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Journal articles on the topic 'Lexical items'
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1
Sanker, Chelsea. "Lexical ambiguity and acoustic distance in discrimination." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4719.
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This work presents a perceptual study on how acoustic details and knowledge of the lexicon influence discrimination decisions. English-speaking listeners were less likely to identify phonologically matching items as the same when they differed in vowel duration, but differences in mean F0 did not have an effect. Although both are components of English contrasts, the results only provide evidence for attention to vowel duration as a potentially contrastive cue. Lexical ambiguity was a predictor of response time. Pairs with matching duration were identified more quickly than pairs with distinct duration, but only among lexically ambiguous items, indicating that lexical ambiguity mediates attention to acoustic detail. Lexical ambiguity also interacted with neighborhood density: Among lexically unambiguous words, the proportion of 'same' responses decreased with neighborhood density, but there was no effect among lexically ambiguous words. This interaction suggests that evaluating phonological similarity depends more on lexical information when the items are lexically unambiguous.
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Howard, David. "Lexical Anomia: Or the Case of the Missing Lexical Entries." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 4 (November 1995): 999–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401426.
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This paper reports the case of an aphasic patient, EE, with a problem in word retrieval. He is consistently unable to produce specific lexical items, which tend to be items of low rated familiarity. His retrieval of these words is not aided by the provision of phonemic cues or extra time for word retrieval. His errors consist primarily of failures to respond, and the provision of semantic information without any attempt at the target. It is argued that this pattern of performance is consistent with the loss of specific lexical items from a phonological lexicon for speech production. EE is shown to have no impairment in auditory recognition and comprehension of the lexical items that are unavailable for naming. This dissociation is problematic for theories that propose a single phonological lexicon for both word recognition and production, but is easily accounted for by separate input and output lexicons.
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Harder, Peter. "The Lexico-Syntactic Symbiosis in a Functional Perspective." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (December 2001): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/033258601753358623.
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Based on a functional approach, the article proposes a role for lexical knowledge in human languages in relation to syntactic and encyclopaedic knowledge. A lexicon presupposes encyclopaedic knowledge in terms of which the semantic domain of lexical items can be defined – but this does not mean that there is no distinction between lexicon and encyclopaedia, only that one stands on the shoulders of the other. Syntax similarly presupposes a lexicon: there can be no combinations without items to be combined, whereas you can have (holophrastic) languages consisting solely of items. However, inside the domain of human, i.e. syntactically organized languages, syntax and lexicon presuppose each other: lexical items below full utterance size make no sense except in relation to a combinatory syntax, and a combinatory syntax presupposes elements that can enter into combinations.
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HANTSON, André. "Ing-Forms as Lexical Items." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.17.1.2016701.
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Bierwisch, Manfred, and Robert Schreuder. "From concepts to lexical items." Cognition 42, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 23–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(92)90039-k.
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Jackendoff, Ray, and Jenny Audring. "Morphological schemas." New Questions for the Next Decade 11, no. 3 (December 16, 2016): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.06jac.
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We propose a theory of the lexicon in which rules of grammar, encoded as declarative schemas, are lexical items containing variables. We develop a notation to encode precise relations among lexical items and show how this differs from the standard notion of inheritance. We also show how schemas can play both a generative role, acting as productive rules, and also a relational role, where they codify nonproductive but nevertheless prolific patterns within the lexicon. We then show how this theory of lexical relations can be embedded directly into a theory of lexical access and lexical processing, such that it can make direct contact with experimental findings.
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McCray, A. T. "The Nature of Lexical Knowledge." Methods of Information in Medicine 37, no. 04/05 (October 1998): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634562.
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AbstractThis paper considers the nature of lexical knowledge and its role in language and information processing. The lexicon is the central component of language and plays a pivotal role in current linguistic theory [3, 4] and, increasingly, in natural language processing systems [5-7]. The lexicon embodies information aboutthe lexical items ofthe language and serves as the foundation for morphologic, syntactic, and semantic processing. The differences as well as commonalities among dictionaries, thesauri, and lexicons are discussed, and distinctions between words, lexical items, and terms are drawn. Next, the scope and content ofthe SPECIALIST lexicon are presented, followed by a discussion of certain writing conventions that can be troublesome for text processing applications. One approach to handling orthographic and other lexical variation is discussed in a section that reports on the design and implementation of the SPECIALIST lexical programs. The paper concludes with a discussion of controlled terminologies for the medical domain. Throughout the discussion, examples are drawn from the SPECIALIST lexicon and from the other UMLS knowledge sources [8,9].
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Paolo, Marianna Di. "Double Modals as Single Lexical Items." American Speech 64, no. 3 (1989): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455589.
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van Hout, Roeland, and Pieter Muysken. "Modeling lexical borrowability." Language Variation and Change 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001575.
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ABSTRACTIn this article, we develop analytical techniques to determine borrowability – that is, the ease with which a lexical item or a category of lexical items can be borrowed. The analysis is based on two assumptions: (1) the distribution of items in both the host and donor language should be taken into account to explain why certain items are, and others are not, borrowed; (2) the borrowability of a lexical category may result from a set of (underlying) operative factors or constraints. Our analysis is applied to Spanish borrowings in Bolivian Quechua on the basis of a set of bilingual texts.
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Vrbinc, Alenka. "Macrostructural Treatment of Multi-word Lexical Items." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 8, no. 1 (May 14, 2011): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.8.1.51-61.
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The paper discusses the macrostructural treatment of multi-word lexical items in mono- and bilingual dictionaries. First, the classification of multi-word lexical items is presented, and special attention is paid to the discussion of compounds – a specific group of multi-word lexical items that is most commonly afforded headword status but whose inclusion in the headword list may also depend on spelling. Then the inclusion of multi-word lexical items in monolingual dictionaries is dealt with in greater detail, while the results of a short survey on the inclusion of five randomly chosen multi-word lexical items in seven English monolingual dictionaries are presented. The proposals as to how to treat these five multi-word lexical items in bilingual dictionaries are presented in the section about the inclusion of multi-word lexical items in bilingual dictionaries. The conclusion is that it is most important to take the users’ needs into consideration and to make any dictionary as user friendly as possible.
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Dalton, Sarah Grace Hudspeth, Hana Kim, Jessica D. Richardson, and Heather Harris Wright. "A Compendium of Core Lexicon Checklists." Seminars in Speech and Language 41, no. 01 (December 23, 2019): 045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400972.
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AbstractCore Lexicon (CoreLex) is a relatively new approach assessing lexical use in discourse. CoreLex examines the specific lexical items used to tell a story, or how typical lexical items are compared with a normative sample. This method has great potential for clinical utilization because CoreLex measures are fast, easy to administer, and correlate with microlinguistic and macrolinguistic discourse measures. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with a centralized resource for currently available CoreLex checklists, including information regarding development, norms, and guidelines for use.
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Clercq, Karen De, and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd. "On the idiomatic nature of unproductive morphology." Linguistics in the Netherlands 36 (November 5, 2019): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00026.cle.
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Abstract We present a case study in the marking of the negative prefix in French gradable adjectives, where the productive marker iN- alternates with a number of unproductive prefixes, like dé(s)-, dis-, mal-, mé(s)-. We treat this as a classical case of allomorphy, and present an account of the distribution of these allomorphs in terms of the nanosyntactic mechanism of pointers, by which lexical items may point to other, existing, lexical items in the postsyntactic lexicon. We claim that unproductive lexical items are not directly accessible for the spellout mechanism, but only indirectly, via pointers. We show how the analysis accounts for lexicalised semantics in derivations, as well as cases where the formal relationship between derivational pairs is not concatenative, but substitutive.
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Mutzafi, Hezy. "Neo-Mandaic as a Source of Hitherto Unattested Mandaic Words." Aramaic Studies 15, no. 1 (2017): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01501007.
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Neo-Mandaic (NM) is the least known Neo-Aramaic language, despite recent progress in investigations of its grammar and lexicon. Lexicographical coverage of NM is still particularly replete with lacunae, as many of the language’s lexical items and lexical peculiarities remain beyond common scholarly knowledge. The present contribution discusses several hitherto unknown or misrepresented NM lexemes. Ten of these are inherited from pre-modern Mandaic antecedents that are, as far as can be established, not manifest in classical and post-classical Mandaic textual sources. Most of these inherited lexical items are of Aramaic origin, whereas a few are of ultimate Iranian provenance.
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Dakhi, Saniago. "Foreign Language Acquisition Of Souvenir Seller In Bawomataluo Village." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.2.1.46.16-32.
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This research is carried by focusing on the description of the kinds and process of lexical items acquired by souvenir seller in Bawomataluo. To obtain the whole accurate data of these research questions, two instrument of data collection, interview and observation, were used. The result of data analysis are the eight English part of speech are acquired. It is discovered that lexical items acquired are dominated by noun. Verb and adjective posites at the next level of the amount of lexicals acquired. Adverb, conjunction, pronoun are less acquired. Interjection is more easily acquired by souvenir sellers. The processes involved to acquire the lexical consist of four are social, memory, compensation, and affective process. Key Word : Foreign language acquisition, souvenir seller
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Kriaučiūnienė, Roma, and Vilija Sangailaitė. "AN INQUIRY INTO THE PROCESSES OF LEXICAL EXPANSION IN CURRENT ENGLISH." Verbum 7, no. 7 (December 22, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2016.7.10291.
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The current paper focuses on the study of novel lexical items, i. e. the processes involved in the making of new words, in order to discover which methods contribute to the expansion of the current English lexicon. The research is based on the new words coined since 2004 which are included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online (ensuring that the items in the sample cover various semantic fields, are of diverse origins, and all are already accepted into the working vocabulary). Two objectives are completed to explore the subject and achieve its aim: 1) to establish the concept of new words and to overview the processes of lexical expansion in the English language, and 2) to determine which methods are employed and which are absent in the creation of new words in current English by analyzing the novel lexical items retrieved from the OED Online. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied in this study. The results indicate that the concept of new words is not straightforward in the English language. More often than not, the terms neologisms and new words are used synonymously to refer to recent, novel lexical items recognized and used by the language community. English has an extensive inventory of word-forming tools classified into these distinct categories: word-formation, semantic change, borrowing, and other; each further subdivided into various processes. Overall, the subtypes of word-formation – derivation, shortening and compounding – are used the most in the creation of recent additions to the lexicon. Predominantly, the findings are consistent with the tendencies of lexical expansion observed in previous studies.
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Gao, Xiu. "The Image of Jews as Constructed by Lexical Items." European Judaism 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2017.510227.
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In the Western world, Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is controversial due to its stereotypical description of Jews as evil and greedy. In China, the work was not widely known until its translations came out. This article deals with two Chinese renderings of Shakespeare’s classic, by Laura White (1914–1915) and Shiqiu Liang (2001/1936) respectively, which reconstruct the image of Shylock and Jews on the basis of the translators’ perceptions of the original figure, combining their identities and social backgrounds. In imagology, based on the ideas of Pageaux (1989/1994), the image of the ‘other’ can be analysed on three levels: lexical items, larger textual units, and plot. On the face of it, the image of the ‘other’ in translation can originate in either the source or target culture. However, the present article, which focuses on the lexical level, shows that there is a third possibility – a lexicon that blends two or more cultures.
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Gao, Xiu. "The Image of Jews as Constructed by Lexical Items." European Judaism 51, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2018.510227.
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Abstract In the Western world, Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is controversial due to its stereotypical description of Jews as evil and greedy. In China, the work was not widely known until its translations came out. This article deals with two Chinese renderings of Shakespeare’s classic, by Laura White (1914–1915) and Shiqiu Liang (2001/1936) respectively, which reconstruct the image of Shylock and Jews on the basis of the translators’ perceptions of the original figure, combining their identities and social backgrounds. In imagology, based on the ideas of Pageaux (1989/1994), the image of the ‘other’ can be analysed on three levels: lexical items, larger textual units, and plot. On the face of it, the image of the ‘other’ in translation can originate in either the source or target culture. However, the present article, which focuses on the lexical level, shows that there is a third possibility – a lexicon that blends two or more cultures.
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Cannon, Garland. "Modern Spanish-based Lexical Items in English." Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 15, no. 1 (1994): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dic.1994.0014.
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MANNING, ALAN D. "The invariant code-significance of lexical items." Semiotica 73, no. 1-2 (1989): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/semi.1989.73.1-2.101.
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Frazier, Lyn. "Processing discontinuous lexical items, by whatever name." Cognition 54, no. 3 (March 1995): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)00653-3.
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Navalna, Maryna, and Ruslana Tymchenko. "Differential signs of social and economic vocabulary against the background of social dynamics." University Economic Bulletin, no. 44 (February 12, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-44-73-80.
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The subject of research is semantic processes in the vocabulary of socio-economic sphere. Objective of research. Analyzes the verbal vocabulary for denoting social-economic concepts and identifies the potential of these linguistic items. Methodological basis of research. In the research, the descriptive-analytical method was used for comprehensive study and description of vocabulary. For the systematization and classification of lexical items, interpretation of their functional features, the methods of linguistic observation and generalization were used; to determine the origin and the original meaning of lexical items – the elements of etymological analysis were used. The comparative method was used to compare the features of semantics, structure, origin and usage of linguistic items of the analyzed field. Results of research. The article analyzes the social-political vocabulary based on differential signs, it characterizes the verbal vocabulary for denoting social-economic concepts and identifies the potential of these linguistic items. Selected a few layers of vocabulary in different spheres of use, defined stylistic role of the term for economic concepts and processes, factors that new lexico-semantic displays have defined are characterized, their stylistic role is defined. The field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in teaching activities in the course «Scientific and technical terminology». Conclusions. Socio-economic vocabulary is a sufficiently broad group of verbs that denote different processes, actions and sometimes states. These lexical items really show what is happening in society in the economic sector. The article concludes that the selected thematic groups of verbs are not closed, they are open both for replenishment by new lexical items and verbs of other lexical-semantic groups.
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de Bot, Kees, Albert Cox, Steven Ralston, Anneli Schaufeli, and Bert Weltens. "Lexical processing in bilinguals." Second Language Research 11, no. 1 (February 1995): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100101.
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In this article data from an auditory lexical decision experiment with English-Dutch bilinguals are compared with data from a similar experiment using visual lexical decision. The aim of the experiments was to investigate three factors that may play a role in lexical processing: level of proficiency in the second language, mode of presentation (visual vs. auditory) and cognate- ness of lexical items. The structure of this article is as follows. In the first part a description is given of current theoretical models of the bilingual lexicon. In the second part we present a summary of an experiment on visual lexical decision (Kerkman, 1984; Kerkman and De Bot, 1989), and in the third part we report on the auditory lexical decision experiment. In the last part these two sets of data are discussed in the light of recent theorizing on the bilingual lexicon.
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Sari, Andara Ninggar, and Rosyida Ekawati. "LEXICAL DENSITY IN READER’S DIGEST MAGAZINE." Prosodi 15, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/prosodi.v15i1.10483.
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This study concerns with the use of lexical density in Reader’s Digest Magazine. This study used quantitative method. In collecting data, the writer used the document method. The source of data of this research is the lexical items and grammatical items in Reader’s Digest Magazine. In analyzing the data, the writer used lexical density theory by Ure. The source of data of this research is the lexical items and grammatical items in Reader’s Digest Magazine. The result of the lexical density shows there are health article with density around 61, 34%, animal kingdom article with density around 61,56%, languages article with density around 58, 83%, parenting article with density around 54, 68%, and travel article with density around 64, 05%. Keywords: Lexical Density, lexical item, grammatical item, Reader’s Digest
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CUPPINI, CRISTIANO, ELISA MAGOSSO, and MAURO URSINO. "Learning the lexical aspects of a second language at different proficiencies: A neural computational study." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2012): 266–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000617.
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We present an original model designed to study how a second language (L2) is acquired in bilinguals at different proficiencies starting from an existing L1. The model assumes that the conceptual and lexical aspects of languages are stored separately: conceptual aspects in distinct topologically organized Feature Areas, and lexical aspects in a single Lexical Network. Lexical and semantic aspects are then linked together during Hebbian learning phases by presenting L2 lexical items and their L1 translation equivalents. The model hypothesizes the existence of a competitive mechanism to solve conflicts and simulate language switching tasks. Results demonstrate that, at the beginning of training, an L2 lexicon must parasitize its L1 equivalent to access its conceptual meaning. At intermediate proficiency, L2 items may evoke their semantics independently of L1, but with a high risk of interference. At higher proficiency, the L2 representation becomes progressively similar to the L1 representation, according to Green's (2003) convergence hypothesis.
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Deibel, Isabel. "Adpositions in Media Lengua: Quichua or Spanish? – Evidence of a Lexical-Functional Split." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 404–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01202006.
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After decades of debate in linguistic theory, the lexical/functional status of adpositions is still controversial. Lexicon-Grammar mixed languages such as Media Lengua, spoken in Northern Ecuador, are excellent testing cases for such grammatical categories: This mixed language displays a conservative Quichua morphosyntactic frame while approximately 90% of its lexical roots are relexified from Spanish. Thus, due to the lexical-functional split Media Lengua displays, whether adpositions in this language are realized in Quichua or Spanish can speak to their status as a lexical/functional category. This study reports data from recent field research, conducted with speakers trilingual in Media Lengua, Quichua and Spanish who participated in two tasks (video description and translation). The results show a split between lexical and functional adpositions in Media Lengua, manifested in the dual-language realization of complex (multimorphemic) items: The lexical part of these complex items is relexified from Spanish while the functional part is retained in Quichua – even when participants are structurally primed. This suggests that Media Lengua across communities systematically follows Quichua morphosyntactic rules.
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AMENGUAL, MARK. "Interlingual influence in bilingual speech: Cognate status effect in a continuum of bilingualism." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 3 (December 12, 2011): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000460.
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The present study investigates voice onset times (VOTs) to determine if cognates enhance the cross-language phonetic influences in the speech production of a range of Spanish–English bilinguals: Spanish heritage speakers, English heritage speakers, advanced L2 Spanish learners, and advanced L2 English learners. To answer this question, lexical items with considerable phonological, semantic, and orthographic overlap (cognates) and lexical items with no phonological overlap with their English translation equivalents (non-cognates) were examined. The results indicate that there is a significant effect of cognate status in the Spanish production of VOT by Spanish–English bilinguals. These bilinguals produced /t/ with longer VOT values (more English-like) in the Spanish production of cognates compared to non-cognate words. It is proposed that the exemplar model of lexical representation (Bybee, 2001; Pierrehumbert, 2001) can be extended to include bilingual lexical connections by which cognates facilitate phonetic interference in the bilingual mental lexicon.
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Soares, Eliane Pereira Machado. "MEMÓRIA, IDENTIDADE E CULTURA NO VOCABULÁRIO DO ESCRITOR JOÃO BRASIL | MEMORY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN THE VOCABULARY OF WRITER JOÃO BRASIL." Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, no. 63 (October 3, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ell.v0i63.33767.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Resumo</span><span>: Este trabalho resulta de uma pesquisa sobre o vocabulário da obra literária do autor memorialista João Brasil Monteiro, da cidade de Marabá, Estado do Pará, com o objetivo de estabelecer relações entre língua e identidade e a memória coletiva local. O referencial teórico e metodológico remete à análise léxico-semântica de lexias, organizadas em campos lexicais Coseriu (1979). A organização do vocabulário em si apresentará os verbetes em ordem alfabética, em campos semânticos, com as respectivas informações gramaticais, definições e remissivas, para tanto utilizaremos a ferramenta computacional Lexique Pro. Até o momento já foram identificados cerca de 600 itens lexicais. </span></p><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Abstract: </span><span>This work results from a research on the vocabulary of the literary work of the memorialist author João Brasil Monteiro, from the city of Marabá, State of Pará, in order to establish relations between language and identity and local collective memory. The theoretical and methodological referential refers to the lexical-semantic analysis of lexias, organized in lexical fields Coseriu (1979). The organization of the vocabulary itself will present the entries in alphabetical order, in semantic fields, with the respective grammatical information, definitions and references, for which we will use the Lexique Pro computational tool. To date, about 600 lexical items have been identified. </span></p><p><span>Keywords: </span><span>Lexicon; Regional Language; Vocabulary. </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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Wiesinger, Evelyn. "Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie.
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Abstract Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
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Manurung, Apryl, and Kammer Tuahman Sipayung. "An Analysis LexIcal Density of Reading text in SMA Imelda Medan." JETAL: Journal of English Teaching & Applied Linguistic 1, no. 1 (September 22, 2019): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v1i1.124.
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The objectives of the study was to find out the lexical density for lexical items and the dominant kind of lexical items in reading text of the second grade of SMA IMELDA SWASTA MEDAN. This study was conducted by mixed method.This study was done by analysing ten ( 10 ) reading text from the �Bahasa Inggris � textbook. The result of analysis showed that : (1) seven texts (7) were categories medium =50% lexical density. It meant that the text was easy to understand by students and three (3) texts were low =50 % lexical density that means the text was easiest to understand in teaching reading. And there was no high lexical density that found in text, it refers there is no text that include the difficult text for students (2) the dominant kinds of lexical items that found in every text was noun ( 48.0%). It meant noun was more use in every text because noun is easy to include new word. The writer concludes that the textbook are suitable for students. The writer was suggested that the teacher can choose the appropriate teaching reading strategy to improve students� reading comprehension
Keywords: : Lexical Density, Lexical Items, Reading Text, Textbook
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Mahlberg, Michaela. "Lexical cohesion." Lexical Cohesion and Corpus Linguistics 11, no. 3 (August 30, 2006): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.3.08mah.
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Cohesion is generally described with regard to two broad categories: ‘grammatical cohesion’ and ‘lexical cohesion’. These categories reflect a view on language that treats grammar and lexis along separate lines. Language teaching textbooks on cohesion often follow this division. In contrast, a corpus theoretical approach to the description of English prioritises lexis and does not assume that lexical and grammatical phenomena can be clearly distinguished. Consequently, cohesion can be seen in a new light: cohesion is created by interlocking lexico-grammatical patterns and overlapping lexical items. A corpus theoretical approach to cohesion has important implications for English language teaching. The article looks at difficulties of teaching cohesion, shows links between communicative approaches to ELT and corpus linguistics, and suggests practical applications of corpus theoretical concepts.
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Kimani, James. "PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF MARRIAGE DOWRY NEGOTIATIONS IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AFRICA." European Journal of Historical Research 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejhr.796.
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Purpose: Kenya’s foreign policy has largely rested with the presidency as has been shown by the analysis of the Uhuru Kenyatta Regimes. The general objective of the study was to examine pragmatic analysis of marriage dowry negotiations in local communities Africa.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: The study concludes that for good negotiations to take place, interpersonal relationship has to be realized and this was done by using relevant lexical items. The lexical items that showed interpersonal relationships created a good environment for the negotiators to speak their minds. Some lexical items which are used in marriage negotiations are also in daily usage but their meanings differed according to the context of use. Several lexical items were used in marriage negotiations but five lexical items were used both in the marriage negotiations and also appeared in everyday usage but their meanings varied. The lexical items were analysed using Lexical Narrowing. Lexical Narrowing increases implications and the hearer is entitled to narrow the interpretation that satisfies his expectation.
Recommendations: The study found that marriage negotiations involved the use of sayings and proverbs especially from the bridal side. The study, therefore, recommends that further research can be done in those areas and also on the symbols that every form of dowry entail in Africa local communities and other communities abroad
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Lightfoot, David. "Atomic lexical entries." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (December 1999): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99392220.
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Not only do grammars have the dual structure that Clahsen discusses but the lexicon contains atomic, unanalyzed items, which would be still more mysterious for single-mechanism models. Forms of be in modern English are listed atomically and this is not a simple function of their morphological richness or of the fact that they move.
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Silalahi, Mery. "LEXICAL ITEMS IN BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE REPRESENTING FAUNA, FLORA, AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: ECOLINGUISTICS STUDY." Haluan Sastra Budaya 3, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/hsb.v3i1.30204.
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<p>In the ecolinguistic view, the relationship between human and nature (ecology) produces a variety of languages (linguistics). Language and environment are two things that influence each other. Change in language, both in the lexicon or grammar, cannot be released from changes in the natural and social environment. On the one hand, environmental changes have an impact on change in language, and on the other hand, the community behavior towards their environment influenced by the language they use. Thus, the dynamics of the existence of the lexicon are affected by changes in the environment of a place the language used. The results of this study prove that there is relationship between language and nature. There are 6 lexicons which be explained in this article.<strong> <em>Horbou</em></strong> <strong>or buffallo</strong> and <strong><em>Dekke</em> or fish: goldfish </strong>are lexical items representing fauna. <strong><em>Boras Sipir ni Tondi </em>or Rice and <em>Demban or Sirih or</em></strong> <strong>betel leaf<em> </em></strong>are lexical items representing flora. And to the lexical items which representing social environment are <strong><em>Ulos</em> or Woven Cloth and <em>Tortor</em></strong> <strong>or Traditional Dance</strong>. The six lexical items which are representing natural (two for fauna and flora respectively) and social environment (two lexical items) contain cultural terms in Batak Toba language. Because it is a cultural term, then it cannot be separated from the history of Batak people. The cutural terms then will be analyzed and compared to the present life in Indonesian culture in general. It could have similarities or even differences to the present life in Indonesia.</p><p> </p>
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van de Craats, Ineke. "Conservation in the acquisition of possessive lexical items." Linguistics in the Netherlands 19 (August 16, 2002): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.19.07cra.
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MARIAN, VIORICA, and MICHAEL SPIVEY. "Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items." Applied Psycholinguistics 24, no. 2 (June 2003): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716403000092.
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Performance of bilingual Russian–English speakers and monolingual English speakers during auditory processing of competing lexical items was examined using eye tracking. Results revealed that both bilinguals and monolinguals experienced competition from English lexical items overlapping phonetically with an English target item (e.g., spear and speaker). However, only bilingual speakers experienced competition from Russian competitor items overlapping crosslinguistically with an English target (e.g., spear and spichki, Russian for matches). English monolinguals treated the Russian competitors as they did any other filler items. This difference in performance between bilinguals and monolinguals tested with exactly the same sets of stimuli suggests that eye movements to a crosslinguistic competitor are due to activation of the other language and to between-language competition rather than being an artifact of stimulus selection or experimental design.
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Kempen, Gerard. "Processing discontinuous lexical items: a reply to Frazier." Cognition 55, no. 2 (May 1995): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)00657-7.
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Hasanovna, Nurullaeva Zarina. "Detailed description of lexical items in "Strong Argument"." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 4 (2021): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01068.5.
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Sipka, Danko. "Lexical dynamics of the 1990: Numbers and letters." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 60 (2004): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0460099d.
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The author presents the data concerning the Serbo-Croatian lexical dynamics of the 1990s. He notes that the changes in this period were fundamental far-reaching. They left a visible trace not only in the lexicon, but also in the grammatical system of the language. It is interesting to note that despite the popular perception, the new ethnically marked lexical items were characterized by only moderate frequency.
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Little, Carol. "AMERICAN REGIONAL LEXICAL SURVEY: GENDER AND AGE IN LEXICAL CHANGE IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES." Discourse and Interaction 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2012-2-51.
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The American South has always been a distinct linguistic region. Using data from the American Regional Lexical Survey, this study shows the overall decline in use of Southern lexical terms. The following explores these changes in lexical choice in this region by comparing gender over time. Women’s choice to use Southern lexical items decreases whereas men’s usage of Southern lexical items increases significantly in the youngest generation. The results from this survey depict the effects of changing population demographics and labour statistics on choice of lexical item.
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Zhang, Ling, and Ping Lu. "Lexical Chunks Formulaic Sequences and Yukuai: Study of Terms and Definitions of English Multiword Units." English Language and Literature Studies 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v7n1p74.
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According to the theory of mental lexicon, lexical chunks refer to the multiword units with chunking effects while being processed in utterences. Language acquisition studies hold that formulaic sequences undertake more pragramatic functions bearing more conceptual processing and cultural information. There are some overlaps in the two terms. In the SLA studies in China, researchers attempted to use the coined term Cikuai to be the substitute of these two literally-translated terms—Cihui Zukuai for lexical chunks in Chinese and Chengshi Yu for formulaic sequences in Chinese. This paper proposes that lexical chunks and formulaic sequences have respective linguistic and cognitive features, which direct L1 and L2 speakers to process lexico-semantic multiword units in discourse in different ways. They are the subordinate terms of multiword units in English. This paper claims that the present terms can refer to holistically processed multiword units due to their formulaic and chunking effects.The significant differences lie in their degree of compositionality and semantic productivity. The lexical chunks have higher compositionality and semantic transparency, whereas the formulaic sequences are dynamic lexico-semantic multiword units, which offer exemplars instead of chunks for the reconstruction of lexical items in certain discourses. With regard to the lexical features of meaning extension, recursion and creativeness, we figure out their working definitions and come to the conlusion that Yukuai is not a good terminology to cover all the features entailed in them.
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Khumaeroh, Putri, and Syahfitri Purnama. "EXPLORING LEXICAL AND METRICAL STRESS IN MAYA ANGELOU'S POEM ENTITLED 'STILL I RISE': A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v3i1.5804.
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<p>This study deals with phonological analysis, which focuses on analyzing lexical and metrical stress in Maya Angelou's poem entitled 'Still I Rise.' This study explores the lexical stress and metrical stress used in Angelou's poem, which answers the research questions. This method is the qualitative method which means the data was written text. The writer intends to determine what lexical stress (primary and secondary stress) and metrical stress (iamb, trochee, and dactyl) are in the poem text. This research showed that lexical stress, namely primary stress with total numbers, is 43 items, and secondary stress with total numbers is three items. Also, there are metrical stresses, including iamb with nine items, trochee 27 items, and dactyl seven items.<br /><br /></p><em></em>
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AYOUN, DALILA. "Grammatical gender assignment in French: dispelling the native speaker myth." Journal of French Language Studies 28, no. 1 (July 20, 2017): 113–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095926951700014x.
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ABSTRACTThis study highlights the complexity of French grammatical gender as a lexical property at the interface of morpho-phonology and the lexicon. French native speakers (n = 168) completed a gender assignment task with written stimuli illustrating common versus uncommon nouns, vowel-initial versus consonant-initial nouns, compounds and grammatical homonyms; they also indicated the strategies they used to assign a gender to stimuli. The findings showed strong lexical and gender effects suggesting that grammatical gender must be acquired for individual lexical items as morpho-phonological cues alone are unreliable and vary greatly.
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Wei, Longxing. "Codeswitching as Projection of Bilingual Lemmas in Contact." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): p40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v4n1p40.
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Unlike most previous studies of Codeswitching (CS) focused on describing surface configurations of switched items (i.e., where CS is structurally possible) or the switched items (i.e., what items from another language can be switched), this paper explores formulation processes of bilingual speech and the nature of the bilingual mental lexicon and its activity in CS. More specifically, it applies the Bilingual Lemma Activation Model (Wei, 2002, 2006b) to the data drawn from various naturally occurring CS instances. It claims that the mental lexicon does not simply contain lexemes and their meanings, but also lemmas, which are abstract entries in the mental lexicon that support the surface realization of actual lexemes. Lemmas are abstract in that they contain phonological, morphological, semantic, syntactic and pragmatic information about lexemes. It further claims that lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are language-specific and are in contact during a discourse involving CS at three levels of abstract lexical structure: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. The CS instances described and analyzed in this paper provide evidence that the bilingual speaker’s two linguistic systems are unequally activated in CS, and CS is an outcome of bilingual lemmas in contact.
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Kashchy, Olena. "PLURIZENTRITITÄT DER DEUTSCHSPRACHIGEN TERMINOLOGIE IM AMTS- UND VERWALTUNGSBEREICH." Odessa Linguistic Journal, no. 12 (2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/2312-3192/12/4.
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The article is devoted to the revealing and analysis of the lexical features of the Austrian version of the German language as a pluriscentric language in the field of management and administration. The lexical differences between the German and Austrian versions of the German language are so significant that they can hinder free orientation in the German-speaking space and correct language use. The existing lexical differences are partly caused by the social and public system peculiarities of the country, the specifics of the administrative structure and state broadcasting. The sources of the research are texts of Austrian media publications. Study material is consisted of lexical units obtained by continuous selection of Austrian print media “Standard” and “Österreich Spiegel”. In the course of the study, in the texts of the printed publications were revealed lexical items, which are codified standard norms of the Austrian version of the German language. The analysis of available data allows us to classify several types of parallel forms in the Austrian and German variants of the German language: synonymous forms, denoting the same reality, but using different lexical items; synonymous lexical items to denote the same objects and phenomena, the distinction between which is purely formal; lexical items denoting realities, that are typical for only one country of the German-speaking space, or objects and phenomena whose similarities are limited; and lexical items that do not differ formally and are used in both versions of the pluricentric language, but have different meanings or synonyms only in one of the possible values.
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Shun-chiu, Yau. "Derivation Lexicale En Iangues Gestveiles Et Chinoises." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 16, no. 2 (1987): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000025.
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Given a certain number of basic signs (gestural lexical items), the lexicon of a sign language can expand by modifying the morphology of its basic items. The case I present here concerns only those data where morphological modification is exploited as a lexical branching device, i.e., where a sign acquires a new signification but no additional, morphemes after undergoing such a modification, and the root form of that sign retains its original, meaning.The movement parameter is the principal device of an intrinsic nature for lexical branching in sign languages. In this respect, the movement modification in sign language is comparable to tonal modification in certain oral languages. In Cantonese, for example, the difference between cognate pairs such as "sugar:sweet is marked by a tonal shift. Tones are generally attached to the vowels. Since vowels are the nuclei of syllables in a sonorous modality as movements are of signs in a visually dynamic medium, we can consider the two lexical, branching mechanisms in their respective systems to be parallel linguistic phenomena.
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Djalal, Farah M., Wouter Voorspoels, Gert Storms, and Tom Heyman. "Is jellyfish more of a fish in English than in Dutch? The effect of informative labels." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (May 26, 2018): 792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818777094.
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Some words are lexically suggestive about the taxonomic position of their referent (e.g., jellyfish in English), and this information can vary across languages (e.g., in Dutch the equivalent of jellyfish holds no taxonomic information: kwal). To evaluate the role of such lexical suggestions, we conducted a cross-linguistic study in which similarity judgements from two language groups (Dutch and English speakers) were compared. We paired asymmetrically informative items with items that are considered to be typical members of the referenced category (e.g., jellyfish–salmon). Our analyses revealed that items were deemed more similar by speakers of a language in which the lexical information was present (e.g., English speakers tended to give relatively higher ratings for jellyfish–salmon than Dutch participants did for the non-informative equivalent kwal–zalm). Results are discussed in light of theories of concept representation and compound processing.
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Mascaró, Joan. "External Allomorphy and Lexical Representation." Linguistic Inquiry 38, no. 4 (October 2007): 715–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.4.715.
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Many cases of allomorphic alternation are restricted to specific lexical items but at the same time show a regular phonological distribution. Standard approaches cannot deal with these cases because they must either resort to diacritic features or list regular phonological contexts as idiosyncratic. These problems can be overcome if we assume that allomorphs are lexically organized as a partially ordered set. If no ordering is established, allomorphic choice is determined by the phonology—in particular, by the emergence of the unmarked (TETU). In other cases, TETU effects are insufficient, and lexical ordering determines the preference for dominant allomorphs.
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Poletto, Cecilia. "Contrastive linguistics and micro-variation." Languages in Contrast 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2012): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.12.1.04pol.
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This article deals with a very general problem, namely the origin of the well-known distinction between dialectal and typological variation. It is argued that the fact that the possible grammatical choices are more restricted within a dialectal domain is not due to a supposed principled difference in the parameters that rule variation. Rather, they are a function of the originally unitary lexicon dialects share. If language variation is essentially located in the functional items, and they are derived from the same lexicon, then they will share some core properties that make dialectal variation so restricted. I propose that the fact that the lexicon is similar can give us clues about the internal structure of syntactically complex elements which are represented by a single word, like quantifiers, wh-items, modal verbs, etc. Within a homogenous domain, structural complexity correlates with a higher number of lexical roots: the higher the number of the lexical roots found, the more complex internal structure the functional item will display.
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Sujarwati, Iis, Suranto Suranto, and Emilia Ninik Aydawati. "APPRAISAL STUDY ON ATTITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF AN ARTICLE ENTITLED “WOMEN MAKE “KEBAYA” A FASHION MISSION”." ETERNAL (English Teaching Journal) 13, no. 1 (March 19, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/eternal.v13i1.10895.
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This current study purposes to investigate the types of appraisals used in the article entitled woman make ‘kebaya’ a fashion mission posted in the Jakarta Post newspaper.. The article was analyzed based on an attitude framework consisting of appreciation, affect, judgment, and amplification based on Eggins & Slade’s theory and Martin & Slade’s theory. The data were analyzed in a qualitative approach. The finding shows that there are 34 lexical items of four types of attitudinal appraisal found in the article. The most occurred type of appraisal used is judgment. It takes almost half of the total number (47%) of lexical items found. Furthermore, this category consists of 10 lexical items that belong to social esteem and 5 lexical items of negative social sanction. It means that the writer's kebaya is more positively judged than a negative one.
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Kuiper, Koenraad. "On Pawley’s conjecture." Yearbook of Phraseology 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2015-0008.
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Abstract This paper shows that Pawley’s conjecture that the frequency of lexical items in text corpora is positively correlated with the number of phrasal lexical items which have those lexical items as heads of phrase is confirmed. Data for testing Pawley’s conjecture are taken from two sources: Kilgarriff’s lemmatized frequency lists from the BNC of the 6,318 words which appear more than 800 times (http://www.kilgarriff.co.uk) and the around 14,000 PLIs in the Syntactically Annotated Idiom Dictionary (Kuiper et al., 2003). Why this statistical fact should be the case is a matter for further research.