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Mantsha, Avhavhudzani Virginia. "The lemmatization of Tshivenda lexical items." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1297.
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Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013The study focuses on the lemmatization of lexical items in Tshivenḓa. It was conducted by reviewing selected Tshivenḓa dictionaries and the lexical items investigated were nouns, locatives, verbs and adjectives. The analysis looked at the approaches used in the macro- and micro-structural treatment of these important lexical items in dictionaries. The study also covered the treatment of the morphological, syntactical and semantic aspects of these lexical items in Tshivenḓa. This research ended with recommendations that will help dictionary compilers to overcome challenges they experience when lemmatizing nouns, locatives, verbs and adjectives.
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Cenin, Arielle. "The Effect of Mixed Font Items on Lexical Decision Performance." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1463476407.
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Caink, Andrew David. "The lexical interface : closed class items in south Slavic and English." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5026/.
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This thesis argues for a minimalist theory of dual lexicalization. It presents a unified analysis of South Slavic and English auxiliaries and accounts for the distribution of South Slavic clitic clusters. The analysis moves much minor cross-linguistic variation out of the syntax into the lexicon and the level of Phonological Form. Following a critique of various approaches to lexical insertion in Chomskyan models, we adapt Emonds' (1994, 1997) theory of syntactic and phonological lexicalization for a model employing bare phrase structure. We redefine 'extended projection' in this theory, and revise the mechanism of 'Alternative Realization', whereby formal features associated with (possibly null) XP may be realised on another node. Pronominal clitics are one example of Alternative Realization. We claim that the Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian clitic cluster is phonologically lexicalized on the highest head in the extended projection. The clitic auxiliaries in SCB are not auxiliaries, but the altemative realization of features in 1º without categorial specification, hence the distribution of the clitic cluster as a whole. We show how a verb's extended projection may be extended by 'restructuring' verbs, allowing clitic climbing. In Bulgarian/Macedonian, the clausal clitic cluster appears on the highest [+V] head in the extended projection, determined by the categorial specifications of the auxiliaries. In the DP, the possessive dative clitic forms a clitic cluster with the determmer, its distribution determined by the realization of the Dº feature. SCB and Bulgarian clitic clusters require a phonological host in the domain of lexicalization: phonological lexicalization into the Wackemagel Position occurs as a 'last resort'. The treatment of auxiliaries and restructuring verbs m English and South Slavic derives from their lexical entries. Dual lexicalization and bracketing of features in the lexicon allows variation in trace licensing, optional word orders, and minor language-specific phonological idiosyncrasies.
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Simmons, Nathan G. "Semantic Role Agency in Perceptions of the Lexical Items Sick and Evil." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2658.pdf.
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Marinho, Ronnie Shida. "Desambiguação lexical de revisões de itens aplicada em sistemas de recomendação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-23102018-172800/.
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Com o intuito de auxiliar usuários na procura por produtos relevantes, sistemas Web integraram módulos de recomendação de itens, que selecionam automaticamente conteúdo de acordo com os interesses de cada indivíduo. Apesar de existirem diversas abordagens para calcular recomendações de acordo com interações disponíveis no sistema, a maioria delas sofre com a carência de informações utilizadas para caracterizar as preferências dos usuários e as descrições dos itens. Trabalhos recentes sobre sistemas de recomendação têm estudado a possibilidade de utilizar revisões de usuários como fonte de metadados, já que são criadas colaborativamente pelos indivíduos. Entretanto, ainda carecem de estudos sobre como organizar e estruturar os dados de maneira semântica. Desta maneira, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver técnicas de construção de representação de itens baseadas em descrições colaborativas para um sistema de recomendação. Objetiva-se analisar o impacto que métodos distintos de desambiguação lexical de sentido causam na precisão da recomendação, sendo avaliada no cenário de predição de notas. A partir dessa estruturação, é possível caracterizar os itens e usuários de maneira mais eficiente, favorecendo o cálculo da recomendação de acordo com as preferências do indivíduo.Web systems integrate recommending modules for items, which automatically select content according to the interest of each individual in order to help users in the search for relevant products. Although there are diverse recommending approaches to calculate recommendations according to users preferences, most of them lack information to characterize users preferences and item descriptions. Recent researches on recommender systems have studied the possibility of using users reviews as source of metadata, because users create them collaboratively. However, the literature still lacks studies about how to organize and structure data in a semantic manner. Therefore, this study aims to develop techniques for constructing the representation of items based on collaborative descriptions for recommender systems. For this reason, it is also aimed to analyze the impact caused by distinct methods of word sense disambiguation on the precision of recommendations, which we analyzed in the scenario of ratings predictions. Our results showed that we can characterize users and items in a more efficient way, favoring the calculation of recommendations according to users preferences.
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Proost, Kristel. "Conceptual structure in lexical items : the lexicalisation of communication concepts in English, German and Dutch /." Amsterdam [u.a.] : Benjamins, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016263054&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hendriks, Karen. "The treatment of culture-bound lexical items in bilingual dictionaries intended for a multilingual environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53691.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries play an extremely important role in a multilingual society; they can be perceived as the key instruments in the communication between different groups and speech communities. Efficient and active communication between different cultural groups is essential in the South African environment. Culture-bound lexical items and the way they are treated in bilingual dictionaries can have a great influence on this process of communication. It is evident that the misrepresentation of culture-bound lexical items in bilingual dictionaries could seriously impede communication rather than enhance it. It is of great importance that lexicographers should provide users of the dictionary with adequate guidance in their treatment of these items. In order to equip the user with the necessary skills and knowledge, the treatment of culture-bound items should go beyond the mere provision of a translation equivalent. Translation equivalents should be supplemented and supported by illustrative markers, labels, glosses, usage notes and pictorial illustrations could be of use. The particular needs of a multilingual society imply certain adaptations to the structure and nature of a bilingual dictionary. The bilingual dictionary should be adapted in terms of form, content as well as structure in order to be able to present and treat a representative amount of cultural data in a comprehensive manner. The material used for the dictionary basis should be representative of the culture of the speakers; the linguistic and cultural reality that confronts the speakers daily should be reflected in the dictionary, language contact and change should be acknowledged. Many South African languages still have a strong tradition of oral literature and the relation of oral and written texts should be represented realistically in the dictionary basis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vertalende woordeboeke speel 'n sleutelrol in die veeltalige omgewing. Hulle is naamlik van kamidale belang in die kommunikasie tussen verskillende taalgemeenskappe. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is effektiewe kommunikasie en oop kanale tussen verskillende groepe van kardinale belang. Kultuurspesifieke leksikale items en die opname en hantering van hierdie items in vertalende woordeboeke kan 'n groot invloed uitoefen op die proses van kommunikasie tussen verskillende taalgemeenskappe. Onakkurate of onvoldoende hantering van hierdie items kan ernstige misverstande tot gevolg hê en sodoende skade doen aan die proses van kommunikasie. Leksikograwe moet die gebruiker van die woordeboek voldoende leiding gee rakende die betekenis en gebruik van kultuurspesifieke leksikale items. Die gebruiker moet ook in 'n woordeboek leiding kry om die kulturele konteks van 'n gespreksituasie te kan begryp. Die hantering van kultuurspesifieke leksikale items in vertalende woordeboeke moet meer behels as die voorsiening van vertaalekwivalente. Dit moet vir die gebruiker van die woordeboek moontlik wees om kennis van die kultuur van 'n ander taalgemeenskap op te doen, asook om sy of haar kommunikasievaardighede te ontwikkel deur die gebruik van die woordeboek. Om dit te bewerkstellig, is dit nodig dat die vertaalekwivalente wat vir kultuurspesifieke leksikale items voorsien word, aangevul word deur onder andere merkers, etikette, glosse, gebruiksnotas en illustrasies. Die behoeftes van die gebruiker van die vertalende woordeboek in die veeltalige omgewing impliseer dat daar sekere aanpassings gemaak moet word aan die aard en struktuur van die vertalende woordeboek. Die vertalende woordeboek wat gemik is op 'n gebruiker in 'n veeltalige en multikulturele omgewing, moet in terme van die vorm, inhoud en struktuur aangepas word om sodoende 'n verteenwoordigende hoeveelheid van kulturele data op 'n omvattende, sinvolle wyse te kan aanbied. Die materiaal wat vir die basis van die woordeboek gebruik word, moet verteenwoordigend wees van die kultuur van die sprekers. Die woordeboek moet die werklikheid waarmee die gebruiker daagliks gekonfronteer word, in die aanbieding van data en die samestelling van die sentrale woordelys reflekteer. Die tradisie van orale letterkunde speel vandag nog 'n daadwerklike rol in die lewe van baie Suid Afrikaners en dit moet ook in die woordeboek verreken word.
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Loth, Sebastian. "Congruency and typicality effects in lexical decision." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/ca88b94a-9dc6-8735-2901-693e51645d03/11/.
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This thesis describes basic research into visual word recognition and decision making. Determining the best matching lexical representation for a given stimulus involves interactions between representations. The standard task for studying these processes is the lexical decision task (LDT), but there is still debate regarding the factors that affect how individuals make lexical decisions. The nature of lexical interactions and the processes underlying lexical decision-making were addressed here by testing response congruency effects in the masked priming variant of the LDT. The results of seven masked priming experiments showed a robust response congruency effect that depends on the difficulty of the word-nonword discrimination. This finding resolved apparent inconsistencies in previous research. The experiments were simulated using the Bayesian Reader and the Spatial Coding Model (SCM). The probability based Bayesian Reader model failed to accommodate the findings. However, a good fit to the data was provided by a modified version of the SCM in which the assumptions regarding the nature of lexical interactions were changed such that word nodes inhibit only (closely) related competitors. The model also assumes that the difficulty of the word-nonword discrimination affects the degree to which stimulus typicality informs lexical decisions. A critical issue for these experiments involved the definition of orthographic typicality. An algorithm for measuring orthographic typicality and for generating nonwords with a specific level of orthographic typicality (OT3) was developed. An unprimed LDT experiment showed that OT3 affected decision latency even when other standard measures of orthographic typicality were controlled. Two additional masked priming experiments showed that highly typical primes lead to faster word responses and slower nonword responses than less typical primes. Overall, the results of this research enhance our understanding of the processes underlying visual word recognition and lexical decision making, and also have important methodological implications for the field.
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Smallwood, Ian M. "Approaches to the teaching of vocabulary: theeffects of monolingual and bilingual presentation of lexical items onvocabulary acquisition." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31958254.
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Madubela, Ndumiso S. "Eish - when to use -ish-: a study in the verbalization of English lexical items in spoken Xhosa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33160.
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This study examines how Xhosa speakers incorporate verbs of English origin into their lexicons with a specific focus on the -ish- suffix. The study deals with historical treatments of this phenomenon and debates its relevance and applicability to current scholarship on lexical borrowing. To ensure a wide range of data sources I used a corpus derived from interviews with 30 Xhosa speakers in Cape Town, as well as from three media sources: the first is a 1-hour long talk radio programme transcribed from the national Xhosa broadcaster, UMhlobo weNene, the second an interview with a Xhosa-speaking patient on the television programme, Siyayinqoba Beat It. The third is from social media, (Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp). The demographics of participants in this study are predominantly urban dwellers. The youngest participant (from the surveys) was 16 years old and the oldest participant was 45 years old. I say “predominantly” as it was not possible to obtain specific background data to the two Xhosa speakers on radio and television. Very little work has been done on the way in which African languages speakers grammaticalize verbs of English origin – why, for example, do some adopted words like suffix -a (e.g. Ndiyamotivate-a – ‘I am motivating') while others suffix -ish-a (e.g. Ndiyastudy-ish-a – ‘I am studying'). The main finding of the study is that speakers incorporated verbs of English origin by suffixing -a and -ish- in their speech, they were not consciously code mixing: rather, they used these suffixes as just another resource available to them to make their communication more strategic. This could indicate that in certain urban settings the -ish- verbalizing suffix might become even more popular as people need to negotiate lifestyles that require new lexicons. It is hoped that this research will shed more light on this growing phenomenon and provide a framework for discussion of verbalizers within the greater canon of language change scholarship in South Africa as a whole. A primary function of this study was to formulate rules for the adoption of -ish- and -a and to provide statistical data as to which one is preferred by speakers.
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Golmann, Malcolm. "Investigating British and American English : Dictionary research and corpus investigation." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8701.
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The aim of this Magister Degree Project has been to investigate if can corpora be used to investigate patterns of lexical distribution and/or borrowing from one variety to another. Another aim has been to investigate how well classification of lexical items as either “British” or “American” supported by evidence from corpora of English.
In order to accomplish these aims sets of lexical items have been examined in two ways: first through dictionary research and “dictionary dating”, and second through the use of such English corpora as the British National Corpus (BNC), the United Kingdom Web Archiving Consortium (ukWaC), and the TIME Corpus of American English. The results of this research suggest that the simplistic labelling of certain items as “American” versus “British” is sometimes misleading, and that corpus investigations on their own, though useful, may not be entirely sufficient in this context.
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Alegria, Renne Panduro. "Análise de itens lexicais do discurso oral do paciente com doença de Alzheimer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-24052013-145828/.
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A doença de Alzheimer, doença neurodegenerativa, em que a dificuldade de encontrar palavras é um dos déficits mais presentes, mesmo em estágios iniciais já ocorrem alterações focalmente no hipocampo e giros parahipocampais. Com o avanço da doença, a dificuldade de encontrar palavras e o uso de itens lexicais efetivos ficam muitas vezes mais comprometidos sugerindo distribuição difusa da doença no encéfalo. A dificuldade em encontrar palavras ou anomia se deve consensualmente à deterioração do processamento semântico e ao déficit da memória operacional. Ainda, mesmo nesses estágios iniciais da doença, muitos pacientes relatam dificuldades em encontrar os itens lexicais adequados para seguir uma conversação, o que os constrange causando isolamento e falta de interações comunicativas verbais. Esse relato indica que eles têm consciência dessa perda cognitiva. Nas conversações ou interações sociais entre pacientes e cuidadores, muitas vezes a dificuldade de encontrar os itens lexicais não é claramente percebida. Entretanto, com o progresso da doença essa incompreensão se acentua, gerando situações estressantes e de sobrecarga, especialmente para o cuidador. A presente pesquisa objetivou analisar os itens lexicais no discurso oral dos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer, verificar aquelas palavras mais preservadas, que visem à elaboração de estratégias linguísticas adequadas e que permitam o desenvolvimento de mecanismos discursivos, a fim de identificar estratégias que possam melhorar a interação entre cuidadores e pacientes. Neste estudo avaliaram-se os itens lexicais verbos e substantivos, hápax e as oito outras categorias gramaticais da língua portuguesa de 23 pacientes com doença de Alzheimer e 23 idosos controles sadios. Os itens selecionados foram extraídos de conversações livres por no máximo 20 minutos com os temas: cidade, família, educação, alimentação, saúde e religião. Foi utilizado o programa Stablex que efetua o tratamento computacional de itens lexicais e confecções de léxico para identificar os itens lexicais mais frequentes e com maior peso ou valor. Os resultados indicam que os pacientes têm maior dificuldade em nomear substantivos, especialmente seres vivos, p<0,05. Ainda, esses pacientes apresentam maior preservação de itens lexicais concretos em relação aos itens lexicais abstratos. Além disso, foi observada maior preservação de verbos do que de substantivos, hápax fica preservado nos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer, p<0.001. Os adjetivos, p<0,001, interjeições, p<0,001,artigos e preposições p<0,001, também são significantes na doença. Conclui-se, assim, que embora os pacientes tenham perda lexical progressiva, suas habilidades comunicativas, semântico-pragmáticas não estão muito alteradas e que os pacientes ao serem estimulados com frases curtas, com aquelas palavras mais preservadas no seu léxico ainda podem se comunicar e interagir oralmente. Portanto, as análises de itens lexicais nos discursos orais dos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer não só contribuirão para o entendimento dos déficits de linguagem, mas também oferecerão formas de melhorar a comunicação entre pacientes e cuidadoresAlzheimer\'s disease, neurodegenerative disease, wherein the word-finding difficulty is one of the most common deficits, even at early stages alterations occur focally in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyri. With disease progression, the word-finding difficulty and effective use of lexical items are often more affected suggesting diffuse distribution of the disease in the brain. The word-finding difficulty or anomie is consensually to the deterioration of semantic processing or the occurrence of impaired connection between the lexical and semantic level as well as the working memory impairment. Yet, even in these early stages of the disease, many patients report difficulties in finding suitable lexical items to follow a conversation, therefore the patients get constrained, causing isolation and lack of verbal communicative interactions. This indicates that they are aware of this cognitive loss. In conversations or social interactions between patients and caregivers, often the difficulty of finding lexical items is not clearly perceived. These caregivers often help the patient to complete the words and sentences inferring meanings thereby masking the stage of disease. However, with the progress of the disease misunderstanding increases, causing overload and stressful situations, especially for the caregiver. The current study aimed at analyzing the lexical items in oral discourse of patients with Alzheimer\'s disease, to verify the most retained words in order to develop appropriate linguistic strategies enabling the development of discursive mechanisms to identify strategies to improve the interaction between caregivers and patients. This study evaluated the lexical items, verbs, nouns hápax and the other eight grammatical categories of Portuguese language of 23 patients with Alzheimer\'s disease and 23 healthy elderly controls. The selected items were drawn from free conversations of at least 20 minutes with the themes: city, family, education, food, health and religion. We used Stablex program that performs the computational treatment of lexical items and creates lexicons to identify more frequently lexical items and with their weight or value. The results indicate patients have greater difficulty in naming living things, p<0.05. Also, these patients have higher retention of concrete lexical items in relation to abstract lexical items. Moreover, hapax is retained in Alzheimers disease, p<0.001. It is attributed to the greater number of nouns in the languages compared to verbs or because, perhaps, the frontal areas of the brain where the verbs are represented are affected later. Also, it was observed that the lexical item hapax is significant in patients with Alzheimer\'s disease. Adjectives, p<0,001, interjections, p<0,001, articles and prepositions, p<0,001, are also significant during the disease, We conclude, therefore, that although patients have progressive lexical loss, their communication and semantic-pragmatic skills are not much changed, and when patients are stimulated with short sentences with words that are more retained in their lexicons they can still communicate and interact verbally. Therefore, the analysis of lexical items in oral discourse of patients with Alzheimers disease not only contributes to the understanding of language deficits, but also it will offer ways to improve communication between patients and caregivers
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Smallwood, Ian M. "Approaches to the teaching of vocabulary : the effects of monolingual and bilingual presentation of lexical items on vocabulary acquisition /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14778464.
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Dias, Alcimar Dantas. "O processamento morfológico de palavras formadas com bases presas no português brasileiro." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6427.
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This research is an investigation of how complex words formed with bound words, in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), are processed (represented and accessed in the mental lexicon). We are concerned to know whether they are accessed in its complete form (whole-form) or are accessible by their morphemes, with separation of affixes (affix stripping) when processing. Two experiments were made to know about this performance among adult native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. The first experiment was based on the paradigm of the Stroop Effect and the second experiment was based on masked priming paradigm. The results of the first experiment revealed that complex words formed with bound bases were processed longer than complex words formed with free bases and which caused this delay was the Stroop effect that acted as a extra linguistic, thus resulting in the need to conduct the second experiment, the masked priming that in addition revealed that the words formed with bound bases are actually processed faster than the free bases, also revealed that words formed with bound bases in condition of morphologically related prime and target are processed faster than words formed with bound bases in prime condition and targets phonetically related or unrelated. In general, the results showed that complex words formed with bound bases are stored in the mental lexicon in full and do not undergo any process prior decomposition when they are accessed.
Esta pesquisa é uma investigação sobre como palavras complexas formadas com bases presas, no português brasileiro (PB), são processadas (representadas e acessadas no léxico mental). Interessa-nos saber se elas são acessadas em sua forma completa (whole-form) ou se são acessadas por seus morfemas, havendo separação dos afixos (affix stripping) quando de seu processamento. Dois experimentos foram feitos para averiguação dessas possibilidades, entre falantes nativos adultos do português brasileiro. O primeiro experimento foi baseado no paradigma do Efeito Stroop e o segundo experimento baseou-se no paradigma de priming encoberto. Os resultados do primeiro experimento revelaram que as palavras complexas formadas com bases presas foram processadas em maior tempo do que as palavras complexas formadas com bases livres e o que provocou esse atraso foi o efeito stroop, que atuou como efeito extralinguístico, induzindo uma prévia decomposição. Surgiu, assim, a necessidade da realização do segundo experimento, o de priming encoberto, que, além de revelar que as palavras formadas com bases presas são de fato, processadas mais rapidamente do que as bases livres, revelaram também que palavras formadas com bases presas na condição de prime e alvo relacionados morfologicamente são processadas mais rapidamente do que palavras formadas com bases presas na condição de prime e alvos relacionados foneticamente ou sem nenhuma relação. Em geral, os resultados mostraram que palavras complexas formadas com bases presas estão estocadas no léxico mental por inteiro e não passam por nenhum processo de prévia decomposição quando são acessadas.
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Lei, Sio-lin, and 李少蓮. "The application of the linguistic relativity thesis to the situation in Macao: the reflection of Chinese religiousculture in Macanese lexical items." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953128.
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Lei, Sio-lin. "The application of the linguistic relativity thesis to the situation in Macao : the reflection of Chinese religious culture in Macanese lexical items /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23472959.
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Van, Steenbergen Gerrit Jan. "Semantics, world view and Bible translation : an integrated analysis of a selection of Hebrew lexical items referring to negative moral behaviour in the book of Isaiah." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53048.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.Tot op hede is die studie van die semantiek tot 'n groot mate bëinvloed deur die taalkundige perspektiefvan die navorser. Dit het dikwels gelei tot resultate wat skeefgetrek is deur die voorveronderstellings van die navorser. Sommige aspekte van betekenis wat van primêre belang is vir die semantiese beskrywing van bepaalde taalkundige konstruksies is in die proses nie genoegsaam, of glad nie, aan die orde gestel nie. Semantiek as 'n interdissiplinêre wetenskap het 'n komplekse karakter aangesien taalkunde, antropologie, kognitiewe sielkunde en, afhangend van die doel van 'n bepaalde semantiese analise, ander verwante dissiplines daarin 'n rol kan speel. Om die rede is daar 'n behoefte aan 'n omvattende benadering in terme waarvan die verskillende faktore verreken kan word. In die semantiese analise van Bybel-Hebreeuse konstruksiesvorm die kulturele agtergrond van leksikale items 'n integrale deel van die semantiese inhoud van hierdie items. In die lig van die beduidende historiese en kulturele verskille tussen die konteks(te) van die Ou Testament en die konteks(te) van hedendaagse lesers is dit dus belangrik om die kulturele dimensie van 'n semantiese analise van Bybels-Hebreeuse leksikale items sistematies aan die orde te stel. So 'n benadering is van groot belang vir Bybelvertaling wat by uitstek 'n proses van interkulturele kommunikasie is. Bybelvertalers het 'n behoefte aan analitiese instrumente wat al die fasette van die semantiese inhoud van Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseme verdiskonteer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n semantiese model te ontwerp wat vir die doel gebruik kan word. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is die teorie van komponensiële analise. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die model word krities bespreek. Die moontlikhede wat hierdie teorie bied vir 'n meer omvattende model word ondersoek. Besondere aandag word gegee aan die nut wat hierdie benadering het as heuristiese instrument vir die semantiese analises. Die komponensiële analise van betekenis word op hierdie manier geïdentifiseer as 'n benadering wat nie te gou afgeskiet moet word as synde te eng strukturalisties nie. Inteendeel, dit kan ook as 'n buigsame instrument ontwikkel word wat nie net betekenisrelasies in terme van dichotomieë kan beskryf nie. Dit kan ook gebruik word om 'n wye verskeidenheid semantiese verhoudings te analiseer wat insigte van die kognitiewe taalkunde insluit. Daar is verder bevind dat die konsep "semantiese universalium" wat 'n belangrike komponent is van sommige benaderings tot leksikale semantiek weinig waarde het vir 'n semantiese analise wat 'n bydrae wil maak tot vertaling as interkulturele kommunikasie. Die universele kategorieë is meestal so generies dat hulle weinig bydrae tot die beskrywing van die fyner nuanses van lekseme wat tot dieselfde semantiese veld behoort. Daar moet eerder gepoog word om in soverre dit moontlik is 'n instument te ontwikkel wat taal en kultuur spesifiek is. Die kategorieë en kriteria vir die semantiese analise moet verder aan die hand van die brontaal en - kultuur self ontwikkel word. Die navorser moet baie versigtig wees dat sy ofhaar eie teoretiese voorveronderstellings nie op die ondersoek-instrument afgedruk word nie. In die ondersoek is gevind dat die kulturele dimensie van die leksikale items nie genoegsaam verreken kan word, sonder om die wêreldbeeld te analiseer wat ten grondslag lê van die tekste waarin die leksikale items voorkom nie. Vir die doel is 'n analitiese modelontwikkel. Hierdie buigsame model gebruik 'n stel veranderlikes om die tipiese wêreldbeeld te identifiseer wat ten grondslag lê van 'n bepaalde korpus van tekste. Nadat die onderliggende wêreldbeeld van die boek van Jesaja beskryf is, word die leksikale items in hierdie boek, wat behoort tot die semantiese veld "negatiewe morele gedrag" geanaliseer. Op grond van die resultate word 'n aantal aanbevelings gemaak oor die wyse waarop hierdie items in 'n Hebreeuse leksikon beskryf kan word.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tot op hede is die studie van die semantiek tot 'n groot mate bëinvloed deur die taalkundige perspektief van die navorser. Dit het dikwels gelei tot resultate wat skeefgetrek is deur die voorveronderstellings van die navorser. Sommige aspekte van betekenis wat van primêre belang is vir die semantiese beskrywing van bepaalde taalkundige konstruksies is in die proses nie genoegsaam, of glad nie, aan die orde gestel nie. Semantiek as 'n interdissiplinêre wetenskap het 'n komplekse karakter aangesien taalkunde, antropologie, kognitiewe sielkunde en, afhangend van die doel van 'n bepaalde semantiese analise, ander verwante dissiplines daarin 'n rol kan speel. Om die rede is daar 'n behoefte aan 'n omvattende benadering in terme waarvan die verskillende faktore verreken kan word. In die semantiese analise van Bybel-Hebreeuse konstruksies vorm die kulturele agtergrond van leksikale items 'n integrale deel van die semantiese inhoud van hierdie items. In die lig van die beduidende historiese en kulturele verskille tussen die konteks(te) van die Ou Testament en die konteks(te) van hedendaagse lesers is dit dus belangrik om die kulturele dimensie van 'n semantiese analise van Bybels-Hebreeuse leksikale items sistematies aan die orde te stel. So 'n benadering is van groot belang vir Bybelvertaling wat by uitstek 'n proses van interkulturele kommunikasie is. Bybelvertalers het 'n behoefte aan analitiese instrumente wat al die fasette van die semantiese inhoud van Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseme verdiskonteer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n semantiese model te ontwerp wat vir die doel gebruik kan word. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is die teorie van komponensiële analise. Die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van die model word krities bespreek. Die moontlikhede wat hierdie teorie bied vir 'n meer omvattende model word ondersoek. Besondere aandag word gegee aan die nut wat hierdie benadering het as heuristiese instrument vir die semantiese analises. Die komponensiële analise van betekenis word op hierdie manier geïdentifiseer as 'n benadering wat nie te gou afgeskiet moet word as synde te eng strukturalisties nie. Inteendeel, dit kan ook as 'n buigsame instrument ontwikkel word wat nie net betekenisrelasies in terme van dichotomieë kan beskryf nie. Dit kan ook gebruik word om 'n wye verskeidenheid semantiese verhoudings te analiseer wat insigte van die kognitiewe taalkunde insluit. Daar is verder bevind dat die konsep "semantiese universalium" wat 'n belangrike komponent is van sommige benaderings tot leksikale semantiek weinig waarde het vir 'n semantiese analise wat 'n bydrae wil maak tot vertaling as interkulturele kommunikasie. Die universele kategorieë is meestal so generies dat hulle weinig bydrae tot die beskrywing van die fyner nuanses van lekseme wat tot dieselfde semantiese veld behoort. Daar moet eerder gepoog word om in soverre dit moontlik is 'n instument te ontwikkel wat taal en kultuur spesifiek is. Die kategorieë en kriteria vir die semantiese analise moet verder aan die hand van die brontaal en - kultuur self ontwikkel word. Die navorser moet baie versigtig wees dat sy of haar eie teoretiese voorveronderstellings nie op die ondersoek-instrument afgedruk word nie. In die ondersoek is gevind dat die kulturele dimensie van die leksikale items nie genoegsaam verreken kan word, sonder om die wêreldbeeld te analiseer wat ten grondslag lê van die tekste waarin die leksikale items voorkom nie. Vir die doel is 'n analitiese model ontwikkel. Hierdie buigsame model gebruik 'n stel veranderlikes om die tipiese wêreldbeeld te identifiseer wat ten grondslag lê van 'n bepaalde korpus van tekste. Nadat die onderliggende wêreldbeeld van die boek van Jesaja beskryf is, word die leksikale items in hierdie boek, wat behoort tot die semantiese veld "negatiewe morele gedrag" geanaliseer. Op grond van die resultate word 'n aantal aanbevelings gemaak oor die wyse waarop hierdie items in 'n Hebreeuse leksikon beskryf kan word.
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Bäckström, Elin. "Translation Norms, Strategies and Solutions in Lagerlöf's The Further Adventures of Nils (1911) : A Comparative Analysis of Proper Nouns and Lexical Items for Natural Phenomena." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29899.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to examine translation norms, strategies and solutions in chapter XIII Westbottom and Lapland in The Further Adventures of Nils (Lagerlöf, 1911). In the foreword to the English translation of the novel, the translator writes that some of the purely geographical matter has been eliminated in the translation, and that cuts have been made where the descriptive matter is only of local interest. This statement raised questions about the intended readerships and the purposes of the original novel and the translation, respectively. Are these the same in the two texts, or are they different? Further questions were raised regarding the initial norm of the translator. Has she aimed for domestication or foreignization in the text? In this paper, two domains were chosen as fields of study: proper nouns and the lexical fields of water, heights and flat land. Through an analysis of coupled pairs from the chosen domains, it was concluded that the translator’s initial norm was foreignization, but that there are also many examples of domestication in the text. It was also shown that while the original novel has two clearly stated purposes, namely of being a geography book for Swedish school children as well as a novel with high literary standards, the educational purpose is not as pronounced in the translation. However, the inclusion of a Table of Pronunciation displayed an educational addition to the translation, which is not part of the original novel. Keywords: translation, Lagerlöf, English, Swedish, initial norm, domestication, foreignization.
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Fouche, Michele. "'n Evaluering van die semantiese inligting in die verklarende handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4612.
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Thesis (MA (Afrikaans Language))--University of Stellenbosch, 1990.199 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-187. Includes bibliography. Digitized using a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR).
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An evaluation of semantic information in a dictionary must take into account all aspects of meaning of lexical items. Therefore the different homonyms and polysemous senses of lexical items and the underlying semantic relations between lexical items are accounted for. A description should be given of the lexical items which form the macrostructure of HAT. These lexical items include sublexical, multilexical and free lexical items. The treatment of multilexical items in HAT is not satisfactory at present and suggestions are made for the improvement of the situation. Possible solutions for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy are given. Suggestions to determine the possible polysemous senses of a lexical item are also made. The ordering of polysemous senses and different homonyms are discussed. It is essential to make use of a synchronic criterion to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. The HAT's treatment of semantic relations between lexical items is not always very succesfull. The semantic relation which receives the most substantial treatment is that of semantic inclusion between lexical items. The HAT's treatment of synonyms is not without problems. More attention should be given to semantic linking and semantic opposition between lexical items. An evaluation of the system of cross-references in HAT is given, with special reference to the function of cross-references. Sometimes indistinct typographical conventions are used and they confuse the user of the dictionary. The indistinct use of typographical conventions has a detrimental influence on the transfer of information. The cross-reference system of HAT can be improved by an informative explanation in the general introduction, focusing on ways and means to use it more specifically, unambiguously and consistently. A distinction is made between various types of definitions used to define lemmas. Well known lexicographic definitions such as definitions per genus et differentia, synonymdefinitions, example definitions, circular definitions and descriptive definitions are discussed. The usage definition and two definitions which explicate a semantic plus value, the contrast and diminutive definitions, are identified. Attention is also given to the role of the general introduction in a standard synchronic dictionary. Suggestions are made to improve the general introduction of HAT.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer semantiese inligting in 'n woordeboek ondersoek word, word alle aspekte van leksikale items se betekenis in ag geneem. Dit sluit homonimiese vorme en polisemiese onderskeidinge van leksikale items in, asook die semantiese betrekkinge wat leksikale items onderling met mekaar aangaan. Die leksikale items wat die makrostruktuur van die HAT vorm, word beskryf. Dit sluit subleksikale, multileksikale en vrye leksikale items in. Verskillende tipes multileksikale en subleksikale items word onderskei. Tans word multileksikale items in HAT nie na wense hanteer nie en voorstelle word aan die hand gedoen hoe die stelsel verbeter kan word. Moontlike oplossings vir die onderskeidingsprobleem tussen homonimie en polisemie, asook maniere waarop 'n leksikale item se polisemiese onderskeidinge vasgestel kan word, word verskaf. Aandag word ook aan die ordening van polisemiese onderskeidinge en homonimiese vorme gegee. Dit is belangrik dat 'n sinchroniese maatstaf gebruik word om tussen homonimie en polisemie te onderskei. Semantiese betrekkinge tussen leksikale items word met 'n wisselende mate van sukses deur HAT hanteer. Semantiese insluiting tussen leksikale items word die meeste beskryf. Daar bestaan egter probleme by die hantering van sinonimie tussen leksikale items. Semantiese aansluiting tussen leksikale items word min deur die woordeboek aangedui. Semantiese opposisie tussen leksikale items kan ook meer deur die HAT aangedui word. Die kruisverwysingstelsel van die HAT word ondersoek. Funksies van kruisverwysings word beskryf. Kruisverwysings word wel deur die HAT redaksie gebruik, maar hulle kan nog meer gebruik word. Soms word onduidelike tipografiese konvensies gebruik en dit het swak inligtingsoordrag tot gevolg. Die kruisverwysingstelsel van die HAT kan verbeter word deur dit in die toeligtende aantekeninge te verduidelik, spesifiek en ondubbelsinnig toe te pas en deur dit konsekwent te gebruik. Verskillende tipes definisies waarmee leksikale items gedefinieer word, word onderskei. Bekende leksikografiese definisies soos genus-differentia-definisies, sinoniemdefinisies, voorbeelddefinisies, sirkeldefinisies en deskriptiewe definisies word bespreek. Die gebruiksdefinisie en twee definsies wat semantiese pluswaardes ekspliseer, naamlik die teenstellingsdefinisie en die verkleiningsdefinisie,word geidentifiseer. Die rol van toeligtende aantekeninge in 'n handwoordeboek word bespreek. Daar word gewys op die swak toeligtende aantekeninge van die HAT. Voorstelle word gedoen oor hoe die hantering van semantiese inligting in die toeligtende aantekeninge verduidelik moet.
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GUILHERME, LUIZ HERCULANO DE SOUSA. "THE LEXICAL ITEM FAMILY FOUND IN PL2E TEXTBOOKS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20661@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROPROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O léxico de família presente em manuais de PL2E: a família que não é baseia-se nas teorias oriundas da Antropologia Social sobre a Casa e a Rua de Roberto DaMatta e do Interculturalismo, buscando analisar o tratamento dado ao léxico de família presente em manuais de PL2E. É sabido que os brasileiros dão um grande valor à família e ao ambiente familiar, caseiro, característica do ambiente da Casa, das relações ali estabelecidas e construídas. Na contramão desta vem a Rua, ambiente externo em que as relações se processam de maneira mais indireta e objetiva. Diante disso, a análise de dois manuais de ensino de português a falantes de outras línguas desenvolveu uma amostra do que é apresentado aos alunos a partir desses manuais. Verifica-se que ausência de explicações, análises e discussões acerca dos termos em questão constitui uma lacuna considerável no ensino/aprendizagem de PL2E a partir de livros didáticos.
This study is based on theories derived from Social Anthropology and the concepts of both House and Street, studied by Roberto DaMatta, as well as of Interculturalism, aiming at analyzing the use of the lexical item family found in PL2E textbooks. It is known that Brazilians value their family environment and their home, which are characteristics of the concept of concept of House and the relationships established there. In contrast to this, the notion of Street can be studied, acting as an external environment where social relationships are conducted in an indirect and objective way. Having taken all the aforementioned ideas into consideration, it can be inferred that the analysis of two textbooks for teaching Portuguese to speakers of other languages provided a sample of what is presented to students based on these manuals. It can be observed that absence of the explanations, analyses and discussion of those terms led to a considerable gap in the teaching and learning of PL2E found in textbooks.
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Worlock, Pope Catherine. "Placing come and go : locating the lexical item." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29077/.
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By examining language simultaneously along the paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes, Sinclair (2004a) identified the lexical item as an object of the discourse comprising an obligatory core and semantic prosody, and optional collocates, colligates and semantic preferences. This research investigates Sinclair’s theoretical model by locating the lexical items that are associated with the complementary verbs come and go in the spoken and written discourses in a selection of the International Corpora of English (ICE). The corpora selected are ICE-Canada, -GB, -India and –Jamaica. This research is innovative in that it adapts Sinclair’s methodology to examine high frequency lexical items across different discourses and different World Englishes It establishes that there is a significantly greater difference in frequency of the lexical items associated with come and go within the different discourses of the ICE corpora in comparison to between the ICE corpora. It replaces the core with the node, it introduces structural preference and discourse preference as co-selection components of the lexical item, and it substitutes semantic force for the term semantic prosody as defined by Sinclair: the ‘reason why [the item] is chosen’ (Sinclair 2004a: 144). Thus the lexical item comprises an obligatory node and semantic force, and optional collocates, colligates, structural preferences, semantic preferences and discourse preferences. As a consequence of these theoretical and methodological adaptations, this research shows that semantic forces with the associated co-selection components can function in tandem and that semantic forces, again with the associated co-selection components, can function in layers. The research concludes that the lexical item is not an identifiable object in the discourse, but it is the syntagmatic realisations of a paradigmatic choice.
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Aljuhani, Hind S. "USING CORPORA IN A LEXICALIZED STYLISTICS APPROACH TO TEACHING ENGLISH-AS-A-FOREIGN-LANGUAGE LITERATURE." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/272.
Full textAbstract:
As a lingua franca across the globe, English plays a vital role in international communications. Due to rapid economic, political, and educational globalization, the English language has become a powerful means of communication. Therefore, English education is vital to the development of many countries around the world. Since 1932, the need for a lingua franca in Saudi Arabia developed as the country progressed politically, economically, and educationally. Now, English is important to Saudis’ economic, educational, and career development and success.
Vocabulary is a major step in learning any language. By deepening students’ lexical knowledge, they will be able to use English accurately to express themselves. However, teaching words in isolation and through memorization is not highly effective; English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners need to interact with the language and its usage in a more profound way. This can be done by integrating corpora and stylistics analysis in an EFL curriculum. The importance of stylistics analysis to literary texts in the EFL classroom lies in the way that EFL learners will be exposed to authentic language. At the same time they will get insight into how English is structured; and by accessing corpora, which provide a wide range of data for the analysis of stylistics, students will be able to compare the lexical and grammatical patterns in authentic texts. Also, it is important to introduce students to the different levels of English (i.e. semantic, lexis, morphology); this will enlarge EFL learners’ knowledge of English vocabulary and various grammatical patterns.
This project offers an innovative perspective on how to teach English for EFL university-level students by using corpora in a lexicalized stylistics approach, which will enable EFL learners to acquire vocabulary by reading literary texts. This provides a rich environment of lexical items and a variety of grammatical patterns. This approach offers EFL learners analytical tools that will improve their linguistic skills as they interact with and analyze authentic examples of English and gain insight about its historical, social and cultural background.
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Azevedo, Flávia. "Desambiguação do item lexical corretp através de etiquetadores semânticos." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/89620.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T00:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 243738.pdf: 824497 bytes, checksum: 7fce452747e473e42a334207c5448b8c (MD5)
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os possíveis sentidos do item lexical correto em um corpus de português escrito. Espera-se utilizar os resultados como subsídio para fundamentar lingüisticamente um sistema capacitado a realizar a desambiguação deste item lexical. A análise do contexto imediato das ocorrências do item lexical no corpus é vista como a fonte fundamental de informações lingüísticas tendo em vista a mencionada desambiguação. O material utilizado no presente trabalho foi coletado do corpus NILC (Núcleo Institucional de Lingüística Computacional), e a análise foi feita através do programa WordSmith (Scott, 1995), um software para a análise de corpora. O estudo deve ser visto como uma contribuição inicial para a definição de uma metodologia de análise de itens lexicais de polissemia complexa que venha a servir de base para investigações semelhantes, uma vez que os diferentes sentidos encontrados podem ser transformados em um conjunto de etiquetas para uso em um etiquetador semântico dentro de um sistema que utiliza tecnologia de análise lingüística.
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Simões, Everton Machado. "África Banta na região diamantina: uma proposta de análise etimológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-26052014-104009/.
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Este trabalho constitui uma pesquisa sobre o léxico de origem africana presente em falares da região diamantina de Minas Gerais. Estão aqui reunidos os léxicos de diferentes pesquisas sobre a região, além dos resultados recentes de nossa investigação, realizada em quatro comunidades remanescentes de quilombo: Ausente e Baú, no distrito de Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, no município de Gouveia; e, Quartel do Indaiá, no distrito de São João da Chapada, Diamantina. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar uma investigação etimológica dos itens lexicais coletados, procurando fazer um estudo histórico e linguístico da realidade observada. A partir de orientações para o trabalho etimológico de Viaro (2011), procuramos consultar as fontes de registro mais antigas de línguas africanas que pudessem estar relacionadas ao léxico da região. Esses registros são constituídos, principalmente, de dicionários de línguas africanas e alguns estudos históricos e linguísticos sobre as comunidades mineiras investigadas. O estudo realizado permite afirmar que o sistema de escravidão na região diamantina, o tráfico mais recente partindo do porto de Benguela e a proximidade lexical das línguas do grupo banto preservaram por um período uma língua africana de características bantas. Não se pode identificar com certeza qual seria essa língua, apesar da presença de um grande número de itens lexicais do umbundo. É mais prudente propor que se trate de um caso de convergência de um falar veicular do grupo R com as línguas do grupo H, presentes na região.This is a study of lexical items from African speeches (falares africanos) in the diamond-mining region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We collected the lexical items from different researches in the area, complementing them with results from our investigative research in four maroon-descendent communities: Ausente and Baú, district of Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, Gouveia; and, Quartel do Indaiá, district of São João da Chapada, Diamantina. Our main objective is to present an etymological investigation of the items collected, based on a historical and linguistic study. Based on Viaro (2011), we consulted the oldest registers of African languages that could be related to the lexical items found in the region. These registers are constituted mostly by African languages dictionaries, besides some historical and linguistic studies of the African-Brazilian communities from Minas Gerais. Our study indicates that the slavery system of the diamond region, the late traffic departing from Benguela seaport and the lexical proximity of Bantu languages, favored the preservation during a certain period of time of an African language of Bantu characteristics. It is not possible to identify precisely which language it was, but we could identify a great lexical contribution from umbundo (R10). It is reasonable to propose that there was a case of linguistic convergence of a vehicular language from the R group with languages from the H group, both present in the region.
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Pinha, Andréia da Cruz. "O item lexical mas: uma descrição sintático-semântico-discursiva nas crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3968.
Full textAbstract:
Esta dissertação consiste primordialmente na descrição e interpretação do item lexical mas nas crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo, seguindo uma abordagem sintático-semântico-discursiva. O vocábulo mas é identificado nos textos de acordo com sua posição nos enunciados e analisado a partir desse ponto de inserção. Devido à variedade de emprego de tal item lexical, relacionando termos, orações, períodos, parágrafos e porções maiores de texto, evidenciou-se seu papel na construção da coesão, da progressão textual, da coerência, da delimitação de etapas discursivas e da orientação argumentativa dos segmentos de discurso. Pretendeu-se uma melhor compreensão das crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo através da marca lingüística do item lexical mas.This dissertation consists of primarily in the description and interpretation of the lexical item but in cronics of Luis Fernando Verissimo following a syntax-semantics-discursive approach. The word "but" is identified in texts in accordance with its position in a sentence and analyzed from this insertion point. Due to the variety of implementations of such lexical item and related terms, sentences, periods, paragraphs and larger portions of text, its role in the construction of cohesion, coherent textual progression, limitations of discursive phases, and the argumentative orientation of the discurses was evidenced. A better understand of the cronics of Luis Fernando Verissimo is accomplished through the linguistic makr of the lexical item but.
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Duarte, Vera Lúcia Vasilevski. "Uso do item lexical "todo" e suas flexões em textos escritos." Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84823.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-20T12:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 197674.pdf: 466285 bytes, checksum: 711e17257640e5379e663370b8cb025f (MD5)
Pesquisa que se vale de ocorrências naturais de uso da língua combinadas a uma metodologia específica para investigar o comportamento dos vocábulos 'todo', 'todos', 'toda' e 'todas', bem como suas formas diminutivas, em textos escritos reconhecidos como pertencentes à norma culta da língua portuguesa do Brasil, a fim de construir um modelo que retrate o funcionamento desses itens lexicais. A base metodológica da análise dos dados é a lingüística de corpus, a lingüística computacional e a estatística - uma vez que se tratam os dados qualitativa e quantitativamente -, sobre as quais algumas considerações prévias são feitas. A averiguação apóia-se em uma amostra de 1.013 ocorrências, propriamente extraídas dentre uma população de mais de 56 mil. Em determinados momentos, a análise extrapola a amostra e leva em conta a população - com isso, tenciona-se aumentar a credibilidade e abrangência do estudo. Os padrões de ocorrência dos itens lexicais são obtidos a partir de informações coletadas exclusivamente dos dados, por meio da classificação deles - baseada na gramática tradicional -, emprego de fórmulas e testes matemáticos e gerenciamento eletrônico; e confrontados com o trato dado aos itens lexicais em questão por alguns teóricos da língua. Após discussões e reflexões, as informações são reunidas sob a forma de um modelo de funcionamento que visa a cobrir os usos dos itens de trabalho na língua portuguesa escrita no Brasil. Demonstra que o uso dos itens lexicais analisados diverge do que preconizam as teorias da língua.
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Enkin, Elizabeth Bella. "Novel lexical item decoding in L2 reading acquisition a socio-schematic approach /." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/207/.
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Fatureto, Giselle Salgado Ferreira. "Culinária brasileira e portuguesa : itens lexicais em comparação." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/4065.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Tradução, 2009.Submitted by Raquel Viana (tempestade_b@hotmail.com) on 2010-03-25T20:53:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_GiselleSalgadoFerreiraFatureto.pdf: 661543 bytes, checksum: 50422ce7b5803393bb336fd45ae2cb7a (MD5)
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Esta dissertação, realizada no âmbito do Léxico e da Terminologia, e um estudo lingüístico comparativo de itens lexicais verbais, selecionados de receitas de bacalhau da culinária brasileira e portuguesa, sob enfoque sincrônico. O motivo deste estudo e investigar a variação terminológica nas 54 entidades verbais que compõem o modo de preparo das 12 receitas analisadas. A seleção dos verbos como objeto de estudo ocorreu em virtude de serem elementos centrais deste tipo de gênero textual. Nesta pesquisa, propomo-nos a (i) verificar se os termos comparados, no caso verbos, são sinônimos terminológicos, quer dizer, se seus significados são idênticos e podem concorrer em um mesmo contexto, sem alterar o conteúdo e (ii) investigar se a ocorrência de elipse se da tanto nas receitas brasileiras quanto nas portuguesas. Assim, a analise desta pesquisa foi estruturada da forma que segue. Em um primeiro momento, focalizamos a variação terminológica para verificar a existência de sinonímia, com base na teoria da variação em terminologia postulada por Faulstich (2001). E, depois, estudamos a ocorrência de elipse no complemento da estrutura Sujeito + Verbo + Objeto dos contextos das receitas analisadas, de acordo com o constructo da gramática em terminologia, de Faulstich (2003). Utilizamos também a teoria de Valencia verbal, proposta por Borba (1996) e de classificação sintático-semântica de Chafe (1979) e de Borba (1996), para a análise de elipse. A classificação dos verbos foi feita consoante ao Dicionário de Usos do Português do Brasil (DUP), de Francisco Borba. Feitas as analises, constatamos que os itens lexicais verbais são sinônimos terminológicos, pois concorrem em um mesmo contexto. Depois, ao analisar a ocorrência da elipse, identificamos que: (i) nos 89 contextos analisados, ocorre elipse dos complementos de 22 verbos em receitas brasileiras e de 18 verbos em receitas portuguesas; (ii) essas elipses ocorrem apenas no complemento da estrutura Sujeito + Verbo + Objeto dos contextos analisados e (iii) em decorrência da elipse, ha, aparentemente, mudança de valência verbal. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This dissertation, developed within the theoretical principals of the Lexical Studies and Terminology, is a linguistic study of a comparative nature of verbal lexical items selected from both Brazilian and Portuguese codfish recipes, with a synchronic approach. The motivation for this study is the investigation of terminological variation found for the 54 verbal entities that constitute the 'directions' of the 12 recipes analyzed. The choice of the verb as the object of study was based on the core importance of this type of element for the textual gender examined in this dissertation, the recipe. In this research, we propose (i) to verify if the compared terms, verbs, are terminological synonymous, that is, if their meanings are identical and may co-occur in the same context without changing the general content, and (ii) to investigate if the occurrence of ellipsis is the case for both Brazilian and Portuguese recipes. Therefore, the analysis proposed is structured as follows. First, we'll focus on the terminological variation to verify the existence of synonym, based on the Variation Theory as postulated by Faulstich (2001). Second, we'll examine the occurrence of ellipsis in the complement of the structure Subject + Verb + Object in the context of the analyzed recipes, according to the Grammar of Terminology Construct, proposed by Faulstich (2003). We'll also base our study in the Theory of Valency Grammar proposed by Borba (1996), and the syntactic-semantic classification proposed by Chafe (1979) and Borba (1996) to analyse the ellipsis. The classification of the verbs is in consonance with the one proposed by the Dicionário de Usos do Português do Brasil (DUP), by Francisco Borba. Once we finished the analysis, we concluded that the verbal lexical items are terminological synonymous, for they co-occur in the same context. Then, once we finished the analysis of the occurance of the ellipsis, we identified that (i) in the 89 different contexts analysed, the ellipsis occur in the complements of 22 verbs in Brazilian recipes and in 18 verbs in Portuguese recipes; (ii) that these ellipsis occur only in the complement of the structure Subject + Verb + Object on the analyzed, and (iii) that because of the ellipsis, a change in verbal valency occurs.
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Li, Shengyun. "Enseignement/apprentissage du vocabulaire du français à titre de spécialité en milieu universitaire chinois : au cours de français élémentaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3150.
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Le vocabulaire tient toujours une place importante dans l’enseignement supérieur du français à titre de spécialité en Chine. Afin de connaître les apports des recherches scientifiques dans le domaine de l’enseignement/apprentissage du vocabulaire d’une langue étrangère et de trouver les assises théoriques pour notre travail, nous avons dressé un état des lieux en privilégiant des données essentielles sur l’aspect combinatoire des mots. Pour savoir quels seraient des acquis et problèmes relatifs au vocabulaire dans l’enseignement du français à titre de spécialité universitaire en Chine, nous avons analysé la pratique de l’enseignement du vocabulaire de deux professeurs chinois de français dans leurs cours de français élémentaire dont nous avons enregistré plusieurs séances. Les analyses montrent que l’importance particulière attachée à l’étude structurale des mots contribue à la forte compétence lexicale en compréhension orale et écrite des étudiants chinois de français et que la dominance de la méthode de traduction et la négligence des collocations ou des unités lexicales préfabriquées sont deux causes principales des difficultés que les étudiants chinois de français ont à mobiliser leurs ressources lexicales pour s’exprimer de manière appropriée. Pour renforcer la compétence lexicale en production des étudiants chinois de français, nous proposons donc, dans l’enseignement du vocabulaire au cours de français élémentaire, d’adopter une notion large de vocabulaire et de sensibiliser nos étudiants à la notion de collocation et aux unités lexicales préfabriquéesVocabulary, which is an essential component of a language, holds an important place in the higher education of French major in China. Within the framework of the lexicology, foreign language vocabulary learning / acquisition and foreign language vocabulary didactics, this research is particularly interested in vocabulary teaching in fundamental French course in higher education in China.Firstly, we summarize the scientific researches in the field of foreign language vocabulary teaching and learning, especially on combinatorial aspect of words. Secondly, by analysing French vocabulary teaching practice of two Chinese professors in their fundamental French course, we find that teacher’s emphasis on the structural study of words develops lexical competence in comprehension of the Chinese students of French major. Meanwhile, we also realize that the dominance of translation method, and the negligence of collocations and lexical prefabricated items, result in difficulties of the Chinese students in mobilizing their lexical resources to express freely and precisely. As a solution, to strengten lexical competence in production of the Chinese students, we suggest a wide notion of vocabulary should be applied in vocabulary teaching, and sensitivity to the notion of collocation and lexical prefabricated items should be improved
词汇是语言的主要组成成分之一。在中国高等学校法语本科专业法语教学中, 词汇历来占据重要地位。本论文在词汇学 、二语词汇习得以及外语词汇教学的理论框架下, 研究中国大学法语本科专业基础阶段基础法语课上词汇教学的现状和问题。论文首先综述了二语词汇习得和词汇教学理论研究现状以及成果, 着重强调词项搭配方面的分析 ; 然后, 论文对收集到的两名大学基础法语课教师的课堂教学实践数据进行分析, 阐明中国大学法语专业基础法语课词汇教学拥有的经验和存在的问题, 分析指出教师注重词汇结构性学习, 有利于丰富学生的词汇量, 提高学生的阅读能力, 但过于注重翻译法, 忽视词项搭配和预制语块, 很可能会导致学生法语产出词汇能力相对薄弱, 用法语表达时的正确性和流利性都有待改善。 因此, 论文最后建议在基础法语课的词汇教学中, 教师应采取一种广义的词汇概念, 加强学生词汇搭配和预制语块的意识, 从而提高法语表达能力。
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Volk, Rebecca Brender. "The Influence of Lexical and Sublexical Factors on Acquired Alexia and Agraphia: An Item-Analysis." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193413.
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This study used an item-based approach to explore the full range of lexical-semantic (word frequency and imageability) and sublexical characteristics (regularity and consistency) of stimulus items. Oral reading and spelling-to-dictation data from 72 adults with acquired alexia/agraphia due to stroke or progressive aphasia were analyzed to determine unique influences of lexical-semantic and sublexical variables on performance. Multiple regression analyses were performed for each etiology and lesion group (i.e., perisylvian stoke, extrasylvian stroke, perisylvian atrophy, and extrasylvian atrophy). As expected, word frequency had a significant influence on reading and spelling performance in almost all contexts. Of particular interest was the consistent finding that written language performance associated with left perisylvian damage was moderated primarily by lexical-semantic features of stimuli (frequency and imageability), whereas performance by those with left extrasylvian damage was strongly influenced by sublexical features of sound-spelling regularity and, to a lesser extent, consistency.
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Keshabyan, Ivanova Irina. "A Contrastive Structural and Lexical Study of Shakespeare's Hamlet and Sumarokov's Gamlet: A Corpus-Based Approach to Literature. Estudio contrastivo de la estructura y del léxico en Hamlet de Shakespeare versus Gamlet de Sumarokov: una aproximación a la literatura desde la perspectiva basada en corpus." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10820.
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La presente Tesis Doctoral se encuadra dentro la línea de investigación del lenguaje mediante los métodos basados en corpus, es decir, mediante análisis computacional y cuantitativo. El esencial objetivo ha sido llevar a cabo una comparación y análisis cuantitativo estructural y del léxico de dos textos específicos del género dramático: la cuarta edición en el infolio de Hamlet (1685) de Shakespeare, y la traducción al inglés de Gamlet (1787) [1748], del dramaturgo ruso Aleksandr Sumarokov, traducida del ruso por Richard Fortune en 1970. El análisis, comparación e interpretación de los resultados de los patrones estructurales y temáticos se ha dispuesto por actos, tanto en aquello que se refiere a la intra-obra (en Hamlet y Gamlet, separado), como inter-obras (entre Hamlet y Gamlet) a lo largo de los Capítulos 3º, 4º, 5º y 6º. Para desvelar los propósitos reales de Shakespeare y Sumarokov, especialmente en lo referido a las configuraciones sociales y organizativas estructurales de Hamlet y Gamlet, se utilizaron diversas aplicaciones informáticas e estadísticas. Para ello se administró el análisis cuantitativo de la distribución de los patrones de la presencia, intervención e interacción de todos los personajes, tanto los principales, como los secundarios. Para analizar y comparar las alteraciones temáticas, es decir, las diferencias cualitativas, no simplemente cuantitativas, con respecto a la conceptualización sociopolítica, religiosa, moral, familiar, filosófica y artística, entre Shakespeare y Sumarokov, se aplicaron los métodos cuantitativos y analíticos basados en la lingüística del corpus. A tal fin, se implantó la investigación de los patrones de distribución de las palabras de contenido (open-class ítems), es decir, las palabras con significado léxico, tales como sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos y adverbios, más frecuentes entre ambas obras. Los principales resultados obtenidos revelan importantes disimilitudes entre las estructuras de las obras por actos, es decir, percepciones marcadamente distintas de todos los personajes, de su relevancia en las obras y de complejidad de las relaciones sociales entre ellos. Los resultados de los patrones temáticos señalan las divergencias significativas en los contenidos básicos de ambos textos en relación con los temas más prominentes. Así pues, los resultados confirman diferencias sustanciales en los patrones estructurales y temáticos entre versión original de Hamlet y Gamlet. Resumen:The main area of research of this PhD dissertation is the study of language by means of corpus-based techniques -in other words, by means of a computational and quantitative analysis. The aim was to carry out quantitative and qualitative structural and lexical analysis and comparison of two specific texts in the genre of drama -The Fourth Folio Edition of The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark (1685) by Shakespeare and the English translation of Gamlet (1787) [1748] by the Russian playwright Sumarokov, translated from Russian by Richard Fortune in 1970. The analysis, comparison and interpretation of data related to the structural and thematic patterns were carried out per act: intra-play (in each play, separately) and inter-plays (between Hamlet and Gamlet). Accordingly, various computational tools were applied to reveal the differences in the social and organisational structures of the plays through quantitative and qualitative analysis of the distribution patterns of the presence, intervention and interaction variables of all the characters, both main and secondary. Quantitative and analytical corpus-based methodologies were used to analyse and compare thematic alterations between the two plays -in other words, the (dis)similarities in the authors' religious, socio-political, family, moral, philosophical and artistic conceptions- identified on the basis of the most frequent content words (open-class items), particularly nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The key findings indicate important differences between the structures of the plays per acts, that is, significant divergences in the authors' perceptions of the characters and the complexity of their relationships. Another essential finding suggests obvious distinctions between both texts' basic contents per act: intra-play and inter-plays. In general, the findings uncover wide-ranging dissimilarities in the structural and thematic patterns in Hamlet versus Gamlet.
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Silva, Norma Andrade da. "Análise da tradução do item lexical evidence para o português com base em um corpus jurídico." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91788.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos de Tradução.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T02:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 254899.pdf: 866176 bytes, checksum: 11edae44cf2f34e21c317622c133ae62 (MD5)
Esta pesquisa, com base na Lingüística de Corpus, faz uma análise das escolhas lexicais feitas pelos tradutores do item lexical evidence. O objetivo é examinar se as traduções de textos jurídicos, alinhados em um corpus paralelo, podem auxiliar no treinamento de tradutores para que possam solucionar problemas de ordem morfológica, semântica e sintática. Esta coleção de textos, que contempla o par lingüístico inglês?português, foi extraída de documentos jurídicos constantes no site de um organismo internacional, utilizando a World Wide Web como fonte de pesquisa. A análise desses documentos está embasada nos quatro tipos de correspondências tradutórias de Martha Thunes (1998), que elaborou uma escala hierárquica para a tradução, indo da forma mais simples, como o tipo 1 (tradução palavra por palavra), passando pelos tipos 2 (tradução quase de palavra por palavra) e 3 (há grandes diferenças entre os constituintes), até chegar à forma mais complexa (tipo 4: em que não há representações semânticas iguais). Os resultados indicam que, por meio da construção de um corpus bilíngüe paralelo, é possível estabelecer comparações entre tradução e original, auxiliando o tradutor nas suas escolhas lexicais e sugerindo melhoras nos dicionários bilíngües especializados na área jurídica. Essa análise dos dados sintetiza um conjunto de conhecimentos que podem contribuir efetivamente para os Estudos da Tradução. Podem também auxiliar tanto tradutores experientes quanto tradutores em formação a extrair grandes quantidades de textos da Internet por meio do computador e construir seu próprio corpus de estudo. This research, based on Corpus Linguistics, analyses the translators' lexical choices of the lexical item evidence based in a parallel corpus. The texts are legal documents extracted from an international organization. The analysis is based upon Martha Thunes' four types of translational correspondences. On this scale Thunes goes from the simplest one (type 1 - word-by-word) till the more complex (type 4 - there are great semantic differences between original and translated texts). The results indicate that using a bilingual parallel corpus it is possible to compare original and translated texts. And that it is possible to improve specialized bilingual dictionaries in legal area. This analysis can be developed in the area of the Translation Studies and can help translators and learners to use Internet as a great source of texts, using the computer.
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Nickel, Rejane. "O estatuto dos itens lexicais [que] e [o que] contidos nas relativas." Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, 2017. https://rd.uffs.edu.br/handle/prefix/731.
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Este trabalho objetivou definir o estatuto dos itens lexicais [que] e [o que] introdutores de relativas do português brasileiro, sob o escopo dos estudos gerativistas. Ele justifica-se pelo fato de haver divergência na literatura para esses itens lexicais. Ao que concerne ao item lexical [que], enquanto alguns autores o consideram apenas um complementizador, inspirados nas ideias de Chomsky, 1977 e Kayne 1994, que analisaram o [that] do inglês) outros o consideram um pronome relativo (KATO, 1993; KATO; NUNES, 2009). No que se refere ao item lexical [o que], também há divergência. Uma das análises é que o [o que] é a união de um demonstrativo [o] e de um complementizador [que] (CAPONIGRO, 2003). A segunda, e que é mais aceita pelos autores gerativistas, é que esse item lexical é um pronome relativo (MÓIA, 1992; FERREIRA, 2007; MARCHESAN, 2012). Dada a divergência do estatuto destes itens no português brasileiro, esta dissertação procurou responder aos seguintes questionamentos: a) Qual é o estatuto dos itens lexicais [que] e [o que] contidos nas relativas?; b) [que] e [o que] conseguem introduzir relativas de qualquer tipo?; c) Quais são as propriedades dos pronomes relativos e dos complementizadores?; d) Quais são as contribuições que os estudos do português brasileiro podem trazer para a distinção desses itens lexicais?; e e) Considerando as derivações disponíveis na literatura, qual parece ser a mais adequada para a análise das relativas? Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que o [que] e o [o que] são pronome relativos. O [que] é introdutor de relativas com núcleo nominal, que, segundo Kato (1993) vem perdendo sua carga lexical, porque pode ser substituído por [o qual], porque outros pronomes vêm perdendo carga lexical, mas não deixam de serem pronomes relativos, ainda, a partir de dados diacrônicos, outros pronomes relativos são permitidos em resumptivas. O [o que] é um pronome relativo do tipo [what] do inglês, introdutor de relativas livres e de relativas com núcleo encabeçadas por uma preposição, já que, dentre outros argumentos, não aceita ser substituído por demonstrativos em sentenças infinitivas e, em outras línguas (como o Catalão) o [o] não consegue ser núcleo nominal. Ademais, nesta pesquisa, considerou-se o Modelo de LD (KATO (1993); KATO E NUNES (2009)) como o mais adequado para a análise das relativas NN já que melhor explica as estratégias de relativização do PB e considera o [que] como pronome relativo, e a Hipótese do Comp (GROOS; VAN RIEMSDJIK (1981)) para a análise de relativas livres, porque abarca o maior número de tipos de relativas (apositivas e restritivas) e por não ferir as condições de ilhas
This work aimed to define the statute of the lexical items [que] and [o que] in relatives of the Brazilian Portuguese, through the scope of the studies in generative syntax. The research happened because there is divergence in generative literature to these lexical items. Concerning to the lexical item [que], while some authors consider it only a complementizer (inspired in Chomsky, 1977and Kayne, 1994 who had analyzed [that]) other authors consider it a relative pronoun which introduces head relatives (KATO, 1993; KATO; NUNES, 2009). Referring to the lexical item [o que] there is divergence, too. One of the analysis is that [o que] is the bond between a demonstrative and a complementizer (CAPONIGRO, 2003). The second, which is the most acceptable for the generative authors, is that the item is a relative pronoun (MÓIA, 1992; FERREIRA, 2007; MARCHESAN, 2012). Through the divergence of the statute of these items in the Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation aimed to answer the following questions: a) Which is the statute of the lexical items [que] and [o que] in the relatives?; b) Can [que] and [o que] introduce any kind of relatives?; c)What are the properties of the relative pronouns and complementizers?; d) What are the contributions that the studies of Brazilian Portuguese can give to the distinction of these lexical items?; and e) Considering the available derivations in the literature, which seems to be the most suitable to the relatives? The results of this research showed that [que] and [o que] are relative pronouns. [que] introduces head relatives, that, according Kato (1993) has being lost lexical function, because it can be substituted by [o qual], also, other relative pronouns are losing their lexical function but still are relative pronouns and through diachronic data and other relative pronouns are allowed in resumptives, not only [que]. [O que] is a relative pronoun similar to [what] from English, which introduces free relatives and head relatives with preposition, because it doesn‟t allowed to be substituted by demonstratives in infinitive sentences and, in other languages (like Catalan) [o] can‟t be head of a relative. Besides, in this research, it was considered the LD model (KATO (1993); KATO; NUNES (2009)) the most suitable to the head relatives because it can explain the relativization strategies on Brazilian Portuguese and it considers [que] a relative pronoun and Comp Hypothesis (GROOS; VAN RIEMSDIJK (1981)) to the free relatives because it comprises the biggest number of relative types (appositive and restrictive) and it respect the island conditions.
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Soares, Charley Pereira. "Demonstração da ambiguidade de itens lexicais na LSB : um estudo sincrônico de homonímia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/13235.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2013.Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2013-06-03T14:03:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_CharleyPereiraSoares.pdf: 187640564 bytes, checksum: 1c1ca2289b8ab0d0594707a41fbfcb8f (MD5)
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Este estudo é fruto de uma pesquisa que objetiva demonstrar a ocorrência de ambiguidade lexical na Língua de Sinais Brasileira (LSB). Trata-se de um estudo sincrônico que aborda o processo linguístico da ambiguidade na LSB, com efeito na homonímia de sinais. Diante do fato de os surdos compreenderem melhor a LSB e usuários ouvintes considerarem a LSB difícil por apresentar significantes iguais para significados diferentes, torna-se necessária uma análise da ambiguidade dos sinais, com ênfase no estudo da semântica lexical, para melhor compreensão desse problema. Sob essa perspectiva, é preciso analisar o uso dos termos da língua em seu contexto de uso, para que seja possível tanto o registro, quanto o ensino apropriados dos termos da LSB, partindo de regras que possibilitem a validação dos termos ambíguos. Nesta pesquisa, a tentativa de resolução de ambiguidades foi abordada segundo questões teóricas da Linguística, vistas em Ullmann (1964), Câmara (1970), Lyons (1987), Ferreira (1999), Silva (1999), Zavaglia (2003) e Cançado (2008). Para investigar o processo de ambiguidade entre pares homônimos na LSB, o assunto foi estudado em obras que descrevem a LSB, conforme aparece no corpo da dissertação. A interpretação da homonímia teve como base 15 significantes, com dois ou três significados cada um, frequentemente utilizados por usuários da Língua de Sinais Brasileira. Por meio de imagens, foram selecionados contextos linguísticos que continham itens lexicais passíveis de análise. Os resultados indicam que, em LSB, uma forma homônima pode ser identificada e desambiguada se estiver em correlação com outros itens lexicais no contexto, a exemplo do que acontece com outras línguas orais ou línguas sinalizadas. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This study is the result of a research that aims to demonstrate the occurrence of lexical ambiguity in the Brazilian Sign Language (LSB). It is a synchronic study that approaches the process of linguistic ambiguity in LSB, with the effect in the signs’ homonymy. Given the fact that hearing users consider the LSB difficult for presenting the same signifiers for different signifieds, an analysis of the signs’ ambiguity is necessary with emphasis on the lexical semantics study to better understand this problem. From this perspective, an analysis of the language terms’ use in its context is necessary, so that both the register and the appropriate teaching of LSB terms are possible, beginning from rules that enable the validation of ambiguous terms. This research attempted to solve ambiguities according to theoretical issues of linguistics, seen in Ullmann (1964), Câmara (1970), Lyons (1987), Ferreira (1999), Silva (1999), Zavaglia (2003) and Cançado (2008). In order to investigate the process of ambiguity between homonym pairs in LSB, the subject was studied through works that describe the LSB as it appears in the body of this dissertation. The interpretation of homonymy was based on 15 signifiers, with two or three signifieds each often used by the Brazilian Sign Language users. Through images, linguistic contexts that contained lexical items subject to analysis were selected. The results indicate that in LSB a homonymous form can be identified and disambiguated if it is correlated with other lexical items in context, the way it happens in other spoken languages or signed languages.
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Coelho, Sueli Maria. "Estudo diacrônico do processo de expansão gramatical e lexical dos itens ter, haver, ser, estar e ir na Língua portuguesa." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ALDR-6PGGWS.
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The grammatical expansion of the items TER, HAVER, SER, ESTAR e IR (HAVE, the equivalent to English there is/was, BE, GO) in Portuguese was investigated from a diachronic point of view. The process through which full verbs gradually take up grammatical functions, which allow them to move from the Lexicon to Grammar by forming verbal phrases, was studied from a quantitative methodology of grammaticalization within a formalist framework. At the same time, the semantic expansion/restriction which these verbs undergo diachronically was alsoanalyzed. The later, not only relates to grammaticalization of the form, but also to its (de)lexicalization process. To achieve the goals just mentioned, a corpora of twelve texts of varying textual genres was selected, so that each distinguishable period of the Portugueselanguage archaic, modern and contemporary was represented by four texts of about the same length. The criteria for analysis were divided into two interdependent groups: (a) an analysis of the items frequency and (b) a study of semantic, syntactic and morphophonemic factors. At first, the global frequency of occurrence of each selected verbal form was computed in each text. Then, their lexical frequency was tabulated, and contrasted to their grammatical frequency along the three periods, the statistical adherence test of Square-Qui having been used to measure the significance of the values obtained. Next, a semantic analysis of the registered lexical occurrences was carried on to identify the semas of each verbal form analyzed along the history of the language. The aim of such an analysis was to check the abstractness of the verb as itsgrammaticalization process evolves. After that, the syntactic contexts where the forms occurred were raised, so that the main factors determining the choice of forms that can co-occur with the auxiliary verbs in the verbal phrases were identified. Finally, some considerations were made on the loss of phonic material in items under grammaticalization. The attained results demonstrated that all five verbs analyzed are presently grammatical in Portuguese and so have been since thearchaic period; and that many of them are still in full expansion in the language. Moreover, the collected data led to the understanding that grammaticalization and lexicalization are linguistic processes that run parallel and, thus, do not define each other. Therefore, the fact that a certain verbal form is already grammatical does not hinder, nor favor its expansion and/or restriction in the domain of the Lexicon. Another generalization from the analysis undertaken is that verbal phrases result, not only from migration of items from the Lexion to Grammar, but also from a strengthening of the grammaticality of items that move on from a less grammatical stage to a more grammatical one.Estudou-se, numa perspectiva diacrônica, o processo de expansão gramatical dos itens TER, HAVER, SER, ESTAR e IR na Língua Portuguesa. A partir da proposição de uma metodologia quantitativa de estudo da gramaticalização numa abordagem formalista, buscou-se estudar o processo pelo qual os verbos plenos vão, ao longo do tempo, assumindo gradativamente funções gramaticais, o que lhes permite tramitar do léxico para a gramática, constituindo perífrases verbais. Analisou-se ainda, paralelamente a esse fenômeno, o processo de expansão/restrição semântica por que vão passando esses verbos ao longo de seu percurso diacrônico, o que se relaciona não apenas ao processo de gramaticalização da forma, mas também ao seu processo de (des)lexicalização. Para a consecução dos objetivos propostos, selecionaram-se corpora compostos de doze textos de gêneros textuais distintos, sendo cada período da Língua Portuguesa arcaico, moderno e contemporâneo representado por quatro textos de tamanhos aproximados. Os critérios de análise foram divididos em dois grupos interdependentes: (a) análise da freqüência do item e (b) estudo de fatores semânticos, sintáticos e morfofonêmicos. Inicialmente, computou-se em cada texto a freqüência total de ocorrência de cada uma das formas verbais selecionadas para o estudo. A seguir, procedeu-se à tabulação de suas freqüências lexicais, comparando-as com suas freqüências gramaticais ao longo dos três períodos, aplicando-se, para mensurar o grau de significância dos valores obtidos, o teste estatístico de aderência do Qui-Quadrado. Empreendeu-se, a seguir, a análise semântica das ocorrências lexicais registradas, buscando identificar os semas de cada uma das formas verbais analisadas ao longo da história da língua. O objetivo da análise de tais semas foi verificar o grau de abstração do verbo à medida que seu processo de gramaticalização se expande. Vencida essa etapa, passou-se à análise dos contextos sintáticos de ocorrências das formas, com vistas a identificar os principais fatores responsáveis por gerir a seleção das formas passíveis de co-ocorrerem com os auxiliares estudados nas perífrases verbais. Por fim, teceram-se algumas considerações acerca da perda de material fônico dos itens em processo de gramaticalização. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que todos os cinco verbos analisados encontram-se gramaticalizados na Língua Portuguesa desde o período arcaico e que muitos deles ainda estão em processo de franca expansão na língua. Além disso, os dados coletados permitiram o entendimento de que a gramaticalização e a lexicalização são processos lingüísticos paralelos e que, como tais, não se determinam. Assim, o fato de determinada forma verbal já se ter gramaticalizado não impede, tampouco favorece seu processo de expansão e/ou restrição nos domínios do léxico. Outra generalização extraída da análise empreendida refere-se ao fato de que as perífrases verbais resultam não apenas da tramitação de itens do léxico para a gramática, mas também de um processo de acentuação da gramaticalidade de itens que se movem de um estágio menos gramatical para outro mais gramatical.
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Fleuri, Lilian Jurkevicz. "O perfil ideacional dos itens lexicais translator/tradutor em Translators through history e em Os tradutores na história." Florianópolis, SC, 2006. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/106583.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da TraduçãoMade available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T21:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 244427.pdf: 4839244 bytes, checksum: 971388d1920c42e07bd54c5a51c2923f (MD5) Previous issue date: 30
A pesquisa parte dos conceitos de linguagem e de texto desenvolvidos pela Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF) que interpreta a língua como um sistema modelador de realidades. Partindo desse conceito, sugere-se, nesta pesquisa de caráter interdisciplinar, a interface entre a Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional, os Estudos da Tradução e a Lingüística de Corpus para análise descritiva da obra Translators Through History e sua tradução Os Tradutores na História. Busca-se examinar o perfil ideacional dos itens lexicais "translator/tradutor" em ambos os textos, identificando-se os padrões emergentes na textualização e na retextualização e os novos significados construídos no processo de retextualização. Observase que, apesar de os padrões de transitividade serem análogos em ambos os textos # os resultados da análise apontam para uma construção similar do "tradutor" # há especificidades no perfil ideacional do tradutor sendo tal item lexical mais representado como Portador na textualização (texto em inglês) e mais como Ator na retextualização (texto em português), configurando-se, portanto, em uma representação que enfatiza um papel ativo do tradutor no contexto de chegada. This thesis draws on the concept of language and text developed by Sistemic Functional Linguistics which undertakes language as a modeling system of realities. An interface between Systemic-Functional Linguistics, Translation Studies and Corpus Linguistics is pursued in order to carry out a descriptive analysis of the book Translators Through History and its retextualization, Os Tradutores na História. The Ideational profile of the lexical items translator/tradutor is analyzed in both texts, with a view to identifying emergent patterns and new construals in the retextualization. Results show that despite the transitivity patterns being similar in both texts # a similar construction of the "translator" can be found in both texts # it becomes evident that a slightly different representation emerges from the analysis of the #translator#: This lexical item is represented as a Carrier in the textualization and as an Actor in the retextualization. The target text thus construes an active role for the translator in the target context.
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Moser, Denise Aparecida. "Uma proposta para expandir a habilidade em adquirir novos itens lexicais que ocorrem nos textos expositivos de 1o. grau /." Florianópolis, SC, 1997. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/77090.
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Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T00:43:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T21:35:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 138818.pdf: 7929091 bytes, checksum: 645db88ef9f54efd7fcc14677a34fd37 (MD5)
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Kovalevskaitė, Jolanta. "Multi-word lexemes in the Lithuanian Language." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120412_135614-12448.
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The object of the study is multi-word lexemes (samplaikos in Lithuanian), defined as combinations composed of two or more inflective or non-inflective parts of speech, grammatically and semantically perceived as one unit. The goal of the dissertation is to investigate the autonomy of multi-word lexemes in the Lithuanian language. Two monolingual corpora (the non-annotated Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the morphologically annotated Lithuanian language corpus) and the parallel German-Lithuanian corpus have been used for the extraction and the analysis of data. Several research methods have been applied: descriptive, corpus-based, statistical, and contrastive.
The statements to be defended are as follows:
1. According to the broad conception of phraseology, multi-word lexemes are a subtype of multi-word units. They are considered to be an object of phraseology, since their frequency and fixedness have been confirmed by corpus analysis. 2. There are variations in the degree of fixedness of multi-word lexemes. The analysis of collocation strength between the elements of multi-word lexemes and of deviations in morphological paradigm indicates that the degree of fixedness of multi-word lexemes is largely determined by their composition. 3. The context of multi-word lexemes is characterized by stability or variability. The context of more stable multi-word lexemes is variable, which determines their greater autonomy. Less stable multi-word lexemes that occur in... [to full text]Darbo objektas yra lietuvių kalbos samplaikos, apibrėžiamos kaip dvižodžiai ar ilgesni iš kaitomų ir nekaitomų žodžių sudaryti stabilieji junginiai, sudarantys vientisos reikšmės leksinį vienetą, kuris dažniausiai vartojamas nesavarankiškos (tarnybinės) kalbos dalies funkcija. Disertacijos tyrimo tikslas – ištirti lietuvių kalbos samplaikų, kaip leksinio vieneto, pasižyminčio formos ir turinio stabilumu, autonomiškumą. Darbo šaltiniai: neanotuotas Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, morfologiškai anotuotas lietuvių kalbos tekstynas ir lygiagretusis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų tekstynas. Darbo metodai: aprašomasis metodas, tekstynų lingvistikos metodas, statistiniai metodai, gretinamasis metodas. Ginamieji teiginiai: 1. Remiantis išplėstąja frazeologijos samprata, samplaikos yra sustabarėjusių kalbos vienetų tipas, laikomas frazeologijos objektu nuo tada, kai tekstynų analize įrodytas šių junginių dažnumas ir vartojimo pastovumas. 2. Samplaikų stabilumas yra nevienodas. Samplaikų dėmenų traukos įverčio ir morfologinės paradigmos nuokrypio tyrimas rodo, kad samplaikų stabilumo laipsnį lemia samplaikų sandara. 3. Samplaikų kontekstui būdingas stabilumas arba kintamumas. Stabilesnių samplaikų kontekstas kintamas, todėl jos yra autonomiškesnės. Mažesniu stabilumu pasižyminčios samplaikos, kurių kontekstas labiau apibrėžtas, yra ne tokios autonomiškos. 4. Autonomiškesnės samplaikos labiau linkusios būti vertimo vienetais nei mažiau autonomiškos. Kuo samplaika autonomiškesnė, tuo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Kovalevskaitė, Jolanta. "Lietuvių kalbos samplaikos." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120412_135507-61018.
Full textAbstract:
Darbo objektas yra lietuvių kalbos samplaikos, apibrėžiamos kaip dvižodžiai ar ilgesni iš kaitomų ir nekaitomų žodžių sudaryti stabilieji junginiai, sudarantys vientisos reikšmės leksinį vienetą, kuris dažniausiai vartojamas nesavarankiškos (tarnybinės) kalbos dalies funkcija. Disertacijos tyrimo tikslas – ištirti lietuvių kalbos samplaikų, kaip leksinio vieneto, pasižyminčio formos ir turinio stabilumu, autonomiškumą.
Darbo šaltiniai: neanotuotas Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, morfologiškai anotuotas lietuvių kalbos tekstynas ir lygiagretusis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų tekstynas. Darbo metodai: aprašomasis metodas, tekstynų lingvistikos metodas, statistiniai metodai, gretinamasis metodas.
Ginamieji teiginiai:
1. Remiantis išplėstąja frazeologijos samprata, samplaikos yra sustabarėjusių kalbos vienetų tipas, laikomas frazeologijos objektu nuo tada, kai tekstynų analize įrodytas šių junginių dažnumas ir vartojimo pastovumas.
2. Samplaikų stabilumas yra nevienodas. Samplaikų dėmenų traukos įverčio ir morfologinės paradigmos nuokrypio tyrimas rodo, kad samplaikų stabilumo laipsnį lemia samplaikų sandara.
3. Samplaikų kontekstui būdingas stabilumas arba kintamumas. Stabilesnių samplaikų kontekstas kintamas, todėl jos yra autonomiškesnės. Mažesniu stabilumu pasižyminčios samplaikos, kurių kontekstas labiau apibrėžtas, yra ne tokios autonomiškos.
4. Autonomiškesnės samplaikos labiau linkusios būti vertimo vienetais nei mažiau autonomiškos. Kuo samplaika autonomiškesnė, tuo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The object of the study is multi-word lexemes (samplaikos in Lithuanian), defined as combinations composed of two or more inflective or non-inflective parts of speech, grammatically and semantically perceived as one unit. The goal of the dissertation is to investigate the autonomy of multi-word lexemes in the Lithuanian language. Two monolingual corpora (the non-annotated Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and the morphologically annotated Lithuanian language corpus) and the parallel German-Lithuanian corpus have been used for the extraction and the analysis of data. Several research methods have been applied: descriptive, corpus-based, statistical, and contrastive. The statements to be defended are as follows: 1. According to the broad conception of phraseology, multi-word lexemes are a subtype of multi-word units. They are considered to be an object of phraseology, since their frequency and fixedness have been confirmed by corpus analysis. 2. There are variations in the degree of fixedness of multi-word lexemes. The analysis of collocation strength between the elements of multi-word lexemes and of deviations in morphological paradigm indicates that the degree of fixedness of multi-word lexemes is largely determined by their composition. 3. The context of multi-word lexemes is characterized by stability or variability. The context of more stable multi-word lexemes is variable, which determines their greater autonomy. Less stable multi-word lexemes that occur in... [to full text]
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Sörensen, Susanne. "Five English Verbs : A Comparison between Dictionary meanings and Meanings in Corpus collocations." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-6091.
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In Norstedts Comprehensive English-Swedish Dictionary (2000) it is said that the numbered list of senses under each headword is frequency ordered. Thus, the aim of this study is to see whether this frequency order of senses agrees with the frequencies appearing in the British National Corpus (BNC). Five English, polysemous verbs were studied. For each verb, a simple search in the corpus was carried out, displaying 50 random occurrences. Each collocate was encoded with the most compatible sense from the numbered list of senses in the dictionary. The encoded tokens were compiled and listed in frequency order. This list was compared to the dictionary's list of senses. Only two of the verbs reached agreement between the highest ranked dictionary sense and the most frequent sense in the BNC simple search. None of the verbs' dictionary orders agreed completely with the emerged frequency order of the corpus occurrences, why complementary collocational learning is advocated.
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Luvhengo, Shumani Mercy. "Towards macrostructural representation of sublexical and multilexical lexical iterms in Tshivenda-English bilingual dictionaries." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2117.
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Sarmento, Luís António Diniz Fernandes de Morais. "Definition and computation of similarity operations between web-specific lexical items." Tese, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/59404.
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Sarmento, Luís António Diniz Fernandes de Morais. "Definition and computation of similarity operations between web-specific lexical items." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/59404.
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Chang, Li-ping, and 張莉萍. "Salient Linguistic Features of Chinese Lexical Items and Syntactic Structures Across the CEFR Levels." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w6pnj7.
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博士國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學系
101
The study aims to explore the salient linguistic features of Chinese lexical items and syntactic structures across the CEFR levels. The research based on corpus linguistics and contrastive interlanguage analysis method, including comparing learner corpus (i.e. L2 corpus) and native-speaker corpus (i.e. L1 corpus), as well as different native language background L2 sub-corpora. The L2 corpus which consists of more than 1.14 million Chinese words from novice proficiency to advanced learners’ texts is mainly from the computer-based writing Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL). L1 corpus is from the Academia Sinica balanced corpus. In lexical part, we try to seek possible criterial features (Hawkins &; Buttery, 2009) from the aspects of vocabulary size, high frequency information, error rate of word use and keyword-keyness analysis. Some salient features are discovered. For examples, English L2 shows the unusual high frequency on pronouns and unusual low frequency on sentential final particles in Chinese writing. And Japanese as well as Korean L2s tend to overuse the post form ‘de hua’ when expressing the If sentence, and overuse ‘suoyi’ when expressing the cause-result relation. The dissertation also provides possible explanations for the findings from the aspects of L2s’ native language typology, linguistic structure, syntactic category and culture. In structure part, we observe and discuss the syntactic features from the aspects of nominal phrase structure, frequent patterns and word order expression by different proficiency learners. We find the A2 level learners have acquired the canonical Chinese word order, for example, SVO. The specific structures like Ba sentence, Bei sentence, and Lian sentence are proved as the criterial features to discriminate the different proficiency levels. And the features of frequency of using relative clause and the expansion ability of nominal phrase are also discriminative for Chinese learners.
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Bai, Su-Ling, and 白素玲. "Investigation on the Connection between Meaning and Form in Lexical Items: from a Bilingual Perspective." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68725993397375556758.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學系
82
The purpose of the thesis is to examine the nature of representations in the mental lexicon, i.e., whether the units of the mental lexicon contained forms for access only, or with their semantic specifications as well? Sternberg's memory serial-scanning paradigm with an item-recognition task was adopted. In the experimental paradigm, the reaction-time (RT) is measured for deciding whether a target stimulus has been presented in a previous set of to-be-memorized items. In general, RT has been found to be a linear increasing function of the set size (i.e., equal increase of each item in the to-be- memorized set). This linear function allows an investigator to generate two parameters; an intercept represents encoding, decison making, and response execution, and a slope stands for the time required by each comparison between a probe item and one member from a memory list. By examining the RT-function of one particular factor, i.e., the symbolic type or language for a memorized set and for a test stimulus, one could make inference about the token specifications in the underlying comparison stage. The hypothesis was that knowledge was stored in some separate, language- dependent, representation, Accordingly, the slope of linear function was predicted to vary depending on the factor that whether category consistency was reached between a positive set and a following stimulus. Four experiments were performed. The results of all experiments here supported an unitary representation containing both form and content in the mental lexicon; the separate storage hypothesiswas argued for.
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Lu, Guan-Hong, and 呂冠泓. "Mozaer Effect: Memorizing lexical items in music condition from the perspective of individual differences in music training." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85nwb6.
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碩士國立嘉義大學
外國語言學系研究所
106
Xing et al. (2016) enlightened researchers who were looking forward to exploring the correlation between music and humans’ brains. Current study followed this interest and adopted experimental method in order to find out whether being equipped with music training or background would lead to better learning in music condition or not. Total 40 students from National Chia-Chi senior high school, consisting of 20 students with at least 4 year-music training and 20 students with no music training, were invited to participate in this study. Speaking of the design, there were two stages, which comprised two learning-and-test rounds which asked participants to memorize 24 translation pairs as much as they could in 5 minutes and respond to the predesigned E-prime program in both silent and music conditions. The results showed that there’s no significant progress found in memorizing lexical items. However, students in both groups showed a very significant improvement in the music condition regarding the response time in memorizing translation pairs, which led to interesting assumption that music itself could be a facilitator for people to achieve similar or better performances within a shorter time limit. This study on the music effects could be regarded as the foundation or new possibility of inventing teaching methods in the future.
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Kao, Jui-Yu, and 高睿禹. "Using a Specialized Web Corpus to Enrich the Lexical Items and Collocations of a Basketball English Teaching Material." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2kkw52.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
英語學系
105
Abstract In recent decades, ESP (English for Specific Purpose) has received more and more attention in TESOL. ESP teaching materials such as Coxhead’s Academic Word List and Ward’s Engineering Word List have contributed a lot to both pedagogy and research. However, few studies have been done on sports English. For basketball, NBA (National Basketball Association) is the most famous and popular league in the basketball filed in the world. Many Taiwanese basketball fans like to watch the live games broadcast in English. For people equipped with basic and general English competence, many technical terms and special usages like rebound often hinder their comprehension when watching English basketball games or related news. Though there are some teaching materials of basketball English like published books, those books are written by the authors’ intuition and personal experience without the support of a robust corpus. The purpose of the present thesis is to use a specialized web basketball English corpus to enrich the lexical items and collocations in a basketball English published book. To have a robust foundation, this thesis built a web basketball English corpus with the help of Sketch Engine. The corpus contains about 70 million words. With the functions of concordance software Sketch Engine, the present study compared the high frequent phrases and words in the basketball English corpus with the words and phrases in the teaching material Fast Break. In addition, the current study also compared the collocations of common words between the teaching material and the web corpus. For the words and phrases comparison, results indicated that there were many high frequent words and phrases in the web corpus not included in the basketball English teaching material. For the collocation comparison, the current study found that web corpus can provide more collocates than the teaching material. The present research also compiled a basketball English word list and phrase list based on the teaching material and the web basketball English corpus for reader’s reference. The findings of the present research are expected not only to benefit the basketball English teaching material by providing specialized web corpus as a way to enrich its content but also to offer helps to teachers who want to incorporate basketball English into their courses. People who want to learn basketball English by themselves can also refer to the present basketball English word list and phrase list to explore the basketball English. Key Words: ESP, Web Corpus, Basketball English, Lexical Item List
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Pfrehm, James W. "An empirical study of the pluricentricity of German : comparing German and Austrian national's perceptions of the use, pleasantness and standardness of Austrian standard and German standard lexical items /." 2007. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Lephallo, Amos Thabo. "A comparative study of the influence of the nasal prefix `N' ( from UR- BANTU "NI-") on succeeding consonants at the beginning of some lexical items in Zulu, Xhosa and Southern Sotho." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/974.
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Submitted in fulfillment for the Degree Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1990.In any language, words are uttered systematically according to certain rules. Each language has therefore its own system. Language may be defined as "a system of utterances governed by a set of.rules". In a language there are partial systems such as Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax, etc. Wnen these partial systems are put together they form a unique system of a particular language. Phonetics is the study of a single speech sound. A word is made up of a number of phonetic units.
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Freire, Ana Catarina Duarte Mendes. "O Ensino-Aprendizagem do Léxico Através do Uso das Curtas-Metragens nas Aulas de Espanhol/LE." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/35845.
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Relatório de estágio do Mestrado em Ensino de Inglês e de Espanhol/Alemão/Francês no Ensino Básico e no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário, apresentado à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra