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1

Lutzeier, Peter Rolf, ed. Studien zur Wortfeldtheorie / Studies in Lexical Field Theory. Berlin, New York: DE GRUYTER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111355740.

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2

The lexical field of the substantives of "gift" in ancient Hebrew. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

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3

Zanella, Francesco. The lexical field of the substantives of "gift" in ancient Hebrew. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

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4

The lexical field of taste: A semantic study of Japanese taste terms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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5

Norri, Juhani. Names of sicknesses in English, 1400-1550: An exploration of the lexical field. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1992.

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6

A diachronic contrastive lexical field analysis of verbs of human locomotion in German and English. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2003.

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7

Generation X: Field guide & lexicon. San Diego, Calif: Orion Media, 1997.

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8

Bodomo, Adams. A Dagaare-Cantonese-English lexicon for lexicographical field research training. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2004.

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9

Fourestier, Jeffrey de. Lexicon of OCOL terminology and colloquialisms (as used in the field of complaints and audits). Ottawa: Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Complaints and Audits Branch, 1994.

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10

Panteleev, Andrey, and Elena Sheyko. Modern Russian language: Morphology. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01859-0.

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This textbook provides the reader for theoretical information concerning morphology, it contains information on practical classes planning, relevant tasks and exercises, tests and schemes of lexical units analysis, the reference list and exam questions. The textbook follows the requirements of the GEF (higher education) in the fields of “Teacher Training” and “Philology”. It is accorded with the estimated curriculum of «Modern Russian Language» and intended for bachelors major in “Russian Language and Literature” or “Russian as a Foreign Language”.
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11

Lazamon's Brut between Old English heroic poetry and Middle English romance: A study of the lexical fields "hero," "warrior" and "knight". Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011.

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12

A field guide to Southern speech: A twelve-gauge lexicon for the duck blind, the deer stand, the skeet shoot, the bass boat, and the backyard barbecue. Little Rock: August House, 1989.

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13

Basciano, Bianca, Franco Gatti, and Anna Morbiato. Corpus-Based Research on Chinese Language and Linguistics. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-406-6.

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This volume collects papers presenting corpus-based research on Chinese language and linguistics, from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. The contributions cover different fields of linguistics, including syntax and pragmatics, semantics, morphology and the lexicon, sociolinguistics, and corpus building. There is now considerable emphasis on the reliability of linguistic data: the studies presented here are all grounded in the tenet that corpora, intended as collections of naturally occurring texts produced by a variety of speakers/writers, provide a more robust, statistically significant foundation for linguistic analysis. The volume explores not only the potential of using corpora as tools allowing access to authentic language material, but also the challenges involved in corpus interrogation, analysis, and building.
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14

Peter, Lutzeier, ed. Studien zur Wortfeldtheorie =: Studies in lexical field theory. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 1993.

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15

Schwyter, J. R. Old English Legal Language: The Lexical Field of Theft. Odense University Press (Denmark), 1998.

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16

Sylvester, Louise. Studies in the Lexical Field of Expectation (Costerus New Series). Editions Rodopi, 1994.

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17

Bostoen, Koen, and Yvonne Bastin. Bantu Lexical Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.36.

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Lexical reconstruction has been an important enterprise in Bantu historical linguistics since the earliest days of the discipline. In this chapter a historical overview is provided of the principal scholarly contributions to that field of study. It is also explained how the Comparative Method has been and can be applied to reconstruct ancestral Bantu vocabulary via the intermediate step of phonological reconstruction and how the study of sound change needs to be completed with diachronic semantics in order to correctly reconstruct both the form and the meaning of etymons. Finally, some issues complicating this type of historical linguistic research, such as “osculance” due to prehistoric language contact, are addressed, as well as the relationship between reconstruction and classification.
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18

The Lexical Field of Taste: A Semantic Study of Japanese Taste Terms (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics). Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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19

Papafragou, Anna, John C. Trueswell, and Lila R. Gleitman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Mental Lexicon. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.001.0001.

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The present handbook is a state-of-the-art compilation of papers from leading scholars on the mental lexicon—the representation of language in the mind/brain at the level of individual words and meaningful sub-word units. In recent years, the study of words as mental objects has grown rapidly across several fields including linguistics, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, education, and computational cognitive science. This comprehensive collection spans multiple disciplines, topics, theories, and methods, to highlight important advances in the study of the mental lexicon, identify areas of debate, and inspire innovation in the field from present and future generations of scholars. The book is divided into three parts. Part I presents modern linguistic and cognitive theories of how the mind/brain represents words at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels. This part also discusses broad architectural issues pertaining to the organization of the lexicon, the relation between words and concepts, and the role of compositionality. Part II discusses how children learn the form and meaning of words in their native language drawing from the key domains of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Multiple approaches to lexical learning are introduced to explain how learner- and environment-driven factors contribute to both the stability and the variability of lexical learning across both individual learners and communities. Part III examines how the mental lexicon contributes to language use during listening, speaking, and conversation, and includes perspectives from bilingualism, sign languages, and disorders of lexical access and production.
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20

Rueschemeyer, Shirley-Ann, and M. Gareth Gaskell, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198786825.001.0001.

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This handbook reviews the current state of the art in the field of psycholinguistics. Part I deals with language comprehension at the sublexical, lexical, and sentence and discourse levels. It explores concepts of speech representation and the search for universal speech segmentation mechanisms against a background of linguistic diversity and compares first language with second language segmentation. It also discusses visual word recognition, lexico-semantics, the different forms of lexical ambiguity, sentence comprehension, text comprehension, and language in deaf populations. Part II focuses on language production, with chapters covering topics such as word production and related processes based on evidence from aphasia, the major debates surrounding grammatical encoding. Part III considers various aspects of interaction and communication, including the role of gesture in language processing, approaches to the study of perspective-taking, and the interrelationships between language comprehension, emotion, and sociality. Part IV is concerned with language development and evolution, focusing on topics ranging from the development of prosodic phonology, the neurobiology of artificial grammar learning, and developmental dyslexia. The book concludes with Part V, which looks at methodological advances in psycholinguistic research, such as the use of intracranial electrophysiology in the area of language processing.
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21

Wesson, Vann. Generation X Field Guide & Lexicon. Orion Books, 1996.

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22

Huang, Yan, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.001.0001.

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The best one-volume overview of the field ever published, The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics brings together the world’s most distinguished scholars to present an authoritative, comprehensive, thorough, and yet accessible state-of-the-art survey of current original research in pragmatics—the study of language use in context, one of the most vibrant and rapidly growing fields in linguistics and the philosophy of language. Covering a wider range of subjects than any other one-volume pragmatics handbook on the market, this one is divided into five thematic parts. Part I is concerned with schools of thought, foundations, and theories. Part II deals with central topics, with chapters discussing implicature, presupposition, speech acts, deixis, reference, and context. Cognitively oriented (macro-)pragmatics, such as computational, experimental, and neuropragmatics, is the topic of Part III. Part IV takes a look at socially and/or culturally oriented (macro-)pragmatics, such as politeness/impoliteness studies, cross- and intercultural, and interlanguage pragmatics. Finally, the chapters in Part V explore the interfaces of pragmatics with semantics, grammar, morphology (morphopragmatics), the lexicon (lexical pragmatics), prosody, language change (historical pragmatics), and information structure. The handbook will be an indispensable reference for scholars and students of linguistics and the philosophy of language, and a valuable resource for researchers and students of language working in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, computer science, anthropology, and sociology.
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23

Gerd, Wotjak, ed. Teoría del campo y semántica léxica =: Théorie des champs et sémantique lexicale. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1998.

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24

Goro, Takuya. Logical Connectives. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.23.

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This chapter reviews results from recent experimental studies on the acquisition of logical connectives. Developmental psychologists have long been interested in the development of logic in children, and recent research in this field has made great advancement by incorporating insights from theoretical linguistics. There are two important theoretical grounds that were crucial to such advancement. One is dissociation between pragmatic implicature and lexical semantics. The other is a model of semantic interaction between a logical connective and another logical word in the same sentence. Experimental results from recent studies that incorporated these insights strongly suggest that preschool children have sophisticated semantic knowledge of logical connectives, even though their behavior may sometimes deviate from adults’ behavior.
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25

Mitkov, Ruslan. Anaphora Resolution. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0014.

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The article provides a theoretical background of anaphora and introduces the task of anaphora resolution. The importance of anaphora resolution in natural language parsing (NLP) is distinct, and early work and recent developments are outlined in this article. Finally, issues that need further attention are discussed. Anaphora is the linguistic phenomenon of pointing back to a previously mentioned item in the text. Varieties of anaphora include pronominal anaphora, lexical noun phrase anaphora, and nominal anaphora. The interpretation of anaphora is crucial for the successful operation of a machine translation system. It is essential to resolve the anaphoric relation when translating into languages that mark the gender of pronouns. Finally, the article suggests that the last years have seen considerable advances in the field of anaphora resolution, but there are still a number of outstanding issues that either remain unsolved or need further attention.
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26

Lehrer, Adrienne, Eva Feder Kittay, and Richard Lehrer. Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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27

Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992.

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28

Lehrer, Adrienne, and Eva Feder Kittay. Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.

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29

Adrienne, Lehrer, and Kittay Eva Feder, eds. Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1992.

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30

Boivin, Gilles. Lexicon of Building & Several Other Related Fields. French & European Pubns, 1992.

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31

Grossman, Eitan, and Jennifer Cromwell. Scribes, Repertoires, and Variation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0001.

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As in spoken language, variation abounds in written texts. In the latter, linguistic and extralinguistic variation coexists: one finds variation in lexical and grammatical features, as well as in other textual parameters such as orthography, phraseology and formulary, palaeography, layout, and formatting. Such variation occurs both within the written output of individuals and across broader corpora that represent ‘communities’ of diverse types. To encapsulate this, we use the inclusive term ‘scribal repertoires’, a concept that is intended to cover the entire set of linguistic and non-linguistic practices that are prone to variation within and between manuscripts, while placing focus on scribes as socially and culturally embedded agents, whose choices are reflected in texts. This conceptualization of scribal variation, inspired by the relatively recent field of historical sociolinguistics, is applied to a range of phenomenon in the scribal cultures of premodern Egypt, across languages and socio-historical settings.
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32

Lopes da Silva, Fernando H., and Eric Halgren. Neurocognitive Processes. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0048.

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Transmembrane neuronal currents that embody cognition in the cortex produce magnetoencephalographic and electroencephalographic signals. Frequency-domain analysis reveals standard rhythms with consistent topography, frequency, and cognitive correlates. Time-domain analysis reveals average event-related potentials and field (ERP/ERF) components with consistent topography, latency, and cognitive correlates. Standard rhythms and ERP/ERF components underlie perceiving stimuli; evaluating whether stimuli match predictions, and taking appropriate action when they do not; encoding stimuli to permit semantic processing and then accessing lexical representations and assigning syntactic roles; maintaining information in primary memory; preparing to take an action; and closing processing of an event–response sequence. Sustained mental processes are associated with theta and gamma. Consolidating memories appears to occur mainly during replay of specific firing patterns during sleep spindles and slow oscillations. Biophysical, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological factors interact to render cognitive rhythms and components particularly sensitive to the large-scale modulatory processes that sequence and integrate higher cortical processing.
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33

Dalrymple, Mary, John J. Lowe, and Louise Mycock. The Oxford Reference Guide to Lexical Functional Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733300.001.0001.

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This is the most comprehensive reference work on Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which will be of interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students, academics, and researchers in linguistics and in related fields. Covering the analysis of syntax, semantics, morphology, prosody, and information structure, and how these aspects of linguistic structure interact in the nontransformational framework of LFG, this book will appeal to readers working in a variety of sub-fields, including researchers involved in the description and documentation of languages, whose work continues to be an important part of the LFG literature The book consists of three parts. The first part examines the syntactic theory and formal architecture of LFG, with detailed explanation and comprehensive illustration, providing an unparalleled introduction to the fundamentals of the theory. The second part of the book explores nonsyntactic levels of linguistic structure, including the syntax-semantics interface and semantic representation, argument structure, information structure, prosodic structure, and morphological structure, and how these are related in the projection architecture of LFG. The third part of the book illustrates the theory more explicitly by presenting explorations of the syntax and semantics of a range of representative linguistic phenomena: modification, anaphora, control, coordination, and long-distance dependencies. The final chapter discusses LFG-based work not covered elsewhere in the book, as well as new developments in the theory.
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34

European Convention for Constructional Steelwork., ed. Lexicon: Technical terms for steel construction and related fields. Brussels: European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, 1985.

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35

Alcorn, Rhona, Joanna Kopaczyk, Bettelou Los, and Benjamin Molineaux, eds. Historical Dialectology in the Digital Age. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430531.001.0001.

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Drawing on the resources created by the Institute of Historical Dialectology at the University of Edinburgh (now the Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics), such as eLALME (the electronic version A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English), LAEME (A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English) and LAOS (A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots), this volume illustrates how traditional methods of historical dialectology can benefit from new methods of corpus data-collection to test out theoretical and empirical claims. In showcasing the results that these digital text resources can yield, the book highlights novel methods for presenting, mapping and analysing the quantitative data of historical dialects, and sets the research agenda for future work in this field. Bringing together a range of distinguished researchers, the book sets out the key corpus-building strategies for working with regional manuscript data at different levels of linguistic analysis including syntax, morphology, phonetics and phonology. The chapters also show the ways in which the geographical spread of phonological, morphological and lexical features of a language can be used to improve our assessment of the geographical provenance of historical texts.
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36

Crespo Miguel, Mario. Automatic corpus-based translation of a spanish framenet medical glossary. 2020th ed. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/9788447230051.

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Computational linguistics is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. It aims is to provide computational models of natural language processing (NLP) and incorporate them into practical applications such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation and many others where automatic processing of language is required. The use of good linguistic resources is crucial for the development of computational linguistics systems. Real world applications need resources which systematize the way linguistic information is structured in a certain language. There is a continuous effort to increase the number of linguistic resources available for the linguistic and NLP Community. Most of the existing linguistic resources have been created for English, mainly because most modern approaches to computational lexical semantics emerged in the United States. This situation is changing over time and some of these projects have been subsequently extended to other languages; however, in all cases, much time and effort need to be invested in creating such resources. Because of this, one of the main purposes of this work is to investigate the possibility of extending these resources to other languages such as Spanish. In this work, we introduce some of the most important resources devoted to lexical semantics, such as WordNet or FrameNet, and those focusing on Spanish such as 3LB-LEX or Adesse. Of these, this project focuses on FrameNet. The project aims to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities of words in English. Words are grouped according to the different frames or situations evoked by their meaning. If we focus on a particular topic domain like medicine and we try to describe it in terms of FrameNet, we probably would obtain frames representing it like CURE, formed by words like cure.v, heal.v or palliative.a or MEDICAL CONDITIONS with lexical units such as arthritis.n, asphyxia.n or asthma.n. The purpose of this work is to develop an automatic means of selecting frames from a particular domain and to translate them into Spanish. As we have stated, we will focus on medicine. The selection of the medical frames will be corpus-based, that is, we will extract all the frames that are statistically significant from a representative corpus. We will discuss why using a corpus-based approach is a reliable and unbiased way of dealing with this task. We will present an automatic method for the selection of FrameNet frames and, in order to make sure that the results obtained are coherent, we will contrast them with a previous manual selection or benchmark. Outcomes will be analysed by using the F-score, a measure widely used in this type of applications. We obtained a 0.87 F-score according to our benchmark, which demonstrates the applicability of this type of automatic approaches. The second part of the book is devoted to the translation of this selection into Spanish. The translation will be made using EuroWordNet, a extension of the Princeton WordNet for some European languages. We will explore different ways to link the different units of our medical FrameNet selection to a certain WordNet synset or set of words that have similar meanings. Matching the frame units to a specific synset in EuroWordNet allows us both to translate them into Spanish and to add new terms provided by WordNet into FrameNet. The results show how translation can be done quite accurately (95.6%). We hope this work can add new insight into the field of natural language processing.
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37

Casati, Roberto. Shadows, Objects, and the Lexicon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722304.003.0008.

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Visual phenomena such as shadows and reflections are lexicalized in idiosyncratic ways. In particular, we appear to master notions of certain types of shadows, at least notions that \are learnable and communicable, for which we do not have names. We also have many imprecise lexicalizations; so much so that in certain conditions notions that appear to be antonyms, such as that of shadows and of light, for example, even get applied to the same visual phenomena. Reflections offer another field of study. I shall investigate whether constraints on lexicalization depend on particular cognitive advantages conferred upon objects or object-like entities.
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38

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. Revivalistics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199812776.001.0001.

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This seminal book introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann’s fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the ‘Promised Land’ (Israel) to the ‘Lucky Country’ (Australia) and beyond: PART 1: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The book highlights salient morphological, phonological, phonetic, syntactic, semantic and lexical features, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of ‘Israeli’, the language resulting from the Hebrew revival. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. PART 2: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND WELLBEING The book then applies practical lessons (rather than clichés) from the critical analysis of the Hebrew reclamation to other revival movements globally, and goes on to describe the why and how of language revival. The how includes practical, nitty-gritty methods for reclaiming ‘sleeping beauties’ such as the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, e.g. using what Zuckermann calls talknology (talk+technology). The why includes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons such as improving wellbeing and mental health.
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39

Nagy, Naomi. Phonology and Sociolinguistics. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0021.

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This chapter examines the fields of phonology and sociolinguistics, focusing on examples that bring their domains closer. It reviews instances where data organized by variationists have served to further develop Lexical Phonology, Optimality Theory, and Exemplar Theory (ET). This transition requires reexamining certain fundamental assumptions of traditional models of generative phonology. The discussion considers ways in which these developments have influenced sociolinguistic research design and interpretation, particularly regarding which gradient aspects are relevant to social perception and categorization. It also provides the groundwork for a unified linguistic model to be developed by collaboration across sociolinguistics, phonology, and other fields.
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40

Elsweiler, Christine. Layamon's Brut Between Old English Heroic Poetry and Middle English Romance: A Study of the Lexical Fields 'Hero', 'Warrior' And 'Knight'. Lang Publishing, Incorporated, Peter, 2011.

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41

Gaskell, M. Gareth, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568971.001.0001.

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This book examines the young science of psycholinguistics, which attempts to uncover the mechanisms and representations underlying human language. This interdisciplinary field has seen massive developments over the past decade, with a broad expansion of the research base, and the incorporation of new experimental techniques such as brain imaging and computational modelling. The result is that real progress is being made in the understanding of the key components of language in the mind. This book brings together the views of seventy-five leading researchers to provide a review of the current state of the art in psycholinguistics. The contributors are eminent in a wide range of fields, including psychology, linguistics, human memory, cognitive neuroscience, bilingualism, genetics, development, and neuropsychology. Their contributions are organised into six themed sections, covering word recognition, the mental lexicon, comprehension and discourse, language production, language development, and perspectives on psycholinguistics.
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42

Heathens, Pagans, Misbelievers: A Lexico-Semantic Field Study and its Historio-Pragmatic Reflections in Texts from the English Middle Ages. Universitätsverlag Winter, 2015.

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43

Samuelsson, Christer. Statistical Methods. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0019.

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Statistical methods now belong to mainstream natural language processing. They have been successfully applied to virtually all tasks within language processing and neighbouring fields, including part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, semantic interpretation, lexical acquisition, machine translation, information retrieval, and information extraction and language learning. This article reviews mathematical statistics and applies it to language modelling problems, leading up to the hidden Markov model and maximum entropy model. The real strength of maximum-entropy modelling lies in combining evidence from several rules, each one of which alone might not be conclusive, but which taken together dramatically affect the probability. Maximum-entropy modelling allows combining heterogeneous information sources to produce a uniform probabilistic model where each piece of information is formulated as a feature. The key ideas of mathematical statistics are simple and intuitive, but tend to be buried in a sea of mathematical technicalities. Finally, the article provides mathematical detail related to the topic of discussion.
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44

Lieber, Rochelle, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190682361.001.0001.

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The field of morphology has gained increasing importance in contemporary linguistics with the realization that it can no longer be narrowly construed as the study of the means by which complex words are formed. Rather, the study of morphology must be situated in the context of our understanding of the mental lexicon as a whole. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology offers a sweeping introduction to the field, showing that morphology is not only an active area of study in its own right, but also a critical link between different subfields of linguistics. Led by Editor in Chief Rochelle Lieber and an editorial board of international experts, this collection includes 114 wide-ranging and in-depth articles encompassing all aspects of morphology, such as morphological units, inflection, derivation, compounding, and formal morphological means. Contributors at the forefront of the field discuss the major theoretical debates and methodological approaches, exploring the interface between morphology and phonology, syntax, and semantics, along with psycholinguistic, neurolinguistics, and sociolinguistic issues. The final section of the encyclopedia presents illustrative sketches of the morphological systems of a wide range of language families, from Arawak and Dravidian to Uralic and Niger-Congo languages , offering a wide range of cross-linguistic data that will be useful to both researchers and teachers.
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45

Scott, Joan Wallach. Sex and Secularism. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197227.001.0001.

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The author's acclaimed writings have been foundational for the field of gender history. In this book, the author challenges one of the central claims of the “clash of civilizations” polemic—that secularism guarantees gender equality. The book shows that the gender equality invoked today as an enduring principle was not originally associated with the term “secularism” when it first entered the nineteenth-century lexicon. In fact, the inequality of the sexes was fundamental to the separation of church and state that inaugurated Western modernity. The book reveals how the assertion that secularism has been synonymous with equality between the sexes has distracted our attention from difficulties related to gender difference—ones shared by Western and non-Western cultures alike.
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46

Johnson, Paul Christopher. Syncretism and Hybridization. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.50.

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There exists a wide range of terms of religious mixture, featuring syncretism and hybridization most prominently, but also creolization, transculturation, and métissage. These competing terms of mixture possess different genealogies and impinge on ‘religion’ differently, such that they should not be simply interchanged or arbitrarily applied. Second, terms of religious mixture have been unevenly used. Brazil and Japan, for example, have often been studied as examples of syncretism while other sites have been elevated as examples of purity. In this sense theories of mixture are entwined with, and help to constitute, certain religious geographies, or ‘worlds.’ Despite repeated calls for the removal of ‘syncretism’ and other terms of mixture from the scholarly lexicon, they remain as widely used as ever, even enjoying a renaissance in fields like science and technology studies. The revivals of terms of mixture in adjacent fields offer potential new uses for the study of religion.
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47

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. Arabic Dialectology. Edited by Jonathan Owens. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0013.

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Geographically, Arabic is one of the most widespread languages of the world, and Arabic dialects are spoken in an unbroken expanse from western Iran to Mauritania and Morocco and from Oman to northeastern Nigeria, albeit with vast uninhabited or scarcely inhabited areas and deserts in between. It is not easy to give the exact number of speakers, estimates from 1999 (i.e., from eighteen years ago) count 206 million L1 speakers, a figure which today seems too low rather than too high.1 This geographical range is marked by extreme dialectal differences in all fields of phonology, grammar, and lexicon, at times to the extent that different varieties are mutually unintelligible.
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48

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. Arabic Dialectology. Edited by Jonathan Owens. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.008_update_001.

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Abstract:
Geographically, Arabic is one of the most widespread languages of the world, and Arabic dialects are spoken in an unbroken expanse from western Iran to Mauritania and Morocco and from Oman to northeastern Nigeria, albeit with vast uninhabited or scarcely inhabited areas and deserts in between. It is not easy to give the exact number of speakers, estimates from 1999 (i.e., from eighteen years ago) count 206 million L1 speakers, a figure which today seems too low rather than too high.1 This geographical range is marked by extreme dialectal differences in all fields of phonology, grammar, and lexicon, at times to the extent that different varieties are mutually unintelligible.
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49

Neveu, Erik. Bourdieu’s Capital(s). Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.15.

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This chapter explores three central questions. The first section describes the four core varieties of capitals: cultural, social, economic, and symbolic. It highlights some peculiarites of Bourdieu’s approach: the focus on symbolic capital, a definition of social capital different from those of North American. A second section questions the limits of economic metaphors. Bourdieu borrows from the lexicon of economics (capitals, conversion rates). But he devotes attention to the sociopolitical dimension of the struggles for defining the conversion rates between capitals and warns that “rational” actions are one historical dimension of a complex space of “reasonable” actions. Finally, the chapter discusses the question of the number of capitals. Should one add to Bourdieu’s list something like a bodily or erotic capital? If each field values a specific capital, should researchers produce an endless list of specific capitals, or are these specific capitals always combinations of the four basic ones?
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50

Sommar, Mary E. The Slaves of the Churches. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190073268.001.0001.

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This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. The story begins in the New Testament era, when the earliest Christian norms were established, and continues through the late Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Carolingian Empire, to the thirteenth-century establishment of a body of ecclesiastical regulations (canon law) that would persist into the twentieth century. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. The book stops in the thirteenth century, which was a time of great changes, not only in the history of the legal profession, but also in the history of slavery as Europeans began to reach out into the Atlantic. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon.
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