Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lexical items

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lexical items'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lexical items"

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Sanker, Chelsea. "Lexical ambiguity and acoustic distance in discrimination." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4719.

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This work presents a perceptual study on how acoustic details and knowledge of the lexicon influence discrimination decisions. English-speaking listeners were less likely to identify phonologically matching items as the same when they differed in vowel duration, but differences in mean F0 did not have an effect. Although both are components of English contrasts, the results only provide evidence for attention to vowel duration as a potentially contrastive cue. Lexical ambiguity was a predictor of response time. Pairs with matching duration were identified more quickly than pairs with distinct duration, but only among lexically ambiguous items, indicating that lexical ambiguity mediates attention to acoustic detail. Lexical ambiguity also interacted with neighborhood density: Among lexically unambiguous words, the proportion of 'same' responses decreased with neighborhood density, but there was no effect among lexically ambiguous words. This interaction suggests that evaluating phonological similarity depends more on lexical information when the items are lexically unambiguous.
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Howard, David. "Lexical Anomia: Or the Case of the Missing Lexical Entries." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 4 (November 1995): 999–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401426.

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This paper reports the case of an aphasic patient, EE, with a problem in word retrieval. He is consistently unable to produce specific lexical items, which tend to be items of low rated familiarity. His retrieval of these words is not aided by the provision of phonemic cues or extra time for word retrieval. His errors consist primarily of failures to respond, and the provision of semantic information without any attempt at the target. It is argued that this pattern of performance is consistent with the loss of specific lexical items from a phonological lexicon for speech production. EE is shown to have no impairment in auditory recognition and comprehension of the lexical items that are unavailable for naming. This dissociation is problematic for theories that propose a single phonological lexicon for both word recognition and production, but is easily accounted for by separate input and output lexicons.
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Harder, Peter. "The Lexico-Syntactic Symbiosis in a Functional Perspective." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (December 2001): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/033258601753358623.

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Based on a functional approach, the article proposes a role for lexical knowledge in human languages in relation to syntactic and encyclopaedic knowledge. A lexicon presupposes encyclopaedic knowledge in terms of which the semantic domain of lexical items can be defined – but this does not mean that there is no distinction between lexicon and encyclopaedia, only that one stands on the shoulders of the other. Syntax similarly presupposes a lexicon: there can be no combinations without items to be combined, whereas you can have (holophrastic) languages consisting solely of items. However, inside the domain of human, i.e. syntactically organized languages, syntax and lexicon presuppose each other: lexical items below full utterance size make no sense except in relation to a combinatory syntax, and a combinatory syntax presupposes elements that can enter into combinations.
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HANTSON, André. "Ing-Forms as Lexical Items." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.17.1.2016701.

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Bierwisch, Manfred, and Robert Schreuder. "From concepts to lexical items." Cognition 42, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 23–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(92)90039-k.

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Jackendoff, Ray, and Jenny Audring. "Morphological schemas." New Questions for the Next Decade 11, no. 3 (December 16, 2016): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.06jac.

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We propose a theory of the lexicon in which rules of grammar, encoded as declarative schemas, are lexical items containing variables. We develop a notation to encode precise relations among lexical items and show how this differs from the standard notion of inheritance. We also show how schemas can play both a generative role, acting as productive rules, and also a relational role, where they codify nonproductive but nevertheless prolific patterns within the lexicon. We then show how this theory of lexical relations can be embedded directly into a theory of lexical access and lexical processing, such that it can make direct contact with experimental findings.
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McCray, A. T. "The Nature of Lexical Knowledge." Methods of Information in Medicine 37, no. 04/05 (October 1998): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634562.

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AbstractThis paper considers the nature of lexical knowledge and its role in language and information processing. The lexicon is the central component of language and plays a pivotal role in current linguistic theory [3, 4] and, increasingly, in natural language processing systems [5-7]. The lexicon embodies information aboutthe lexical items ofthe language and serves as the foundation for morphologic, syntactic, and semantic processing. The differences as well as commonalities among dictionaries, thesauri, and lexicons are discussed, and distinctions between words, lexical items, and terms are drawn. Next, the scope and content ofthe SPECIALIST lexicon are presented, followed by a discussion of certain writing conventions that can be troublesome for text processing applications. One approach to handling orthographic and other lexical variation is discussed in a section that reports on the design and implementation of the SPECIALIST lexical programs. The paper concludes with a discussion of controlled terminologies for the medical domain. Throughout the discussion, examples are drawn from the SPECIALIST lexicon and from the other UMLS knowledge sources [8,9].
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Paolo, Marianna Di. "Double Modals as Single Lexical Items." American Speech 64, no. 3 (1989): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455589.

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van Hout, Roeland, and Pieter Muysken. "Modeling lexical borrowability." Language Variation and Change 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001575.

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ABSTRACTIn this article, we develop analytical techniques to determine borrowability – that is, the ease with which a lexical item or a category of lexical items can be borrowed. The analysis is based on two assumptions: (1) the distribution of items in both the host and donor language should be taken into account to explain why certain items are, and others are not, borrowed; (2) the borrowability of a lexical category may result from a set of (underlying) operative factors or constraints. Our analysis is applied to Spanish borrowings in Bolivian Quechua on the basis of a set of bilingual texts.
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Vrbinc, Alenka. "Macrostructural Treatment of Multi-word Lexical Items." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 8, no. 1 (May 14, 2011): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.8.1.51-61.

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The paper discusses the macrostructural treatment of multi-word lexical items in mono- and bilingual dictionaries. First, the classification of multi-word lexical items is presented, and special attention is paid to the discussion of compounds – a specific group of multi-word lexical items that is most commonly afforded headword status but whose inclusion in the headword list may also depend on spelling. Then the inclusion of multi-word lexical items in monolingual dictionaries is dealt with in greater detail, while the results of a short survey on the inclusion of five randomly chosen multi-word lexical items in seven English monolingual dictionaries are presented. The proposals as to how to treat these five multi-word lexical items in bilingual dictionaries are presented in the section about the inclusion of multi-word lexical items in bilingual dictionaries. The conclusion is that it is most important to take the users’ needs into consideration and to make any dictionary as user friendly as possible.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lexical items"

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Mantsha, Avhavhudzani Virginia. "The lemmatization of Tshivenda lexical items." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1297.

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Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
The study focuses on the lemmatization of lexical items in Tshivenḓa. It was conducted by reviewing selected Tshivenḓa dictionaries and the lexical items investigated were nouns, locatives, verbs and adjectives. The analysis looked at the approaches used in the macro- and micro-structural treatment of these important lexical items in dictionaries. The study also covered the treatment of the morphological, syntactical and semantic aspects of these lexical items in Tshivenḓa. This research ended with recommendations that will help dictionary compilers to overcome challenges they experience when lemmatizing nouns, locatives, verbs and adjectives.
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Cenin, Arielle. "The Effect of Mixed Font Items on Lexical Decision Performance." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1463476407.

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Caink, Andrew David. "The lexical interface : closed class items in south Slavic and English." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5026/.

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This thesis argues for a minimalist theory of dual lexicalization. It presents a unified analysis of South Slavic and English auxiliaries and accounts for the distribution of South Slavic clitic clusters. The analysis moves much minor cross-linguistic variation out of the syntax into the lexicon and the level of Phonological Form. Following a critique of various approaches to lexical insertion in Chomskyan models, we adapt Emonds' (1994, 1997) theory of syntactic and phonological lexicalization for a model employing bare phrase structure. We redefine 'extended projection' in this theory, and revise the mechanism of 'Alternative Realization', whereby formal features associated with (possibly null) XP may be realised on another node. Pronominal clitics are one example of Alternative Realization. We claim that the Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian clitic cluster is phonologically lexicalized on the highest head in the extended projection. The clitic auxiliaries in SCB are not auxiliaries, but the altemative realization of features in 1º without categorial specification, hence the distribution of the clitic cluster as a whole. We show how a verb's extended projection may be extended by 'restructuring' verbs, allowing clitic climbing. In Bulgarian/Macedonian, the clausal clitic cluster appears on the highest [+V] head in the extended projection, determined by the categorial specifications of the auxiliaries. In the DP, the possessive dative clitic forms a clitic cluster with the determmer, its distribution determined by the realization of the Dº feature. SCB and Bulgarian clitic clusters require a phonological host in the domain of lexicalization: phonological lexicalization into the Wackemagel Position occurs as a 'last resort'. The treatment of auxiliaries and restructuring verbs m English and South Slavic derives from their lexical entries. Dual lexicalization and bracketing of features in the lexicon allows variation in trace licensing, optional word orders, and minor language-specific phonological idiosyncrasies.
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Simmons, Nathan G. "Semantic Role Agency in Perceptions of the Lexical Items Sick and Evil." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2658.pdf.

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Marinho, Ronnie Shida. "Desambiguação lexical de revisões de itens aplicada em sistemas de recomendação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-23102018-172800/.

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Com o intuito de auxiliar usuários na procura por produtos relevantes, sistemas Web integraram módulos de recomendação de itens, que selecionam automaticamente conteúdo de acordo com os interesses de cada indivíduo. Apesar de existirem diversas abordagens para calcular recomendações de acordo com interações disponíveis no sistema, a maioria delas sofre com a carência de informações utilizadas para caracterizar as preferências dos usuários e as descrições dos itens. Trabalhos recentes sobre sistemas de recomendação têm estudado a possibilidade de utilizar revisões de usuários como fonte de metadados, já que são criadas colaborativamente pelos indivíduos. Entretanto, ainda carecem de estudos sobre como organizar e estruturar os dados de maneira semântica. Desta maneira, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver técnicas de construção de representação de itens baseadas em descrições colaborativas para um sistema de recomendação. Objetiva-se analisar o impacto que métodos distintos de desambiguação lexical de sentido causam na precisão da recomendação, sendo avaliada no cenário de predição de notas. A partir dessa estruturação, é possível caracterizar os itens e usuários de maneira mais eficiente, favorecendo o cálculo da recomendação de acordo com as preferências do indivíduo.
Web systems integrate recommending modules for items, which automatically select content according to the interest of each individual in order to help users in the search for relevant products. Although there are diverse recommending approaches to calculate recommendations according to users preferences, most of them lack information to characterize users preferences and item descriptions. Recent researches on recommender systems have studied the possibility of using users reviews as source of metadata, because users create them collaboratively. However, the literature still lacks studies about how to organize and structure data in a semantic manner. Therefore, this study aims to develop techniques for constructing the representation of items based on collaborative descriptions for recommender systems. For this reason, it is also aimed to analyze the impact caused by distinct methods of word sense disambiguation on the precision of recommendations, which we analyzed in the scenario of ratings predictions. Our results showed that we can characterize users and items in a more efficient way, favoring the calculation of recommendations according to users preferences.
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Proost, Kristel. "Conceptual structure in lexical items : the lexicalisation of communication concepts in English, German and Dutch /." Amsterdam [u.a.] : Benjamins, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016263054&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Hendriks, Karen. "The treatment of culture-bound lexical items in bilingual dictionaries intended for a multilingual environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53691.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries play an extremely important role in a multilingual society; they can be perceived as the key instruments in the communication between different groups and speech communities. Efficient and active communication between different cultural groups is essential in the South African environment. Culture-bound lexical items and the way they are treated in bilingual dictionaries can have a great influence on this process of communication. It is evident that the misrepresentation of culture-bound lexical items in bilingual dictionaries could seriously impede communication rather than enhance it. It is of great importance that lexicographers should provide users of the dictionary with adequate guidance in their treatment of these items. In order to equip the user with the necessary skills and knowledge, the treatment of culture-bound items should go beyond the mere provision of a translation equivalent. Translation equivalents should be supplemented and supported by illustrative markers, labels, glosses, usage notes and pictorial illustrations could be of use. The particular needs of a multilingual society imply certain adaptations to the structure and nature of a bilingual dictionary. The bilingual dictionary should be adapted in terms of form, content as well as structure in order to be able to present and treat a representative amount of cultural data in a comprehensive manner. The material used for the dictionary basis should be representative of the culture of the speakers; the linguistic and cultural reality that confronts the speakers daily should be reflected in the dictionary, language contact and change should be acknowledged. Many South African languages still have a strong tradition of oral literature and the relation of oral and written texts should be represented realistically in the dictionary basis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vertalende woordeboeke speel 'n sleutelrol in die veeltalige omgewing. Hulle is naamlik van kamidale belang in die kommunikasie tussen verskillende taalgemeenskappe. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is effektiewe kommunikasie en oop kanale tussen verskillende groepe van kardinale belang. Kultuurspesifieke leksikale items en die opname en hantering van hierdie items in vertalende woordeboeke kan 'n groot invloed uitoefen op die proses van kommunikasie tussen verskillende taalgemeenskappe. Onakkurate of onvoldoende hantering van hierdie items kan ernstige misverstande tot gevolg hê en sodoende skade doen aan die proses van kommunikasie. Leksikograwe moet die gebruiker van die woordeboek voldoende leiding gee rakende die betekenis en gebruik van kultuurspesifieke leksikale items. Die gebruiker moet ook in 'n woordeboek leiding kry om die kulturele konteks van 'n gespreksituasie te kan begryp. Die hantering van kultuurspesifieke leksikale items in vertalende woordeboeke moet meer behels as die voorsiening van vertaalekwivalente. Dit moet vir die gebruiker van die woordeboek moontlik wees om kennis van die kultuur van 'n ander taalgemeenskap op te doen, asook om sy of haar kommunikasievaardighede te ontwikkel deur die gebruik van die woordeboek. Om dit te bewerkstellig, is dit nodig dat die vertaalekwivalente wat vir kultuurspesifieke leksikale items voorsien word, aangevul word deur onder andere merkers, etikette, glosse, gebruiksnotas en illustrasies. Die behoeftes van die gebruiker van die vertalende woordeboek in die veeltalige omgewing impliseer dat daar sekere aanpassings gemaak moet word aan die aard en struktuur van die vertalende woordeboek. Die vertalende woordeboek wat gemik is op 'n gebruiker in 'n veeltalige en multikulturele omgewing, moet in terme van die vorm, inhoud en struktuur aangepas word om sodoende 'n verteenwoordigende hoeveelheid van kulturele data op 'n omvattende, sinvolle wyse te kan aanbied. Die materiaal wat vir die basis van die woordeboek gebruik word, moet verteenwoordigend wees van die kultuur van die sprekers. Die woordeboek moet die werklikheid waarmee die gebruiker daagliks gekonfronteer word, in die aanbieding van data en die samestelling van die sentrale woordelys reflekteer. Die tradisie van orale letterkunde speel vandag nog 'n daadwerklike rol in die lewe van baie Suid Afrikaners en dit moet ook in die woordeboek verreken word.
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Loth, Sebastian. "Congruency and typicality effects in lexical decision." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/ca88b94a-9dc6-8735-2901-693e51645d03/11/.

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This thesis describes basic research into visual word recognition and decision making. Determining the best matching lexical representation for a given stimulus involves interactions between representations. The standard task for studying these processes is the lexical decision task (LDT), but there is still debate regarding the factors that affect how individuals make lexical decisions. The nature of lexical interactions and the processes underlying lexical decision-making were addressed here by testing response congruency effects in the masked priming variant of the LDT. The results of seven masked priming experiments showed a robust response congruency effect that depends on the difficulty of the word-nonword discrimination. This finding resolved apparent inconsistencies in previous research. The experiments were simulated using the Bayesian Reader and the Spatial Coding Model (SCM). The probability based Bayesian Reader model failed to accommodate the findings. However, a good fit to the data was provided by a modified version of the SCM in which the assumptions regarding the nature of lexical interactions were changed such that word nodes inhibit only (closely) related competitors. The model also assumes that the difficulty of the word-nonword discrimination affects the degree to which stimulus typicality informs lexical decisions. A critical issue for these experiments involved the definition of orthographic typicality. An algorithm for measuring orthographic typicality and for generating nonwords with a specific level of orthographic typicality (OT3) was developed. An unprimed LDT experiment showed that OT3 affected decision latency even when other standard measures of orthographic typicality were controlled. Two additional masked priming experiments showed that highly typical primes lead to faster word responses and slower nonword responses than less typical primes. Overall, the results of this research enhance our understanding of the processes underlying visual word recognition and lexical decision making, and also have important methodological implications for the field.
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Smallwood, Ian M. "Approaches to the teaching of vocabulary: theeffects of monolingual and bilingual presentation of lexical items onvocabulary acquisition." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31958254.

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Madubela, Ndumiso S. "Eish - when to use -ish-: a study in the verbalization of English lexical items in spoken Xhosa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33160.

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This study examines how Xhosa speakers incorporate verbs of English origin into their lexicons with a specific focus on the -ish- suffix. The study deals with historical treatments of this phenomenon and debates its relevance and applicability to current scholarship on lexical borrowing. To ensure a wide range of data sources I used a corpus derived from interviews with 30 Xhosa speakers in Cape Town, as well as from three media sources: the first is a 1-hour long talk radio programme transcribed from the national Xhosa broadcaster, UMhlobo weNene, the second an interview with a Xhosa-speaking patient on the television programme, Siyayinqoba Beat It. The third is from social media, (Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp). The demographics of participants in this study are predominantly urban dwellers. The youngest participant (from the surveys) was 16 years old and the oldest participant was 45 years old. I say “predominantly” as it was not possible to obtain specific background data to the two Xhosa speakers on radio and television. Very little work has been done on the way in which African languages speakers grammaticalize verbs of English origin – why, for example, do some adopted words like suffix -a (e.g. Ndiyamotivate-a – ‘I am motivating') while others suffix -ish-a (e.g. Ndiyastudy-ish-a – ‘I am studying'). The main finding of the study is that speakers incorporated verbs of English origin by suffixing -a and -ish- in their speech, they were not consciously code mixing: rather, they used these suffixes as just another resource available to them to make their communication more strategic. This could indicate that in certain urban settings the -ish- verbalizing suffix might become even more popular as people need to negotiate lifestyles that require new lexicons. It is hoped that this research will shed more light on this growing phenomenon and provide a framework for discussion of verbalizers within the greater canon of language change scholarship in South Africa as a whole. A primary function of this study was to formulate rules for the adoption of -ish- and -a and to provide statistical data as to which one is preferred by speakers.
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Books on the topic "Lexical items"

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McCallum-Bayliss, Heather. The modal verbs: Univocal lexical items. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1988.

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McCallum-Bayliss, Heather. The modal verbs: Univocal lexical items. Bloomington, Ind: Reproduced by the Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1988.

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Conceptual structure in lexical items: The lexicalisation of communication concepts in English, German, and Dutch. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 2007.

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Więcławska, Edyta. A contrastive semantic and phraseological analysis of the HEAD-related lexical items in diachronic perspective. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2012.

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Puente, Ivette Sánchez de. Customs and commercial lexical items and expressions: Texto de definiciones y traducciones de terminología y expresiones técnicas ... Panamá: Universidad de Panamá, 1993.

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Bugun nyo thau: Bugun reader : a collection of bugun folk tales, stories, proverbs, rituals, songs, and lexical items. Guwahati: EBH Publishers, 2015.

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Smith, Viktor. The literal meaning of lexical items: Some theoretical considerations on the semantics of complex and transferred nominals with special reference to Danish and Russian. Frederiksberg: Institut for Fransk, Italiensk og Russisk, Handelshøjskolen i København, 2000.

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Dworkin, Steven N. The medieval Hispano-Romance lexicon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the lexicon of Old Spanish. It first surveys the dictionaries and other lexical resources available to the student of the medieval language, before going on to describe briefly the various historical lexical strata and issues of lexical stability. It next offers a rich series of examples of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and function words found in Old Spanish that did not survive into the modern language. The chapter next gives examples of Old Spanish lexical doublets and of lexical items that have undergone major semantic changes over time. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the creation in Old Spanish of neologisms through such processes of derivational morphology as suffixation, prefixation, and compounding. Emphasis falls here on words that did not survive into the modern language.
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Pietroski, Paul M. Conjoining Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.001.0001.

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Humans naturally acquire languages that connect meanings with pronunciations. These distinctive languages are described here as generative procedures that respect substantive constraints. Children acquire meaningful lexical items that can be combined, in certain ways, to form meaningful complex expressions. This raises questions about what meanings are, how they can be combined, and what kinds of meanings lexical items can have. This book argues that meanings are neither concepts nor extensions, and sentences do not have truth conditions. Rather, meanings are composable instructions for how to access and assemble concepts of a special sort. More specifically, phrasal meanings are instructions for how to build monadic concepts (a.k.a. mental predicates) that are massively conjunctive, while lexical meanings are instructions for how to fetch concepts that are monadic or dyadic. This allows for polysemy, since a lexical item can be linked to an address that is shared by a family of fetchable concepts. But the posited combinatorial operations are limited and limiting. They impose severe restrictions on which concepts can be fetched for purposes of semantic composition. Correspondingly, the argument here is that in lexicalization, available representations are often used to introduce concepts that can be combined via the relevant operations.
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Gisborne, Nikolas, and Robert Truswell. Where do relative specifiers come from? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0003.

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Headed relative clauses with filled Spec,CP positions are cross-linguistically rare, but have emerged repeatedly in Indo-European languages. We explore this unusual typological fact by examining the emergence and spread of English headed wh-relatives. The major claims developed in this chapter are: (1) aspects of the diachrony of headed wh-relatives must be reduced to competing specifications of the behaviour of a given lexical item, rather than to competition among multiple forms associated with a given function; (2) headed wh-relatives spread gradually from form to form, rather than spreading gradually up the Accessibility Hierarchy as assumed in much earlier work. We suggest that the unusual typology of headed relatives with filled specifiers can then be understood in terms of inheritance of a stable set of lexical items from Proto-Indo-European, and biases affecting acquisition of the syntactic properties of these items.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lexical items"

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Grundy, Peter. "Inference and lexical items." In Doing Pragmatics, 138–57. Fourth edition. | New York, NY : Taylor and Franics, 2020: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429300301-4.

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Leschber, Corinna. "Romani Lexical items in colloquial Romanian." In Romani in Contact, 151. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.126.08les.

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Klamer, Marian A. F. "Multi-categorial items as underspecified lexical entries." In Typological Studies in Language, 299–323. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.59.16kla.

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Abdul-Raof, Hussein. "Morpho-semantic analysis of Qur’anic lexical items." In New Horizons in Qur'anic Linguistics, 79–139. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Culture and civilization in the Middle East; 56: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315670911-4.

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Komlόsi, Lászlό I. "LEXICAL MEANING VERSUS CONTEXTUAL MEANING OF CERTAIN DERIVED LEXICAL ITEMS: INFINITIVES REVISITED." In Meaning and the lexicon, edited by G. A. J. Hoppenbrouwers, P. A. M. Seuren, and A. J. M. M. Weijters, 185–89. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111647425-023.

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Warren, Beatrice. "TYPES, DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTIONS OF COVERT SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN COMPLEX LEXICAL ITEMS AND IN COMBINATIONS OF LEXICAL ITEMS." In Meaning and the lexicon, edited by G. A. J. Hoppenbrouwers, P. A. M. Seuren, and A. J. M. M. Weijters, 55–62. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111647425-008.

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Deppermann, Arnulf. "Conversational interpretation of lexical items and conversational contrasting." In Studies in Discourse and Grammar, 289–317. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sidag.17.15dep.

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Esser, Jürgen. "Lexical Items and Medium-Transferibility in English and German." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 173. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.171.10ess.

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Ma, Xiaojuan, and Zhanhao Jiang. "Study on Predicate-Only Lexical Items in Mandarin Chinese." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 791–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36337-5_80.

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Toury, Gideon. "Translation-specific lexical items and their representation in the dictionary." In Meaning and Lexicography, 287. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/llsee.28.23tou.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lexical items"

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Chapman, Brian E., Wei Wei, and Wendy W. Chapman. "The Frequency of ConText Lexical Items in Diverse Medical Texts." In 2012 IEEE Second International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, Imaging and Systems Biology (HISB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hisb.2012.60.

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Sucháňová, Zuzana. "LEXICAL DIVERSITY AND REFERENCE LEVELS OF LEXICAL ITEMS IN WRITTEN PERFORMANCES OF THE INCOMING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.2141.

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Liu, Chao-Lin, Chun-Hung Wang, Zhao-Ming Gao, and Shang-Ming Huang. "Applications of lexical information for algorithmically composing multiple-choice cloze items." In the second workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1609829.1609830.

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Maekawa, Kikuo, and Hiroki Mori. "Voice-Quality Difference Between the Vowels in Filled Pauses and Ordinary Lexical Items." In Interspeech 2016. ISCA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2016-1309.

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Darmawan, I. Nyoman Pasek, and Lalu Muhaimi. "Dysphemism Lexical Items of Hate Speeches: Towards Education of Students for Political Correctness." In 1st Annual Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200827.061.

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B. Daguinotas, Naomie. "Young Cebuano Speakers’ (Im)Proper Use of Selected Lexical Items of Sibuanong Binisaya." In 3rd International Academic Conference on Education. Acavent, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.iaceducation.2021.06.310.

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Fattakhova, Nailya. "THE FUNCTIONING OF LEXICAL ITEMS RAIN AND SNOW IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE FOLK OMENS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s8.026.

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Wang, Yufu, and Kui Zhu. "On the Translation of Lexical Items with Chinese Characteristics in The Economist Based on Lefevere’s Rewriting Theory." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Education Research and Social Science (ISERSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iserss-19.2019.186.

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Wang, Yufu, and Kui Zhu. "On the Translation of Lexical Items with Chinese Characteristics in The Economist Based on Lefevere’s Rewriting Theory." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Education Research and Social Science (ISERSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iserss-19.2019.25.

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Wang, Yufu, and Kui Zhu. "On the Translation of Lexical Items with Chinese Characteristics in The Economist Based on Lefevere’s Rewriting Theory." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar on Education Research and Social Science (ISERSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iserss-19.2019.330.

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