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Journal articles on the topic 'Lexical feature'
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1
Shaba, Varteen Hanna. "Lexical Simplification: a Universal Feature of Translation." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 28, no. 3, 1 (2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.28.3.1.2021.20.
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The present paper explores simplification as one feature of translation universals from English into Arabic. It aims at investigating how much the translators were aware of lexical simplification as a universal feature in the translated texts and discovering to what extent the language of translation is simple in order to preserve the meaning and information to make the translated texts more reader-friendly .this study hypothesizes that the language of translation is assumed to be lexically simpler than that of non-translated target-language texts and characterized by a low level of information flow by reducing lexical density.
 This study adopts certain lexical simplification strategies like using more frequent words, methods to avoid lexical repetition and lexical omission of unnecessary word.
 The data chosen for analysis in the current study include a test involving 10 English literary texts selected from the famous novel the Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen in 1813 and translated by six participants as Junior teachers and M.A. students in the Department of Translation – College of Arts – University of Mosul, some of them were provided deliberately with a list of recommended strategies.
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Amer, Abdullah Yahya Abdullah, and Tamanna Siddiqu. "A novel algorithm for sarcasm detection using supervised machine learning approach." AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering 6, no. 4 (2022): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2022021.
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<abstract> <p>Sarcasm means the opposite of what you desire to express, particularly to insult a person. Sarcasm detection in social networks SNs such as Twitter is a significant task as it has assisted in studying tweets using NLP. Many existing study-related methods have always focused only on the content-based on features in sarcastic words, leaving out the lexical-based features and context-based features knowledge in isolation. This shows a loss of the semantics of terms in a sarcastic expression. This study proposes an improved model to detect sarcasm from SNs. We used three feature set engineering: context-based on features set, Sarcastic based on features, and lexical based on features. Two Novel Algorithms for an effective model to detect sarcasm are divided into two stages. The first used two algorithms one with preprocessing, and the second algorithm with feature sets. To deal with data from SNs. We applied various supervised machine learning (ML) such as k-nearest neighbor classifier (KNN), na?ve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) classifiers with TF-IDF feature extraction representation data. To model evaluation metrics, evaluate sarcasm detection model performance in precision, accuracy, recall, and F1 score by 100%. We achieved higher results in Lexical features with KNN 89.19 % accuracy campers to other classifiers. Combining two feature sets (Sarcastic and Lexical) has shown slight improvement with the same classifier KNN; we achieved 90.00% accuracy. When combining three feature sets (Sarcastic, Lexical, and context), the accuracy is shown slight improvement. Also, the same classifier we achieved is a 90.51% KNN classifier. We perform the model differently to see the effect of three feature sets through the experiment individual, combining two feature sets and gradually combining three feature sets. When combining all features set together, achieve the best accuracy with the KNN classifier.</p> </abstract>
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Saputra, Christian Eka, Derwin Suhartono, and Rini Wongso. "Question Categorization using Lexical Feature in Opini.id." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 8, no. 4 (2017): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v8i4.4026.
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This research aimed to categorize questions posted in Opini.id. N-gram and Bag of Concept (BOC) were used as the lexical features. Those were combined with Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and J48 Tree as the classification method. The experiments were done by using data from online media portal to categorize questions posted by user. Based on the experiments, the best accuracy is 96,5%. It is obtained by using the combination of Bigram Trigram Keyword (BTK) features with J48 Tree as classifier. Meanwhile, the combination of Unigram Bigram (UB) and Unigram Bigram Keyword (UBK) with attribute selection in WEKA achieves the accuracy of 95,94% by using SVM as the classifier.
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Slobodyan, Olena. "Native Geographical Terminology in Ukrainian East Slobozhansk Dialects of Luhansk Region (general structural and semantic characteristics)." Linguistics, no. 1 (42) (2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2020-1-42-50-57.
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Geographical native lexicon is one of the fragments of linguistic worldview, which reflects both common and specific ideas in the folk’s perception of the environment. Features of the nationally biased units each person perceives and classifies individually, nevertheless there is a lot of common in their worldview. Thematic justification connected with geographical names led to the rich terminology in Slavic languages. For this reason, linguists are interested in above mention lexical units. Geographically native lexicon of the Ukrainian East-Slobozhansk dialects in Lugansk region has never been examined before. The work presents geographical native lexicon as target of linguistic research, underlines the theoretical significance of this lexicon considering its functions. There were studied the researches of other linguists in the field of name analysis in Slavic languages. Introductory paragraph includes the definition of purposes and tasks of scientific paper, methodological and methodical principals of the research. Moreover, it describes academic novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the research and provides the classification of resources that were used in the process of study. The target and tasks defined the main methods of the research: descriptive and lingvo-geographical. Lingvo-geographical method included areal analysis and mapping based on identified dialect differences. The work contains the feature-by-feature comparison of linguistic units. There was determined the structure of thematic lexical groups that presents the geographical terms for relief denomination, geographical objects of relief, plants, water resources, landscape and its parts. The groups comprise the lexcio-semantic units that are not totally compatible in the quantity in case of demonstration the idiographic distinctiveness of the researched thematic group. In the result of semantic, etymologic and word-building analysis there were taken common dialects and specific geographical terms with their own meanings which have peculiar functions in Lugansk region dialect in comparison with Slavic languages, standard Ukrainian language and its dialects. Specific notions were mapped out to feature territorial peculiarities of thematic lexical groups in the Ukrainian East Slobozhansk dialects in Lugansk region. Collected dialect material allows study the zone of verbal contact, features of lexical units’ semantic development in this thematic group. It contributes to the enrichment of theoretical decryptions of semantic in dialect word and specific names in general linguistics.
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Cairns, Charles E. "Phonotactics, markedness and lexical representation." Phonology 5, no. 2 (1988): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570000227x.
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The theory proposed here, the Markedness Theory of Syllable Structure (MTSS), provides an account of syllabic phonotactics, wherein not only are features defining phonological content underspecified, but also those which determine the number and order of segments. The descriptive basis of MTSS in this paper consists of the minimally redundant underlying representations (URs) of stressed syllables in English. These forms are parsimoniously accounted for by a theory in which content features are associated with prosodic nodes in UR, and which contains an algorithm which maps UR prosodic nodes, specified for feature content, into strings of timing units (x's on the skeletal tier), with fully specified syllabic structures on the prosodic tier.
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Bentea, Anamaria, and Stephanie Durrleman. "Person Matters: Relative Clauses in the Acquisition of French." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 8, no. 5 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.214.
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Children’s comprehension difficulties with object relative clauses (ORs) seem reduced when the embedded subject is a pronoun, rather than a lexical noun. The intervention locality account explains this facilitation in terms of a mismatch in features between the head of the OR and the intervening pronominal subject, namely the N feature according to some (Friedmann et al. 2009), or finer-grained phi features according to others (Bentea & Durrleman, 2021). We evaluate the predictions of these accounts in an experimental study assessing OR comprehension in French. Fifty-two children between the ages of four and five were tested on a character-selection task investigating whether intervention effects in ORs with a lexically-restricted object are alleviated, or not, with pronominal interveners matching with the object in other features than lexical restriction. We also explored the potential impact of an intervening pronominal mismatching with the object on a feature yet unexplored in French, namely person. Results reveal low performance on ORs with pronominal interveners matching on features (number, gender, person). However, ORs with pronominal interveners mismatching only in person were comprehended significantly better. This suggests that differences in finer-grained features than N explain children’s difficulties with ORs and that person is such a feature.
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Mondini, Sara, Eva Kehayia, Brendan Gillon, Giorgio Arcara, and Gonia Jarema. "Lexical access of mass and count nouns." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 3 (2009): 354–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.3.03mon.
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Two psycholinguistic experiments were carried out in Italian to test the role played by the feature that distinguishes mass nouns from count nouns, as well as by the feature that distinguishes singular nouns from plural nouns. The first experiment, a simple lexical decision task, revealed a sensitivity of the lexical access system to the processing of the features Mass and Plural as shown by longer reaction times. In particular, nouns in the plural yielded longer reaction times than in the singular except when the plural form was irregular. Furthermore, the feature Mass also affected processing, yielding longer reaction times. In the second experiment, a sentence priming task, both the Plural and the Mass effects did not surface when a grammatical sentence fragment was the prime. These data show a direct correlation between the linguistic ‘complexity’ of plural/mass nouns and processing time. They also suggest that this complexity does not affect normal fluent spoken language where words are embedded in a semantic and syntactic context.
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Compton, Paul E., Peter Grossenbacher, Michael I. Posner, and Don M. Tucker. "A Cognitive-Anatomical Approach to Attention in Lexical Access." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3, no. 4 (1991): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1991.3.4.304.
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Recent PET studies have suggested a specific anatomy for feature identification, visual word forms and semantic associations. Our studies seek to explore the time course of access to these systems by use of reaction time and scalp electrical recording. Target detection times suggest that different forms of representation are involved in the detection of letter features, feature conjunctions (letters), and words. Feature search is fastest at the fovea and slows symmetrically with greater foveal eccentricity. It is not influenced by lexicality. Detecting a letter case (conjunction) shows a left to right search which differs between words and consonant strings. Analysis of scalp electrical distribution suggest an occipito-temporal distribution for the analysis of visual features (right sided) and for the visual word form discrimination (left sided). These fit with the PET results, and suggest that the feature related analysis begins within the first 100 millisec and the visual word form discriminates words from strings by about 200 msec. Lexical decision instructions can modify the computations found in both frontal and posterior areas.
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Lodge, Ken. "Assimilation, deletion paths and underspecification." Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 1 (1992): 13–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700014985.
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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that underspecification of lexical-entry forms enables us to restrict phonological theory to declarative statements about the structure of lexical items, and to avoid having recourse to feature-changing and deletion rules. The realizations of lexical items are mapped onto their underlying forms by means of filling-in, redundancy rules of two basic types, predictive and default. Predictive rules derive (at least) one feature from (at least) one other feature, given in the lexical entry form, and default rules provide a feature, if no other rule has applied. Rules are both universal and language-specific. Since all filling-in is accounted for by these redundancy rules, there is no need for a post-lexical component of the phonology.
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Adger, David, and Jennifer Smith. "Variation in agreement: A lexical feature-based approach." Lingua 120, no. 5 (2010): 1109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.05.007.
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CUENDET, SEBASTIEN, DILEK HAKKANI-TUR, ELIZABETH SHRIBERG, JAMES FUNG, and BENOIT FAVRE. "CROSS-GENRE FEATURE COMPARISONS FOR SPOKEN SENTENCE SEGMENTATION." International Journal of Semantic Computing 01, no. 03 (2007): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x07000202.
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Automatic sentence segmentation of spoken language is an important precursor to downstream natural language processing. Previous studies combine lexical and prosodic features, but can impose significant computational challenges because of the large size of feature sets. Little is understood about which features most benefit performance, particularly for speech data from different speaking styles. We compare sentence segmentation for speech from broadcast news versus natural multi-party meetings, using identical lexical and prosodic feature sets across genres. Results based on boosting and forward selection for this task show that (1) features sets can be reduced with little or no loss in performance, and (2) the contribution of different feature types differs significantly by genre. We conclude that more efficient approaches to sentence segmentation and similar tasks can be achieved, especially if genre differences are taken into account.
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Scheffel, Lucia. "Do feature importance and feature relevance differentially influence lexical semantic knowledge in individuals with aphasia?" Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 6, no. 3 (2021): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2021.00402.
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Purpose: This study investigated two classifications of semantic features, feature <i>importance</i> and feature <i>relevance</i>, to verify if they differentially influenced lexical semantic knowledge in individuals with aphasia.Methods: A sorting task was utilized with 20 volunteer participants with aphasia to investigate the semantic processing involved in the association of semantic features with their appropriate nouns. A corpus of 18 nouns was displayed in front of each participant in groups of three along with a card containing the word “UNRELATED.” The participants were verbally instructed to sort decks of cards into one of the four designated piles. The semantic features on the cards were rated as <i>high, mid</i>, and <i>low</i> importance and <i>high, mid</i>, and <i>low</i> relevance.Results: The participants sorted <i>high importance</i> features with their nouns more accurately than they did <i>mid</i> and <i>low importance</i> features. Feature <i>relevance</i> did not differentially influence noun-feature association. These results indicated that the ability of individuals with aphasia to associate features with their nouns is influenced by levels of feature importance.Conclusions: Lexical semantic knowledge in individuals with aphasia is influenced by <i>high</i> versus <i>low</i> level of feature importance and the effect does not extend to a <i>mid</i> level of importance. The classification of feature relevance did not differentially influence the ability of individuals with aphasia to associate features with their appropriate nouns. In addition, participants who were less affected by aphasia performed better in the naming and feature comprehension tasks.
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Ilc, Gašper, and Milena Milojević Sheppard. "Verb movement and interrogatives." Linguistica 42, no. 1 (2002): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.42.1.161-176.
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Verb movement is a phenomenon that has been studied extensively withintheframework of Chomskyan generative grammar. The pioneering work by Pollock(1989) has been followed by a number of studies involving various languages, whichhas provided an important insight both into the language-specific andlanguage-universal properties of verb movement. In most general terms, verb movement canbedefined as movement of the verb from its base position in the (V)erb (P)hrase tosomeposition higher in the clausal structure. In Government & Binding theory verbmovement was motivated by the need of the bare lexical verb to associate with theinflectional affixes hosted by the functional heads (Pollock 1989, Belletti 1990). Bycontrast,the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995) claims that all types of movement aretrig gered by feature-checking requirements. In this system, items from lexical categories are fully inflected in the lexicon.Thus the verb is inserted into its base position with all its inflectional affixes and associated inflectional features. Functional heads donotcontain any inflectional material; they carry only abstract features, which arecheckedagainst the corresponding features on the lexical items. In order for feature-checkingto take place the lexical item (e.g. the verb) must raise to the relevantfunctionalhead(s).
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Guo, Jiang, Wanxiang Che, David Yarowsky, Haifeng Wang, and Ting Liu. "A Distributed Representation-Based Framework for Cross-Lingual Transfer Parsing." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (April 21, 2016): 995–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4955.
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This paper investigates the problem of cross-lingual transfer parsing, aiming at inducing dependency parsers for low-resource languages while using only training data from a resource-rich language (e.g., English). Existing model transfer approaches typically don't include lexical features, which are not transferable across languages. In this paper, we bridge the lexical feature gap by using distributed feature representations and their composition. We provide two algorithms for inducing cross-lingual distributed representations of words, which map vocabularies from two different languages into a common vector space. Consequently, both lexical features and non-lexical features can be used in our model for cross-lingual transfer. Furthermore, our framework is flexible enough to incorporate additional useful features such as cross-lingual word clusters. Our combined contributions achieve an average relative error reduction of 10.9% in labeled attachment score as compared with the delexicalized parser, trained on English universal treebank and transferred to three other languages. It also significantly outperforms state-of-the-art delexicalized models augmented with projected cluster features on identical data. Finally, we demonstrate that our models can be further boosted with minimal supervision (e.g., 100 annotated sentences) from target languages, which is of great significance for practical usage.
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GOÑI, JOSÉ M., JOSÉ C. GONZÁLEZ, and ANTONIO MORENO. "ARIES: A lexical platform for engineering Spanish processing tools." Natural Language Engineering 3, no. 4 (1997): 317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324997001812.
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We present a lexical platform that has been developed for the Spanish language. It achieves portability between different computer systems and efficiency, in terms of speed and lexical coverage. A model for the full treatment of Spanish inflectional morphology for verbs, nouns and adjectives is presented. This model permits word formation based solely on morpheme concatenation, driven by a feature-based unification grammar. The run-time lexicon is a collection of allomorphs for both stems and endings. Although not tested, it should be suitable also for other Romance and highly inflected languages. A formalism is also described for encoding a lemma-based lexical source, well suited for expressing linguistic generalizations: inheritance classes, lemma encoding, morpho-graphemic allomorphy rules and limited type-checking. From this source base, we can automatically generate an allomorph indexed dictionary adequate for efficient retrieval and processing. A set of software tools has been implemented around this formalism: lexical base augmenting aids, lexical compilers to build run-time dictionaries and access libraries for them, feature manipulation libraries, unification and pseudo-unification modules, morphological processors, a parsing system, etc. Software interfaces among the different modules and tools are cleanly defined to ease software integration and tool combination in a flexible way. Directions for accessing our e-mail and web demonstration prototypes are also provided. Some figures are given, showing the lexical coverage of our platform compared to some popular spelling checkers.
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Shantz, Kailen, and Darren Tanner. "Electrophysiology finds no inherent delay for grammatical gender retrieval in non-native production." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 1 (2019): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918001232.
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AbstractLate second language (L2) learners experience pervasive difficulty mastering grammatical gender, and a comprehensive account of this deficit has yet to emerge. We investigate a previously unexamined aspect of L2 gender use: the time course of lexical feature retrieval. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) with a covert production task, we examined whether L2 gender retrieval is delayed relative to phonology and to the time course of feature retrieval in native speakers for familiar nouns whose gender participants had strong knowledge of. Results find that L2 gender retrieval is not fundamentally delayed, and that L2 lexical feature retrieval may be more susceptible to top-down influences. These findings place important constraints on accounts of L2 acquisition and processing with respect to how lexical features are represented and retrieved. Our results further suggest that deficits in online L2 gender use may stem from post-retrieval processes and/or retrieval errors rather than inherent delays in gender retrieval.
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Ghadessy, Mohsen, and Yanjie Gao. "Simplification as a Universal Feature of the Language of Translation." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 11, no. 1 (2001): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.11.1.07gha.
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A common belief among a number of applied linguists working with parallel texts (texts from a source language, L1, and their translations into a target language, L2) is that “translated language is different from the original language” (Mauranen 1998: 160). A related research question is “Are translated texts different from comparable texts in the target language as well?” One way to answer the above question is to establish “translation universals” which make translated texts different from comparable texts in the target language. The process of simplification of translated language has been mentioned as one such universal feature (Baker 1993, 1995; Laviosa-Braithwaite 1996). The purpose of the present study is (a) to investigate one of the consequences of the process of simplification, i.e. reduction in lexical density, in a number of texts and their translations from English into Chinese. It will also be hypothesized that (b) translated texts into English and (c) translated texts into Chinese, in comparison with similar monolingual texts in the two languages, will be less lexically dense. A Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) model will be used for defining and calculating lexical density. Some implications of the findings for teaching translation will also be discussed.
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Rubin, Edward J. "Obligatory dative clitic-doubling of type III experiencers in Bulgnais." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4299.
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The correlation between the position of the Dative experiencer of a type III psych-verb relative to the verb itself and the obligatory vs. optional nature of an associated Dative clitic has seldom been noted in the literature, and it has never previously been explained. This paper presents relevant new data from Bulgnais (Bologna, Italy), and it proposes that these verbs, in the languages that require the Dative clitic with the preverbal Dative experiencer, have an additional strong lexical property beyond inherent Case licensing. Like Case licensing, this property requires feature checking, which is satisfied alternately by the clitic (unmarked word-order) or by the experiencer phrase. Only when the clitic checks the lexically required feature can the full experiencer move to the preverbal position, because otherwise, it is frozen in a postverbal position by its role in checking the mentioned strong lexical feature, which occurs lower in the verbal domain.
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Iliyazova, Aylya. "За логиката на емоциите в контрастивен план: лексеми в немския и българския език, илюстриращи интуитивно мислене". Lyuboslovie 22 (27 листопада 2022): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/ucqt4990.
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The study compares cognitive lexemes in German and Bulgarian, united in lexical-semantic fields based on integral semantic features. The lexical field is a paradigmatic structure composed of lexemes, the meaning of which forms a common significative core, and which are opposed in view of minimal differential features of meaning. The aim of the study is to compare elements of lexical systems in distantly related languages through the method of contrastive analysis, as these elements belong to different parts of speech, have different morphological and syntactic characteristics, but are united by a common semantic feature: intuitiveness. The paper focuses on lexical semantics and in particular on the discovery of lexical-semantic paradigm, which also presents synonymous relations as systemic relations in vocabulary. Expressing co-referentiality, synonyms in the work are characterized by common cognitive but different pragmatic meanings.
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CUPPINI, CRISTIANO, ELISA MAGOSSO, and MAURO URSINO. "Learning the lexical aspects of a second language at different proficiencies: A neural computational study." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 2 (2012): 266–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000617.
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We present an original model designed to study how a second language (L2) is acquired in bilinguals at different proficiencies starting from an existing L1. The model assumes that the conceptual and lexical aspects of languages are stored separately: conceptual aspects in distinct topologically organized Feature Areas, and lexical aspects in a single Lexical Network. Lexical and semantic aspects are then linked together during Hebbian learning phases by presenting L2 lexical items and their L1 translation equivalents. The model hypothesizes the existence of a competitive mechanism to solve conflicts and simulate language switching tasks. Results demonstrate that, at the beginning of training, an L2 lexicon must parasitize its L1 equivalent to access its conceptual meaning. At intermediate proficiency, L2 items may evoke their semantics independently of L1, but with a high risk of interference. At higher proficiency, the L2 representation becomes progressively similar to the L1 representation, according to Green's (2003) convergence hypothesis.
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Lundquist, Björn. "Noun-verb conversion without a generative lexicon." Nordlyd 36, no. 1 (2009): pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.221.
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<!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Vanlig tabell"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} > <! [endif] > <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This paper discusses different types of zero-derived de-verbal nominals with a focus on result nominals, simple event nominals and complex event nominals. I argue that zero-derived nominals should be treated on a par with overtly derived nominals. I claim that verbs that have related zero-derived nominals have nominal gender features in their lexical entries in addition to verbal features, like Proc and Res, and that merging a gender feature on top of an event-structure representation results in a nominal. To capture the fact that verbal entries can be inserted in both nominal and verbal contexts, I apply the principle of underattachment, or underassociation, that allows lexical entries to be inserted in the syntax even when not all of the features in the lexical entry are present in the syntax (see e.g. Ramchand 2008 and Caha 2009). In verbal contexts, no gender feature is inserted, and in some of the nominal contexts, only a subset of the verb&rsquo;s event features are present. I further argue that the only function of overt nominalizing suffixes is to lexicalize a gender feature. If the lexical entry of a verb already contains a gender feature, no overt nominalizing suffix needs to be inserted. </span><-->
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Tomuro, Noriko. "Question terminology and representation for question type classification." Recent Trends in Computational Terminology 10, no. 1 (2004): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.10.1.08tom.
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Question terminology is a set of terms which appear in keywords, idioms and fixed expressions commonly observed in questions. This paper investigates ways to automatically extract question terminology from a corpus of questions and represent them for the purpose of classifying by question type. Our key interest is to see whether or not semantic features can enhance the representation of strongly lexical nature of question sentences. We compare two feature sets: one with lexical features only, and another with a mixture of lexical and semantic features. For evaluation, we measure the classification accuracy made by two machine learning algorithms, C5.0 and PEBLS, by using a procedure called domain cross-validation, which effectively measures the domain transferability of features.
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Opitz, Andreas, and Thomas Pechmann. "Gender Features in German." Linguistic Perspectives on Morphological Processing 11, no. 2 (2016): 216–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.2.03opi.
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Current theoretical approaches to inflectional morphology make extensive use of the two concepts of abstract feature decomposition and underspecification. Psycholinguistic models of inflection, in contrast, generally lack such more differentiated morphological analyses. This paper reports a series of behavioral experiments that investigate the processing of grammatical gender of nouns in German. The results of these experiments support the idea that elements in the mental lexicon may be underspecified with regard to their grammatical features. However, contrary to all established morphological and psycholinguistic approaches, we provide evidence that even the lexical representation of bare noun stems is characterized by underspecified gender information. The observation that the domain of underspecification of grammatical features extends from inflectional markers to noun stems, supports the idea that underspecification is a more general characteristic of the mental lexicon. We conclude that this finding is mainly driven by economical reasons: a feature (or feature value) that is never used for grammatical operations (e.g., inflectional marking or evaluation of agreement) is not needed in the language system at all.
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Reynolds, Brett. "Quantifying the Differences Between Lexical Categories." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 3 (2021): e399. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n3.id399.
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The Cambridge grammar of the English language (HUDDLESTON; PULLUM, 2002) attempts to present a comprehensive and rigorous description of Modern Standard English. Much of the book is taken up with describing the properties of the various lexical categories, including determinative and pronoun. The distinction between these categories has been questioned by various authors in English (ABNEY, 1987; CROFT, 2001; HUDSON, 2004; MATTHEWS, 2014; POSTAL, 2014/1966; SOMMERSTEIN, 1972) and other languages (e.g., NAU, 2016). Here, I employ energy distance, a novel family of non-parametric statistics, to adjudicate between these positions. Following Crystal (1967), I binarily encode the features (has/doesn’t have feature) of the determinatives and pronouns from CGEL in a 138 word-forms by 232 features matrix. The results provide support for CGEL’s analysis (k-groups produces a 93% correspondence with CGEL’s categorization) and show that energy distance statistics applied to such matrices can help us adjudicate between competing lexical category analyses without resorting to methodological opportunism (CROFT, 2001).
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Kraaikamp, Margot. "The Semantics of the Dutch Gender System." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 24, no. 3 (2012): 193–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542712000074.
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In this paper, it is argued that, although Dutch gender assignment is not systematically organized along semantic lines in the lexicon, the gender system has a semantic basis. This semantic basis involves a distinction between masculine/common gender associated with a high degree of individuation on the one hand, and neuter gender associated with a low degree of individuation, on the other hand. This is in line with Audring (2006, 2009), who found that Dutch pronouns often show semantic agreement along these lines. It is shown that the same semantic distinction between the genders can also be found in the nominal domain. It surfaces particularly in cases where lexically stored gender does not play a role. The semantic distinction arguably goes back to Proto-Indo-European. It is argued that, since nominal gender has become an invariable, lexically stored feature of nouns, the semantic basis of nominal gender assignment has become disrupted. This causes a con-flict between lexical and semantic gender agreement in pronouns. It is suggested that the surfacing of semantic agreement in this conflict is connected with a reduced marking of lexical gender on adnominal elements.
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Qahharova, Mohigul Yusufovna. "VARIOUS APPRO ARIOUS APPROACHES TO THE STUD O THE STUDY OF ENGLISH SE Y OF ENGLISH SET EXPRESSIONS AND THE PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 4 (2020): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/4/7.
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Speech is what the speaker speaks about, expressing his/her feelings and interaction with the audience. The speaker tries to make his speech effective in one way or another and to attract the listener. A word has its own lexical and complementary meaning. For example, the lexical meaning of the words "expressive", "emotional", "affective" means "affective", and the additional meaning "emotional". In English, it is permissible to take into account syntactic, melodic and lexical features for expressing emotional expressions. By lexical feature, we mean adding additional meaning to words. The complementary meaning of words can be constant or variable. We must always pay attention to the constant meaning of words. Phrases can have different meanings depending on the situation.
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Baker, Philip, and Magnus Huber. "Atlantic, Pacific, and world-wide features in English-lexicon contact languages." English World-Wide 22, no. 2 (2001): 157–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.22.2.02bak.
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This article analyzes the earliest known attestations of 302 lexical, functional, and grammatical features in 13 English-lexicon contact languages in the Atlantic and the Pacific. The main aims are (i) to shed light on the historical relationships between the individual varieties, (ii) to learn about the mechanisms at work in their genesis and development, and (iii) to examine the significance of features common to both geographical regions. Overall, our intention is to demonstrate that a statistical feature-based approach as proposed here can yield valuable insights into the development and interrelationships between Pidgins and Creoles.
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Muradyan, Gayane. "Lexical Syntagms in Publicistic Prose." Armenian Folia Anglistika 1, no. 1-2 (1) (2005): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2005.1.1-2.062.
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The connection between lexical syntagms and functional-stylistic orientation in the Publicistic Prose is more evident due to adjectives ending in -able which, in fact, realize the category of the probability of the action. The wide use of lexical syntagms in the Publicistic Prose leads to stylistic marking and endows these units with a distinctive stylistic feature.
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Hyland, Ken, and Feng (Kevin) Jiang. "Academic lexical bundles." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 23, no. 4 (2018): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17080.hyl.
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Abstract An important component of fluent linguistic production and a key distinguishing feature of particular modes, registers and genres is the multi-word expressions referred to as ‘lexical bundles’. These are extended collocations which appear more frequently than expected by chance, helping to shape meanings and contributing to our sense of coherence and distinctiveness in a text. These strings have been studied extensively, particularly in academic writing in English, but little is known about how they may have changed over time. In this paper we explore changes in their use and frequency over the past 50 years, drawing on a corpus of 2.2 million words taken from top research journals in four disciplines. We find that bundles are not static and invariant markers of research writing but change in response to new conditions and contexts, with the most interesting changes within disciplines. The paper also discusses methodological approaches to studying bundles diachronically.
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Ascalonicawati, Adinda Prasty. "Fitur-Fitur Tuturan Emma Watson dalam Wawancara (The Features of Speech of Emma Watson in Interview[s])." JALABAHASA 16, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/jalabahasa.v16i1.401.
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Perempuan memiliki karakteristik tersendiri saat berbicara. Fitur-fitur tuturan perempuan memungkinkan mereka menggunakan bahasa dengan fungsi yang berbeda, yaitu melemahkan maupun menguatkan tuturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi fitur-fitur tuturan perempuan yang digunakan dalam wawancara oleh Emma Watson dengan menerapkan teori Lakoff (1975). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-kuantitatif. Metode kualitatif untuk menjabarkan fitur-fitur tuturan perempuan yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Sementara itu, metode kuantitatif untuk mengidentifikasi frekuensi penggunaan fitur tuturan yang paling sering digunakan oleh Emma Watson dalam wawancara. Ditemukan ada sembilan fitur tuturan perempuan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, dan emphatic stress. Fitur tuturan yang paling sering digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah lexical hedges. Women have their own characteristics when they were speaking compared with men. Women’s speech feature made them possible to use language with different functions, such as hedging and boosting utterances. This research aimed to identify women’s speech feature used in the interview by Emma Watson by applying the theory from Lakoff (1975). Method used in this research is qualitative-quantitative. Qualitative method is used to explain women’s speech feature found in this research. While, quantitative method is used to identify the frequency of speech feature used the most by Emma Watson in the interview. There are 9 women’s speech features in this research, such as lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. Women’s speech feature used the most in this research is lexical hedges.
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Koskinen, Päivi. "Syntactic Category Changing in Syntax: Evidence from Finnish Participle Constructions." Revue québécoise de linguistique 27, no. 2 (2009): 131–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/603178ar.
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ABSTRACT In most languages there are lexical elements that manifest morpho-syntactic properties associated with more than one lexical category. I examine here a group of Finnish participle constructions that manifest such categorial inconsistencies. Those forms are analyzed as containing a hybrid category: the lexical feature [Adjectival Reference] accounts for their adjectival qualities and seemingly nominal morphology, while a functional feature [Temporal Reference] (= Tense) explains their verbal and temporal characteristics. Consequently, I argue that changes in syntactic category take place not only through morphological derivation, but also within the syntactic component. This is possible under a view of morphological derivation as vocabulary insertion based on the syntactic feature matrices that surface at the end of the computational component.
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TURNEY, P. D., and S. M. MOHAMMAD. "Experiments with three approaches to recognizing lexical entailment." Natural Language Engineering 21, no. 3 (2014): 437–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000387.
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AbstractInference in natural language often involves recognizing lexical entailment (RLE), that is, identifying whether one word entails another. For example,buyentailsown. Two general strategies for RLE have been proposed: One strategy is to manually construct an asymmetric similarity measure for context vectors (directional similarity) and another is to treat RLE as a problem of learning to recognize semantic relations using supervised machine-learning techniques (relation classification). In this paper, we experiment with two recent state-of-the-art representatives of the two general strategies. The first approach is an asymmetric similarity measure (an instance of thedirectional similaritystrategy), designed to capture the degree to which the contexts of a word,a, form a subset of the contexts of another word,b. The second approach (an instance of therelation classificationstrategy) represents a word pair,a:b, with a feature vector that is the concatenation of the context vectors ofaandb, and then applies supervised learning to a training set of labeled feature vectors. In addition, we introduce a third approach that is a new instance of therelation classificationstrategy. The third approach represents a word pair,a:b, with a feature vector in which the features are the differences in the similarities ofaandbto a set of reference words. All three approaches use vector space models of semantics, based on word–context matrices. We perform an extensive evaluation of the three approaches using three different datasets. The proposed new approach (similarity differences) performs significantly better than the other two approaches on some datasets and there is no dataset for which it is significantly worse. Along the way, we address some of the concerns raised in past research, regarding the treatment of RLE as a problem of semantic relation classification, and we suggest, it is beneficial to make connections between the research in lexical entailment and the research in semantic relation classification.
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Adams, Nikki, and Thomas J. Conners. "Imposters and their implications for third-person feature specification." Linguistics 58, no. 2 (2020): 537–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0047.
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AbstractImposters, seemingly third person nouns with speech act participant reference, have been varyingly analyzed as being licensed through an elaborated DP syntax (Collins and Postal. 2008. Imposters. Manuscript. http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/000640 (accessed 12 May 2017), Collins and Postal. 2012. Imposters: A study of pronominal agreement. Cambridge: MIT Press) or through lexical specification (Kaufman 2014. The syntax of Indonesian imposters. In Chris Collins (ed.), Cross-linguistic studies of imposters and pronominal agreement, 89–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press). Looking at Korean and Indonesian, two languages that make frequent use of imposters, we show that both can be accounted for without appeal to an elaborated DP syntax and that, in fact, such a structure makes the wrong predictions. Rather, other heads in the clause, in conjunction with differences in lexical specification, can account for both languages. In Indonesian, which freely allows imposters to bind anaphors with person features of the referent, the imposter is lexically specified for those features. In Korean, where such binding is restricted, imposters are underspecified for person and so anaphors only occur when there is another person feature-carrying head to supply the necessary features (Zanuttini et al. 2012. A syntactic analysis of interpretive restrictions on imperative, promissive, and exhortative subjects. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 30(4). 1231–1274). Previously left unexplained was why Korean imposters were unable to bind any person-marked anaphors, including third person, under an assumption that person-underspecified DPs get valued with a default third person feature. We argue this is a result of the difference in types of third person, those specified for third person and those that are not (Sigurðsson 2010. On EPP effects. Studia Linguistica 64(2). 159–189).
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Keizer, Evelien. "Derivation in Functional Discourse Grammar: Some challenges and implications." Word Structure 11, no. 1 (2018): 36–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0115.
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One distinctive feature of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) is that it distinguishes two types of derivational processes: Lexical derivation, which takes place in the lexicon, and syntactic derivation, which takes place in the grammar. The aim of this paper is to consider some of the implications of this approach by addressing three major issues: i) on the basis of which criteria do we decide which derivational processes are lexical and which are syntactic, ii) how does the FDG approach deal with recursive processes of derivation, and iii) how do these two derivational processes interact with other types of word formation, such as compounding, conversion and back-formation.
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Rahadiyanti, Iga. "Women Language Features in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire." Vivid: Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.9.2.86-92.2020.
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The purpose of this study is to observe the types of women language features and the most frequent women language feature used by the main women characters in the dialogue of Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire play. Ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff is used to analyze the data. This study only observes eight out of ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff, namely tag question, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, precise color terms, super polite form, and avoidance of strong swear words. This study excludes emphatic stress and rising intonation on declaratives feature. Due to the absence of any numeric data, this study uses descriptive qualitative approach. The data is taken from written script of the play which consists of eleven scenes. Seven women language features found namely lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, intensifier, empty adjectives, superpolite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and precise color terms. The most frequent feature is lexical hedges or fillers (59.49%) while no hypercorrect grammar is found. This study supports Lakoff theory since most of the features are found in the conversation of main women characters
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Rahadiyanti, Iga. "Women Language Features in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire." Vivid: Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 2 (2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.9.2.86-92.2020.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to observe the types of women language features and the most frequent women language feature used by the main women characters in the dialogue of Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire play. Ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff is used to analyze the data. This study only observes eight out of ten women language features proposed by Robin Lakoff, namely tag question, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, hedges or fillers, empty adjectives, precise color terms, super polite form, and avoidance of strong swear words. This study excludes emphatic stress and rising intonation on declaratives feature. Due to the absence of any numeric data, this study uses descriptive qualitative approach. The data is taken from written script of the play which consists of eleven scenes. Seven women language features found namely lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, intensifier, empty adjectives, superpolite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and precise color terms. The most frequent feature is lexical hedges or fillers (59.49%) while no hypercorrect grammar is found. This study supports Lakoff theory since most of the features are found in the conversation of main women characters
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Gallego, Ángel J., and Juan Uriagereka. "'Estar' = 'Ser' + X." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 1 (2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.1.3634.
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This paper studies the SER / ESTAR alternation in Spanish. Following the logic behind Freeze's (1992) and Kayne's (1993) analysis of Benveniste's (1960) approach to HAVE, it is argued that ESTAR derives from SER plus the incorporation of an additional functional element, labeled X. It is this element (which we argue has a prepositional nature in different languages), and not some lexical property (a feature), that is responsible for the oft-noted aspectual (i.e. non-standing, perfective, stagelevel) flavor of ESTAR. Even though we focus on the SER / ESTAR cut, our analysis ultimately argues for the idea that the distinction between Individual Level and Stage Level predicates does not indicate a 'lexical' (meaning 'primitive,' 'intrinsic,' or 'inherent') property of predicates. In line with recent neoconstructionist approaches to the lexicon (cf. Borer 2005, Hale & Keyser 1993, 2002, Marantz 1997, Ramchand 2008, among others), we pursue the idea that properties (transitivity, lexical aspect, stativity, etc.) that were interpreted as lexical in projectionist and lexicalist models are actually the consequence of a specific syntax.
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Park, Yoen Mee. "A Lexical Feature-based Analysis for the English Dative Alternation." Journal of Mirae English Language and Literature 24, no. 4 (2019): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46449/mjell.2019.11.24.4.167.
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Alshira’H, Mohammad. "Detecting Phishing URLs using Machine Learning Lexical Feature-based Analysis." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (2020): 5828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/242942020.
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Ahmed, Tafseer, Muhammad Suffian, Muhammad Yaseen Khan, and Alessandro Bogliolo. "Discovering Lexical Similarity Using Articulatory Feature-Based Phonetic Edit Distance." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 1533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3137905.
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Rasipuram, Ramya, and Mathew Magimai.-Doss. "Articulatory feature based continuous speech recognition using probabilistic lexical modeling." Computer Speech & Language 36 (March 2016): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2015.04.003.
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Marton, Yuval, Nizar Habash, and Owen Rambow. "Dependency Parsing of Modern Standard Arabic with Lexical and Inflectional Features." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 1 (2013): 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00138.
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We explore the contribution of lexical and inflectional morphology features to dependency parsing of Arabic, a morphologically rich language with complex agreement patterns. Using controlled experiments, we contrast the contribution of different part-of-speech (POS) tag sets and morphological features in two input conditions: machine-predicted condition (in which POS tags and morphological feature values are automatically assigned), and gold condition (in which their true values are known). We find that more informative (fine-grained) tag sets are useful in the gold condition, but may be detrimental in the predicted condition, where they are outperformed by simpler but more accurately predicted tag sets. We identify a set of features (definiteness, person, number, gender, and undiacritized lemma) that improve parsing quality in the predicted condition, whereas other features are more useful in gold. We are the first to show that functional features for gender and number (e.g., “broken plurals”), and optionally the related rationality (“humanness”) feature, are more helpful for parsing than form-based gender and number. We finally show that parsing quality in the predicted condition can dramatically improve by training in a combined gold+predicted condition. We experimented with two transition-based parsers, MaltParser and Easy-First Parser. Our findings are robust across parsers, models, and input conditions. This suggests that the contribution of the linguistic knowledge in the tag sets and features we identified goes beyond particular experimental settings, and may be informative for other parsers and morphologically rich languages.
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Muñiz-Cachón, Carmen. "Prosody: A feature of languages or a feature of speakers?" Prosodic Issues in Language Contact Situations 16, no. 3 (2019): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00047.mun.
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Abstract Social situations of language coexistence have resulted in linguistic manifestations of bilingualism and diglossia, including linguistic interference, lexical loans and code switching. What role does prosody play in social bilingualism? In other words, when contact between different languages is not restricted to the individual but affects an entire speech community, does a dominant prosody exist? Does prosody vary among different linguistic varieties? In order to find an answer to these questions, we hereby show the results of a research project on the prosodic features of Asturian and Castilian spoken in the centre of Asturias. This experimental study is based on the speech of four informants from Oviedo – two men and two women – two of which speak Castilian, while the other two speak Asturian.
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COPESTAKE, ANN. "Appendix: Definitions of typed feature structures." Natural Language Engineering 6, no. 1 (2000): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900002357.
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The LinGO grammar consists of a specification of a type system and of various typed feature structures which are well-formed according to the type system. The typed feature structures function as grammar rules, lexical rules and lexical entries. There are several variant typed feature structure formalisms, with different computational properties, so in this appendix we very briefly specify the version assumed by the LinGO grammar.This appendix is necessarily terse, and is only intended to allow a reader who already has a knowledge of typed feature structures to understand the specific formalism used in the LinGO grammar. The definitions given below basically follow Carpenter (1992), with the notion of type constraint from Copestake (1992). For formal details of typed feature structures in general see Carpenter (1992). A detailed account of the specific assumptions made here is given in Copestake (1999) (See Chapter 4 for an introduction, and Chapter 5 for a semi-formal account.)Note that the LinGO grammar uses a very restricted formalism. For instance, it does not utilize disjunctive feature structures, negation, implication, inequalities, defaults, set-valued features, extensionality or relational constraints. Constraint resolution does not require that every type be made maximally specific, and the type inference system is essentially non-recursive. The recursive power necessary in grammars is explicitly encoded via rules, which are expressed as typed feature structures, but interpreted as phrase structure rules.
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CHITRA, A., and ANUPRIYA RAJKUMAR. "GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED FEATURE SELECTION FOR PARAPHRASE RECOGNITION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 22, no. 02 (2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213013500073.
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Paraphrase Recognition systems most often use various lexical, syntactic and semantic features to recognize paraphrases. This paper presents the work done in designing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based Paraphrase Recognizer and then improving its performance using feature selection strategy. Wrapper method of feature selection has been adopted by combining Genetic Algorithms with Support Vector Machine Classifiers. Experimental results show that applying Feature selection improves the accuracy besides reducing the number of features. The developed paraphrase recognizer has been applied for the Student Answer Evaluation task. The results obtained show that the performance of Answer Evaluation systems which use only half the number of features is comparable to systems using the original feature set.
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Wong, Patrick C. M., Xin Kang, Kay H. Y. Wong, Hon-Cheong So, Kwong Wai Choy, and Xiujuan Geng. "ASPM-lexical tone association in speakers of a tone language: Direct evidence for the genetic-biasing hypothesis of language evolution." Science Advances 6, no. 22 (2020): eaba5090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5090.
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How language has evolved into more than 7000 varieties today remains a question that puzzles linguists, anthropologists, and evolutionary scientists. The genetic-biasing hypothesis of language evolution postulates that genes and language features coevolve, such that a population that is genetically predisposed to perceiving a particular linguistic feature would tend to adopt that feature in their language. Statistical studies that correlated a large number of genetic variants and linguistic features not only generated this hypothesis but also specifically pinpointed a linkage between ASPM and lexical tone. However, there is currently no direct evidence for this association and, therefore, the hypothesis. In an experimental study, we provide evidence to link ASPM with lexical tone perception in a sample of over 400 speakers of a tone language. In addition to providing the first direct evidence for the genetic-biasing hypothesis, our results have implications for further studies of linguistic anthropology and language disorders.
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Reiss, Charles. "Deriving the Feature-Filling/Feature-Changing Contrast: An Application to Hungarian Vowel Harmony." Linguistic Inquiry 34, no. 2 (2003): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438903321663389.
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The article explores an alternative to the interpretive procedure adopted in SPE and proposes a unified interpretive procedure for all languages. The proposal solves long-standing problems by making it unnecessary to refer to a third value of binary features [θF], to introduce negation into lexical representations (e.g., [NOT + rd]), or to introduce a feature filling/feature changing diacritic on rules.The article provides a metric for comparing extensionally equivalent rule systems and argues that the most concise formulation is not always the correct one, by appealing to crosslinguistic evidence.The proposal is illustrated by application to the target/trigger relations in Hungarian vowel harmony.
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Fisher, Rose, David Natvig, Erin Pretorius, Michael T. Putnam, and Katharina S. Schuhmann. "Why Is Inflectional Morphology Difficult to Borrow?—Distributing and Lexicalizing Plural Allomorphy in Pennsylvania Dutch." Languages 7, no. 2 (2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020086.
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In this article we examine the allomorphic variation found in Pennsylvania Dutch plurality. In spite of over 250 years of variable contact with English, Pennsylvania Dutch plural allomorphy has remained largely distinct from English, except for a number of loan words and borrowings from English. Adopting a One Feature-One Head (OFOH) Architecture that interprets licit syntactic objects as spans, we argue that plurality is distributed across different root-types, resulting in stored lexical-trees (L-spans) in the bilingual mental lexicon. We expand the traditional feature inventory to be ‘mixed,’ consisting of both semantically-grounded features as well as ‘pure’ morphological features. A key claim of our analysis is that the s-exponent in Pennsylvania Dutch shares a syntactic representation for native and English-origin roots, although it is distinct from a ‘monolingual’ English representation. Finally, we highlight how our treatment of plurality in Pennsylvania Dutch, and allomorphic variation more generally, makes predictions about the nature of bilingual morphosyntactic representations.
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Harris, John. "Towards a lexical analysis of sound change in progress." Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 1 (1989): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012093.
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Lexical Phonologists have made a number of claims that are directly relevant to the study of sound change in progress, two of which I wish to examine here. First, phonetically gradient patterns of variation are alleged to be controlled by rules which operate outside the lexicon. Second, phonological rules applying within the lexicon may only refer to feature values that are already marked in underlying representations. This paper sets out to test these claims against empirical data of the sort that have been reported in the sociolinguistic literature. While the first claim appears to be in tune with some informal analyses already offered by sociolinguists, the second is contradicted by at least some of the evidence.
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Bisang, Walter. "Precategoriality and syntax-based parts of speech." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (2008): 568–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.05bis.
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Late Archaic Chinese is a precategorial language, i.e., a language whose lexical items are not preclassified in the lexicon for the syntactic functions of N and V. This will be shown on the basis of structural-conceptual criteria as those developed by Croft (2000) and Sasse (1993b) as well as on the basis of methodological criteria as those suggested by Evans & Osada (2005). As is claimed in Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2005), the meaning of lexical items is derived by integrating their own lexical meaning with the meaning contributed by the construction. The construction analysed in this paper is the argument structure construction. Linking between lexicon and syntax is subject to stereotypical pragmatic implicatures (Levinson 2000) that follow a version of the animacy hierarchy. As it will turn out, Late Archaic Chinese does not strictly lack parts of speech. In fact, without the distinction of nouns and verbs at the level of syntax it would not be possible to analyse utterances in Late Archaic Chinese. The only thing that Late Archaic Chinese can do without is noun/verb distinction in the lexicon. This typologically remarkable property is due to a process of morphological change. If such a historical process can take place irrespective of parts-of-speech distinctions, precategoriality in the lexicon cannot be a robust universal feature even if most theoretical approaches take it for granted.