Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lexical field'

Émile Zola rend compte de sa vision du progrès scientifique établie en concordance avec la doctrine littéraire du naturalisme et le contexte historico-scientifique du Second Empire français, dans le contexte sociologique d’exode rural de cette fin du XIXe siècle caractérisant les campagnes françaises. En alliant ces trois données déterminantes, Zola est parvenu à nous livrer une oeuvre forte recélant un certain type de scientificité, non conforme aux canons idéaux littéraires et sociaux de l’époque. Il s’appuie sur les doctrines de la méthode expérimentale de Claude Bernard et de l’hérédité de Prosper Lucas et d’autres médecins. La prédominance des champs sémantiques scientifique, héréditaire, alcoolique et violent détermine l’emploi d’un vocabulaire général basé sur des thématiques et des réseaux lexicaux particuliers. Le paysan est dépeint comme violent, ignorant, inéduqué, païen, alcoolique, animalesque, ayant l’esprit de clan et porté au lucre. Zola oppose la science et la religion pour la promotion de ses idées progressistes
Émile Zola tells his vision about the scientific progress in concordance with the literary doctrine of naturalism and the historical and scientific context of the Second French Empire, in the sociological context of the rural exodus of the end of the nineteenth century characterizing the French contryside. Combining these three decisive facts, Zola manages to deliver a strong masterpiece containing a type of scientificity non conforming to the ideal literary and social canons of the time. He relies on Claude Bernard’s doctrines of experimental method and Prosper Lucas’heredity and the others medical practitioners. The predominance of scientific, hereditary, alcoholic and violent semantic fields defines the use of common vocabulary based on thematics and specific lexical networks. The peasant is depicted as a violent, ignorant, non educated, pagan, alcoholic, brutish, being clannish and attracted by the lucre. Zola oppose the science et the religion for promoting his progressive ideas

This thesis is an investigation of Middle English insanity language. It analyses change in the Middle English lexical field of INSANITY, the semantic structure of lexemes wod and mad, and compares INSANITY conceptual metaphors in Middle English and present-day English. The INSANITY lexical field is an ideal one to study language change, due to socio-cultural changes since the Middle Ages such as advances in medical knowledge, the development of the field of psychiatry and legal changes protecting people with a mental illness from discrimination. The general theoretical aims were to examine a) change in conceptual metaphor, and b) semantic and lexical change with a particular focus on the decline in use of adjective wod. The theoretical frameworks are cognitive linguistics, prototype theory, and conceptual metaphor theory, and the data is derived from Middle English corpora and other sources. The INSANITY database I created for this study consisted of 1307 instances of mad, wod and near-synonyms in context. The main results can be divided into three groups. Firstly, the lexical field study demonstrates that various intra-linguistic and socio-cultural phenomena effect lexical change. Using case studies amongst others of the decline of wod in the Wycliffite Bible and of Caxton's translations from French, and a systematic variation across genre, I argue that the important factors are i) the arrival of new medical loanwords such as frensy, lunatic and malencolie; ii) the early re-emergence of the vernacular in medical texts starting in the twelfth century, and the development of a new medical register; iii) the so-called medieval 'inward turn'; iv) changes in the neighbouring lexical field of ANGER. Secondly, the semasiological study of wod and mad shows that the meanings of these two lexemes are structured and change in line with the central tenets of prototype theory, i.e. as described for diachronic prototype semantics by Geeraerts (1997). The path of mad's semantic development does not parallel that of wod after the thirteenth century. Mad's senses do not have the emphasis on wildness and fury that the senses of wod do. A particularly interesting finding is the semantic change from a sub-sense of adverb mad and adjective mad, 'unrestrained', leading in present-day English to a new delexicalised and grammaticalised sense of mad, where its use as an intensifier enhances scalar quantity and quality. Thirdly, the conceptual metaphor study demonstrates that predominantly the same conceptual metaphors are seen in both Middle English and present-day English, with some exceptions such as the concept of insanity being related to moral decline, as evidenced in the dearth of FALLING metaphors for insanity in present-day English. Conceptual metaphors such as INSANITY IS ANOTHER PLACE are evidenced in present-day English expressions such as out of her senses, or not in my right mind. In 1422, Thomas Hoccleve could write of a dysseveraunce between himself and his wit, or about his wyld infirmitie, which threw him owt of my selfe, illustrating the same underlying concepts. Other INSANITY conceptual metaphors which remain unchanged are GOING ASTRAY, LACK OF ORDER, LACK OF WHOLENESS, DARKNESS, FORCE, PRISON and BURDEN. Because of its unique approach in combining onomasiological and semasiological approaches with a conceptual metaphor study, this study reveals not only specific patterns of change, but differences in the rate of change on the lexical and conceptual levels. Lexical change driven by the need to be expressive, and reflecting socio-cultural changes such as changes in medical knowledge, can be seen to happen rapidly over the Middle English period. However, underlying conceptual change is barely discernible even over a much longer period of time from Middle English to present-day English. This research is significant because it provides a basis for future analysis of insanity language in other periods and contexts. It also contributes to the study of semantic change in general, highlighting the insights that can be gained by combining different types of data-driven analyses.

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The use of language permeates the relationship between human beings and with the world around them, especially in the forms of naming objects, actions, feelings, sensations. Thus, it is possible to observe and analyze words and phrases that a person or group uses in its different activities. The economic, social and cultural issues of a people manifest themselves through the lexicon. When reading the work Tropas e Boiadas was possible to come across regarding the bushman work lexis with the troops and with the herds, enabling a lexical analysis of this corpus. Thus, the study of lexicon concerning professional activities on the work of Hugo de Carvalho Ramos that allows you to analyze how these words and expressions are manifested, at a particular time and space, making part of the language of this people and as a way of building their identity. A study that aims to analyze the language should consider the social and cultural contexts in which it occurs are basic elements and, often, determinants of its variations, explaining and justifying facts that only linguistically would be difficult or even impossible to be certain. In the specific case of the lexicon, the entire world view, ideology, the value systems and socio-cultural practices of human communities are reflected. This work intends to analyze words covering the professional activities of the cattle dealer drovers and cattle drivers in Tropas e Boiadas, which allows us to think of the intrinsic relationship between lexicon and culture. The development of lexicographic records as well as the organization of the lexis in lexical fields enables the verification of the meanings in the narratives, enabling a study of the relationship between lexicon and culture. In addition, this analysis backed the drafting of a glossary, which is very relevant in a job like this, identifying specific words of professional activities and their respective meanings in narratives, allowing a better understanding of the texts narrated describing different situations uses of language and making it possible to analyze the lexis in more detail
O uso da língua permeia a relação entre os seres humanos e destes com o mundo que os cerca, sobretudo nas formas de nomear objetos, ações, sentimentos, sensações. Assim, é possível observar e analisar palavras e expressões que uma pessoa ou grupo utiliza em suas diferentes atividades. As questões econômicas, sociais e culturais de um povo se manifestam através do léxico. Ao ler a obra Tropas e Boiadas foi possível deparar com lexias referentes ao trabalho do sertanejo com as tropas e com as boiadas, possibilitando uma análise léxica desse corpus. Assim, o estudo do léxico relativo às atividades profissionais na obra de Hugo de Carvalho Ramos permite analisar como estas palavras e expressões se manifestam, num determinado tempo e espaço, fazendo parte da linguagem desse povo e como forma da construção de sua identidade. Um estudo que se propõe a analisar a língua deve considerar que os contextos socioculturais em que ela ocorre são elementos básicos e, muitas vezes, determinantes de suas variações, explicando e justificando fatos que apenas linguisticamente seriam difíceis ou até impossíveis de serem determinados. No caso específico do léxico, toda a visão de mundo, a ideologia, os sistemas de valores e as práticas socioculturais das comunidades humanas são nele refletidas. Este trabalho se propõe a analisar palavras que recobrem as atividades profissionais dos tropeiros e condutores de gado na obra Tropas e Boiadas, o que nos permite pensar na relação intrínseca entre léxico e cultura. A elaboração de fichas lexicográficas bem como a organização das lexias em campos lexicais possibilita a verificação dos significados nas narrativas, permitindo um estudo da relação entre léxico e cultura. Além disso, esta análise oportuniza a elaboração de um glossário, que se faz muito pertinente em um trabalho como este, identificando palavras específicas das atividades profissionais e seus respectivos significados nas narrativas, permitindo compreender melhor os textos narrados, descrevendo situações distintas de usos da língua e possibilitando analisar as lexias de forma mais detalhada.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Abstract: Written records represent human thought and language, and from them it is possible to unravel the way of life of a society in a given period. Therefore, documentary collections are an invaluable source of philological-linguistic research. In this sense, we selected as corpus of this dissertation the crime of robbery followed by rape of Maria Francisca de Jesus and Maria dos Santos. It is a manuscript document with 56 folios, mostly written in the straight and verse, drafted in 1914, which is under the guardian of the Documentation and Research Center (CEDOC), located at the State University of Feira de Santana-BA. Thus, we undertake two main objectives: the first one, referring to the philological character, is about the fac-similar and semidiplomatic editions of the corpus, highlighting some paleographic and codicological aspects of the document. The second main objective, from the semidiplomatic edition, the lexical study based on Eug?nio Coseriu's Methodology of Lexical Fields (1977), evidencing the vocabulary of crime contained in the corpus, from which fifty-one lexias were selected. We highlight the use of the AntConc computational tool (ANTHONY, 2016) for the investigation of lexias referring to the field of crime, as well as contexts of occurrences. As a theoretical basis, in the philological area, we use authors such as Spina (1977 and 1994), Cambraia (2005), Spaggiari and Perugi (2004), among other references; in the lexicological area, in turn, we had as theoretical foundation Eugenio Coseriu ([1977] 1991 and 1987), Abbade (2006 and 2011), Mario Vilela (1994), Biderman (1981 and 1998), among others. We emphasize that we also discuss some socio-historical aspects related to violence in the city of Feira de Santana, according to the period that places the corpus. Concerning to the violence in the city of Feira de Santana, we use as references Poppino (1968), Oliveira (2000) and some newspaper clippings from Folha do Norte (1909-1913). Therefore, in making the facultative and semidiplomatic editions of the crime of robbery and rape, from the beginning of the twentieth century, we contributed to the non-deterioration of the document, facilitating the reading of it by future researchers from different areas. This study stamped through its lexical estate, daily historical, social, political and cultural configurations of local communities of the city of Feira de Santana-BA
Os registros escritos representam o pensamento e a linguagem humana, e a partir deles ? poss?vel desvendar o modo de vida de uma sociedade, em um determinado per?odo. E, assim sendo, os acervos documentais se constituem como fontes inestim?veis de investiga??es filol?gico-lingu?sticas. Neste sentido, selecionamos como corpus desta disserta??o o processo crime de roubo seguido de estupro de Maria Francisca de Jesus e Maria dos Santos, documento manuscrito com 56 f?lios, em sua maioria escritos no recto e verso, lavrado em 1914, o qual est? sob a guarda do Centro de Documenta??o e Pesquisa (CEDOC), localizado na Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana ? BA. Assim, empreendemos dois objetivos principais: o primeiro, referente ao cunho filol?gico, pauta-se nas edi??es fac-similar e semidiplom?tica do corpus, destacando alguns aspectos paleogr?ficos e codicol?gicos do documento; e o segundo, a partir da edi??o semidiplom?tica, o estudo do l?xico com base na Metodologia dos Campos Lexicais de Eug?nio Coseriu (1977), evidenciando o vocabul?rio do crime contido no corpus, do qual foram selecionadas cinquenta e uma lexias. Destacamos o uso da ferramenta computacional AntConc (ANTHONY, 2016) para o levantamento das lexias referentes ao campo do crime, bem como dos contextos das ocorr?ncias. Como embasamento te?rico, na ?rea filol?gica, utilizamos estudiosos como Spina (1977 e 1994), Cambraia (2005), Spaggiari e Perugi (2004), entre outras refer?ncias; na ?rea lexicol?gica, por sua vez, tivemos como fundamenta??o te?rica Eugenio Coseriu ([1977] 1991 e 1987), Abbade (2006 e 2011), Mario Vilela (1994), Biderman (1981 e 1998), dentre outros. Ressaltamos que tamb?m discutimos, neste trabalho, alguns aspectos s?cio-hist?ricos, relacionados ? viol?ncia na cidade de Feira de Santana, de acordo com a ?poca em que o corpus se insere. No que concerne ? viol?ncia na cidade de Feira de Santana, utilizamos como refer?ncias Poppino (1968), Oliveira (2000) e alguns recortes de not?cias do Jornal Folha do Norte (1909-1913). Portanto, ao realizarmos as edi??es fac-similar e semidiplom?tica do processo crime de roubo e estupro, do in?cio do s?culo XX, contribu?mos para a n?o-deteriora??o do documento, facilitando a leitura do mesmo por pesquisadores futuros de ?reas diversas, al?m de ter estampado, atrav?s do seu esp?lio lexical, configura??es de cotidianos hist?ricos, sociais, pol?ticos e culturais de comunidades locais da cidade de Feira de Santana ? BA

La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectives
The present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time

La thèse se veut une étude lexicologique qui étudie les expressions grecques appartenant au champ lexical de la traduction. Le vocabulaire de la traduction en grec ancien (ca. 500 av. – 500 après notre ère) est composé par trois types de lexèmes : 1. un mot emprunté (ἑρμηνεύς), 2. les formations dérivées à partir de ce dernier (ἑρμηνεύω etc.) et 3. les néologismes sémantiques, c’est-à-dire les termes qui se sont dotés du sens « traduire ; traduction » etc. à travers une opération sémasiologique (l’extension de leurs significations primaires et habituelles). Le troisième type peut être divisé en deux groupes en fonction de l’opération qui se produit dans leur sémantisme : a) métaphores et b) synecdoques.La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude de ἑρμηνεύς et des mots apparentés. Est examinée l’étymologie de ἑρμηνεύς qui s’avère être un lexème emprunté au carien, langue micrasiatique de provenance louvique. Il s’agit d’un mot technique emprunté au sens « interprète des langues » et qui connaîtra un développement sémantique en grec au sens de généralisation (« interprète traducteur » > « interprète [tout court] ; intermédiaire ; porte-parole »). Il en est de même dans le cas du verbe dénominatif ἑρμηνεύω auquel on assigne le sens originel de « traduire à l’oral, interpréter » et qui signifiera plus tard « exprimer ; expliquer ». Ces expressions possédant d’autres significations, le grec forme de nouveaux mots (tel le verbe μεθερμηνεύω) pour désigner, de façon univoque, la traduction interlinguale. La deuxième partie s’ouvre par une analyse de la théorie générale de la métaphore (chez les théoriciens antiques, notamment Aristote, Démétrios, Cicéron, Quintilien etc.) qui fait ressortir les aspects de la métaphore lesquels sont essentiels pour les enjeux des métaphores de traduction. L’attention est prêtée surtout à la métaphore du transfert (verbes μεταφέρω, ἄγω etc.) qui fait sa première apparition dans le vocabulaire traductionnel dans le Critias de Platon. Un appendice est dédié à la terminologie de la traduction dans quelques langues européennes (l’ancien français, français, anglais, allemand, russe et slovaque)
The thesis is a lexicological study that studies Greek expressions belonging to the lexical field of translation. There are three types of lexemes in Ancient Greek (ca 500 BC – 500 CE) translation vocabulary: 1. a loanword (ἑρμηνεύς), 2. words formed by derivation from it (ἑρμηνεύω etc.) and 3. semantic neologisms, i.e. terms that acquired the meaning of “translate; translation” etc. through a semasiological operation (the extension of their primary and usual meanings). The third type can be divided into two groups according to the operation that takes place in their semantics: a) metaphors and b) synecdoches.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the study of ἑρμηνεύς and its cognates. The etymology of ἑρμηνεύς is examined: it proves to be a borrowing from Carian, an Anatolian language of Luwic branch. It is a terminus technicus borrowed with the meaning “language interpreter” which develops semantically by generalization ("interpreter, translator" > "interpreter, intermediary, spokesman"). The same goes for the denominative verb ἑρμηνεύω to which we assign the original meaning “to translate orally, interpret” and which will later mean “to express, explain”. These expressions being endowed with different meanings, Greek forms new words (such as the verb μεθερμηνεύω) in order to designate unambiguously interlingual translation. The second part opens with an analysis of the general theory of metaphor (in ancient thinkers, namely Aristotle, Demetrius, Cicero, Quintilian, etc.) which focuses on those aspects of metaphor that play an essential role in the translation metaphors. The attention is paid mainly to the transfer metaphor (verbs μεταφέρω, ἄγω etc.) that appears for the first time in the translation terminology in Plato’s Critias. An appendix treats the terminology of translation in a few European languages (Old French, French, English, German, Russian and Slovak)

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This study investigated the lexicon used in mining, having as research field the city of Três Ranchos – Goiás, where the activity had its peak between 1944 and 1981. Regarding the subjects of our research, thirteen people where interviewed, from which ten are former miners, one a miner‘s wife, a provider and a dweller who lived directly with miners in their childhood, all of them aging about sixty-eight years old, except the latter, who is forty-eight. The choice for the mining vocabulary comes from the fact that the mining practice served as a great contribution for the process of formation of the city early in the twentieth century, because the miners were concentrated nearby Parnaíba River that crossed the city. Handcrafted mining is the activity from which most of the dwellers used to take their livelihood, which resulted in the settlement of the town, mainly after the intersection of the railroad, because after it the miners came even from the states of Mato Grosso and Bahia. Regarding the corpus, it was constituted through the lexical items which selection was performed from the transcribed interviews and that, after the consultation in dictionaries, like Houaiss and Villar (2009), Bluteau (1712-1728), Carvalo (1916) and Nascentes (1966), we made sure of the specificity of the vocabulary. At last, we made the analysis of these items based on the discussion about the relation between lexicon and culture, as well as those which regard the aspects concerning the motivation of the linguistic sign. Regarding the analysis method and the semantic description of the lexical units we used the theory of the lexical fields developed by Eugenio Coseriu (1977) and Horst Geckeler (1976). Thus, we believe that we contributed both for the studies carried in the Lexicology area, and for the historiography of the mentioned city.
Este estudo investigou o léxico utilizado no garimpo tendo como campo de pesquisa o município de Três Ranchos-Goiás onde a atividade teve seu auge no período de 1944 a 1981. No que se refere aos sujeitos de nossa pesquisa, foram entrevistadas treze pessoas, sendo dez ex-garimpeiros, uma esposa de garimpeiro, um fornecedor e um morador que conviveu diretamente com garimpeiros em sua infância, todos numa faixa de sessenta a oitenta anos de idade, exceto este último, que possui quarenta e oito anos. A escolha pelo vocabulário dos garimpeiros advém do fato de que a prática do garimpo serviu de grande contribuição para o processo de formação do referido município no início do século XX, pois os garimpos ficavam concentrados nas proximidades do rio Paranaíba que perpassava a cidade. A garimpagem artesanal é a atividade de onde a maioria dos moradores tirava o seu sustento, o que resultou no povoamento da cidade, principalmente após o entroncamento da estrada de ferro, pois através dela vieram garimpeiros até da região do Mato Grosso e Bahia. Quanto ao corpus, este foi constituído através dos itens lexicais cuja seleção foi realizada a partir das entrevistas transcritas e que, após a consulta em dicionários, como Houaiss e Villar (2009), Bluteau (1712-1728), Carvalho; Deus (1916) e Nascentes (1966), nos certificamos da especificidade do vocabulário. Por fim, fizemos a análise destes itens baseando-nos na discussão sobre a relação entre léxico e cultura, como também aquelas que dizem sobre os aspectos concernentes à motivação do signo linguístico. No que diz respeito ao método de análise e à descrição semântica das unidades léxicas nos servimos da teoria dos campos lexicais desenvolvida por Eugenio Coseriu (1977) e Horst Geckeler (1976). Desta forma, acreditamos que contribuímos tanto para os estudos realizados na área da Lexicologia, quanto para a historiografia do município supracitado.

Esta tese tem como propósito ratificar que o estudo lexical de manuscritos pertencentes ao códice intitulado Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati Thomé Ignácio da Costa Mascarenhas (1724-1762) muito revela a respeito da formação sociocultural da então recém-criada Capitania de Goiás, durante o ciclo do ouro. Para tanto, realizou-se a edição semidiplomática de noventa e dois documentos escritos de 1751 a 1753 em Vila Boa de Goiás, uma vez que estes abordam aspectos variados da administração, economia, política, religião, cultura, assim como da estrutura jurídica e militar local. Conferiu-se rigor à aplicação dos critérios de edição, com vistas a assegurar a sua fidedignidade e, consequentemente, de toda a pesquisa. Foram inventariados os substantivos, adjetivos e verbos para a elaboração de um Índice de Frequência e de Ocorrências dos Itens Lexicais, à luz do produzido por Ferreira et al. (2005), a fim de se obter o vocabulário empregado no corpus e de mapear os principais assuntos abordados, correlacionando-os com a frequência de uso das lexias. Procedeu-se, então, à estruturação e análise dos campos lexicais mais representativos das temáticas do corpus, com base em aspectos histórico-sociais da Capitania goiana, tendo em vista que o léxico é o nível da língua que mais se conecta ao universo extralinguístico (BIDERMAN, 1981; SAPIR, 1961). A composição dos campos lexicais baseou-se nos princípios da semântica estrutural, especificamente em teóricos como Coseriu (1977), Geckeler (1976) e Vilela (1979), levando em conta as relações semânticas entre os itens lexicais e os arquilexemas dos campos, mais especificamente, a sinonímia, a antonímia, a meronímia e a hiponímia, identificando-se também os casos de homonímia e de polissemia. Os resultados dessa pesquisa apontam que o estudo dos campos lexicais a partir das associações semânticas entre seus membros não pode prescindir da consideração do universo discursivo, bem como do contexto sociocultural no qual se fundamentam, haja vista que os significados resultam do processamento cognitivo das experiências físicas, biológicas e sociais.
This thesis aims to ratify that lexical study of manuscripts belonging to the codex titled Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati Thomé Ignácio da Costa Mascarenhas (1724-1762) reveals much about the socio-cultural formation of the newly created Capitania de Goiás, during the cycle of the gold. To this end, did realized the semi-diplomatic edition of ninety-two documents written from 1751 to 1753 in Vila Boa de Goiás, since that approach different aspects of administration, economy, politics, religion, culture, and of the regional legal and military structure. Gave up rigorous application of criteria for editing, in order to ensure its reliability and, consequently, of all the research. Were inventoried the nouns, adjectives and verbs for the preparation of an Index of Frequency and Occurrences of Lexical Items, in the light of that produced by Ferreira et al. (2005), in order to get the vocabulary used in the corpus and mapping the main subjects approached, by correlating them with the frequency of use of the lexias. Proceeded, then, to structuring and analysis of lexical fields more representative of the themes of the corpus, based on historical and social aspects Capitania de Goiás, given that the lexicon is the level of language that connects more to the extralinguistic universe ( BIDERMAN, 1981; SAPIR, 1961). The composition of lexical fields was based on the principles of structural semantics, specifically in theoretical that Coseriu (1977), Geckeler (1976) and Vilela (1979), taking into account the semantic relationships between lexical items and arquilexemas of the fields, more specifically, the synonymy, the antonymy, the meronymy and the hyponymy, identifying the cases of homonymy and polysemy. The results of this study indicate that the study of lexical fields on semantic associations among its members cant escape of the consideration of the universe of discourse, and the sociocultural context in which they are based, given that the meanings result from cognitive processing of physical, biological and social experiences.

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This study investigated and analyzed the lexical fields from the book Travel Diary of Baron Mossâmedes: 1771-1773, in relation to geographic, military, the descriptions of places, parties, religiosity and all of cultural aspects present in corpus, consisting of 63 folios. The book, edited and commented by Antonio César Caldas Pinheiro and Gustavo Neiva Coelho (2006), reports the two trips for the fourth governor of Mines of Goyazes, José de Almeida de Vasconcellos Soveral and Carvalho: the first trip departing from Rio de Janeiro to Vila Boa, then capital of Goyaz State and the second through the interior thereof. The inventory and analysis of lexias were performed according to the theory of lexical fields, developed by Eugenio Coseriu (1977) and Horst Geckeler (1971). Through this diary, you can know the history about culture in Goiás and analyze the most important lexical fields and characteristic of the people, the culture and the political and administrative organization of the Captaincy of Goyaz in that time. There was a study of the historical context about this period that can better describe the relationship between lexicon, culture and society. They were prepared the lexicographical records of lexias inventoried consulting the Bluteau dictionaries (1712-1728) and Silva (1813). Finally, it built up a glossary in order to get a better understanding of the history described in the Journal.
Este estudo investigou e analisou os campos lexicais a partir do livro Diário de Viagem do Barão de Mossâmedes: 1771-1773, em relação aos aspectos geográficos, militares, às descrições dos lugares, das festas, da religiosidade e de todos os aspectos culturais presentes no corpus, que é constituído por 63 fólios. O livro, editado e comentado por Antônio César Caldas Pinheiro e Gustavo Neiva Coelho (2006), relata as duas viagens realizadas pelo quarto governador das Minas dos Goyazes, José de Almeida de Vasconcellos Soveral e Carvalho: a primeira viagem partindo do Rio de Janeiro até Vila Boa, então capital da capitania de Goyaz; e a segunda pelo interior da mesma. A inventariação e a análise das lexias foram realizadas segundo a teoria dos campos lexicais, desenvolvida por Eugenio Coseriu (1977) e Horst Geckeler (1971). Através desse Diário, é possível conhecer a história da cultura goiana e analisar os campos lexicais mais importantes e característicos das pessoas, da cultura e da organização político-administrativa da Capitania de Goyaz na época referida. Fez-se um estudo do contexto histórico desse período para melhor descrever a relação entre léxico, cultura e sociedade. Foram elaboradas as fichas lexicográficas das lexias inventariadas consultando os dicionários Bluteau (1712-1728) e Silva (1813). Por fim, construiu-se um glossário com o intuito de se ter uma melhor compreensão da história descrita no Diário.

Si la traduction est simplement définie comme un processus de communication bilingue dont le but général est de reproduire en langue cible un texte qui soit fonctionnellement équivalent au texte de départ (Reiss 2004 : 168-169), l’approche empruntée dans la présente thèse est celle d’une opération interculturelle et systématique qui vise à capturer le message issu d’une langue étrangère, à le décrypter en tenant en compte des nuances culturelles ou inhérentes à la discipline, et à le rendre le plus clairement possible en se servant d'éléments linguistiques et extralinguistiques compréhensibles dans la langue du locuteur cible. L'objectif est de déterminer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale du sesotho, domaine qui demeure peu exploré par les spécialistes de cette langue. La problématique de ce travail repose sur la constatation que les néologismes en sesotho ne sont pas documentés de manière satisfaisante, si bien qu’il est difficile d'évaluer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale. Les études antérieures sur la morphologie, la dérivation, la composition, l’emprunt et la dénomination s’appuient sur la mesure de la productivité, soulevant la question de savoir si la traduction en soi contribue à l’enrichissement terminologique du sesotho. Le point de départ de la thèse est l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’interaction avec le monde européen a nécessité de traduire de nombreux concepts qui n’existaient pas dans les systèmes traditionnels du Lesotho, ce qui a entraîné un nouveau dynamisme qui a permis de combler des lacunes terminologiques évidentes et de s’ouvrir et de s’adapter aux nouvelles réalités. Pour mettre cette hypothèse à l’épreuve et arriver à des conclusions éclairées et fiables, je cherche à répondre à trois questions : 1) Quelle est la structure des mots sesothos par rapport à celle de l’anglais en tant que langue source de traduction en sesotho, et du français en tant que langue de rédaction de la thèse ? 2) Etant donné que le sesotho est utilisé concomitamment avec l’anglais sans pour autant être la langue d'une culture inventrice en matière technologique, quel est le rôle que joue l’emprunt dans son expansion lexicale ? 3) D’un point de vue lexicologique, comment le sesotho répond-il aux besoins terminologiques dans les domaines de spécialité techno-scientifiques ? Pour y répondre, je m'appuie sur Doke (1954) et Matšela et al. (1981) pour situer le sesotho parmi les langues bantoues, préciser les fonctions du préfixe classificateur et établir la différence entre les composés sesothos d'une part et les composés anglais et français d'autre part. J’utilise ensuite la théorie avancée par Lederer (1990) pour démontrer l’influence syntaxique, sémantique et morphologique que l’anglais a sur le sesotho et pour présenter les différents procédés d’emprunt du sesotho. Diki-Kidiri (2008), Dispaldro et al. (2010) et Baboya (2008) démontrent la nécessité de faire appel aux informateurs-spécialistes pour confirmer l’hypothèse de départ. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence qu’en effet, la traduction a contribué à l’expansion du sesotho moderne, bien que cela n’ait pas été documenté, d’où la recommandation d'un travail collaboratif entre lexicologues au Lesotho, au Botswana, en Namibie et en Afrique du Sud, pour ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives d’études linguistiques sur le sesotho et pouvoir suivre et mesurer l’évolution de la langue
Whilst translation is simply defined as a communication process whose main objective is to reproduce in the target language a text that is functionally equivalent to the source text (Reiss 2004: 168-169), the approach taken in this study views translation as an intercultural and systematic operation whose objective is to capture the message from the foreign language, to decrypt it taking into account cultural nuances or those inherent in the field at hand and to render it in the clearest possible manner using linguistic and extra linguistic elements which are comprehensible to the speaker of the target language. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of translation to the lexical expansion of Sesotho, an area which has been little explored by specialists of the language. The core issue is centred on the observation that Sesotho neologisms are not well documented, so that it is hard to measure the contribution of translation towards the lexical expansion of Sesotho. Analyses of morphology, derivation, compounding, borrowing and denomination are mainly focused on productivity in order to determine whether translation as a discipline contributes towards the creation of new words in the language.The study begins by positing the hypothesis that the interaction with the Western world necessitated the translation of numerous concepts which were absent from the then existing Sesotho systems. This process of interaction contributed a new dynamism that helped the language to bridge the terminological gap, to open up and adapt to new realities. In order to put this hypothesis to the test and arrive at well-researched and reliable conclusions, I attempt to probe three issues of concern: firstly, what is the structure of the Sesotho language compared to that of the English language as the source language of most translations into Sesotho and compared to that of the French language as the language in which this study is presented? Secondly, considering that Sesotho is used simultaneously with English even though it is not a techno-scientifically inventing language, what is the role played by the processes of borrowing in the lexical expansion of Sesotho? Thirdly, from the word-formation point of view, how does Sesotho respond to the terminological deficiencies in various fields of specialisation?To address these issues, Doke (1954) and Matšela et al. (1981) serve as references to situate Sesotho among the Bantu languages, to highlight the functions of the class prefix and to establish the difference between Sesotho and English and French compounding. Secondly, the theory advanced by Lederer (1990) serves as a springboard to analyse the syntactic, semantic and morphological influences that English has on Sesotho and to present the different borrowing processes. The third issue is addressed based on the theories presented by Diki-Kidiri (2008) while the theories proposed by Dispaldro et al. (2010) and Baboya (2008) led to the decision to call upon specialist informants to confirm the original hypothesis. The results obtained provide evidence that translation has, in fact, contributed to the lexical expansion of modern Sesotho, even though this has not been well documented. The study recommends collaborative work between Lesotho, Botswana, Namibian and South African linguists in order to open new avenues of linguistic studies on Sesotho with the aim to measure and monitor the evolution of the language

Sammanfattning Den här uppsatsen undersöker verbanvändningen i skriftlig produktion hos en grupp avancerade svenska som andraspråkselever. Studien granskar såväl kvantitativa som kvalitativa aspekter i elevernas verbordförråd. Uppsatsens syfte är att kartlägga L2-elevernas verbvokabulär med avseende på frekvens, variation, fördelning över semantiska fält samt semantisk och konstruktionsmässig korrekthet. L2-gruppens resultat kontrasteras mot en kontrollgrupp bestående av L1-elever. Undersökningsmaterialet består av 20 argumenterande uppsatser skrivna av komvuxelever med svenska som andraspråk samt 20 argumenterande uppsatser skrivna av komvuxelever med svenska som förstaspråk. Samtliga verb har extraherats, räknats och, i de fall det varit tillämpbart, satts in i ett av de 13 semantiska fält som undersökts i uppsatsen. De olika typer av inkorrekt verbanvändning som påträffats i materialet har kategoriserats utifrån feltyp. De typer av fel som varit av intresse i denna studie är konstruktionsfel i prefixverb, reflexivverb, partikelverb samt fel i verb + substantiv- kollokationer. Förutom konstruktionsfel undersöker uppsatsen även primärt semantiska fel, dvs. fel som i första hand har att göra med verbets semantiska betydelse. Undersökningsresultatet visar att verbfrekvensen hos L2-talarna är lägre i jämförelse med L1-gruppen. Orsaken därtill är att L1-uppsatserna i snitt är längre än L2-uppsatserna och därmed innehåller många fler verb. Det verkar inte föreligga någon anmärkningsvärd skillnad i verbvariationen om man ser till verben i sin helhet. Vissa semantiska fält är dock mer utbyggda och mer varierade i L1-gruppen.         Verbfrekvenstabellerna visar att andelen partikelverb är hälften så stor i L2-gruppen jämfört med L1-gruppen. Listan över de 20 vanligaste verben visar att andraspråkseleverna, vid en jämförelse med L1-eleverna, underanvänder verben få och ska och överanvänder säga, vilja och finnas. Eftersom inga fler indikationer på överanvändning av kärnverb ges i materialet måste just detta interimspråkdrag ses som en mycket begränsad företeelse hos de avancerade L2-eleverna.         De allra vanligaste feltyperna hos såväl L1- som L2-talare är av primärt semantisk karaktär. Bland dessa fel är, i L2-gruppen, fel kopplade till det semantiska fältets betydelsesidoordning vanligast. Det innebär att studien pekar mot att det som ställer till mest problem för andraspråkseleverna, när det gäller verblexikonet, är sådant som har att göra med semantisk precisering och nyansering, dvs. att välja rätt synonym.
Abstract This essay deals with lexical competence in written language production among advanced learners of Swedish as a second language. The study focuses on the use of verbs with regard to both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The aim of this essay is to examine the L2-learners verb vocabulary, paying attention to frequency, variation, distribution in semantic fields as well as semantic and constructional correctness. The results of the investigations are compared to the results of a control group consisting of L1-speakers.         The material in the present investigation consists of 40 argumentative essays written by 20 adult students with Swedish as their second language and 20 adult students with Swedish as their first language. All students were enrolled in an adult education program, attending the courses Swedish as a second language B and Swedish B at senior high school level.         All verbs have been extracted, counted and, where applicable, inserted into the 13 semantic fields which are examined in this study. Errors in connection with the use of verb have been categorized according to two major error types, i.e. constructional errors (errors connected to prefixed verbs, reflexive verbs, particle verbs, and errors in verb + noun combinations) and primarily semantic errors.         The investigation demonstrates that the verb frequency is lower in the L2-group compared to the L1-group. The higher verb frequency in the L1-group is probably due to the, on average, longer essays in that particular group.            The verb frequency tables show that use of particle verbs is twice as high in the L1-essays compared to the L2-essays. The tables of the 20 most common verbs demonstrate that L2-students, compared to the L1-students, tend to underuse certain verbs and overuse others. Three verbs that are particularly overused by the L2-students, are säga, vilja and finnas, while the verbs få and ska underused to a great extent by the same group. The tree overused verbs are nuclear verbs in their specific semantic fields (VERBAL COMMUNICATION, WISH and EXISTENCE). Apart from the overuse of these nuclear verbs the investigation material does not give further indications of overuse of nuclear verbs. This shows that overuse of nuclear verbs as an interlanguage feature is not particularly prominent in the advanced L2-learners.              There does not seem to be any notable difference in verb variation when looking at the verbs in their entirety. However, certain semantic fields are more extended and more varied in the L1-group.         In the essays written by the L1-students there are very few occurrences of constructional errors. The most frequent error type, in both student groups, is of a semantic nature. The L2-material shows that the most common semantic error is related to the horizontal structure (and not the vertical structure) of the semantic fields. This means that L2-students find it hard to differ between synonyms in the same semantic field at the same hierarchical level. The current study thus indicates that, as far as the verb vocabulary goes, the L2-students main difficulty is semantic specification, i.e. choosing the right synonym. Among the combinatory errors, the errors connected to verb + noun combinations have the highest frequency.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Paraná is a State that has a great number of ethnicities. The relationship between imigrants, especially Portuguese, Indians and, afterwards, black people has originated the social group known today as caiçara. Besides the ethnic heritage, the European imigrants have brought along cultural elements, among which stands out the fandango, genre adopted and transformed by the caiçaras. This research analyzes this cultural practice considering this new context. From the readings and researches we made about the theme some questionings emerged and became the guiding principles of our investigation: 1) which are the themes used in the fandango caiçara?; 2) which are the most frequent themes?; 3) what is the importance of this genre in Paraná’s culture?. With the porpose of finding the answers for these questions, we traced as the main objective to present some analysis of the lexical fields made up from lexical units collected from fandango songs. Intending to reach our goal we felt it was needed to investigate the caiçara’s socio-historical-cultural formation (BRANCO, 2005; DIEGUES, 2006; GARRETT, 2009; PIMENTEL; GRAMANI; CORREA, 2006), as well as the concepts of Culture and Identity (HALL, 2000, 2001; GARCÍA CANCLINI, 2009, 2011; ESCOSTEGUY, 2010), and relate them. Then, we browsed some Lexicology concepts (BIDERMAN, 2001a, 2001, b, 2001c, 1999), which were important for the research, as well as the Lexical Fields notion (ABBADE, 2011, 2006; GENOUVRIER; PEYTARD, 1974) that were the basis of our analysis. Hence, the research is lined with the Cultural Studies and with the Lexicological Studies. Thus, the corpus was composed by 26 songs from the CD Museu Vivo do Fandango (2006), which brings songs from Paraná, and the selection of the data was possible by means of the program of lexical analysis WordSmith Tools 7.0. As a result of this investigation we have gotten nine lexical fields, in which we realized that the “nature” field is the biggest, with 30 lexical units, being, this way, the main theme approached by the caiçaras on their songs.
O Paraná é um estado que abriga um grande número de etnias. O convívio de imigrantes, principalmente portugueses, juntamente com índios e, posteriormente, negros, deu origem ao grupo social hoje chamado caiçara. Além da herança étnica, os desbravadores europeus trouxeram consigo elementos culturais, dentre os quais destaca-se o fandango, gênero adotado e transformado pelos caiçaras. Esta pesquisa analisa essa prática cultural, considerando esse novo contexto. A partir de leituras e de pesquisas sobre o tema, despontaram-nos alguns questionamentos que se tornaram norteadores de nossa investigação: 1) Quais as temáticas utilizadas no fandango caiçara?; 2) Quais são os temas mais recorrentes?; 3) Qual a importância desse gênero dentro da cultura paranaense? Com o propósito de encontrar respostas a essas indagações, traçamos como objetivo geral apresentar uma análise dos campos lexicais construídos a partir das lexemas coletados em letras de músicas do fandango. Na perspectiva de alcançar o objetivo proposto, sentimos a necessidade de investigar a formação sócio-histórico-cultural caiçara (PIMENTEL; GRAMANI; CORREA, 2006; DIEGUES, 2006; BRANCO, 2005, GARRETT, 2009), os conceitos de Cultura e de Identidade (HALL, 2000, 2001; GARCÍA CANCLINI, 2009, 2011; ESCOSTEGUY, 2010) e fazer uma relação entre eles. Então, buscamos alguns conceitos da Lexicologia (BIDERMAN, 2001a, 2001, b, 2001c, 1999) que foram importantes na pesquisa, assim como a noção dos Campos Lexicais (GENOUVRIER; PEYTARD, 1974; ABBADE, 2011, 2006) que foram a base de nossas análises. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa pautada nos Estudos Culturais e nos Estudos Lexicológicos, do tipo Quantiqualitativa, que se propôs analisar o fandango caiçara. O corpus foi composto por 26 músicas integrantes do CD Museu Vivo do Fandango (2006), e o levantamento dos dados foi possível por meio do programa de análise de frequência léxica WordSmith Tools 7.0. Como resultado dessa investigação, chegamos a nove campos lexicais, dos quais verificamos que o campo “natureza” se constitui no maior, com 30 lexemas, sendo, assim, o tema principal abordado pelos caiçaras em suas músicas.

Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2008 (leicht abgeänd.).
Originaltitel: Translation-based empirical analysis in semantic domains, Titel der Diss. Originaltitel: Translation-based empirical analysis in semantic domains.

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Este estudo de caráter descritivo tem por objetivo registrar e analisar o léxico empregado pelos trabalhadores na produção artesanal de fogos, em Muniz Ferreira-BA, baseando-se nos pressupostos que norteiam a Dialetologia, a Sociolingüística, a Etnolingüística e a Lexicologia. Para tanto, buscou-se a seleção de doze informantes, de ambos os sexos, naturais de Muniz Ferreira ou residentes nela há, pelo menos, um terço de sua vida, distribuídos nas seguintes faixas etárias: 20 a 35, 36 a 50 e mais de 50 anos. Aplicou-se um questionário contendo perguntas que contemplam as diferentes etapas do processo de fabricação, de acordo com os tipos de fogos, através do qual foram registradas e identificadas as lexias peculiares a esta atividade econômica. A análise léxico-semântica dos itens reunidos em seus respectivos campos léxicos e a observação dos fatores extralingüísticos permitiram verificar de que forma as variáveis sociolingüísticas, os fatores culturais e a estrutura social da comunidade influenciam no léxico em estudo, no que tange à sua constituição e uso. A pesquisa demonstrou que o léxico empregado pelos trabalhadores compõe-se de: formas já consagradas no uso geral da língua; elementos já existentes na língua, cujos significados foram ampliados no processo de reelaboração lexical; e construções neológicas.
Salvador

p. 1-193
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Este estudo de caráter descritivo tem por objetivo registrar e analisar o léxico empregado pelos trabalhadores na produção artesanal de fogos, em Muniz Ferreira-Ba, baseando-se nos pressupostos que norteiam a Dialetologia, a Sociolinguística, a Etnolinguística e a Lexicologia. Para tanto, buscou-se a seleção de doze informantes , de ambos os sexos , naturais de Muniz Ferreira ou residentes nela há pelo menos , um terço de sua vida, distribuídos nas seguintes faixas etárias: 20 a 35, 36 a 50 e mais de 50 anos.Aplicou-se um questionário contendo perguntas que contemplam as diferentes etapas do processo de fabricação, de acordo com os tipos de fogos, através do qual foram registradas e identificadas as lexias peculiares a esta atividade econômica. A análise léxico-semântica dos itens reunidos em seus respectivos campos léxicos e a observação dos fatores extralinguístico permitiram verificar de que forma as variáveis sociolinguísticas, os fatores culturais e a estrutura social da comunidade influenciam no léxico em estudo, no que tange à sua constituição e uso. A pesquisa demonstrou que o léxico empregado pelos trabalhadores compõe-se de: formas já consagradas no uso geral da língua; elementos já existentes na língua, cujos significados foram ampliados no processo de reelaboração lexical; e construções neológicas.
Salvador

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This research is a philological and lexical, in that from the facsimile edition of the manuscripts of the books of Commitment of Black Fraternities "Arraỹal de Bomfim Comarca de Goỹaz”, current city Silvânia-GO, and of "São Joaquim de Cocal", which was on the border with Tocantins, perform editing semidiplomatic these documents under the apparatus of the standards suggested in Megale and Toledo Neto (2005). Then, from the perspective of lexical Biderman (1981, 1986, 2001), Vilela (1995), among others, inventoried the lexis that particularize these two black communities of the eighteenth century. Thus, the inventory was extended to nouns, adjectives, adjectival phrases, since the aim is not to investigate a whole class of words, but what the lexical unit can load direction regarding Brotherhoods. Then, based on considerations of field lexicon Coseriu (1977) and Geckeler (1976), we organized the data into lexical fields in order to relate them according to the composition of each section. In the analysis of the field, we understand how black associations were organized, what the purposes of its creation, as well as their relationship with the Church and the Crown, institutions that allow their creation, regulating them. Grounded the discussions about the history and culture expressed in the lexical items of Black Fraternities of Goiás, authors such as Russell-Wood (2005), Loyola (2009), Borges (2005), among others, in addition to the dictionaries of the time as Bluteau (1712-1728) Moraes and Silva (1813). This support aimed to clarify the lexis typical of their context of use and of that time, who currently may have won an extension of meaning, or fallen into disuse.
Esta pesquisa é de natureza filológica e lexical, na medida em que a partir da edição fac-símile dos manuscritos dos livros de Compromisso das Irmandades de pretos de “Arraỹal de Bomfim Comarca de Goỹaz”, atual cidade de Silvânia-GO, e de “São Joaquim de Cocal”, que ficava na divisa com Tocantins, realizamos a edição semidiplomática desses documentos sob o aparato das normas sugeridas em Megale e Toledo Neto (2005). Depois, sob a perspectiva léxica de Biderman (1981, 1986, 2001), Vilela (1995), entre outros, inventariamos as lexias que particularizam essas duas comunidades de pretos do século XVIII. Desta feita, a inventariação se estendeu a substantivos, adjetivos, locuções adjetivas, já que o objetivo não é investigar toda uma classe de palavras, mas o que a unidade lexical pode carregar de sentido referente às Irmandades. Em seguida, tomando por base as considerações sobre campo léxico de Coseriu (1977) e Geckeler (1976), organizamos os dados em campos lexicais, a fim de relacioná-los conforme a composição de cada seção. Na análise dos campos, compreendemos como as associações de pretos eram organizadas, quais as finalidades de sua criação, bem como sua relação com a Igreja e a Coroa, instituições que permitem sua criação, regulamentando-as. Fundamentaram as discussões sobre a história e a cultura expressas nos itens léxicos das Irmandades de pretos de Goiás, autores como Russell-Wood (2005), Loiola (2009), Borges (2005), entre outros, além dos dicionários da época, como Bluteau (17121728) e Moraes Silva (1813). Este suporte teve a finalidade de esclarecer as lexias próprias daquele contexto de uso e daquela época, que atualmente podem ter ganhado uma extensão de sentido, ou entrado em desuso.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em estudar as mudanças havidas nas unidades lexicais relativas ao direito de família, retiradas da parte correspondente ao assunto nas leis brasileiras das mais diversas épocas, a partir das contribuições da Lexicologia. A justificativa do trabalho deve-se ao fato da estreita relação existente entre linguagem e Direito, pois a ciência jurídica se manifesta através da linguagem e depende dela para se realizar. Para a pesquisa, analisou-se um corpus formado por palavras extraídas do Direito de Família, que mantêm relação direta com o conceito restrito de família, que engloba a trindade pai, mãe e filho e partir daí foi feito um recuo no tempo, retomando a legislação civil e penal que trata do assunto, desde as Ordenações Filipinas até os as codificações brasileiras atuais. Com isso, procurou-se observar que as alterações ocorridas tanto nos significantes, como nos significados das unidades estudadas, tais como a criação ou adaptação de palavras ocorrem com o intuito de expressar os fatos jurídicos. Assim, como pretende-se demonstrar, as mudanças nos hábitos sociais influenciam as mudanças nas leis e, conseqüentemente, provocam alterações na linguagem, que são observadas mais diretamente no léxico, fazendo uma palavra surgir ou deixar de ser usada ou ainda, adaptar-se à nova situação jurídica, confirmando a intrínseca relação entre Direito, língua e sociedade.
The aim of this dissertation consists in studying the changes towards Family Law lexical units taken out of different periods of Brazilian Laws, based on their lexicology contributions. The reason behind this written essay is the narrow relation between Language and Law, since the Juridical Science manifests itself in language and depends on it to fulfil its functions. For the research, a corpus formed by words of Family Law was analyzed; words that have a straight relation with the concept of family which embodies the trinity father, mother and son or daughter, and from this principle a retrospection in criminal and civil legislation was placed since the Philippine regulations until the current Brazilian Codifications. Hereby, it was observed the changes in the studied units signifier and signified, as well as the creation or the adaptation of words that express law facts. Therefore, as it is intended to be shown, the changes in social habits influenced the law changes, and consequently caused modifications in language that are directly observed in lexicon, causing a word to appear or not to be used anymore, providing evidences of the narrow relation among Law, Language and Society.

Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa
Banca: Marilei Amadeu Sabino
Banca: Luiz Fabiano Correa
Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em estudar as mudanças havidas nas unidades lexicais relativas ao direito de família, retiradas da parte correspondente ao assunto nas leis brasileiras das mais diversas épocas, a partir das contribuições da Lexicologia. A justificativa do trabalho deve-se ao fato da estreita relação existente entre linguagem e Direito, pois a ciência jurídica se manifesta através da linguagem e depende dela para se realizar. Para a pesquisa, analisou-se um corpus formado por palavras extraídas do Direito de Família, que mantêm relação direta com o conceito restrito de família, que engloba a trindade pai, mãe e filho e partir daí foi feito um recuo no tempo, retomando a legislação civil e penal que trata do assunto, desde as Ordenações Filipinas até os as codificações brasileiras atuais. Com isso, procurou-se observar que as alterações ocorridas tanto nos significantes, como nos significados das unidades estudadas, tais como a criação ou adaptação de palavras ocorrem com o intuito de expressar os fatos jurídicos. Assim, como pretende-se demonstrar, as mudanças nos hábitos sociais influenciam as mudanças nas leis e, conseqüentemente, provocam alterações na linguagem, que são observadas mais diretamente no léxico, fazendo uma palavra surgir ou deixar de ser usada ou ainda, adaptar-se à nova situação jurídica, confirmando a intrínseca relação entre Direito, língua e sociedade.
Abstract: The aim of this dissertation consists in studying the changes towards Family Law lexical units taken out of different periods of Brazilian Laws, based on their lexicology contributions. The reason behind this written essay is the narrow relation between Language and Law, since the Juridical Science manifests itself in language and depends on it to fulfil its functions. For the research, a corpus formed by words of Family Law was analyzed; words that have a straight relation with the concept of family which embodies the trinity father, mother and son or daughter, and from this principle a retrospection in criminal and civil legislation was placed since the Philippine regulations until the current Brazilian Codifications. Hereby, it was observed the changes in the studied units signifier and signified, as well as the creation or the adaptation of words that express law facts. Therefore, as it is intended to be shown, the changes in social habits influenced the law changes, and consequently caused modifications in language that are directly observed in lexicon, causing a word to appear or not to be used anymore, providing evidences of the narrow relation among Law, Language and Society.
Mestre

Este estudo explora a relação existente entre léxico e cultura por meio da análise em campos léxicos de neologismos verificados na língua portuguesa falada por bilíngües português-fala dialetal italiana (RCI-RS). Os dados foram extraídos de 24 entrevistas sociolingüísticas do BDSer realizadas na zona rural de Caxias do Sul, mais especificamente nas comunidades de Bevilácqua, São Braz e Santo Homobom. Foram considerados 42 neologismos por empréstimo - segundo conjugação da classificação proposta por Haugen (1972) e por Guilbert (1975) - ocorridos em unidades lexicais simples. Para estabelecer a relação entre práticas culturais e ampliação lexical os dados foram estruturados em campos léxicos, conforme Biderman (1981), integrados no formato de rede. Essa estruturação exigiu a realização de estudo etnográfico para que se identificasse o quadro de práticas sociais de que faz parte o emprego das unidades, justificando, dessa forma, a organização dos campos léxicos. Após a realização do estudo etnográfico, os dados foram divididos em duas redes semânticas representativas do equipamento cultural básico da comunidade de Bevilácqua.
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The present study explores the relation between lexis and culture through the analysis of neologisms by borrowing (Haugen, 1972; Guilbert, 1975) in lexical fields. The neologisms are verified in Portuguese in the speech of Italian descendants who live in a rural area of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The data were collected from 24 sociolinguistic interviews of the BDSer corpus (UCS - DELE - Mestrado em Letras e Cultura Regional). The 42 units which were analyzed are borrowings from Italian dialects still spoken in the area. To establish the relation between cultural practices and lexical innovation, the data are structured in lexical fields which are, in turn, integrated in a network format, according to Biderman (1981). The research implied an ethnographical study in order to make possible the identification of social practices associated to the use of the units, justifying, thus, the organization of the lexical fields. The data were divided into two semantic networks which represent the basic cultural equipment of Bevilácqua, one of the studied communities.

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The context of the financialization of the global economy and the corresponding world-class organizations have posed major challenges to the 21st century managers. Those responsible for their professional education - including professors and Business Schools - have faced uncertain and complex contexts. The validity of management education programs has been increasingly questioned. This study aims to investigate the changes in the Business Administration field in Brazil after the 90 s; more specifically, it focuses on the knowledge involved in management education and on the agents and their respective institutions that provide this knowledge. This includes specifically the activities of professors and researchers engaged in Master's and Doctoral programs in Business Administration at Higher Education Institutions affiliated with the government agency called CAPES, a foundation whose central purpose is to coordinate efforts to improve the quality of higher education in Brazil. Therefore, this research was conducted based on the analysis of the structure of the field of these professors and researchers in Business Administration in Brazil after the 90 s. Pierre Bourdieu s theoretical and methodological apparatus was used due to the possibility of relational understanding of social space, where the agents - whose power is asymmetrically distributed - occupy and fight over positions. Several studies demonstrate the predominance of American authors in the Brazilian scientific production, which is, therefore, basically functionalist. On the other hand, around the 90 s, the American hegemony became refuted, especially by researchers who started to demonstrate greater intellectual independence to that traditional mainstream epistemology. This emerging group has been inspired by the Critical Management Studies (CMS), originated in the UK. The conclusion of the present study allowed the understanding of part of the oppositions and affinities that organize this field, its transformations, and the strategies of two rival groups of agents, constituting the arena of the organizational studies. On the other hand, although weakly adherent of the 'new entrants' denomination, the changes that took place after the 90 s can be said to be easily identified and often institutionalized. This study also revealed the intensified debates and systematization towards the construction of a particular epistemology of this discipline, which not only contribute to the improvement of the administrative theory, but also provides means to promote the future development of Business Administration.
O contexto da financeirização, da economia global e correspondentes empresas classe mundial , invocam constantes desafios aos gestores do século XXI. Os responsáveis por sua formação incluindo aí professores e Escolas de Negócios deparam-se, de forma análoga, com cenários complexos e incertos. Questionamentos sobre a validade dos modelos de formação de gestores são frequentes neste momento. O presente trabalho se propõe a investigar as transformações ocorridas no campo de estudos em Administração no Brasil pós anos 90. Mais exatamente, interessa-se pelo conhecimento que responde pela formação do gestor. Os agentes e respectivas instituições - que produzem este conhecimento constituem o foco da pesquisa. Consideramos como tal a atividade dos professores/ pesquisadores alocados nos programas de Mestrado e Doutorado dos cursos de Administração das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) que se filiam obrigatoriamente ao organismo governamental denominado Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), responsável por melhorias no ensino superior no Brasil. A pesquisa foi construída, portanto, em torno da análise da estrutura do campo desses professores/ pesquisadores em Administração no Brasil pós anos 90. Optamos pela utilização do aparato teórico-metodológico de Pierre Bourdieu pela possibilidade de apreensão relacional do espaço onde os agentes cujo poder é distribuído de forma assimétrica ocupam e lutam por posições. Diversos trabalhos demonstram a predominância de autores americanos a embasar a produção nacional que, consequentemente, termina por ter forte inclinação funcionalista. Por outro lado, em torno dos anos 90, a hegemonia americana passa a ser mais fortemente contestada, especialmente por pesquisadores que passam a demonstrar maior independência intelectual em relação às tradições epistemológicas do mainstream. A inspiração para este grupo emergente são os chamados Critical Management Studies (CMS) originados no Reino Unido. A conclusão da pesquisa permitiu apreender parte das oposições e afinidades que organizam o campo, suas transformações e as estratégias dos dois grupos de agentes rivais, constituindo a denominada arena dos estudos organizacionais. Por outro lado, mesmo pouco aderentes à denominação novos entrantes , podemos assumir que são claras e muitas das vezes institucionalizadas as transformações ocorridas no pós anos 90. A pesquisa evidenciou ainda o aumento de debates e sistematizações no sentido da construção de epistemologia específica da disciplina, que não apenas contribuem para o aperfeiçoamento da teoria administrativa como também apontam caminhos para os desenvolvimentos futuros da Administração.

The work attempts to contribute to mapping of the lexical field of HOLINESS in Old English prosaic texts. The lexical field in this work is represented by four adjectives (halig, gebletsod, gesælig, gehalgod) which are chosen from the Thesaurus of Old English. The mapping is conducted in the York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose by identifying morphological and syntactical categories of each adjective (predicative, attributive, postpositive functions, comparative and superlative forms; modification by adverbs) as well as the collocational sets (conceptual fields). The results then show the way in which the given adjectives differ in named categories.

During the period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the 16th century marked the age of development resulting in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, which led to the flourishing of religious writing, including translations of the Holy Bible. Attempts made to propagate the doctrines of every form of Christianity to wider audience led to the publication of the Biblical translations from original languages (Greek, Aramaic or Hebrew) and Latin, sometimes modelled also on the contemporary translations of the Bible, into other vernacular languages. The form of translations was influenced by the disagreements between their creators, the authors'skills, as well as the adoption of various translations and translation techniques. The differences between translations are evident, among others, on the linguistic level, including lexis. It demonstrates the quality of the 16th century Polish language in the following respects: the stabilization of certain lexemes; the evolution of vocabulary, its diversity and limitations associated with conveying the meaning of foreign words in Polish. The subject of this dissertation is the analysis of lexis concerning the aspects of everyday life in ancient Palestine, excerpted from the ten sixteenth-century translations of the Gospels into Polish. These are: Catholic translations (the New Testament edited by Scharffenberg in 1556, the Leopolita Bible of 1561 and translations by Jakub Wujek of 1593 and 1599), Lutheran (the Gospel According to Matthew of 1551 and The Complete New Testament of 1553 by Stanisław Murzynowski), Calvinist (The Brest Bible of 1563) and Arian (the New Testament of 1570 and a complete translation of the Holy Bible of 1572 by Szymon Budny, as well as the New Testament of Martin Czechowic of 1577). The research was done by means of the transcriptions of translations available at: www.ewangelie.uw.edu.pl, created as a part of the project Sixteenth-Century Translations of the Gospels (Polish Szesnastowieczne przekłady Ewangelii), completed at the University of Warsaw supervised by Izabela Winiarska-Górska. The textual analysis involves two levels of description. The first includes the equivalence between the original Greek and Latin texts and their Polish translations, as well as the correspondence between the translations. The second was an attempt to determine the structure of excerpted lexis on Polish ground, as well as to present the correlation and dependence between the analysed words. For this purpose, the field analysis methodology was employed to identify the aspects of life that are relevant for the Middle Eastern culture and the old Republic of Poland. Eight lexical and semantic fields were distinguished, which included vocabulary relating to landforms, space development, objects and tools, food, dress, diseases and body care, units of measurement, means of payment and transport. Moreover, each field consists of semantic units in the form of individual words and syntactic derivatives, that is a group of words whose meaning is not deducible from those of the individual words. The approach of genetic characterization (division of the foreign and native words), formal and semantic content of collected words has been employed. The semantic relations between individual lexemes have also been examined. The terms: equivalent, synonym, partial equivalent, context equivalent or substitute have been adopted in the analysis. The study has shown that the main spheres of everyday life described by the Evangelists, which are reflected in the Polish translations, are the organization of space, including the distinction of larger administrative units, such as the country, region, management of urban and rural areas (construction of public utility buildings, such as secular and religious, residential and commercial buildings, as well as their facilities, such as everyday objects and working tools), as well as food and its preparation. Foreign lexemes referring to selected aspects of life are often conveyed by several different Polish words that form synonymous lines (gumno – stodoła – spichlerz, gospoda – dom gościnny – gościniec – złożenie, stolica – stolec – stołek). They are composed not only of native words but also borrowings (włocznia – oszczep – kopija, lichtarz – świecznik). Leaving the original transcriptions of foreign words, using borrowings from languages other than Greek or Latin, and derivation increase the number of words describing the daily life of Palestine, which are also given by lexemes that illustrate life in Polish cities and villages of the Renaissance. It is evident particularly in the vocabulary of the range of clothing (kurdwan, szkornia, trzewik, żupica) and spatial management (folwark, powiat, ratusz, targ).
Szesnasty wiek to w Rzeczpospolitej m.in. czas reformacji i kontrreformacji oraz związanego z nimi przyrostu drukowanego piśmiennictwa religijnego, w tym tłumaczeń Pisma Świętego. Dążenie do przekazania szerszemu gronu odbiorców doktryn właściwych każdemu odłamowi religii chrześcijańskiej doprowadziło do pojawienia się przekładów Biblii z języków oryginalnych (w wypadku Nowego Testamentu z greckiego) oraz łaciny, wzorowanych niekiedy także na ówczesnych przekładach Biblii na inne języki wernakularne. Na kształt translacji wpłynęły m.in. polemiki między ich twórcami, kompetencje autorów, a także przyjęcie różnych podstaw tłumaczeń oraz technik translatorskich. Różnice między przekładami uwidaczniają się m.in. na płaszczyźnie językowej, w tym leksykalnej. Pokazuje ona stan ówczesnej polszczyzny w tym zakresie: z jednej strony stabilizację pewnych środków leksykalnych, z drugiej ewolucję zasobu słownictwa, jego bogactwo i ograniczenia związane z oddawaniem w języku polskim znaczenia obcych słów. Przedmiotem rozprawy jest analiza leksyki dotyczącej realiów życia codziennego starożytnej Palestyny, wyekscerpowanej z dziesięciu XVI-wiecznych przekładów Ewangelii na język polski. Są to: przekłady katolickie (Nowy Testament wydany przez Szarffenberga w 1556 roku, Biblia Leopolity z 1561 i przekłady Jakuba Wujka z 1593 i 1599 roku), luterańskie (Ewangelia według św. Mateusza z 1551 roku oraz Nowy Testament zupełny z 1553 roku autorstwa Stanisława Murzynowskiego), kalwińskie (Biblia brzeska z 1563 roku) i ariańskie (Nowy Testament z 1570 roku i całościowy przekład Pisma Świętego z 1572 roku, oba autorstwa Szymona Budnego, a także Nowy Testament Marcina Czechowica z 1577 roku). W pracy wykorzystano transkrypcje przekładów znajdujące się na stronie internetowej www.ewangelie.uw.edu.pl, powstałej w ramach projektu Szesnastowieczne przekłady Ewangelii, zrealizowanego na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim pod kierunkiem Izabeli Winiarskiej-Górskiej. Analiza materiału badawczego przebiega na dwóch płaszczyznach opisu. Pierwsza obejmuje przedstawienie ekwiwalencji między greckim tekstem oryginalnym i przekładem łacińskim a polskimi tłumaczeniami, a także odpowiedniości między samymi translacjami. W ramach drugiej została dokonana próba określenia struktury wyekscerpowanej leksyki na gruncie polskim, a także przedstawienia związków i zależności między badanymi wyrazami. W badaniu wykorzystano metodologię analizy polowej leksyki, dzięki której możliwe było wskazanie wycinków rzeczywistości szczególnie ważnych z punktu widzenia dawnej kultury bliskowschodniej, ale także XVI-wiecznej Rzeczpospolitej, bo niektóre z realiów biblijnych oddawane były w kategoriach polskich. Wydzielono osiem pól leksykalnosemantycznych, w których znalazło się słownictwo dotyczące ukształtowania terenu, zagospodarowania przestrzeni, używanych przedmiotów i narzędzi, pożywienia, ubioru, 1 chorób i pielęgnacji ciała, jednostek miary, środków płatniczych i transportu. Leksyka należąca do każdego z pól to jednostki znaczeniowe w postaci pojedynczych wyrazów i synonimicznych wobec nich derywatów składniowych, czyli połączeń wyrazowych o znaczeniu globalnym. Dokonano charakterystyki genetycznej (podział na wyrazy obce i rodzime), formalnej, a przede wszystkim semantycznej zebranych słów. Wskazano również relacje semantyczne między analizowanymi leksemami, zwracając uwagę na relacje polisemii, synonimii, hiperoi hiponimii, a w wypadku ekwiwalencji leksykalnej stosując terminy takie, jak: odpowiednik, synonim, odpowiednik częściowy, odpowiednik kontekstowy bądź substytut. W badaniu wykazano, że główne odzwierciedlone w polskich przekładach sfery życia codziennego, na które zwracają uwagę Ewangeliści, to organizacja przestrzeni, w tym podział na jednostki administracyjne, jak kraj, region, organizacja przestrzeni miejskiej i wiejskiej oraz ich zagospodarowanie (wznoszenie budynków użyteczności publicznej – świeckich i religijnych, budynków mieszkalnych i gospodarczych, a także ich wyposażenie w różne przedmioty użytku codziennego i narzędzia pracy), oraz jedzenie i jego przyrządzanie. Obce leksemy nazywające wybrane wycinki realiów oddawane są często kilkoma różnymi polskimi wyrazami, które tworzą szeregi synonimiczne, np. gumno – stodoła – spichlerz, gospoda – dom gościnny – gościniec – złożenie, stolica – stolec – stołek. Są one złożone nie tylko z leksemów rodzimych, lecz także zapożyczonych, np. włocznia – oszczep – kopija, lichtarz – świecznik. Pozostawianie w przekładach transkrypcji obcych słów, używanie zapożyczeń z języków innych niż greka lub łacina, a także derywacja to sposoby zwiększające liczebność leksemów nazywających realia życia codziennego Palestyny, które oddawane są również za pomocą leksyki obrazującej życie w polskich miastach i wsiach okresu Renesansu. Widoczne jest to zwłaszcza w słownictwie z zakresu ubioru (kurdwan, szkornia, trzewik, żupica) i zagospodarowania przestrzeni (folwark, powiat, ratusz, targ).

碩士
國立中央大學
資訊工程學系在職專班
107
Sequence labeling model has been widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Ex: Named Entity recognition (NER), Part-Of-Speech tagging (POS) and Word Segmentation. Named Entity Recognition (NER) is one of the important tasks of Natural Language Processing because it can extract unnamed articles and extract them into pre-defined categories, such as person name, place name, organization, etc. Most of the research in Named Entity Recognition (NER) focused on English data. In English, spaces are usually used for dividing words, and each word has its own meaning. While in Chinese, each characters contains different information, different location of the vocabulary, may represent different meanings, so Chinese is without explicit word delimiters. However, the traditional machine learning of Chinese Named Entity Recognition (CNER), most of them use statistical methods and take the Conditional Random Field (CRF) to complete the sequence labeling task. Therefore, it only can capture local features. It is a challenging and forward-looking task to capturing long-range context information in Chinese dataset, determine the correct semantic meaning of the current word, and correctly identify the named entity. In order to overcome the challenges, this study used the deep learning Condition Random Fields to execute Chinese Named Entity Recognition task. Firstly, training a word vector model to convert characters to numeric data. And used convolutional layer, bidirectional GRU layer, and the memory layer that integrates external memory contains long-range context information. Making the task different from usual, only can capture local information, but can obtain rich message of article. Also by feature extraction generate some lexical features[1]. And use a automatically trained variable of deep learning model to automatically adjust the weight of word embedding and lexical features. In addition of long-range article information, the model also can fully obtain the hidden information of article. The data set used in this research includes PerNews which is online articles collected using custom crawler as training data and online news articles as test data, and SIGHAN Bakeoff-3. According to the results, the model proposed in this research achieve 91.67% tagging accuracy in the online social media data. The result is significantly higher than the model that doesn’t add memory layer by 2.9%. And then the word embedding and lexical features are added, compared with the basic memory model increase 6.04%. The model proposed in this study also achieve the highest F1-score 92.45% at location name entity recognition performance and 90.95% overall recall rate in SIGHAN-MSRA dataset.

Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado em Português como Língua Estrangeira e Língua Segunda (PLELS) apresentado à Faculdade de Letras
Este projeto tem como objetivo selecionar léxico de aprendizagem adequado para os aprendentes da língua portuguesa do nível A1 (segundo o QECRL-Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas). Trata-se, nomeadamente, de desenvolver recursos digitais para o desenvolvimento do léxico de aprendentes de PLNM (Português Língua Não Materna) do nível A1 no âmbito temático das refeições e alimentação. Como sabemos, o léxico ocupa um papel essencial e muito importante na aprendizagem de uma língua, seja língua materna (LM), seja língua não materna (LNM). Com o desenvolvimento de tecnologia, o uso de recursos digitais facilita o domínio de léxico. Neste projeto apresenta-se o uso do aplicativo Anki (cartões com 2 faces) que ajuda os aprendentes do nível A1 a memorizarem as palavras relativas a alimentação e às refeições com mais eficácia a longo prazo. Para concretizar o projeto, desenvolveram-se uma série de processos: a seleção das palavras, das imagens e das gravações-áudio do léxico, bem como a verificação das respetivas divisões silábicas e das transcrições fonéticas. Além disso, para evitar efietos de ambiguidade das imagens, administrou-se também um inquérito a falantes nativos do português europeu de diferentes idades, sexos e nível de escolaridade.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This project aims at selecting appropriate lexicon for students of Portuguese as a foreign language (PFL) of the A1 level (according to the CEFRL- Common European Framework of Reference for Language). Specifically, the project consists in the development of digital resources for learning the lexicon of the thematic field of meals and food by A1 level students of PFL. As we all know, the lexicon plays a very essential and important role in learning a language, whether the mother language or a non native language. With the development of tecnology,the use of digital resources facilitates the assinilation of the lexicon. This project prests the use of the application Anki (cards with 2 sides) that helps A1 level students to memorize efficiently the selected lexicon in the long term. To fulfil the project, a series of processes have been undetaken: the selection of the words, the images, and the audio recordings of the words, besides the verification of their syllable divisions and phonetic transcriptions. Moreover, to avoid the effects of ambiguity of the images, an inquiry was conducted with native speakers of European Portuguese of different ages, genders and education levels........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The dissertation is devoted to the complex comparative analysis of the semantics of lexical units of lexical-semantic field smell. The work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, lists of bibliography and dictionaries. There are the volume and composition of lexico-semantic fields smell defined, principles of its organization in Russian and Chinese languages identified, the semantics of the nuclear units and comparative analysis of sites of lexico-semantic field describes, the national specifics of Russian olfaktor’s picture of the world in comparison with the Chinese shows in the work. This work is intended for specialists who are interested in the similarities and differences between the Chinese and Russian language picture of the world.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному сопоставительному анализу семантики лексических единиц лексико-семантического поля запах. Работа включает введение, три главы, заключение, списки использованной литературы и словарей. В работе определены объем и состав лексико-семантического поля, выявлены принципы его организации в русском и китайском языках, описана семантика ядерных единиц и проведен сопоставительный анализ участков лексико-семантического поля, показана национальная специфика русской ольфакторной картины мира в сопоставлении с китайской. Работа предназначена для специалистов, которых интересуют сходства и различия между русской и китайской языковыми картинами мира.

Tematem rozprawy uczyniono analizę wycinka słownictwa poezji Wacława Potockiego (1621–1696). Na potrzeby badań ekscerpcji poddano próbę tekstową objętości 3000 linijek (wersów) pochodzących z trzech najbardziej znanych dzieł barokowego poety, to jest Transakcji wojny chocimskiej, Ogrodu nie plewionego i Moraliów. Podstawę źródłową badań stanowiło trzytomowe wydanie Dzieł W. Potockiego w edycji Leszka Kukulskiego (1987). Integralną częścią dysertacji stał się słownik języka autora, gromadzący całość zebranego materiału leksykalnego. Oprócz tegoż Słownika języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), liczącego 6116 jednostek hasłowych, do pracy dołączono również dwa inne leksykony języka idiolektu, zawierające 1149 związków frazeologicznych (Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego – SFWPot) oraz 679 łączliwych związków wyrazowych (Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego – SKWPot). Na podstawie haseł SJWPot przeprowadzono kilkupłaszczyznową analizę językoznawczą, która przybrała postać analizy etymologicznej, słowotwórczej, semantycznej i leksykograficznej. Pomocniczo zgromadzoną leksykę poddano także analizie rejestrująco-opisowej, statystycznej, onomastycznej oraz analizie porównawczej. Każdy z wymienionych typów analizy miał na celu zbadanie wyekscerpowanego materiału pod innym kątem. Tak więc dzięki analizie genetycznej możliwe stało się oszacowanie, jaki procent słownictwa utworów W. Potockiego stanowiły jednostki rodzime, a jaki wyrazy obce. Wśród tych ostatnich za interesujące uznano zwłaszcza to, z którego języka wybrany pisarz czerpał najwięcej inspiracji. A zatem czy była to bardzo rozpowszechniona w XVII w. łacina, czy może W. Potocki preferował inne źródła zapożyczeń, np. niemieckie i czeskie? Zenon Klemensiewicz dowodził zbytniego nasycenia poezji autora Moraliów latynizmami, podczas gdy Aleksander Brückner wskazywał na dominujące w niej pożyczki węgierskie, tatarskie oraz ruskie. Autorka dysertacji starała się ustosunkować do opinii wymienionych badaczy, próbując zarazem dociec, w jakim stopniu ich sądy znalazły potwierdzenie w zebranym materiale. Z kolei słowa Janusza S. Gruchały zmotywowały ją do sprawdzenia, jak prezentuje się zgromadzone słownictwo pod względem realizowanych w jego obrębie kategorii, technik oraz typów słowotwórczych. Informacji na ten temat dostarczyła analiza strukturalna leksyki rodzimej, w tym analiza jednostek derywowanych od innych wyrazów już po wyodrębnieniu się języka polskiego ze wspólnoty prasłowiańskiej. Przyjęcie synchroniczno-diachronicznej perspektywy badawczej pozwoliło wskazać na pewne upodobania indywidualne W. Potockiego w zakresie tworzenia jednostek leksykalnych, jak też umożliwiło ono wysnucie pewnych wniosków dotyczących całego średniopolskiego podsystemu słowotwórczego polszczyzny. Dzięki obranemu trybowi postępowania chociaż w części możliwe stało się wypełnienie luki powstałej po opracowaniu przez językoznawców wzorca opisu staropolskiego systemu słowotwórczego (Kleszczowa, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2015), a jeszcze wcześniej – współczesnego (Grzegorczykowa, Laskowski i in, 1999). Strukturę tematyczną zebranego materiału zbadano z zastosowaniem metody pól leksykalno-semantycznych, wzorując się na podziale polowym słownictwa staropolskiego w opracowaniu Stanisława Dubisza. Zasadniczym celem tego etapu analizy było sprawdzenie, wokół jakich kręgów znaczeniowych sytuowało się słownictwo dzieł twórcy Ogrodu nie plewionego. Stosunki jakościowo- -ilościowe zaobserwowane pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi zbiorami wyrazów miały pomóc stwierdzić, czy najpłodniejszy poeta epoki baroku rzeczywiście interesował się „wszystkim” i „wszystkimi”. Dotychczas bowiem badacze tej spuścizny literackiej podkreślali ogromną różnorodność tematów w niej poruszanych. Kolejny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza leksykograficzna materiału, mająca na celu udokumentowanie kilkuset haseł SJWPot w reprezentatywnych opracowaniach słownikowych. Aby warstwę leksykalną utworów XVII-wiecznego autora móc ukazać w przekroju synchroniczno- -diachronicznym, kwerendą objęto słowniki gromadzące zasób wyrazowy polszczyzny, począwszy od epoki staropolskiej po początek wieku XIX. Były nimi: Słownik staropolski, Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku, Słownik języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego oraz leksykon pisarza w postaci Słownika języka Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Ze względu na obszerność prezentowanego materiału zrezygnowano zaś z oddzielnych rozdziałów poświęconych wyekscerpowanym nazwom własnym i frazeologizmom. Przedłożona rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów, w tym dwóch rozdziałów teoretycznych i trzech analitycznych. Po krótkim Wstępie informującym o celach, założeniach i strukturze pracy w rozdziale pierwszym autorka uzasadnia wybór tematu badawczego, objaśnia kryteria doboru próby materiałowej i podaję jej zakres, a także prezentuje stan badań nad twórczością W. Potockiego. Dalsza część rozdziału pierwszego zawiera charakterystykę epoki, w której żył i tworzył autor Moraliów, oraz omówienie najważniejszych pojęć i terminów związanych z barokiem. W tym fragmencie dysertacji zamieszczono również kalendarium życia i twórczości XVII-wiecznego poety. Rozdział drugi w całości poświęcono opisowi metodologii, kierunków i narzędzi badawczych wykorzystanych podczas analizy wybranego wycinka języka pisarza. Część teoretyczną pracy kończy podrozdział zatytułowany: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. Trzeci rozdział rozpoczyna część analityczną rozprawy i stanowi zarazem jej najobszerniejszy fragment. Tworzą go dwa mniejsze podrozdziały, wyodrębnione na podstawie wyników analizy genetycznej przyjętej próby materiałowej. W pierwszej części rozdziału zaprezentowano zbiór słownictwa rodzimego, w obrębie którego odpowiednio wcześniej wydzielono wyrazy podstawowe (niederywowane na gruncie polskim) oraz pochodne słowotwórczo. Ważny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza strukturalna tych ostatnich, polegająca na pogrupowaniu jednostek motywowanych słowotwórczo według typów, kategorii i technik derywacyjnych. W części drugiej rozdziału trzeciego, zawierającej charakterystykę zapożyczeń, umieszczono dane jakościowo-ilościowe obrazujące podział leksemów obcych według źródła pochodzenia, przedmiotu zapożyczenia oraz stopnia ich przyswojenia do polskiego systemu językowego. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono wyniki analizy leksykalno-semantycznej materiału, przeprowadzonej przy użyciu metody pól wyrazowych. Jeden z podrozdziałów rozdziału czwartego przeznaczono na charakterystykę słownictwa zgromadzonego w polu <„Metajęzyk” człowieka>, w którym to polu, zgodnie z przyjętą klasyfikacją, oprócz większości wyrazów funkcyjnych znalazły się również wyekscerpowane nazwy własne. Rozdział piąty dysertacji traktuje przede wszystkim o wynikach badań statystycznych. Ponadto w rozdziale tym omówiono wyniki badań leksykograficznych, obejmujących określony wycinek słownictwa dzieł W. Potockiego. Wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy mieści syntetyzujące Zakończenie. Rozprawę zamykają: wykaz stosowanych skrótów i oznaczeń, indeks tabel znajdujących się w tekście głównym rozprawy, bibliografia uwzględniająca słowniki i inne źródła (elektroniczne) oraz dwuczęściowy aneks w wersji tradycyjnej i multimedialnej. Pierwszą część aneksu stanowią tabele załączone do dysertacji wraz z indeksem do nich. Drugi z aneksów, umieszczony na nośniku elektronicznym (płyta CD), zawiera trzy słowniki gromadzące leksykę utworów wybranego autora, tj. SJWPot, SFWPot oraz SKWPot. „Język J.Ch. Paska reprezentuje zasób leksykalny przeciętnego Polaka szlachcica z XVII wieku” – stwierdziła niegdyś Maria Borejszo w jednym z artykułów traktujących o leksyce Pamiętników Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Wnioski wyprowadzone z analizy porównawczej ujawniły podobieństwo jakościowo-ilościowe łączące warstwę słowną tekstu prozatorskiego z materiałem wyekscerpowanym z wycinka poezji W. Potockiego. Zarówno autor Ogrodu nie plewionego, jak i Jan Chryzostom Pasek najczęściej posługiwali się w swoich utworach wyrazami odziedziczonymi przez polszczyznę po wiekach poprzednich, w tym dużą liczbą jednostek niepodzielnych słowotwórczo i o najstarszej genezie w naszym języku. Wbrew też przypuszczeniom wysuwanym przez badaczy polszczyzny okresu średniopolskiego, żaden z autorów nie nadużywał zapożyczeń z języków obcych, przy czym XVII-wieczny poeta sięgał po nie rzadziej niż pamiętnikarz. Wacław Potocki okazał się tradycjonalistą językowym nie tylko w zakresie doboru słownictwa rodzimego, lecz także obcego i częściej niż średniopolskie latynizmy stosował w swoich wierszach pożyczki niemieckie, przejęte do polszczyzny przeważnie już w średniowieczu. Podobnie jak słownictwo zapożyczane z innych języków były to w zdecydowanej większości pożyczki formalnosemantyczne przyswojone drogą słuchową i spełniające określoną (utylitarną) funkcję w tekście. W przeciwieństwie do prozy Pamiętników J.Ch. Paska poezja W. Potockiego okazała się wolna od wspomnianej przez M. Borejszo „powodzi” makaronizmów, co jednak należy uznać za typowe dla ówcześnie powstających utworów wierszowanych.
The subject of this dissertation is the analysis of a part of Wacław Potocki's poetry vocabulary. For the purposes of the study, a text sample of 3000 verses from three representative works of the 17th-century poet (Transakcja wojny chocimskiej, Ogród nie plewiony, Moralia) was excerpted. The three-volume edition of Wacław Potocki's Dzieła edited by Leszek Kukulski (1987) was adopted as the source for the study. A dictionary of the author's language is an integral part of the dissertation, bringing together all the collected lexis: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego (SFWPot) and Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego (SKWPot). On the basis of the SJWPot entries a linguistic analysis was conducted at several levels: etymological, word-formation, semantic and lexicographical. The collected lexica was auxiliary subjected to register-descriptive, statistical, onomastic and comparative analysis. The adoption of a synchronic-diachronic research perspective has made it possible to point to certain preferences of Wacław Potocki in the creation of lexical units, as well as to draw certain conclusions concerning the entire medieval Polish vocabulary subsystem. The thematic structure of the collected material was examined using the method of lexical-semantic fields. The next stage of the research was a lexicographic analysis of the material, aimed at documenting several hundred SJWPot entries in representative dictionary studies. The search covered five dictionaries collecting Polish word resources from the Old Polish period to the beginning of the 19th century. The dissertation consists of five chapters, including two theoretical and three analytical ones. After a short introduction informing about the aims, assumptions and structure of the work in the first chapter, the author justifies the choice of the research topic, explains the criteria for the selection of the material sample and gives its scope, as well as presents the state of research into the works of Wacław Potocki. The next part of chapter one contains the characteristics of the epoch, in which the author of Moralia lived and worked, and a discussion of the most important concepts and terms associated with the Baroque. In this part of the work there is also a calendar of life and work of the seventeenth-century poet. The second chapter is entirely devoted to the description of methodology, directions and research tools used in the analysis of a selected fragment of the writer's language. The theoretical part of the work ends with a subsection entitled: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. The third chapter begins the analytical part of the dissertation and constitutes its most extensive fragment. It consists of two smaller subsections, distinguished on the basis of the results of the genetic analysis of the material sample. In the first part of the chapter a set of native vocabulary is presented, within which basic (non-derivative) words and words derived from it are distinguished. The first stage of the research was a structural analysis of the latter, consisting in grouping the vocabulary-motivated units according to types, categories and derivational techniques. In the second part of the third chapter, which was devoted to the characteristics of borrowings, the qualitative-quantitative data were placed showing the division of foreign lexemes according to the source of origin, the object of borrowing and the degree of their assimilation into the Polish language system. The fourth chapter presents the results of lexical-semantic analysis of the material, conducted with the use of the word field method. The fifth chapter deals mainly with the results of statistical research. In addition, the chapter discusses the results of lexicographic research, covering a specific section of vocabulary of Wacław Potocki's works. Conclusions from the conducted analysis are included in the conclusion. The dissertation ends with a list of abbreviations and designations used, an index of tables included in the main text of the dissertation, a bibliography including dictionaries and other sources and a two-part appendix in traditional and multimedia versions. The first part of the appendix consists of tables attached to the dissertation together with an index to them. The second part of the appendix, placed on an electronic carrier, contains three dictionaries collecting the lexicon of works of a selected author – SJWPot, SFWPot and SKWPot. As the analysis has shown, Wacław Potocki most frequently used words inherited by the Polish language from previous centuries, including a large number of units with indivisible vocabulary and the oldest origins in our language. Contrary to the assumptions put forward by scholars of the Polish language of the Middle Polish period, the author of Moralia did not overuse borrowings from foreign languages. Wacław Potocki turned out to be a traditionalist not only in his choice of native vocabulary, but also of foreign languages, and more often than Middle Polish latinisms, he used German loans in his poems, which were brought into Polish mostly as early as the Middle Ages. Like the vocabulary borrowed from other languages, these were mostly formal- -semantic loans acquired by ear and fulfilling a utilitarian function in the text. In contrast to the prose of Pamiętniki of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Wacław Potocki's poetry turned out to be free of macaronisms, which, however, should be considered typical of poems written at that time.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ELT METHODOLOGY Relationships between the borrowed Old Norse adjectives in English and their Old English counterparts MA THESIS Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Jan Čermák, CSc. Author: Světlana Müllerová Abstract: The aim of this MA thesis is to examine the relationship between six word pairs, each comprising an Old Norse adjectival borrowing in Middle English and its Old English counterpart along with its Middle English reflex for further reference. The inquiry into their relationship involves an analysis of: their (i) formal aspects, (ii) syntactic properties, (iii) semantic fields and (iv) external factors possibly contributing to their obsolescence or survival, such as the restriction to certain text types or geographic localization, as suggested by the individual linguistic profiles in the Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English and Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. The description of individual semantic fields of the given words is based on their semantic classification within the Historical Thesaurus of English. This analysis is based on the occurrences of the individual words as taken from the dictionaries Middle English Dictionary and Dictionary of Old English, and related corpora Dictionary of Old English Corpus and...