Academic literature on the topic 'Lexical metaphors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lexical metaphors"
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Siska, Mirwana, Zainuddin ., and Anni Holila Pulungan. "LEXICAL METAPHOR IN INDONESIAN VERSION OF SURAH AL-KAHFI." LINGUISTIK TERAPAN 18, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/lt.v18i2.27890.
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ABSTRACTIn communication, people often faced to the use of metaphor, but many of us sometimes don't understand the metaphor itself. People usually find metaphors when using language in communication where the language they want to say is different from the actual meaning. metaphor divided into two; lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor and lexical metaphor. This research focus on lexical metaphor that shows variations of words in which there are veiled meanings or different meanings. This research aims to explain why lexical metaphors are used in the Surah Al-Kahfi. This research revealed that (+) specialized, un-equal, formal and written have some frequency. All of them were found 42 times or 100%. Meanwhile, the (-) specialized, equal, informal and spoken with zero experience. the researcher was interested to conduct a research about lexical metaphor that used in Surah Al-Kahfi with Bahasa Indonesia translation version of the Qur’an. Keywords: Metaphor, Lexical Metaphor, Al-Qur’an, Surah Al-Kahfi
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Tarwiyah, Siti. "Indonesian and English Lexical Metaphoric Expressions Used In Online Competition News Text." Register Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.13-23.
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The subject of this article deals with discourse semantics. The focus of its description is metaphoric expressions used to express competition news in online media. Based on some theories about metaphor, the writer tries to search for kinds of metaphoric expressions used and the reasons behind the use of the expressions. The result shows that English and Indonesian language use lexical metaphors with three specifications, i.e. anthropomorphic, animal, and synesthetic. The choice of specific lexical metaphoric expressions is related to situational and cultural aspects.
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Tarwiyah, Siti. "Indonesian and English Lexical Metaphoric Expressions Used In Online Competition News Text." Register Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.514.
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The subject of this article deals with discourse semantics. The focus of its description is metaphoric expressions used to express competition news in online media. Based on some theories about metaphor, the writer tries to search for kinds of metaphoric expressions used and the reasons behind the use of the expressions. The result shows that English and Indonesian language use lexical metaphors with three specifications, i.e. anthropomorphic, animal, and synesthetic. The choice of specific lexical metaphoric expressions is related to situational and cultural aspects.
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Sardaraz, Khan, and Roslan Ali. "A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DEATH METAPHOR THEMES IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246.
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In previous literature, conceptual metaphor has been used as a comprehensive cognitive tool to explore systematic categorization of concepts in the Quran. Death metaphor themes have either been studied from rhetorical or conceptual perspectives, but metaphor interpretation needs both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. This paper will explore the function of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation in the Quran. This paper has used the technique of key words and phrases for data collection and metaphor identification procedure (MIP) for metaphors identification. Thirteen conceptual metaphors were found in the data. The key conceptual metaphors were analyzed through the lexical concept cognitive model theory (hereafter LCCM) to find out the functions of linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation. The findings reveal that conceptual metaphor gives only relational structure to the linguistic metaphoric expressions, whereas interpretation needs integration of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. Conceptual simulation of metaphoric expressions is a multilinear process of multiple conceptual schemas and language. The findings also reveal that LCCM needs the tool of intertextuality for clash resolution of contexts in text interpretation. This paper holds that meaning construction depends upon multilinear processing of conceptual schemas and language. Furthermore, it asserts that the gap in LCCM may be resolved through the tool of intertextuality in metaphor comprehension. This study suggests further studies on relationship between conceptual schemas and lexical behaviour and an elaborate model for text interpretation, combining LCCM and intertextuality.
Keywords: Cognitive model, cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, fusion, lexical concept
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2019). A cognitive-semantic approach to the interpretation of death metaphor themes in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(4), 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246
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Jager, Bernadet, and Alexandra A. Cleland. "Connecting the research fields of lexical ambiguity and figures of speech." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.1.05jag.
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The current studies investigated the processing and storage of lexical metaphors and metonyms by combining two existing methodologies from ambiguity research: counting the number of senses (as in e.g., Rodd, Gaskell, & Marslen-Wilson, 2002) and determining the relationship between those senses (as in e.g., Klepousniotou & Baum, 2007). We have called these two types of ambiguity ‘numerical polysemy’ and ‘relational polysemy’. Studies employing a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and semantic categorization task (Experiment 2) compared processing of metaphorical and non-metaphorical words while controlling for number of senses. The effects of relational polysemy were investigated in more detail with a further lexical decision study (Experiment 3). Results showed a metaphor advantage and metonymy disadvantage which conflict with earlier findings of reverse patterns (e.g., Klepousniotou & Baum, 2007). The fact that both conventional lexical metaphors and metonyms can incur either processing advantages or disadvantages strongly suggests they are not inherently stored differently in the mental lexicon.
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Milić, Goran, and Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić. "Can we profit from a loss and still expect substantial gains? Grammatical metaphors as discourse builders and translational choices in English and Croatian discourse of economics." ExELL 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/exell-2020-0004.
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Abstract The present paper starts from proposed points of synergy between Halliday’s (1998) grammatical metaphors and conceptual metaphors as proposed in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Ritchie & Zhu, 2015) and concentrates on the nature and function of lexical choices in expert texts on economics in English and their translations in Croatian. The paper identifies and inspects the proposed instantiation types of grammatical metaphor (e.g. nominalizations and transformations to a verb or adjective as instances of transcategorization, taking place not only between lexical items, but also between syntactic categories and through series of transformations. Translational choices and strategies employed in their Croatian translations are then examined to determine the degree of overlap in the adoption and use of grammatical metaphor as both a language possibility and a translation strategy. The choice of translations of economics discourse from English into Croatian aims to test the hypothesis that translations, especially literal ones and those of novel metaphors may introduce new linguistic metaphors in the target language (Samaniego Fernández et al., 2005).
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Langacker, Ronald W. "Metaphor in Linguistic Thought and Theory." Cognitive Semantics 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00201002.
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Metaphor is pervasive at all levels of the linguistic enterprise: from the conception of particular phenomena, to the formulation of theories, to “world views” such as the “formalist” and “functionalist” perspectives. Metaphor is not just unavoidable but essential to the enterprise, a source of insight and creativity. But since all metaphors are inappropriate in some respect, they can lead to spurious questions, conceptual confusion, misconception of the target, and pointless arguments. These points are illustrated in regard to several metaphors pertaining to lexicon and lexical meaning. Further illustration is provided by an extended case study comparing the network and exemplar models of categorization. When the actual models proposed are distinguished from their metaphorical descriptions, there is no fundamental conflict.
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Gatambuki Gathigia, Moses, Ruth W. Ndung’u, and Daniel Ochieng Orwenjo. "When romantic love in Gĩkũyũ becomes a human body part." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.04gat.
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Studies in Cognitive Linguistics show that metaphors are fundamental to the structuring of people’s thought and language (Sweetser 1990; Kövecses 2009). It is against this backdrop that this study discusses human body parts as metaphors of conceptualizing love in Gĩkũyũ. To achieve this objective, an interview schedule was administered to 48 respondents of different gender by the researcher assisted by four research assistants. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and the main principles of the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) (see Steen et al. 2010) were used in this study. The principles of the MIPVU were employed to find out whether the lexical items collected were metaphorical or not. Using three annotators and the researcher, the study identified 100 Metaphor Related Words (MRWs) as per the annotation guidelines adapted from the MIPVU procedures and three lexical units which were annotated as Discard From Metaphor Analysis (DFMA). From the MRWs, the study identified eight metaphors of human body parts which play an indispensable role in the conceptualization of love in Gĩkũyũ. Further, the study noted that gender is a vital variable that provides people with the prism through which they view love since males registered more lexical frequencies for LOVE IS A HUMAN BODY PART than females. The study concludes that metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics is not only a creative device, but an important mental facility and cognitive instrument.
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Stickles, Elise, Oana David, Ellen K. Dodge, and Jisup Hong. "Formalizing contemporary conceptual metaphor theory." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 166–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.03sti.
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This paper describes an innovative formalization of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and its implementation in a structured metaphor repository. Central to metaphor analysis is the development of an internal structure of frames and relations between frames, based on an Embodied Construction Grammar framework, which then informs the structure of metaphors and relationships between metaphors. The hierarchical nature of metaphors and frames is made explicit, such that inferential information originating in embodied conceptual primitives is inherited throughout the network. The present analysis takes a data-driven approach, where lexical differences in linguistic expressions attested in naturally-occurring discourse lead to a continued refinement and expansion of our analyses.
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Crespo Fernández, Eliecer. "Conceptual metaphors in taboo-induced lexical variation." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 24 (November 15, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2011.24.03.
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Taboo is deeply woven into every culture and society, which is obviously reflected in vocabulary. Indeed, taboo keeps language users from avoiding the forbidden concept and compels them to preserve or violate it, which leads to endless series of cross varietal synonyms for forbidden concepts. In this process, though metaphor stands out as a potent source for euphemistic and dysphemistic reference, the analysis of conceptual metaphor in the Lakoffian tradition as a X-phemistic device has not been dealt with in depth so far. In this regard, the main aim of this paper is twofold: to gain an insight into the process of metaphorical X-phemistic lexical replacements triggered by taboo and explore the role the process of lexicalization of metaphorical units plays in sex and death-related X-phemistic vocabulary. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that whereas lexicalized metaphorical units are deprived of their capacity to conceptualize the taboo in particular terms, both semi-lexicalized and creative metaphors suit the purpose of euphemism and dysphemism by conceptualizing a taboo topic within a conceptual network, which accounts for the X-phemistic function of metaphorical items.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lexical metaphors"
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Turner, Carol. "Walking and Wandering among Mountains and Monsters : A study of metaphors and lexical variation in translation in a text about the Lake District." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86094.
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This essay studies the translation of metaphorical concepts and lexical variation in relation to walking in a text about hiking in the Lake District. These two linguistic features are deemed to be important in fulfilling the communicative intention of the source text and the aim of the essay is to investigate to what extent these two linguistic features have been retained translation and what motivates different translation strategies. The qualitative study of metaphors focuses on the metaphorical concept THE LAKE DISTRICT IS A PERSON analyses how often different translation strategies are employed when translating metaphors. The results show that which strategy was preferred depended on whether the metaphor was lexicalised or novel and a qualitative analysis aims to explain these differences in preference. A qualitative study of the lexical variation regarding walking between the two languages found the number of different words used to be fairly similar in both languages. Context was determined to be more important than the exact meaning when translating words related to hiking. At times context therefore also motivated a single word to be translated into several different words in the target text or vice versa.
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Johansson, Anna. "Conceptual Metaphors in Lyrics by Leonard Cohen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125400.
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The purpose of this study is to find and analyse conceptual metaphors in the lyrics, A Thousand Kissed Deep, Here It Is, and Boogie Street from the album Ten New Songs (2001) by Leonard Cohen using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). In order to detected the conceptual metaphors, the source and target domains were identified. Conceptual metaphors were found by mapping source domains onto target domains and viewing the lexical expressions in the lyrics. The result and analysis of the findings in this study show that linguistic expressions of LOVE, LIFE and DEATH are conceptually present in the lyrics.
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Coppolani, Marie-Laure. "Changement lexical en nez-percé." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF024/document.
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La thèse a pour objet le changement lexical en nez-percé, une langue en danger de l'Idaho (États-Unis)dont le nombre de locuteurs natifs est inférieur à quinze et qui est très peu décrite. L'étude comportedeux axes principaux : la description de la formation des noms de la langue et l'analyse des procédéslexicogéniques employés actuellement dans la création des unités lexicales relatives à l'alimentaire. Aprèsune synthèse linguistique qui renseigne sur la phonologie (plus particulièrement les variations engendréespar les procédés lexicogéniques), l'ordre des constituants et les syntagmes nominaux et verbaux, la thèseétudie la réduplication, la composition, la dérivation affixale (plus spécifiquement les dérivations parsuffixation du morphème de l'analogie et des suffixes ayant subis une conversion catégorielle), et lanominalisation. Puis elle traite de la lexicalisation des métonymies et des métaphores. Enfin, elle analyseles procédés qui conduisent à la création du lexique alimentaire de ces trente dernières années eteffectue une comparaison avec les ressources précédemment identifiéesThe doctoral dissertation analyzes the lexical change in nez perce, an endangered language spoken inIdaho (Unites States of America) that counts less than fifteen native speakers and lacks studies inlexicology. The work is divided into two parts : the description of noun formation, and the analysis of thenew food lexicon. After a synthesis on phonology (modifications due to lexical change), on word order,and on the nominal and verbal clauses, the thesis describes reduplication, compounds, the affixalderivation (especially nouns derived by analogical or converted suffixes) and the lexical nominalisation.Moreover, it deals with the lexicalisations of metonymies and metaphors. Then, it analyzes processes thatlead to the creation of the new food lexicon and compares them with the previously identified processesinvolved in the formation of noun
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Patterson, K. J. "Lexical priming and metaphor : application of the theory of lexical priming to metaphoric language." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3001530/.
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Metaphoricity is often regarded as a distinctive linguistic phenomenon, in opposition to literal, or non-figurative language. Recent research from a corpus-linguistic perspective has begun to show, however, that such a dichotomist stance to metaphor does not bear scrutiny. Current categorization of metaphoric language is unable to address the fuzzy, ambiguous nature of metaphoricity with any definitive set of linguistic characteristics (Deignan, 2005; Partington, 2006; Philip, 2011). Moreover, a metaphor’s ability to violate or bend the limits of linguistic conventions (semantically, lexically, grammatically) is what gives those who employ them a certain degree of freedom in their use of language. The focus of this thesis is to explore and compare the lexical characteristics of metaphoric and non-metaphoric instances of language from a corpus-based perspective. Hoey’s theory of Lexical Priming (2005) presents a usage-based account for both the psychological motivation behind our understanding of language and our ability to use language fluently to communicate within a given context. Presently, the theory accounts for both spoken and written language within particular domains but little attention has been paid to figurative language and in how far priming can account for its usage. This research aims to present an account of how lexical priming can be extended to account for metaphoric instances of language. The focus of this thesis is to explore the relations of collocation, colligation, semantic association and pragmatic association in metaphoric and non-metaphoric instances of the items cultivated (v), flame (n) and grew (v) within a corpus of nineteenth century writings. Hoey’s Drinking Problem hypothesis, an outcome of the Lexical Priming theory is shown to provide an explanation for what drives us as language users to identify metaphoricity. The findings reveal differences in the lexical behaviour between metaphoric and non-metaphoric uses: as a metaphor, it can be argued that cultivated, flame and grew are qualitatively different lexical items, when compared to their non-metaphoric use(s). These findings suggest that lexical, grammatical, textual and pragmatic manifestations in language carry a great deal of importance in distinguishing between subtleties in word senses and meanings. Moreover, the findings show a metaphoric sense of an item appears to be dependent on the primings activated in a reader. It could be argued, based upon the lexical priming approach, that metaphoricity is inherent in the language user rather than the language itself. The research concludes more generally that corpus linguistics, as a method, can offer an explanation for why we recognise metaphoric uses of an item successfully.
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Santos, Rogéria Lourenço dos. "METÁFORAS LEXICAIS EM ESTRUTURAS VERBAIS E MENTAIS EM NOTÍCIAS DE POPULARIZAÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9818.
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The aim of this dissertation was to identify and describe lexical metaphors in popular science news (PSN) from lexicogrammatical elements. Based on Systemic-
Functional Linguistics we worked with the concepts of lexical metaphor, grammatical metaphor and transitivity in order to analyze lexical metaphors in 30 PSN selected
from the magazines BBC News International and Scientific American (Motta-Roth, 2007). Through transitivity we observed the structures specified by each process and
the meanings which are typical to them. When these meanings are built in a nonliteral or non-congruent way we have a lexical metaphor which is caused by the semantic tension between the process and its participant(s). A lexical metaphor can be a metaphor when there is a relation of similarity between the terms; a metonymy
when there is a contiguity relation between terms; and a personification when terms related to inanimate things are described as having human abilities or characteristics.
From our analysis we found more occurrence of metaphor, followed by the occurrence of metonymy and personification. The metaphors showed varied semantic fields although the most common ones referred to war and engineering. The most common metonymies were the kind that studies, reports and results were named instead their researchers (research by researcher) and the kind that research institutions as well as health or government institutions were named instead their responsible members (institution by responsible), depersonalizing the subjects. Most of metonymy cases were at the same time classified as personifications in which mainly researches and institutions became agents which create and spread scientific knowledge and perform varied actions related to decisions in the scientific field. Thus, lexical metaphors were widely found in our corpus, mainly in dependent
projected clauses.O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi identificar e descrever metáforas lexicais em notícias de popularização da ciência (PC) a partir dos elementos da léxico-gramática. Com base na Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, trabalhamos os conceitos de metáfora lexical, metáfora gramatical e transitividade a fim de analisarmos as metáforas lexicais em 30 notícias de PC selecionadas nas revistas BBC News International e Scientific American (Motta-Roth, 2007). Pela transitividade, observamos as estruturas especificadas por cada processo e os sentidos que lhes são pertinentes. Quando esses sentidos são construídos de modo não literal ou não congruente, temos uma metáfora lexical, que é causada pela tensão semântica existente entre processo e seu(s) participante(s). A metáfora lexical pode se configurar como uma metáfora propriamente dita, quando há relação de semelhança entre termos; em metonímia, quando há relação de contiguidade entre termos; e em personificação, quando termos referentes a seres inanimados são descritos como possuidores de habilidades ou características humanas. A partir da nossa análise, verificamos maior ocorrência de metáfora, seguida da ocorrência de metonímia e de personificação. As metáforas apresentaram campos semânticos variados, embora os mais comuns foram referentes à guerra e à engenharia. As metonímias mais frequentes foram do tipo em que estudos, relatórios e resultados foram nomeados em detrimento de seus pesquisadores (pesquisa por pesquisador) e do tipo em que instituições de pesquisa, governamentais e relacionadas à saúde foram nomeadas em detrimento de seus responsáveis (instituição pelos responsáveis), causando a despersonalização dos sujeitos. A maioria dos casos de metonímias foram, concomitantemente, classificados como personificações em que, principalmente, pesquisas em geral e instituições tornaram-se agentes criadores e propagadores do conhecimento científico e de ações variadas relacionadas a decisões no campo da ciência. Assim, metáforas lexicais foram amplamente constatadas em nosso corpus, principalmente em orações dependentes projetadas.
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Reay, I. E. "A lexical analysis of metaphor and phonaestheme." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4310/.
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Chapter 1 - Survey of metaphor using both historical and contemporary sources. Chapter 2 - Analysis of figurative transfer in the STUN group of words using data from the Historical Thesaurus of English. Additional analysis of figurative transfer of the adjectives STURDY and STOUT. Examination of the phonaesthetic groupings of words with initial ST - with especial reference to STUN, STURDY and STOUT. Chapter 3 - Analysis of the HOT/COLD metaphor to express EMOTION using data from the Historical Thesaurus of English. Chapter 4 - A phonaesthetic analysis of all words with initial SW - using data taken direct from OED. A diachronic analysis of same and a series of synchronic analyses to ascertain the phonaesthetic/non-phonaesthetic ratio of initial SW - words throughout time. Chapter 5 - Implictions and suggestions for further research on metaphor, phonaestheme and the possible overlap between these two linguistic mechanisms. Chapter 6 - Conclusions.
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Barros, Alvanira Lucia de. "Metáforas conceptuais atualizadas pelo verbo bater no contexto discursivo das construções lexicais complexas." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6232.
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This study aims at reflecting on the description of the verb bater, under the approach of the pragmatic-semantic-syntactic aspects. Our proposition is to show a trajectory which starts from the most concrete to the most abstract, considering the contexts into which the verb is inserted and the functions performed by it in its most abstract form. In this sense, the following questions will be answered: 1. Which are the pragmatic-semantic-syntactic relations related to the use of the constructions with the verb bater? 2. Which is the relation between the Complex Lexical Constructions and the metaphor, and how to establish a typology to identify them, considering their supposed literal correlates? 3. How to correlate metaphor vs prototype? In order to treat the phenomenon of the metaphor dealt with in this study, it was adopted the cognitive linguistics of experiential base of Lakoff and Johnson (1980-2002, p. 68), through the interface that this area of study establishes with functional linguistics. Lakoff and Johnson (2002) introduced an important contribution to a new direction of the linguistic studies, when finding that a large part of the statements of everyday language are metaphorical. They affirm that The processes of thought are largely metaphorical . (LAKOFF and JOHNSON, 2002, p. 48). We start from the point of view that it is necessary to consider a methodological posture that might include man as a producer of 11 meaningful speeches. Thus, we believe that understanding the pragmatic-semanticsyntactic relations which are behind the verb, implies seeing and thinking the language in use in a reflexive way, contributing to the process of dynamic construction carried out by and among speakers inserted in social-cultural contexts. The discussion centered on the grammatical focus, though recurrent, still leaves doubts and raises a lot of questioning, due to fluctuations which are presented about the linguistic functions: for example, in the uses of the verb bater, an action verb whose characteristic is always an aspect of activity attached to the subject and, thus, is a verb which comprises an active sentence indicating something performed by part of the subject. However, we notice that there are times when it is performed with the help of a noun, whose result of this conjunction reveals other meanings. They are the uses in which the sense is specific with the verbal form bater plus a noun like in bater-boca, bater com a língua nos dentes, bater de frente, among others. These polysemic uses were investigated in the Folha de S. Paulo corpus, referring to the years 1998, 1999, 2007 and 2008. Such uses present a common form called Complex Lexical Constructions with the verb bater. Our objective was to contribute to the interdisciplinary movement of the Functionalist Theory with the Metaphor Conceptual Theory.
Este estudo busca refletir sobre a descrição do verbo bater, sob o enfoque dos aspectos sintático-semântico-pragmáticos. Nossa proposta é mostrar uma trajetória que parte do sentido mais concreto para o mais abstrato, considerando os contextos em que o verbo se insere e as funções por ele desempenhadas na sua forma mais abstrata. Nesse sentido, tentaremos responder às seguintes questões: 1. Quais as relações sintático-semântico-pragmáticas relativas ao uso de construções com o verbo bater? 2. Qual a relação entre as Construções Lexicais Complexas e a metáfora, e como estabelecer uma tipologia para identificá-las, considerando seus supostos correlatos literais? 3. Como correlacionar metáfora vs protótipo? Para tratar do fenômeno da metáfora abordado neste estudo, adotamos a linguistica cognitiva de base experiencialista de Lakoff e Johnson (2002, p. 68), pela interface que essa área de estudo estabelece com a linguistica funcional. Lakoff e Johnson (2002) introduziram uma importante contribuição para o redirecionamento dos estudos linguisticos, ao constatarem que grande parte dos enunciados da linguagem cotidiana são metafóricos. Afirmam que Os processos do pensamento são em grande parte metafóricos . (LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 2002, p. 48) Partimos do ponto de vista de que é preciso considerar uma postura 9 metodológica que incorpore o homem como produtor de discursos significativos. Sendo assim, acreditamos que compreender as relações sintático-semânticopragmáticas que estão por trás do verbo, implica em ver e pensar a língua em uso de forma reflexiva, contribuindo para o processo de construção dinâmico realizado por e entre sujeitos falantes inseridos em contextos socioculturais. A discussão centrada no foco gramatical, apesar de recorrente, ainda deixa dúvidas e suscita muitos questionamentos, devido às flutuações que se apresentam em torno das funções linguisticas, por exemplo, nos usos de bate r, um verbo de ação cuja característica é sempre um aspecto de atividade atrelado ao sujeito, portanto, um verbo que compõe uma frase ativa que indica um fazer por parte do sujeito. Entretanto, observamos que há ocasiões em que ele se realiza com o auxílio de um nome, cujo resultado dessa conjunção revela outros sentidos. São os usos em que o sentido é específico com a forma verbal bater mais um nome, como em baterboca, bater com a língua nos dentes, bater de frent e, entre outros. Esses usos polissêmicos foram investigados no corpus Folha de S. Paulo, referentes aos anos de 1998, 1999, 2007 e 2008. Tais usos apresentam uma forma comum que denominamos de Construções Lexicais Complexas com o verbo bater. Nosso objetivo é contribuir para o movimento interdisciplinar da Teoria Funcionalista com a Teoria Conceptual da Metáfora.
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Desalle, Yann. "Réseaux lexicaux, métaphore, acquisition : une approche interdisciplinaire et inter-linguistique du lexique verbal." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714834.
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Souvent, lorsque les locuteurs d'une langue n'ont pas accès à l'item conventionnel pour étiqueter un objet ou un événement, ils étendent, consciemment ou inconsciemment, le sens d'un autre item lexical disponible. Ce phénomène se produit particulièrement au cours de la phase d'acquisition lexicale des jeunes enfants. Lorsqu'une telle sur-extension sémantique va au-delà de la catégorie d'objet ou d'événement conventionnellement dénotée par l'item lexical produit, il s'agit d'une sur-extension catégorielle et l'énoncé produit est d'allure métaphorique: par exemple, " déshabiller la pomme " pour l'action peler une pomme est un énoncé d'allure métaphorique. Tout d'abord, cette thèse a permis de développer SLAM, un système de résolution lexicale automatique des métaphores produites en situation de manque du mot. SLAM s'appuie, d'une part, sur l'analyse syntaxique de grands corpus et, d'autre part, sur la structure Petit Monde Hiérarchique des réseaux lexicaux de synonymie. Par exemple, à partir des énoncés " elle déshabille* la pomme " ou " les bras* de l'arbre ", SLAM permet d'obtenir les interprétations suivantes: respectivement, " elle pèle une pomme " et " les branches de l'arbre ".Ensuite, cette thèse a permis d'étudier spécifiquement la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes qui se stabilise après celui des noms. D'une part, des outils méthodologiques pour l'étude inter-linguistique de la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes ont été élaborés: (a) un cadre méthodologique pour la construction de procédures d'identification des sur-extensions sémantiques catégorielles des verbes; (b) une méthodologie pour le repérage des stimuli visuels d'action sans biais culturel. D'autre part, les liens entre la structure des réseaux lexicaux de synonymie et la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes en français et en mandarin ont été mis au jour. Après avoir pointé des différences dans la dynamique d'acquisition du lexique des verbes par les jeunes enfants natifs du français et du mandarin, cette étude a servi à construire le score REFLEX, mesure du degré d'acquisition du lexique des verbes, qui permet de catégoriser automatiquement les jeunes enfants vs adultes en français et en mandarin.
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Begley, Mary. "The Middle English lexical field of 'insanity' : semantic change and conceptual metaphor." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-middle-english-lexical-field-of-insanity-semantic-change-and-conceptual-metaphor(8df594e5-d3a1-4272-8e4a-ed250107b737).html.
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This thesis is an investigation of Middle English insanity language. It analyses change in the Middle English lexical field of INSANITY, the semantic structure of lexemes wod and mad, and compares INSANITY conceptual metaphors in Middle English and present-day English. The INSANITY lexical field is an ideal one to study language change, due to socio-cultural changes since the Middle Ages such as advances in medical knowledge, the development of the field of psychiatry and legal changes protecting people with a mental illness from discrimination. The general theoretical aims were to examine a) change in conceptual metaphor, and b) semantic and lexical change with a particular focus on the decline in use of adjective wod. The theoretical frameworks are cognitive linguistics, prototype theory, and conceptual metaphor theory, and the data is derived from Middle English corpora and other sources. The INSANITY database I created for this study consisted of 1307 instances of mad, wod and near-synonyms in context. The main results can be divided into three groups. Firstly, the lexical field study demonstrates that various intra-linguistic and socio-cultural phenomena effect lexical change. Using case studies amongst others of the decline of wod in the Wycliffite Bible and of Caxton's translations from French, and a systematic variation across genre, I argue that the important factors are i) the arrival of new medical loanwords such as frensy, lunatic and malencolie; ii) the early re-emergence of the vernacular in medical texts starting in the twelfth century, and the development of a new medical register; iii) the so-called medieval 'inward turn'; iv) changes in the neighbouring lexical field of ANGER. Secondly, the semasiological study of wod and mad shows that the meanings of these two lexemes are structured and change in line with the central tenets of prototype theory, i.e. as described for diachronic prototype semantics by Geeraerts (1997). The path of mad's semantic development does not parallel that of wod after the thirteenth century. Mad's senses do not have the emphasis on wildness and fury that the senses of wod do. A particularly interesting finding is the semantic change from a sub-sense of adverb mad and adjective mad, 'unrestrained', leading in present-day English to a new delexicalised and grammaticalised sense of mad, where its use as an intensifier enhances scalar quantity and quality. Thirdly, the conceptual metaphor study demonstrates that predominantly the same conceptual metaphors are seen in both Middle English and present-day English, with some exceptions such as the concept of insanity being related to moral decline, as evidenced in the dearth of FALLING metaphors for insanity in present-day English. Conceptual metaphors such as INSANITY IS ANOTHER PLACE are evidenced in present-day English expressions such as out of her senses, or not in my right mind. In 1422, Thomas Hoccleve could write of a dysseveraunce between himself and his wit, or about his wyld infirmitie, which threw him owt of my selfe, illustrating the same underlying concepts. Other INSANITY conceptual metaphors which remain unchanged are GOING ASTRAY, LACK OF ORDER, LACK OF WHOLENESS, DARKNESS, FORCE, PRISON and BURDEN. Because of its unique approach in combining onomasiological and semasiological approaches with a conceptual metaphor study, this study reveals not only specific patterns of change, but differences in the rate of change on the lexical and conceptual levels. Lexical change driven by the need to be expressive, and reflecting socio-cultural changes such as changes in medical knowledge, can be seen to happen rapidly over the Middle English period. However, underlying conceptual change is barely discernible even over a much longer period of time from Middle English to present-day English. This research is significant because it provides a basis for future analysis of insanity language in other periods and contexts. It also contributes to the study of semantic change in general, highlighting the insights that can be gained by combining different types of data-driven analyses.
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Lima, Bruna Seixas. "Afasia e linguagem figurada: o acesso lexical dentro de contextos metafóricos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-15062011-090428/.
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Esta pesquisa traz a análise de fenômenos linguísticos extraídos de entrevistas realizadas com seis sujeitos afásicos com diferentes graus de dificuldade de acesso lexical. Observamos a habilidade desses sujeitos em produzir e compreender nomes de animais utilizados em contexto não-literal. Desenvolvemos uma entrevista para determinar se os sujeitos em questão apresentavam dificuldade para acessar os nomes de animais escolhidos. Numa primeira etapa, os sujeitos tiveram de nomeá-los e descrevê-los e, posteriormente, utilizá-los dentro de um contexto provido pela entrevistadora. A hipótese é que possa haver diferença entre a habilidade do sujeito para produzir e compreender nomes de animais dependendo do contexto apresentado. Duas perspectivas de análise diferentes são apresentadas aqui: primeiro, temos as teorias baseadas em correlatos biológicos da linguagem e, em segundo, a teoria linguística de Roman Jakobson sobre o processamento da linguagem e a sua divisão em dois eixos principais, a metáfora e a metonímia (habilidades de abstração baseadas na similaridade e na contiguidade, respectivamente). Alguns sujeitos apresentam dificuldade para produzir formas de palavras no seu sentido literal, mas o mesmo não acontece quando as mesmas palavras são produzidas no seu sentido não-literal, sugerindo que nesses sujeitos o sistema semântico-lexical pode estar mais preservado do que se imagina, sendo que o tipo de entrada ou saída dessas formas lexicais pode ser o elemento prejudicado. A análise das entrevistas realizadas revela que a compreensão dessas mesmas metáforas foi uma tarefa mais laboriosa para os sujeitos, o que reforça nossa hipótese, uma vez que durante a tarefa de compreensão das metáforas os sujeitos não foram providos do contexto dado na tarefa de produção.This research proposes the analysis of language phenomena taken from interviews made with six aphasic subjects presenting different degrees of lexical access deficits. The focus of this paper is the observation of the ability of these subjects to produce and comprehend names of animals used in a metaphorical context. We developed an interview in order to determine whether the subjects presented problems to access the chosen names of animals. In the first part of the interview, the subjects were asked to name and describe the animal pictures presented and, aftermost, they had to produce and comprehend those names in the context provided by the interviewer. Two distinct perspectives are presented in this paper: first, we have theories based on biological correlates of language, and in second, the linguistic theory by Roman Jakobson about the processing of language and its division in two main axis: metaphor and metonymy (modes of relation based on similarity and contiguity, respectively). Some subjects present distress to produce word forms in their literal meaning, whereas the same does not occur when those words are used in their nonliteral meaning. This suggests that these subjects present a better preservation of the semantic-lexical system than expected, and the only affected element can be the type of input or output of the lexical form. We can see in the interviews presented here that the comprehension of the mentioned metaphors was a more laborious task for the subjects, which reinforces our hypothesis, once during the comprehension part of the interview, the subjects were not provided with the context given previously, in the production task.
Books on the topic "Lexical metaphors"
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Persson, Gunnar. Meanings, models, and metaphors: A study in lexical semantics in English. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1990.
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Metaphors of anger, pride, and love: A lexical approach to the structure of concepts. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1986.
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Szasz, Thomas Stephen. A lexicon of lunacy: Metaphoric malady, moral responsibility, and psychiatry. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
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A lexicon of lunacy: Metaphoric malady, moral responsibility, and psychiatry. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
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Kovecses, Zoltan. Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts (Pragmatics and Beyond VII:8). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 1987.
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Neveu, Erik. Bourdieu’s Capital(s). Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.15.
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This chapter explores three central questions. The first section describes the four core varieties of capitals: cultural, social, economic, and symbolic. It highlights some peculiarites of Bourdieu’s approach: the focus on symbolic capital, a definition of social capital different from those of North American. A second section questions the limits of economic metaphors. Bourdieu borrows from the lexicon of economics (capitals, conversion rates). But he devotes attention to the sociopolitical dimension of the struggles for defining the conversion rates between capitals and warns that “rational” actions are one historical dimension of a complex space of “reasonable” actions. Finally, the chapter discusses the question of the number of capitals. Should one add to Bourdieu’s list something like a bodily or erotic capital? If each field values a specific capital, should researchers produce an endless list of specific capitals, or are these specific capitals always combinations of the four basic ones?
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Peters, Julie Stone. Law as Performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0012.
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This chapter starts from the view that legal performance matters to law: its outcomes, doctrines, and history. Here, rather than defending that view (a task undertaken elsewhere), it analyzes the methodological issues that arise from it. Distinguishing performances—expressive, embodied legal events, and practices—from both literary and legal texts (the traditional objects of law and literature), it assesses the vexed words “performance” and “performativity” as analytic tools, set against the rich historical lexicon. It then distinguishes “law in performance” and “law of performance” from “law as performance,” arguing that analysis of more familiar interpretive objects (aesthetic performances, legal texts) cannot substitute for sustained attention to legal events and practices. Finally, it briefly outlines some paradigms for understanding legal performance: legal conjuration, enactment, or mimesis; legal surrogation (metaphoric, metonymic, or indexical); and legal theatricality-antitheatricality.
Book chapters on the topic "Lexical metaphors"
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Mensa, Enrico, Aureliano Porporato, and Daniele P. Radicioni. "Grasping Metaphors: Lexical Semantics in Metaphor Analysis." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 192–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98192-5_36.
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Tyler, Andrea, and Hiroshi Takahashi. "11. Metaphors and metonymies." In Semantics - Lexical Structures and Adjectives, edited by Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner, 350–80. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110626391-011.
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Planelles Iváñez, Montserrat. "Metaphors as a source of lexical creation in the field of wine criticism." In Spanish Word Formation and Lexical Creation, 409–24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.1.16iva.
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Kövecses, Zoltán, Laura Ambrus, Dániel Hegedűs, Ren Imai, and Anna Sobczak. "Chapter 6. The lexical vs. corpus-based method in the study of metaphors." In Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 149–73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/milcc.8.07kov.
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Zhu, Pan, and Yu-Yin Hsu. "Effects of Lexical Spatial-Temporal Metaphors on Mandarin and Cantonese Speakers’ Temporal Conceptualizations." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 879–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81197-6_73.
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Steinhart, Eric Charles. "Lexical Meanings." In The Logic of Metaphor, 209–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9654-1_9.
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Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie. "Lexical metaphor and interpersonal meaning." In Grammatical Metaphor, 223–55. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.236.13sim.
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Patterson, Katie J. "Lexical priming and metaphor – Evidence of nesting in metaphoric language." In Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 142–62. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.79.06pat.
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Charteris-Black, Jonathan. "The Lexicon of the Referendum." In Metaphors of Brexit, 31–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28768-9_2.
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Strik Lievers, Francesca, and Irene De Felice. "Chapter 5. Metaphors and perception in the lexicon." In Perception Metaphors, 85–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/celcr.19.05str.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lexical metaphors"
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Krishnakumaran, Saisuresh, and Xiaojin Zhu. "Hunting elusive metaphors using lexical resources." In the Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1611528.1611531.
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Sarudin, Anida, Mazura Mastura Muhammad, Muhamad Fadzllah Zaini, Zulkifli Osman, and Muhammad Anas Al Muhsin. "Collocation Analysis of Variants of Intensifiers in Classical Malay Texts." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.11-3.
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In this paper, the authors discuss the findings of a study carried out to examine good lexical collocation in classical Malay texts. For the study, two corpora were used, namely Petua Membina Rumah and Korpus Rujukan Berita Harian. The former had 14,644 tokens and 2,080 types while the latter had 1,058,722 tokens and 39,632 types. Only 100 distributions of lexical collocations of the word ‘baik’ were chosen, given that such a word was most widely used in adjectival sentences. Collocation analysis was carried out using MI (Mutual Information), T score, and logDice. The findings showed such lexical collocations had metaphorical meanings based on two main categories of intensifiers, namely amplifier and downtoner. The former was made up of booster and maximizer while the latter consisted of approximator, compromisers, diminisher, and minimizer. Such findings indicate that the Malay society has a unique linguistic identity in that they converse with a good lexicon of intensifying words or intensifiers whose function is to amplify the meanings of sentences. Each variant of intensifiers of the Malay language occurs in various adverbial characters. Such a phenomenon shows that the unique adverbial intensifier of the Malay language plays an important role as an indicator to identify metaphors.
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Kehat, Gitit, and James Pustejovsky. "Neural Metaphor Detection with Visibility Embeddings." In Proceedings of *SEM 2021: The Tenth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.starsem-1.21.
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Zhang, Na. "Cognitive Perspective of Lexical Metaphor in Scientific Language." In 2013 International Conference on Educational Research and Sports Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/erse.2013.3.
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Mohammad, Saif, Ekaterina Shutova, and Peter Turney. "Metaphor as a Medium for Emotion: An Empirical Study." In Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/s16-2003.
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Shaikh, Samira, Tomek Strzalkowski, Kit Cho, Ting Liu, George Aaron Broadwell, Laurie Feldman, Sarah Taylor, et al. "Discovering Conceptual Metaphors using Source Domain Spaces." In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon (CogALex). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4725.
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Veale, Tony. "Systematicity and the lexicon in creative metaphor." In the ACL 2003 workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1118975.1118979.
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Martin, James H. "Representing regularities in the metaphoric lexicon." In the 12th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991635.991716.
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