing in unrelated languages. The methods used in the research are descriptive, comparative, statistical, historical and cultural, also methods of contextual and semantic analysis.
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Li, Su. "Language Contacts as a Source of Borrowing." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(3).256-264.
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Borrowings are the evidence of cultural contacts. They play a positive role in political, economic, cultural and linguistic contacts. Then closer the contacts between countries, then more borrowings mutually penetrate in the language system. Territorial proximity always facilitates the penetration of linguistic units and their elements into the lexicology. Today, a large number of borrowings comes from the eastern side of Russia, including China. A new wave of Chinese-Russian relations has actively introduced lexemes in both languages that have no analogue. The article analyzes groups of borrowings of morphological, etymological and semantic types, explores the reasons for borrowing a new layer of vocabulary from Chinese into Russian. The survey determined the frequency of use of the old and new wave of borrowings from the Chinese language in the Russian lexical base. The results of the survey showed that, along with such old borrowings as tea, pearls, silk, etc., such tokens as kunya, tofu, wushu, etc., which entered in the everyday Russians life. It should be noted that some lexical borrowings did not linger in Russian and, having not had time to assimilate, they disappeared. The Chinese language has a much lesser impact on Russian than English and other European languages, but it has a significant impact on the lexical composition and culture of Russian society nowadays.
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Nevinskaitė, Laima. "What are Borrowings in Advertising for? Lexical Borrowings in Advertising." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17479.
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The aim of the article is to analyse reasons of using new lexical borrowings in advertising, taking into account features of advertising as a genre. The empirical basis of the analysis consists of advertisements including borrowings that were collected in the Database of the New Borrowings. The article offers a qualitative analysis of borrowings in advertising.The theoretical basis of the article is a generalised classification of reasons for lexical borrowing, which includes designative, semantic, stylistic and sociopsychological reasons. Further a more detailed explanation is given by presenting the results of research on multilingual advertising: borrowings are used to fill in a semantic gap; because of creative motives in search for more interesting ways of expression; they help to associate the product with a particular cultural stereotype; or they can help to express the identity of a particular social group. From the viewpoint of advertisers, borrowings help to attract attention to the advertisement or product, to demonstrate its advantages by a symbolic value of other languages, to address a particular audience or to play with language for an emotional effect.The analysis of the Lithuanian data revealed a trend of the majority of borrowings used in advertisements for designative and semantic reasons, in order to name a new object. The origin languages of the borrowings vary; they include English, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese. Some borrowings are used next to their equivalent of Lithuanian origin for metalinguistic reasons. In the group of stylistic reasons, English borrowings are used for creating allusions, language play, and in order to attract the attention of the audience. In the group of sociopsychological reasons, borrowings from English are most prominent; they mostly serve to emphasize the exceptional value of the product. They might also be used as euphemisms. For symbolic reasons, borrowings from French and Italian are also used. English borrowings that are a part of youth slang are used in advertisements to create a youthful identity of the product and to address young consumers.The analysis of spelling of borrowings (original vs. adapted) might also be explained by their functions in the text: original spelling helps to emphasize the authenticity of the designated object, increases the symbolic value of the borrowing. In contrast, the adapted spelling of marked borrowings in the advertisements addressed to young people emphasizes their slang origin.In summary, the analysis of the Lithuanian advertisements confirmed most of the reasons for borrowing found in previous studies on multilingual advertising. The paper concludes that borrowings do not only serve a supplementary role when they are needed to fill a lexical gap, but are also intentionally used as a stylistic, symbolic, identity construction tool in order to enhance the effectiveness of advertisements.
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Mapunda, Gastor, and Emmanuel Ilonga. "Lexical Innovation through Swahilisation of English Lexicon in Online Advertisements." Utafiti 17, no. 1 (June 24, 2022): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-15020060.
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Abstract Morpho-phonological nativisation and syntactic applications of Kiswahili loanwords appear throughout telecommunication businesses’ advertisements, as can be collected from such companies’ Facebook pages. Word-by-word and line-by-line coding and analysis reveal a richness in the borrowing process and its implications for the contemporary Kiswahili lexicon. Apparently, nouns are more inclined to be borrowed than words from other grammatical categories, with loanwords from English expanding the meaning of items, and in some cases substituting those items in the lexicon of the receiving language. Phonologically, accommodation of loanwords includes syllabic adjustments, vowel addition, consonant assimilation, and consonant deletion – these and other linguistic strategies play an important role in the nativisation process of ubiquitous items in the online vocabulary familiar to users of the world wide web. Syntactically, loanwords appear in interrogatives, conditionals, and imperatives, as well as in non-sentential constructions. In turn, these borrowings constitute a significant portion of the ongoing nativisation processes that contribute to the future of the Kiswahili lexicon.
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Sagliani, Medea. "General linguistic aspects of borrowed Svan vocabulary." International Journal of Multilingual Education X, no. 3 (November 11, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2021.19003.
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This paper presents general conclusions on all aspects related to word borrowing, taking into account the borrowing-adaptation of foreign-language lexical units assimilated into Svan from Georgian- Zan, as well as North Caucasus, Western European, Russian and Eastern languages (directly or indirectly), to determine the ways and chronology of borrowings, which is very important and interesting to present a general picture of the development of Svan phonological and lexical systems. The study of borrowed material of Svan, as it has been said many times, will once again support the opinion recognized in Kartvelology for the great (sometimes decisive) importance of the grammatical phenomena of Svan in solving a number of linguistic problems.
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Thawabteh, Mohammad Ahmad. "The other Side of the Coin of Lexical Borrowing from Arabic into English." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 1, no. 4 (February 5, 2011): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9ks6r.
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The present paper investigates Arabic lexical borrowings in terms of the new signifieds accrued in the receptor language (English) drawing on Venuti’s (1998) notions of ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’. The paper shows that SL meanings are at loggerheads with those in the receptor language. The paper argues that lexical borrowings are consequence of cultural transfer in intercultural communication situations and they can be a double-edged sword. Whilst the shift from the original meaning(s) via borrowing may be considered a gain for the receptor language, it can do injustice to the source language.
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Harvey, Mark. "Lexical change in pre-colonial Australia." Diachronica 28, no. 3 (October 5, 2011): 345–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.3.03har.
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Current analyses present lexical borrowing as a pervasive phenomenon in pre-colonial Australia. They propose that this follows from the high levels of multilingualism and language group exogamy which characterized pre-colonial sociality. This article shows that lexical borrowing was not pervasive in Australia, arguing that there is no necessary or even default relation between high levels of multilingualism and language group exogamy, and high levels of borrowing. These social phenomena may equally be accompanied by extremes of lexical differentiation between languages. Australia provides many examples of such differentiation. The paper also argues that there are no examples of the borrowing of lexical material from irregular paradigms in Australia. As such, the sharing of lexical material from irregular paradigms is a reliable guide to genetic relations in Australia.
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Kassim ALWARDY, Zena Ayad. "THE INFLUENCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE ON THE ISRAELI MILITARY LANGUAGE." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.3-3.5.
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This study highlights the absorption of Arabic words in all areas of Hebrew speech، Especially In the military field، because the army have a great importance within Israeli society. The Arabic language had a mutual influence and Continuous effect on the Hebrew language throughout the ages and in all it stages، from the Old Testament to the present day. The influence of Arabic on the Hebrew language general because of continued communication between these two languages، they have daily contact in many fields of life. As a result، a great deal of mutual linguistic influence is observed in each language. This study shows that the impact of Arabic words is noted in all linguistic fields. Especially The lexical aspect، Borrowings in Israeli military language can be classified into several linguistic groups، But the lexical borrowings Is the most important among them. In this study we explained how to enrich the Israeli military dictionary by borrowing Arabic words، and we also discussed all the morphological and morphophonological and Semantic processes in loan words and loan expressions. Some of the borrowings from Arabic language undergo morphological and morphophonological changes in the Israeli military Daily speech and some of them undergo semantic changes، all These changes are classified into groups، and According to them we divided the types of borrowing from Arabic language to the Israeli military dictionary، Into two: directly by (borrowing words)، and indirectly by (borrowing meanings).
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Berge, Anna, and Lawrence Kaplan. "Contact-induced lexical development in Yupik and Inuit languages." Études/Inuit/Studies 29, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2006): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013946ar.
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Abstract Lexical change in Yupik and Inuit languages was relatively slow until the period of widespread cultural change brought about by contact with Europeans over the past few centuries, probably because there had been little earlier contact with other language families. The colonial period brought various groups to the Arctic and different waves of language contact, primarily with Danish, French, English, and Russian. Lexical borrowing has been significant, and old borrowings, often the result of early trade, can be distinguished from later ones and often pertain to food, tobacco, tools, fabric and other areas where new goods were introduced. Later borrowings came about largely when European political structures were set up and may be less thoroughly integrated phonologically than older borrowings. Numbers of borrowings can be taken to reflect the extent of the foreign contact, as is clearly the case with Russian words in Alaskan languages, most numerous in Aleut, which had the most sustained Russian presence. New religious terms to describe Christianity came into the languages during the colonial period, sometimes as borrowings, but also as relexicalizations of old words pertaining to shamanism. A third means of lexical expansion is coinage, where new terms are invented based on native roots and suffixes. The languages and dialects may thus develop words for the same object or concept by borrowing from different European languages, by relexicalizing an old word, or by coining a new one, with a different result in each case. Different sources for new lexical items have resulted in an important level of differentiation among the languages, and this differentiation needs to be recognized.
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Slaba, Oksana, Yaroslava Padalko, Olena Vasylenko, and Larysa Parfenova. "Functional Aspects of Interlingual Borrowings: Current Challenges." Arab World English Journal 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.22.
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A particular status of the English language as the language of international communication and connections between the nearly related English and German languages resulted in the emergence of many interlingual borrowings in the Modern English and German language vocabularies. The paper aims to consider the functioning of borrowings (loanwords) in the English and German languages. To reach the aim of the research and to carry out the tasks assigned, the following methods were used: a descriptive method, the method of correlation, componential analysis and, comparative semantic analysis. The paper focuses on linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the German and English interaction. Special attention is paid to clarifying the notion of borrowing in modern linguistic science. The word-formative calques and half-calques (hybrids), which differ from ordinary lexical borrowings by using partially borrowed lexical material, are identified in addition to direct lexical borrowings in the language subsystem under study. The paper demonstrates the significant influence of English borrowings on the structural-semantic qualities of German words, on various semantic changes, as well as on the participation of loanwords in the lexico-semantic variation: synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, and antonymy. The results of the research can also be used in the teaching and learning of both languages, in the course of lexicology or linguistics.
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Ievgeniia Sergiivna, Bila, Bondarenko Ievheniia Volodymyrivna, and Maslova Svitlana Yakivna. "Linguistic Essence of the Process of Borrowing: French and English Language in Contact." Arab World English Journal, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.24.
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The research presents linguistic aspects of the process of French borrowing, its main extralinguistic reasons and key stages, and other French borrowings that were adopted into the English language in the course of its development. Particular attention is paid to the definitions of borrowing as a lexicological phenomenon offered on account of various scholars and based on several lexicographic resources. The article also focuses on numerous French borrowings in contemporary English, their grammatical and structural nature. The suggested classification of the distinguished linguistic units is given after a Spanish linguist Capuz. The article includes the general outline on the subject of borrowings, various aspects of loan classifications. The core part of the research was the typology of linguistic borrowings, like formal, morphological, semantic, lexical, syntactic, phraseological, and pragmatic borrowings. The authors analyzed the most important periods in history, like Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. All periods can be characterized through means of typical for them words. In the course of analysis, the following types of French borrowings have been established: formal, morphological, semantic, lexical, syntactic, and phraseological. The English vocabulary stock was compiled from different semantic fields and historical periods, starting from the Old up to Present Day English.
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Nichols, Lynn. "Lexical semantic constraints on noun roots and noun borrowability." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 683–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.10nic.
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While nouns are thought to be more easily borrowed than verbs, this investigation demonstrates that there may be limitations on noun borrowing into certain languages. The case of Zuni is examined, in which conditions of contact similar to that of neighboring languages nevertheless result in a different treatment of the noun lexicon. The possibility of borrowing natural kind nouns into Zuni exists alongside a tendency against borrowing nouns of the artifact type. It is argued that the source of this tendency against artifact noun borrowing in Zuni is the grammatical complexity of the lexical semantic representation for these nouns: grammatical complexity in Zuni noun roots appears to be dispreferred. These findings belie the claim of Thomason and Kaufman (1988) that “any linguistic feature can be transferred to any other language” given an appropriate degree of contact.
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Ološtiak, Martin, and Soňa Rešovská. "Neologisms of English Origin in Present-Day Slovak." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.19.2.87-108.
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The aim of the paper is to analyse post-1989 Anglicisms in present-day Slovak. Central concepts of the study are neologisms (new items in the lexicon of a language), present-day Slovak (the Slovak language from 1989 onwards), borrowing (one of several ways of lexical enrichment) and adaptation (the process of adapting loans into Slovak as a recipient language). The most extensive part consists of sections devoted to particular adaptation processes on the levels of phonology, orthography, morphology, word-formation, semantics and pragmatics. Finally, the paper addresses the issues of the variability and synonymy of English borrowings in Slovak.
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Mrhar, Laura. "Lexical borrowing in Slovene green energy terminology." Colloquium: New Philologies 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23963/cnp.2016.1.1.5.
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Vecchio, Nicholas Lo. "Borrowing and the historical LGBTQ lexicon." Sex, Death & Politics 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.00022.vec.
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Abstract Unlike most areas involving taboo, where language-internal innovations tend to dominate, homosexuality is characterized by a basic international vocabulary shared across multiple languages, notably English, French, Italian, Spanish and German. Historically, the lexis of nonnormative gender identity has shared space with that of sexual orientation. This lexicon includes (inexhaustively) the following series of internationalisms: sodomite, bugger, bardash, berdache, tribade, pederast, sapphist, lesbian, uranist, invert, homosexual, bisexual, trans, gay, queer. This common terminology has resulted from language contact in a broad sense, and more specifically from lexical borrowing (loanwords). Several framing devices are expressed through the lexicon: religious censure, distancing in time and space, othering, medicalization or pathologizing, but also in recent decades LGBTQ self-assertion and demands for equality. Rather than necessarily being subject to taboo, then, queerness represents a pragmatically marked semantic field in which the lexicon is highly dependent upon social factors and the communicative context.
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Baran, Urszula. "Transferencja italianizmów i wenecjanizmów w chorwackich gwarach czakawskich Dalmacji." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 46 (September 25, 2015): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2011.007.
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The borrowing process of Italianisms and Venecianisms in Croatian Čakavian local languages of DalmatiaItalian and Venetian loanwords in the territory of Dalmatia were the result of complex, lengthy and intensive contacts, first Croatian-Romanian and later Croatian-Italian. In Dalmatia these are the Roman languages which have clearly indicated their presence in vocabulary and numerous works of linguists and dialectologists were devoted to this phenomenon. Apart from linguistic sources, also the historical ones inform us about multiculturalism and bilingualism, which developed in the Dalmatian cities. The outcomes of language contacts are numerous linguistic borrowings from Italian and Venetian dialect in Čakavian lexical system. The adaptation process of Venetian and Italian borrowings occurs at the phonological, morphological and semantic level. This article describes only the adaptation at the morphological and linguistic level in the language system of Čakavian dialect. It should be noted, however, that a linguistic borrowing is adapted at the phonological level first. As it is clear from the material discussed, a linguistic borrowing goes through three phases of transmorphemisation. At the formative level, Čakavian lexical system was enriched by new suffixes. At the semantic level, we can see that a borrowing in the recipient language retains the original meaning, there is also an expansion or a narrowing of the meaning compared to the one of the donor language. The most productive class of borrowed words are nouns, verbs are more rarely borrowed, as well as adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and interjections. It seems that the cause of the advantage of nouns borrowed over other parts of speech lies in their semantics.
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I. V., Borysenko. "Peculiarities of the conversation vocabulary functioning in the ukrainian language." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences 1, no. 6 (July 2, 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjeducation.2021.01.018.
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The research is carried out from the focus on the analysis of the main lexical and semantic characteristics of the borrowings from the English language in the modern Ukrainian language. It is found out that the results of such researches are of considerable importance both from the theoretical and practical point of view as they give the opportunity to outline the interaction between linguistic, social and cultural aspects. The increasing number of the borrowings in the Ukrainian language and the features of their functioning within a new linguistic situation condition the urgency of the research. The article clarifies youth conversational vocabulary as the key linguistic environment for its use. The article also covers the main types of the borrowing words (direct borrowing and calquing). In the work are considered the new meaning, characteristics and connotation the borrowing words can get in a new language. The basic lexical-semantic features of the modern conversational units are outlined(namely lots of connotations, multi-functionality, synonymizing, polarization; the elimination of certain features of words; giving or removing the emphasis to the word). It is proved that constant change, laconism, smartnessare specific to slang; communicative, emotional and assessing functions of the slang are also specified in the article. Key words: conversational vocabulary, interaction, linguistic, social and cultural aspects, semantic changes, stylistic features.
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Mikheeva, Natalia F., and Marina G. Petrova. "On the Role of Loanwords in Modern Russian." Cuadernos de Rusística Española 16 (December 30, 2020): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/cre.v16i0.10225.
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The topic of borrowing in the Russian language remains a favorite object of study for both domestic and foreign linguists. This article presents the ways of penetration of lexical borrowings into Russian from different languages; identifies the areas of Anglicism using in modern Russian; considers loan words from the border areas on the example of Yakutian. Studies have shown that not only Russian has had a considerable impact on the languages of the indigenous peoples of the national republics, enriching them with new words. Also, the lexics of the Russian language itself has been subjected to a particular influence of national languages.
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Habib, Rania. "Standard Arabic [q]-lexical-borrowings in the speech of Syrian rural migrants." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4348.
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This study examines lexical borrowings from Standard Arabic containing the voiceless uvular stop [q] sound in the speech of 52 Christian rural migrant speakers to the city of Hims in Syria. The study shows that both older and younger males use more lexical borrowings than older and younger females respectively. This gender difference is attributed to the different gender roles and expectations of males and females in society and consequently the gender identity projected by the use of more or less lexical borrowings. Age does not play a role in the use of lexical borrowings, although younger speakers are generally more educated than older speakers and education plays some role. Those at the top of the education scale, i.e. holding professional degrees such as medicine, dentistry, and master’s degrees, show higher use of lexical borrowings than speakers with bachelor’s degrees and lower levels of education. The difference is statistically significant between speakers with professional degrees, on the one hand, and those with bachelor’s degrees, associate degrees and elementary school education, on the other. This difference is not statistically significant with speakers with middle and high school education. Interestingly, education overrides the gender effect when females are at the top of the education scale. That is, females who are highly educated tend to use lexical borrowings as much as males of the same educational level. In this sense, lexical borrowing becomes a marker of higher education not only among males, but also among females. In other words, the gender identity differentiation diminishes when speakers are highly educated.
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Klipatska, Yu A. "FOREIGN BORROWINGS IN THE FOCUS OF THE PROBLEM «LANGUAGE AND CULTURE»." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no. 3(55) (April 12, 2019): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2019-3(55)-118-124.
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The article reveals foreign borrowings as a result of language contacts in the focus of the problem of “language and culture”. The extralinguistic reasons are analyzed, which had served to intensify the borrowing process in modern Russian-speaking society and caused changes in the type of communication that dominates in social practice and is defined by communicative paradigm. Change in communicative paradigm had entailed changes in the communicative core of the Russian lexicon, which are comparable to the “moment of explosion” regarding the “gradual” processes in the language. The communicative core of the lexicon is understood as the totality of the most frequent and communicatively significant lexical and phraseological units, which are used in all communicative spheres, denotatively significant for the speaking collective and reflecting the actual reality.
The question of significant role of English borrowings in the modern Russian literary language is raised. Such influence of the English language is explained by its status as a language of international communication and a language of communication in the leading economic states. This fact explains that in recent decades, Anglo-American ethnolinguistic culture has been playing the role of a linguocultural donor for other ethnolinguistic cultures-acceptors, in particular for Russian culture.
The article presents different points of view of linguists who raise the question about the quantity and quality of borrowed words, peculiarities of their development, relevance in speech, their relationship with original and previously borrowed vocabulary, etc. Summing up, we can say that borrowing lexical units, in particular English, is now represented by the universal sign of civilization, which consists in creation and development of a single information space.
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Marmienė, Auksė. "The Use of Lexical Borrowings and their Lithuanian Equivalents in the Computer-Mediated Environment in Students’ Speech." Coactivity: Philology, Educology 23, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cpe.2015.276.
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The paper aims to establish the differences between lexical borrowings and their Lithuanian equivalents, to introduce the concept of borrowing, what has been achieved in this field and to examine the challenges the learners face in using specific terminology in the computer-mediated environment. Different types of borrowings have been analysed according to the degree of their assimilation. The rate of occurrence of borrowings in students’ speech has been examined as well as the reasons for choosing borrowings rather than native words. The factors determining the degree of borrowings’ recognition are age, knowledge of foreign languages and the degree of assimilation of borrowings.
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Vaicekauskienė, Loreta. "Needs and trends of lexical borrowing in written Lithuanian in 1991-2013." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2014.17478.
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The paper introduces available databases of new borrowings into Lithuanian and research into their main features and usage in public written texts, including the Internet, in 1991–2013. The research has shown that new borrowings of the Lithuanian language and the process of borrowing follow the same universal and general patterns noticed in other speech communities. Overall, about 1 500 different new borrowings and borrowed derivatives that have entered the Lithuanian language since early 90ies have been included into the databases. Due to the normative tradition of standard written Lithuanian, in more formal domains there is a tendency to graphically highlight borrowings either by inserting the quotation marks or by writing the borrowings in italics. However, in informal Internet texts (chats, commentaries, etc.) the borrowings are usually not highlighted. The morphological adaptation of most borrowings and orthographical adaptation of a large part of them give a clue to the integration potential of the Lithuanian structural paradigms. The distribution of the new borrowings across the word classes follows the patterns identified in other research: most borrowings are nouns, a much lower number of them are adjectives and verbs and a rather insignificant number are adverbs. Most new borrowings in the studied period include borrowings from English (approx. 70 per cent). Borrowings from other languages are much less numerous: depending on a text type, neo-Latinisms make up 5–8 per cent, words of French origin—3–7 per cent, words of Italian origin—4–5 per cent and Greek borrowings—2–3 per cent. The domains that include most new borrowings are technology and engineering, food, economics and business, also music. As already mentioned, borrowings from English clearly dominate in most domains. However, the semantic field of food seems to be the most diverse in terms of the origin of borrowings: most borrowings are of Italian origin, others come from of English, French, Spanish, Japanese and other languages. French and neoclassical borrowings make up more than 70 per cent of all borrowed law terms and almost 40 per cent of the terms of economics and business. The research of new borrowings into Lithuanian reveals fundamental changes in the socio-cultural development of the society and highlights the potential of the Lithuanian language to adapt to the needs of the speakers and to preserve the marks of ongoing cultural changes.
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Duhamel, Marie-France. "Borrowing from Bislama into Raga, Vanuatu." Variation in the Pacific 6, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 160–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.19015.duh.
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Abstract This paper reports on variation among speakers of Raga, an Oceanic language of Pentecost island, Vanuatu, in their use of borrowings from Bislama, the national language of Vanuatu, an English-lexifier contact language. The study measures the frequency of borrowings from Bislama in the speech of 50 speakers, surveys speakers’ strategies in assimilating loanwords into Raga and quantifies speakers’ rate of lexical replacement and insertion. This corpus of natural speech reveals an overall low incidence of borrowing from Bislama at 1.6 Bislama words per 100 recorded words. Women and younger speakers borrow more frequently from Bislama. Young speakers use borrowings in equal measure to add to their vocabulary and replace Raga words, while their elders tend to borrow from Bislama to add to their vocabulary, rather than replace Raga words.
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Meyer, Robin. "Armeno-Iranian Structural Interaction: The Case of Parthian wxd, Armenian ink‘n." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 17, no. 4 (2013): 401–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20130406.
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While Armenian is not a member of the Iranian language family, its lexicon is replete with borrowings from esp. Parthian. This paper ventures to show that borrowing is not restricted to lexical items alone, but extends to the realm of syntax as well. This will be demonstrated by means of a corpus based investigation of the usage of Middle Persian xwd, Parthian wxd and its functional counterpart, Armenian ink‘n; furthermore, parallels regarding the expression of reflexivity in both language groups are addressed. The tripartite function of the respective pronouns as intensifier, discourse anaphora and clause level anaphora are the result of extended language contact between Armenian and Western Middle Iranian.
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Pattillo, Kelsie. "On the Borrowability of Body Parts." Journal of Language Contact 14, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 369–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-14020005.
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Abstract Within recent years, quantitative cross-linguistic research has shown that body parts are one of the least borrowed semantic fields (Tadmor and Haspelmath, 2009a; 2009b; Tadmor, 2009). With body parts showing many similarities to closed classes, it is simple to assume there is little motivation for a language to borrow body part terms into its lexicon. Yet, despite its lower percentage of borrowings cross-linguistically, some languages employ much higher percentages of borrowings for naming the body. The motivations behind such borrowings across languages remain unexplored but can largely be explained by social factors. As Thomason and Kaufman (1988) and Thomason (2008) claim, social factors generally trump linguistic factors as predictors of contact-induced change. This study first discusses proposed inhibitions to lexical borrowing and then examines cases of body part loanwords from various languages showing how they fit into social patterns motivating such borrowings.
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Rezanova, Zoya I. "Markup Fragment in the RuTuBiC Linguistic Corpus. Code-Switching or Lexical Borrowing?" Voprosy leksikografii, no. 20 (2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/20/5.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents a solution to one of the problems of special linguistic markup in the RuTuBiC corpus – the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic Bilinguals, asso-ciated with error annotation at the lexical level. The corpus includes three subcorpuses representing materials of the Russian speech of Shor-Russian, Tatar-Russian and Khakass-Russian bilinguals. The article presents solutions developed on the basis of all subcorpuses; the illustrative contexts are drawn from the Shor-Russian subcorpus, recordings of interviews with 14 respondents, about 20 hours of sound. The recordings were made during expeditions to Shoria in 2017–2019. Bilingualism of the respondents is defined as early natural bilingualism with the dominance of the second Russian lan-guage, mother tongues are languages of the family heritage. The theoretical basis of the research was works on linguistic contact at the lexical level. Solutions based on the differentiation of lexemes fully mastered by the system of standard Russian and units with the status of borrowings from other subsystems of the national language and other languages are proposed. In the latter case, linguistic and contextual features are distin-guished that oppose lexical borrowing and code-switching. The typical errors singled out at the lexical level are: [LexId] – idiomatic expressions that are not fixed in the standard language (dialectal and vernacular, slang, etc.), they can also be Turkic calques; [LexSem] – general Russian words used in meanings different from those fixed in the normative sources; [LexSemAgr] – violations of the lexical and semantic agreement norms. The units borrowed from the mother tongue of the respondents are located on the scale of transitions from nuclear to borderline. The nuclear units marked with the [Lex] tag are dialectal units, common words, other word usage cases that are outside the standard, as well as borrowings from the Turkic languages that are not included in the dictionaries of standard Russian. On the border “to the left” are borrowings assimilated to different degrees. On the border “to the right” are non-assimilated borrowings and code-switches. The [CodeSw] marks code-switching, insertion of mother tongue elements into Russian speech. The author considers the inclusion of statements as nuclear cases of code-switching, and single lexical inclusions as transitional cases. Code-switching is evidenced by metatext and linguistic proper, primarily phonetic, indicators. There is an insignificant number of both lexical borrowings and cases of code-switching in the speech of the respondents of the RuTuBiC corpus, which depends on the type of bilingualism. The typicality of metatext marking of borrowings and code-switches is determined by the discursive, genre and thematic limitations of the corpus.