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Journal articles on the topic 'Lexical metaphors'
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Siska, Mirwana, Zainuddin ., and Anni Holila Pulungan. "LEXICAL METAPHOR IN INDONESIAN VERSION OF SURAH AL-KAHFI." LINGUISTIK TERAPAN 18, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/lt.v18i2.27890.
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ABSTRACTIn communication, people often faced to the use of metaphor, but many of us sometimes don't understand the metaphor itself. People usually find metaphors when using language in communication where the language they want to say is different from the actual meaning. metaphor divided into two; lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor and lexical metaphor. This research focus on lexical metaphor that shows variations of words in which there are veiled meanings or different meanings. This research aims to explain why lexical metaphors are used in the Surah Al-Kahfi. This research revealed that (+) specialized, un-equal, formal and written have some frequency. All of them were found 42 times or 100%. Meanwhile, the (-) specialized, equal, informal and spoken with zero experience. the researcher was interested to conduct a research about lexical metaphor that used in Surah Al-Kahfi with Bahasa Indonesia translation version of the Qur’an. Keywords: Metaphor, Lexical Metaphor, Al-Qur’an, Surah Al-Kahfi
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Tarwiyah, Siti. "Indonesian and English Lexical Metaphoric Expressions Used In Online Competition News Text." Register Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.13-23.
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The subject of this article deals with discourse semantics. The focus of its description is metaphoric expressions used to express competition news in online media. Based on some theories about metaphor, the writer tries to search for kinds of metaphoric expressions used and the reasons behind the use of the expressions. The result shows that English and Indonesian language use lexical metaphors with three specifications, i.e. anthropomorphic, animal, and synesthetic. The choice of specific lexical metaphoric expressions is related to situational and cultural aspects.
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Tarwiyah, Siti. "Indonesian and English Lexical Metaphoric Expressions Used In Online Competition News Text." Register Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.514.
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The subject of this article deals with discourse semantics. The focus of its description is metaphoric expressions used to express competition news in online media. Based on some theories about metaphor, the writer tries to search for kinds of metaphoric expressions used and the reasons behind the use of the expressions. The result shows that English and Indonesian language use lexical metaphors with three specifications, i.e. anthropomorphic, animal, and synesthetic. The choice of specific lexical metaphoric expressions is related to situational and cultural aspects.
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Sardaraz, Khan, and Roslan Ali. "A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DEATH METAPHOR THEMES IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246.
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In previous literature, conceptual metaphor has been used as a comprehensive cognitive tool to explore systematic categorization of concepts in the Quran. Death metaphor themes have either been studied from rhetorical or conceptual perspectives, but metaphor interpretation needs both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. This paper will explore the function of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation in the Quran. This paper has used the technique of key words and phrases for data collection and metaphor identification procedure (MIP) for metaphors identification. Thirteen conceptual metaphors were found in the data. The key conceptual metaphors were analyzed through the lexical concept cognitive model theory (hereafter LCCM) to find out the functions of linguistic and conceptual knowledge in metaphor interpretation. The findings reveal that conceptual metaphor gives only relational structure to the linguistic metaphoric expressions, whereas interpretation needs integration of both linguistic and conceptual knowledge. Conceptual simulation of metaphoric expressions is a multilinear process of multiple conceptual schemas and language. The findings also reveal that LCCM needs the tool of intertextuality for clash resolution of contexts in text interpretation. This paper holds that meaning construction depends upon multilinear processing of conceptual schemas and language. Furthermore, it asserts that the gap in LCCM may be resolved through the tool of intertextuality in metaphor comprehension. This study suggests further studies on relationship between conceptual schemas and lexical behaviour and an elaborate model for text interpretation, combining LCCM and intertextuality.
Keywords: Cognitive model, cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, fusion, lexical concept
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2019). A cognitive-semantic approach to the interpretation of death metaphor themes in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(4), 219-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp219-246
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Jager, Bernadet, and Alexandra A. Cleland. "Connecting the research fields of lexical ambiguity and figures of speech." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.1.05jag.
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The current studies investigated the processing and storage of lexical metaphors and metonyms by combining two existing methodologies from ambiguity research: counting the number of senses (as in e.g., Rodd, Gaskell, & Marslen-Wilson, 2002) and determining the relationship between those senses (as in e.g., Klepousniotou & Baum, 2007). We have called these two types of ambiguity ‘numerical polysemy’ and ‘relational polysemy’. Studies employing a lexical decision task (Experiment 1) and semantic categorization task (Experiment 2) compared processing of metaphorical and non-metaphorical words while controlling for number of senses. The effects of relational polysemy were investigated in more detail with a further lexical decision study (Experiment 3). Results showed a metaphor advantage and metonymy disadvantage which conflict with earlier findings of reverse patterns (e.g., Klepousniotou & Baum, 2007). The fact that both conventional lexical metaphors and metonyms can incur either processing advantages or disadvantages strongly suggests they are not inherently stored differently in the mental lexicon.
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Milić, Goran, and Dubravka Vidaković Erdeljić. "Can we profit from a loss and still expect substantial gains? Grammatical metaphors as discourse builders and translational choices in English and Croatian discourse of economics." ExELL 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/exell-2020-0004.
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Abstract The present paper starts from proposed points of synergy between Halliday’s (1998) grammatical metaphors and conceptual metaphors as proposed in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Ritchie & Zhu, 2015) and concentrates on the nature and function of lexical choices in expert texts on economics in English and their translations in Croatian. The paper identifies and inspects the proposed instantiation types of grammatical metaphor (e.g. nominalizations and transformations to a verb or adjective as instances of transcategorization, taking place not only between lexical items, but also between syntactic categories and through series of transformations. Translational choices and strategies employed in their Croatian translations are then examined to determine the degree of overlap in the adoption and use of grammatical metaphor as both a language possibility and a translation strategy. The choice of translations of economics discourse from English into Croatian aims to test the hypothesis that translations, especially literal ones and those of novel metaphors may introduce new linguistic metaphors in the target language (Samaniego Fernández et al., 2005).
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Langacker, Ronald W. "Metaphor in Linguistic Thought and Theory." Cognitive Semantics 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00201002.
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Metaphor is pervasive at all levels of the linguistic enterprise: from the conception of particular phenomena, to the formulation of theories, to “world views” such as the “formalist” and “functionalist” perspectives. Metaphor is not just unavoidable but essential to the enterprise, a source of insight and creativity. But since all metaphors are inappropriate in some respect, they can lead to spurious questions, conceptual confusion, misconception of the target, and pointless arguments. These points are illustrated in regard to several metaphors pertaining to lexicon and lexical meaning. Further illustration is provided by an extended case study comparing the network and exemplar models of categorization. When the actual models proposed are distinguished from their metaphorical descriptions, there is no fundamental conflict.
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Gatambuki Gathigia, Moses, Ruth W. Ndung’u, and Daniel Ochieng Orwenjo. "When romantic love in Gĩkũyũ becomes a human body part." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.2.1.04gat.
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Studies in Cognitive Linguistics show that metaphors are fundamental to the structuring of people’s thought and language (Sweetser 1990; Kövecses 2009). It is against this backdrop that this study discusses human body parts as metaphors of conceptualizing love in Gĩkũyũ. To achieve this objective, an interview schedule was administered to 48 respondents of different gender by the researcher assisted by four research assistants. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and the main principles of the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) (see Steen et al. 2010) were used in this study. The principles of the MIPVU were employed to find out whether the lexical items collected were metaphorical or not. Using three annotators and the researcher, the study identified 100 Metaphor Related Words (MRWs) as per the annotation guidelines adapted from the MIPVU procedures and three lexical units which were annotated as Discard From Metaphor Analysis (DFMA). From the MRWs, the study identified eight metaphors of human body parts which play an indispensable role in the conceptualization of love in Gĩkũyũ. Further, the study noted that gender is a vital variable that provides people with the prism through which they view love since males registered more lexical frequencies for LOVE IS A HUMAN BODY PART than females. The study concludes that metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics is not only a creative device, but an important mental facility and cognitive instrument.
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Stickles, Elise, Oana David, Ellen K. Dodge, and Jisup Hong. "Formalizing contemporary conceptual metaphor theory." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 166–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.03sti.
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This paper describes an innovative formalization of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and its implementation in a structured metaphor repository. Central to metaphor analysis is the development of an internal structure of frames and relations between frames, based on an Embodied Construction Grammar framework, which then informs the structure of metaphors and relationships between metaphors. The hierarchical nature of metaphors and frames is made explicit, such that inferential information originating in embodied conceptual primitives is inherited throughout the network. The present analysis takes a data-driven approach, where lexical differences in linguistic expressions attested in naturally-occurring discourse lead to a continued refinement and expansion of our analyses.
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Crespo Fernández, Eliecer. "Conceptual metaphors in taboo-induced lexical variation." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 24 (November 15, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2011.24.03.
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Taboo is deeply woven into every culture and society, which is obviously reflected in vocabulary. Indeed, taboo keeps language users from avoiding the forbidden concept and compels them to preserve or violate it, which leads to endless series of cross varietal synonyms for forbidden concepts. In this process, though metaphor stands out as a potent source for euphemistic and dysphemistic reference, the analysis of conceptual metaphor in the Lakoffian tradition as a X-phemistic device has not been dealt with in depth so far. In this regard, the main aim of this paper is twofold: to gain an insight into the process of metaphorical X-phemistic lexical replacements triggered by taboo and explore the role the process of lexicalization of metaphorical units plays in sex and death-related X-phemistic vocabulary. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that whereas lexicalized metaphorical units are deprived of their capacity to conceptualize the taboo in particular terms, both semi-lexicalized and creative metaphors suit the purpose of euphemism and dysphemism by conceptualizing a taboo topic within a conceptual network, which accounts for the X-phemistic function of metaphorical items.
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Ritchie, David. "Reclaiming a unified American narrative." Metaphor and the Social World 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.18019.rit.
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Abstract As part of an on-going project to apply metaphor analysis to understanding the cultural polarization that has recently obstructed discourse about political and cultural issues in both the United States and Europe, this essay examines the lexical, grammatical, and story metaphors in a recent editorial column, by conservative columnist Ross Douthat, that also focuses on this topic. In a key section of the essay, Douthat uses a blend of complex grammatical and lexical metaphors to highlight the contrast between the traditional American identity narrative of settlement and conquest and a recently emerged liberal counter-narrative, which Douthat epitomizes by quoting former President Obama’s repeated insistence that “That’s not who we are.” Douthat’s argument is contextualized by the reproduction of an image with the title “Engraving of a massacre of Indian women and children in Idaho by 19th century white settlers,” which strengthens the contrasts and implied ironies embedded in his complex combination of grammatical and lexical metaphors. These relationships are brought into sharp focus through the metaphor-led analysis of the text and its interaction with the image, demonstrating the value of this approach to discourse analysis.
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Wageche, Irungu, and Changhai Chi. "Conceptual Metaphors and Rhetoric in Barack Obama’s and Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse in Africa and Europe." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 2 (January 20, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n2p52.
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This paper examines the use of conceptual metaphors in Barack Obama’s and Xi Jinping’s diplomatic discourse in both Africa and Europe. Drawing on four speeches, this paper begins by examining the pervasiveness of metaphor utility in the speeches by using Pragglejazz Metaphor Identification Procedure. This paper examines the underlying concepts in the identified metaphors by using Lakoff and Johnson conceptual metaphor framework. Finally, this paper examines the significance of conceptual metaphors as a rhetorical strategy in diplomatic discourse. This paper found out that both Barack Obama and Xi Jinping employed an exceptionally high number of metaphors in their discourse in Africa and Europe. We found out that metaphors used by each leader do form an underlying concept. Barack Obama’s diplomatic discourse embodies journey metaphors while Xi Jinping’s diplomatic discourse embodies nature metaphors. The paper illustrates how both leaders draw on neutral lexical units such as distance, crossroads, pace, path, water, lions, mountains, wells, et cetera and charge them with metaphors as a rhetorical strategy in order to draw African and European audiences closer to their primary message.
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Garrido, Joaquín. "Motion metaphors in discourse construction." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2011): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.9.1.06gar.
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Motion metaphors occur at different levels, from prepositional phrases to discourse, including theoretical metaphors. After reviewing Relevance Theory as a bottom-up approach, and Cognitive Linguistics and Segmented Discourse Representation Theory as top-down ones, an integrated approach to metaphor in discourse construction is developed, based on a cognitive operation of connection of lower units into higher ones, similar to subsumption in the Lexical Constructional Model and to chunking in the Usage-Based Approach. In discourse construction, as the analysis of press and poetry examples show, either a motion metaphor may contribute to the discourse structure, or it may result from it. Discourses are packed into text structures; live discourse metaphors develop into text-type metaphors on their way to conventionalization. Metaphor and discourse construction are bottom-up processes, since they result from connection of lower units, but they are also top-down, based on properties of higher units, domains in metaphor and relations in discourse.
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Kozlova, Tetyana. "Cognitive Metaphors of Covid-19 Pandemic in Business News." SHS Web of Conferences 100 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110002004.
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The research considers the COVID-19 pandemic cognitive metaphors conveyed by means of the English language in business news. The interpretation of metaphor goes beyond its traditional understanding as a rhetorical device. The approach is consistent with a cognitive theory claiming that metaphor is a mental instrument to reflect the way we reason and imagine the world. The paper provides a brief theoretical framework of the research, discusses the concept, role and types of cognitive metaphor. It deals with particular cases of metaphoric representations of the pandemic selected fromThe Financial Times, an international daily with focus on business and economic affairs. The results of the study reveal a variety of lexical means to express the dynamic image of the pandemic that exhibits a gradual shift from the military metaphor to variant interpretations. The findings prove the pervasiveness of metaphor in business and mass media communication, its significance to understand difficult situations, efficiently communicate ideas and influence the audience.
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Hajer, Abidi. "Metaphors Trump’s Discourse ‘Lives by’: are they Mere Pervasive Linguistic Clichés or Persuasive Tools?" Journal of Pragmatics Research 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i1.1-13.
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The present paper re-addresses metaphor based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. The metaphors selected pertain to political discourse, precisely Trump’s statements on different occasions and from different sources (Twitter, YouTube). Analyzing metaphors was achieved by recourse to the identification of the source and target domains. It has been found that metaphors, albeit multi-functional persuasive tools, on so many occasions, are based on quibbles and clichéd linguistic expressions trajectories. Additionally, it has been found that metaphors acquire their effectiveness from contextual and lexical cues, in conjunction with the parameter of recipients’ knowledge. Interestingly, in some other cases, the implications of metaphors transcended the target of the speaker or writer to include some more unexpected dimensions of meaning like acquiring positive implications at the time when negative ones are anticipated, in addition to the fact that they are also a matter of feelings.Keywords: critical discourse analysis, conceptual metaphor.
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Ortony, Andrew. "Are emotion metaphors conceptual or lexical?" Cognition & Emotion 2, no. 2 (April 1988): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699938808408066.
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Ferrari, Giacomo. "METAPHORICAL CHAINS AND REFERENCE USAGE IN NEWSPAPERS: A MECHANISM FOR TEXTUAL COHESION." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.3.4.
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This article examines the phenomenon of metaphor in newspapers, focusing on the use of multiple metaphors of the same type used to form a coherent chain. These metaphoric chains are treated within the frame of Halliday’s Systemic Function Grammar (SFG) as a feature of textual cohesion. The different cohesion features recognised by SFG are briefly presented. Features including pronominal anaphora, ellipsis, and reference by definite noun phrases are, in different studies, believed to play the same role as generic ‘referencing’. On the other hand, as different words or expressions chosen within the same source domain, metaphoric chains are connected to the feature of lexical cohesion. They form a single network of links through the entire text, guaranteeing global cohesion. Many questions are left unanswered and thus the conclusions advocate for an extensive corpus-based study aimed at accounting for the relation of the two phenomena and the cultural motivations of the use of metaphors.
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Shorabek, Adilkhan, Bakiza Pazilova, Gulzhan Manapova, Zhanna Tolysbayeva, Nurlan Mansurov, and Roman Kralik. "The specifics of the evaluative metaphor in English (based on the texts of art discourse)." XLinguae 14, no. 2 (April 2021): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.02.18.
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This article deals with a comprehensive description of the evaluativeness of metaphors in modern English. The evaluation criteria underlying the evaluability of metaphors are determined, variations as an object of evaluation and an agent as a donor of evaluation in the semantic structure of metaphors are considered, axiological types of lexical and semantic groups of metaphors are differentiated, and the means and conditions for varying the evaluability of metaphors are systematized. This research paper depicts the pragmatic relevance of the evaluative metaphor and represents the typology of demographic, socio-cultural, and national-cultural signs of the evaluability of metaphors. The axiological status of the metaphor is established by a comprehensive description of the semantic, syntactic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic features of the evaluation of the metaphor in modern English. The specificity of evaluativeness as a component of meaning in the semantics of a metaphor is determined. The results of the study of metaphor are presented in many linguistic works. However, some provisions concerning the functioning of the metaphor and its ability to reflect the individual author’s worldview have not yet been sufficiently studied. To study the metaphor as an assistant to the creation of images that express the author’s attitude to something and its social, political, philosophical position, and as a means by which we know the world around us, it is necessary to examine the existing theoretical material and subsequent analyses of specific cases of using the metaphor.
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Tobing, Andrew P. L., Tengku Silvana Sinar, Nurlela Nurlela, and Muhizar Muchtar. "Structural Complexity and Saliency in Interpretation of Familiar Metaphors." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0603.08.
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Metaphors are argued as being a sub-species of analogy. Processing of metaphor interpretation, on the other hand, is postulated as being based on structure mapping. A principle underlying this proposition that raises question is systematicity which regulates that “alignments that form deeply interconnected structures, in which higher order relations constrain lower order relations, are preferred”. The current research investigates the empirical basis of this proposition which implicates that interpretations of familiar metaphors that have a higher level of complexity and consistent with the base domains receive priority treatment and are thus predicted by the Graded Salience Hypothesis to result in faster speed of processing. Interpretations of metaphors were gathered through a survey and two interpretations for each metaphor were selected and prepared as experiment lexical targets; one representing targets with more complex relational structure and the other representing targets having less complex structure. A lexical decision task experiment was conducted to test reaction time by three groups of subjects to these targets after each corresponding metaphor was presented on a computer screen. Results showed that mean reaction time for targets with more complex underlying relational structure was fastest with 450.83ms (SD = 60.588) compared to less complex targets and unrelated targets. A one-way between subjects ANOVA showed significance in differences of mean times among the three categories. A post hoc Holm analysis showed that mean RT for the more complex targets was significantly different from the less complex targets at p<.05. We conclude that maximally consistent structures are the basis of metaphor processing. It is also a factor motivating saliency of certain interpretations among alternative interpretations of familiar metaphors.
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Anaki, David, Miriam Faust, and Shlomo Kravetz. "Cerebral hemispheric asymmetries in processing lexical metaphors." Neuropsychologia 36, no. 4 (April 1998): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00110-3.
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Zimina, E. A. "LEXICAL METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EVALUATION CATEGORIES IN THE GERMAN NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE." Title in english 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-1-17-19-25.
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Te article is focused on the most effective lexical ways that serve to create evaluation in the news and comments of the electronic German press. Pragmatic adequacy, which is determined by the interaction of the evaluation component and content, specifes the requirement for the effectiveness and efciency of communication between the recipient and the target audience. Te article describes the examples of metaphors expressing implicit evaluation in the texts of publicistic discourse. Conceptual metaphor is effectively used in newspapers with pragmatic purposes, aiming at transforming the worldview of the addressee. Vivid images created by evaluative metaphors exert a psychological affect on the mind; impose a distorted idea of reality, not coinciding with the one of the recipient, which ultimately leads to the information perceived at a desired angle. Te article analyzes the metaphorical meanings of military, medical and theatrical terms, emphasizes their ability to express the implicit evaluative judgments of the addressee and influence public opinion. Successful political metaphor has argumentative and heuristic potential; it forms the attitude to reality in question.
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Khan, Sardaraz, and Roslan Ali. "DICHOTOMY OF LANGUAGE & THOUGHT IN THE INTERPRETATION OF METAPHOR IN THE QURAN." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp95-117.
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Previous literature either deciphered the literary and rhetorical aspects of metaphor or focused on its conceptual basis in the interpretation of the Quran. No attempt has so far been made to harness the linguistic and conceptual metaphor approaches to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the metaphors in the Quran. This paper reviews the existing literature on the interpretation of metaphor in the Quran from different theoretical perspectives. The review reveals that the application of different theoretical approaches has led to the dissociation of language and thought in the interpretation of metaphors. The linguistic approaches miss the bulk of conventional metaphors, while the cognitive approaches ignore the linguistic aspects of metaphor. The findings also reveal that the linguistic studies of metaphor concern themselves with the rhetorical beauty of the Holy Quran, while the conceptual metaphor studies explore the generic categorization of concepts. This paper calls for a more elaborate mechanism, which can account for both the linguistic and conceptual aspects of metaphor, to fill the gap between the linguistic and conceptual knowledge in the existing literature for a comprehensive interpretation of metaphors in the Quran.
Keywords: Cognitive models, conceptual metaphor, lexical concept, linguistic metaphor, majaz, metaphor.
Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Ali, R. (2021). Dichotomy of language & thought in the interpretation of metaphor in the Quran. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 95-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp95-117
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Johnson, Cynthia A., Peter Alexander Kerkhof, Leonid Kulikov, Esther Le Mair, and Jóhanna Barðdal. "Argument structure, conceptual metaphor and semantic change." Diachronica 36, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 463–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.00014.bar.
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Abstract In contrast to grammaticalization studies of lexical verbs changing into auxiliaries, the realm of semantic changes associated with lexical verbs is an understudied area of historical semantics. We concentrate on the emergence of verbs of success from more semantically concrete verbs, uncovering six conceptual metaphors which all co-occur with non-canonical encoding of subjects in Indo-European. Careful scrutiny of the relevant data reveals a semantic development most certainly inherited from Indo-European; hence, we reconstruct a dat-‘succeeds’ construction at different levels of schematicity for Proto-Indo-European, including a novel reconstruction of a conceptual metaphor, success is motion forward, and the mapping between this metaphor and the verb-class-specific argument structure construction. Hence, this article offers a systematic analysis of regularity in semantic change, highlighting the importance of predicate and argument structure for lexical semantic developments.
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Shalimova, D. V., and I. V. Shalimova. "Peter Newmark's Translation Procedures as Applied to Metaphors of Literary Texts (Based on Stephen King's Works)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-278-287.
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The present research featured P. Newmark's translation strategy and procedures applied to the translation of metaphors in literary texts, namely Stephen King's oeuvre. The study revealed the effect of functional style on metaphor translation. The type of metaphor, e.g. dead, cliché, stock, adapted, recent, and original, also proved important for adequate translation. The authors performed a comparative and correlative analysis of metaphors in translations made by different authors. The study was based on descriptive, cognitive, semantic, and lexicographic methods. The general functional analysis revealed grammar and lexical transformations that metaphors undergo in the process of application of P. Newmark's translation strategy and procedures. The article focuses on the optimal ways of metaphor translation as described by P. Newmark. The translator can preserve the original image in the translated text, keep the original metaphor, replace the original image with a common one, render the metaphor using a figurative comparison while preserving the original image and notion explication, ignore the notion explication of the metaphor, or totally remove the image. The analysis proved the significance of P. Newmark's approach to metaphor translation and its methodological value for modern translation theory and practice. The results obtained can be applied both in professional translation and in corresponding disciplines.
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Desai, Rutvik H., Jeffrey R. Binder, Lisa L. Conant, Quintino R. Mano, and Mark S. Seidenberg. "The Neural Career of Sensory-motor Metaphors." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 9 (September 2011): 2376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21596.
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The role of sensory-motor systems in conceptual understanding has been controversial. It has been proposed that many abstract concepts are understood metaphorically through concrete sensory-motor domains such as actions. Using fMRI, we compared neural responses with literal action (Lit; The daughter grasped the flowers), metaphoric action (Met; The public grasped the idea), and abstract (Abs; The public understood the idea) sentences of varying familiarity. Both Lit and Met sentences activated the left anterior inferior parietal lobule, an area involved in action planning, with Met sentences also activating a homologous area in the right hemisphere, relative to Abs sentences. Both Met and Abs sentences activated the left superior temporal regions associated with abstract language. Importantly, activation in primary motor and biological motion perception regions was inversely correlated with Lit and Met familiarity. These results support the view that the understanding of metaphoric action retains a link to sensory-motor systems involved in action performance. However, the involvement of sensory-motor systems in metaphor understanding changes through a gradual abstraction process whereby relatively detailed simulations are used for understanding unfamiliar metaphors, and these simulations become less detailed and involve only secondary motor regions as familiarity increases. Consistent with these data, we propose that anterior inferior parietal lobule serves as an interface between sensory-motor and conceptual systems and plays an important role in both domains. The similarity of abstract and metaphoric sentences in the activation of left superior temporal regions suggests that action metaphor understanding is not completely based on sensory-motor simulations but relies also on abstract lexical-semantic codes.
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Alhusban, Amani M., and Mohammad Alkhawaldah. "Meaning Construction of Selected Quranic Metaphors." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 6 (December 6, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i6.13827.
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This paper examines a number of Quranic conceptual metaphors from the perspective of Kövecses (2013) model of metaphor analysis. This is a model of metaphorical expressions’ meaning construction based on the idea of the main meaning construction that incorporates in its analysis aspects from both cognitive theories, the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) and the Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT) (Faucconier and Turner, 1998, 2003). The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the adequacy of Kövecses (2013) four-stage model for studying the meaning construction of metaphorical expressions in the Holy Quran, and to draw attention to the important role of lexical items in the appropriate meaning specification which enables comprehending the divine messages implemented in Quranic metaphorical instantiation.
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Mustapha Lemghari, El. "Conceptual Metaphors as Motivation for Proverbs Lexical Polysemy." International Journal of Language and Linguistics 5, no. 3 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20170503.11.
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Wang, Yanwei. "Book Review." International Journal of Translation, Interpretation, and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 2 (July 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtial.20210701.oa5.
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The significance of Patterson's work Understanding Metaphor Through Corpora: A Case Study of Metaphors in Nineteenth Century Writing is that only through corpus linguistics have we been able to apply real empirical evidence to our arguments of what metaphor is. By demonstrating that metaphor is supposed to be approached from a linguistic perspective along with a psycholinguistic one, Patterson succeeds in drawing readers' attention to the efficacy and the benefits of combining corpus linguistic methodology with the theory of lexical priming. Thus, the volume is an essential reader for students and researchers in corpus linguistics, metaphor studies, lexicography, semantics, and pragmatics.
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HORN, GEORGE M. "Idioms, metaphors and syntactic mobility." Journal of Linguistics 39, no. 2 (July 2003): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002020.
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Jackendoff (1997), whose analysis of idioms is based, in part, on work by Nunberg, Sag & Wasow (1994), discusses VP idioms and addresses the question of mobility. Both works identify fixed idioms, such as kick the bucket, and mobile idioms, such as spill the beans and take advantage of. Fixed idioms are ones whose NP objects are impervious to syntactic operations, as illustrated by the unacceptability, in their idiomatic sense, of sentences like *The bucket was kicked by Bill; while mobile idioms occur in sentences like The beans were spilled by Fred and Advantage was taken of Bill. Jackendoff correlates the mobility of VP idioms with a property that he refers to as metaphorical semantic composition. However, he observes that this property is not a sufficient condition for mobility.I will argue that the property of metaphorical semantic composition be replaced by a property of thematic composition, and that this property is a sufficient condition for mobility. A closer inspection of mobile idioms that have thematic composition reveals that they fall into two subtypes: expressions that have a property of ‘transparency of interpretation’, and ones that do not have this property. I refer to members of the first subtype as METAPHORS. I will demonstrate that there are no idiosyncratic constraints on their syntactic mobility, and will conclude that they need not be encoded in lexical entries as phrasal idioms. In these respects, they are distinct from members of the second subtype, whose degree of mobility is more limited, and which must be encoded in lexical entries as phrasal idioms. Finally, I will address the question of the necessity of thematic composition for mobility. Throughout the paper, I will assume that phrasal idioms are appropriately encoded in lexical entries of the types proposed by Jackendoff for fixed and mobile expressions.
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Zawisławska, Magdalena Anna. "SYNAMET - A Microcorpus of Synesthetic Metaphors. Preliminary Premises of the Description of Metaphor in Discourse." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 16 (December 31, 2016): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2016.010.
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SYNAMET - A Microcorpus of Synesthetic Metaphors. Preliminary Premises of the Description of Metaphor in DiscourseThis article describes the preliminary premises of metaphor annotation in SYNAMET - the developing microcorpus of synesthetic metaphors. The analysis is based on the CLST theory (Context-Limited Simulation Theory) put forward by D. Ritchie. According to this theory, the metaphor’s vehicle may activate various types of associations between words: semantic relations, perceptual sensations, or emotional simulations. The range of potential associations evoked by the vehicle is limited by the topic, i.e. the lexical context in which the metaphor appears. The relations between the vehicle and the topic may be presented in the form of a semantic frame.To reconstruct the frames within the project, linguistic works devoted to sensory perception- vision, hearing, smell and taste- will be utilized. The corpus annotation will consist of the following stages: 1) metaphor identification, 2) indication of the metaphor cluster (CM) - a phrase or a passage of the text, centered around one referent, 3) isolation of the metaphorical units (MU) - word forms or phrases combining lexemes primarily belonging to different perceptual frames.The outcome of the MU analysis will include: a general metaphorical scheme of the MU, lexical items activating the frame of the MU (together with their grammatical description), a detailed metaphor scheme of the MU, and the semantic and grammatical categorization of the MU. SYNAMET – mikrokorpus metafor synestezyjnych. Wstępne założenia opisu metafory w dyskursieArtykuł opisuje wstępne założenia anotacji metafor w powstającym mikrokorpusie metafor synestezyjnych SYNAMET. Podstawą metody opisu będzie teoria CLST (Context-Limited Simulation Theory) D. Ritchie’go. W myśl tej teorii nośnik metafory (vehicle) może aktywować różne typy powiązania między wyrazami: semantyczne, zmysłowe lub emocjonalne. Potencjalny zakres powiązań nośnika ogranicza topik (topic), czyli kontekst, w którym metafora się pojawia. Powiązania nośnika oraz topiku przedstawia się w postaci ram interpretacyjnych.W rekonstrukcji ram na potrzeby korpusu wykorzystane zostaną prace językoznawcze poświęcone percepcji zmysłowej: wzrokowi, słuchowi, zapachowi, smakowi. Anotacja korpusu będzie przebiegać według następującego schematu: 1) identyfikacja metafor, 2) wyodrębnienie w tekście układu metaforycznego (UM) – frazy lub fragmentu tekstu, zorganizowanego wokół jednego referenta, 3) wyodrębnienie jednostek metaforycznych (JM) – form wyrazowych lub fraz, w których występuje połączenie leksemów przynależnych prymarnie do różnych ram percepcyjnych.Wyniki analizy JM zostaną przestawione w postaci: ogólnego schematu metaforycznego, zestawu wyrazów aktywujących ramy (wraz z ich opisem gramatycznym), szczegółowego schematu metaforycznego, kategoryzacji semantycznej i gramatycznej metafor.
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Bulut, Alev. "Translating Political Metaphors: Conflict Potential of zenci [negro] in Turkish-English." Meta 57, no. 4 (December 17, 2013): 909–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021224ar.
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Political metaphors are expressed by lexical items with political content. Their transfer into other languages as part of political texts involves a potential of conflict due to their political and ideological load. Political interviews that are published through interpretation may be used to exemplify how transfer of source metaphors involve conflict depending on the translational decisions. This article focuses on the transfer of a political metaphor in an interpreter-mediated political interview as a source of potential conflict. The article first presents the concept of ideology in translation and markers of ideology in relation to political correctness and conflict as ideological aspects of political translation. It then focuses on zenci [negro/nigger] in Turkish as a political metaphor in transfer into English. The background for and the analysis of the sample metaphor in source and target languages, as well as the conclusions driven out of this case, aim to set the grounds for future discussions of similar cases in Turkish-English political translation.
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O’Meara, Carolyn, and Asifa Majid. "Anger stinks in Seri: Olfactory metaphor in a lesser-described language." Cognitive Linguistics 31, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 367–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0100.
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AbstractPrevious studies claim there are few olfactory metaphors cross-linguistically, especially compared to metaphors originating in the visual and auditory domains. We show olfaction can be a source for metaphor and metonymy in a lesser-described language that has rich lexical resources for talking about odors. In Seri, an isolate language of Mexico spoken by indigenous hunter-gatherers, we find a novel metaphor for emotion never previously described – “anger stinks”. In addition, distinct odor verbs are used metaphorically to distinguish volitional vs. non-volitional states-of-affairs. Finally, there is ample olfactory metonymy in Seri, especially prevalent in names for plants, but also found in names for insects and artifacts. This calls for a re-examination of better-known languages for the overlooked role olfaction may play in metaphor and metonymy. The Seri language illustrates how valuable data from understudied languages can be in highlighting novel ways by which people conceptualize themselves and their world.
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Katajamäki, Heli Susanna, and Merja Koskela. "Lexical Metaphor as Judgment: Attitudinal positioning of editorial writers in business newspapers." Fachsprache 40, no. 3-4 (November 2, 2018): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v40i3-4.1479.
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Drawing on appraisal theory, this paper aims to analyze how the attitudinal positioning of writers of the editorials of business newspapers can be construed by means of lexical metaphors. The focus is on judgment, the evaluation of human actors, because it indicates the subjective presence of a writer. Based on a dataset o3f 32 editorials of two Finnish business newspapers, the results show that the lexical metaphors used during assessments are mostly dead metaphors, representing the source domains of competition and sports, humans and animals, and war, battle, and violence. The most common targets of judgment are institutional actors that are described by the meanings of capacity, tenacity, and propriety. Economic actors are mostly evaluated positively while political actors are mostly evaluated negatively. Cases where economic actors are evaluated negatively and where individual persons are mentioned are unusual but do arise. In general, judgments in editorials reflect the shared values and ideological beliefs of the papers and their readers. Lexical metaphors offer a subtle way of praising and criticizing institutions and individual people, which makes them an important way of communicating as expected in a discourse community.
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Katajamäki, Heli Susanna, and Merja Koskela. "Lexical Metaphor as Judgment: Attitudinal positioning of editorial writers in business newspapers." Fachsprache 40, no. 3-4 (November 2, 2018): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/fs.v50i3-4.1479.
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Drawing on appraisal theory, this paper aims to analyze how the attitudinal positioning of writers of the editorials of business newspapers can be construed by means of lexical metaphors. The focus is on judgment, the evaluation of human actors, because it indicates the subjective presence of a writer. Based on a dataset o3f 32 editorials of two Finnish business newspapers, the results show that the lexical metaphors used during assessments are mostly dead metaphors, representing the source domains of competition and sports, humans and animals, and war, battle, and violence. The most common targets of judgment are institutional actors that are described by the meanings of capacity, tenacity, and propriety. Economic actors are mostly evaluated positively while political actors are mostly evaluated negatively. Cases where economic actors are evaluated negatively and where individual persons are mentioned are unusual but do arise. In general, judgments in editorials reflect the shared values and ideological beliefs of the papers and their readers. Lexical metaphors offer a subtle way of praising and criticizing institutions and individual people, which makes them an important way of communicating as expected in a discourse community.
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Koller, Veronika. "The light within." Metaphor and the Social World 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.7.1.02kol.
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Abstract This paper contributes to the study of religious metaphor by combining discourse analysis with cognitive semantics. In particular, it engages in a diachronic study of 30 pamphlets written by British Quakers and addressed to the general public to investigate the consistency of metaphor use in that genre across three and a half centuries. Consistency is seen as metaphors recording the same source domains and/or scenarios and/or lexical realisations across time, with maximum consistency meeting all three criteria. Utilising the notions of genre and discourse community along with metaphor domains and scenarios, the analysis shows that among 19 metaphor domains that occur in texts from at least two different centuries, just under 60 per cent are highly or maximally consistent, with domains of maximum consistency being the largest group. The changing purposes of the pamphlet genre and the evolving social and historical contexts do not diminish this long-term metaphor consistency. This overall finding is explained with recourse to the dual-processing/representation theory of religious cognition, which posits a difference between theological and basic everyday representations and processing of God concepts. Quakerism shows an overall lack of abstract theology, with Quakers instead establishing various metaphors for God to express their lived experience of the divine. The remarkable consistency of metaphors in Quaker pamphlets suggests that Quakerism makes God concepts intuitively meaningful and relevant.
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Liu, Dilin, and Qiyang Mo. "Conceptual Metaphors and Image Schemas: A Corpus Analysis of the Development of the On Track/Off Track Idiom Pair." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424220912455.
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Using the theoretical constructs of “image schema” and “conceptual metaphor,” this study examines the use and historical development of on track and off track as a pair of metaphorical idioms in American English. Specifically, this article is concerned with usage patterns and semantic changes of the expressions over the past two centuries in three American English corpora. We study the semantic features of the subject nouns as the “trajectors” and the diverse verbs used with the on/ off track metaphors in order to uncover the main cognitive mechanisms underlying the use of the two idioms. The results of the study delineate how the development of the metaphorical idiom pair was largely motivated by PATH/FORCE conceptual metaphors based on image schemas and licensed by the Event-Structure Complex Metaphor; this demonstrates the important role of image schemas and conceptual metaphor in language use and development. The results also reveal that, in using metaphors based on image schemas, speakers/writers may activate very specific embodied images, and that context influences the use of the metaphorical idiom pair. Our results also support findings from previous corpus-linguistic theory-guided corpus studies of lexical/syntactical constructions, confirming again the vitality of this research.
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Hogeweg, Lotte. "Rich Lexical Represe ntations and Conflicting Features." International Review of Pragmatics 4, no. 2 (2012): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00040205.
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This paper argues that interpretations are fine-grained and that, to come to a full understanding of meaning, it is important to find out more about how such detailed interpretations are derived. As a first step towards answering this question it is insightful to look at the interpretation of metaphors. Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that the interpretation of metaphors involves the suppression of irrelevant or incompatible features. These studies could be taken as an indication against the common view that word meanings are underspecified and enriched in a context. In contrast with this underspecification view, this paper suggests a view of the lexicon in which words come with very rich semantic representations. When two representations are combined, a conflict may arise when elements of the representations are incompatible. This paper argues that such a conflict is best analyzed in Optimality Theory. The optimization process of combining rich lexical representations is illustrated with an analysis of the adjective-noun combination stone lion.
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Kind, Julia. "The dialogics of metaphor and simile in Elizabeth Bowen’s The Last September." Literary Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 3, 2013): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.3.1.08kin.
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Metaphors and similes characterise Elizabeth Bowen’s writing. Despite frequent claims that this contributes to the lexical, grammatical and syntactic irregularities of her style and hence makes her writing difficult to understand, I show that her metaphors, similes and literal descriptions in a selected passage from The Last September function within conventional linguistic structures. While my analysis of metaphors and similes is conducted with reference to Bakhtin’s essay “Discourse in the Novel”, I use Martin and Rose’s model of Discourse Analysis (2007) and Steen’s study of metaphor in literature (1999) as practical tools for my analysis of the text. I discuss how ‘dialogic’ linguistic and pragmatic processes (in a Bakhtinian sense) influence the emergence of metaphorical meaning in Bowen’s novel and examine how the linguistic structures governing literal and metaphorical elements of description give rise to cognitive patterns which in turn serve to establish the novel’s theme by connecting the protagonist with her fictional setting in a meaningful way.
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Feist, Michele I., and Sarah E. Duffy. "Moving beyond ‘Next Wednesday’: The interplay of lexical semantics and constructional meaning in an ambiguous metaphoric statement." Cognitive Linguistics 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 633–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0052.
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AbstractWhat factors influence our understanding of metaphoric statements about time? By examining the interpretation of one such statement – namely, Next Wednesday’s meeting has been moved forward by two days – earlier research has demonstrated that people may draw on spatial perspectives, involving multiple spatially based temporal reference strategies, to interpret metaphoric statements about time (e.g. Boroditsky 2000; Kranjec 2006; McGlone and Harding 1998; Núñez et al. 2006). However, what is still missing is an understanding of the role of linguistic factors in the interpretation of temporal statements such as this one. In this paper, we examine the linguistic properties of this famous temporally ambiguous utterance, considered as an instantiation of a more schematic construction. In Experiment 1, we examine the roles of individual lexical items that are used in the utterance in order to better understand the interplay of lexical semantics and constructional meaning in the context of a metaphoric statement. Following up on prior suggestions in the literature, we ask whether the locus of the ambiguity is centred on the adverb, centred on the verb, or distributed across the utterance. The results suggest that the final interpretation results from an interplay of verb and adverb, suggesting a distributed temporal semantics analogous to the distributed semantics noted for the metaphoric source domain of space (Sinha and Kuteva 1995) and consistent with a constructional view of language (Goldberg 2003). In Experiment 2, we expand the linguistic factors under investigation to include voice and person. The findings suggest that grammatical person, but not grammatical voice, may also influence the interpretation of the Next Wednesday’s meeting metaphor. Taken together, the results of these two studies illuminate the interplay of lexical and constructional factors in the interpretation of temporal metaphors.
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Díaz-Peralta, Marina. "Metaphor and ideology: Conceptual structure and conceptual content in Spanish political discourse." Discourse & Communication 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481317745752.
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This article presents the results of the analysis of a number of linguistic metaphors found in a corpus of opinion articles published in the Spanish newspaper El País. The authors included in the corpus, who tend towards the left of the political spectrum, use metaphor to express moral judgements on the actions and decisions of the conservative, centre-right People’s party ( Partido Popular or PP), which governs Spain with an overall majority. With the aim of describing this discourse, we have undertaken a qualitative analysis with a conceptual framework deriving from CDA and cognitive linguistics. First, therefore, we have made use of the methodology developed by Steen and the Pragglejaz group to extract the discourse units that could be considered as the lexical expression of an underlying mapping between domains, that is, the metaphors; second, according to the descriptions of Talmy, Croft, Sweetser, Sullivan, and Dancygier and Sweetser, we have verified that the different types of grammatical structure in which the lexical items appeared also indicated the existence of a metaphorical thought process; and third, in the words of van Dijk, we have studied the ideological semantics underlying conceptual structures and conceptual content. As we have demonstrated, all the samples of linguistic metaphors found led readers to construct the same interpretation of the meaning: The Spanish People’s party government is the past, a past that provokes rejection and which was thought to be definitively ended.
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Onchoke, Aunga Solomon, and Okwako Eric. "Bribe and Bribery Labeling in Kenyan Anti-Corruption Discourse: A Conceptual Metaphor Perspective." Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature 15, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lc.v15i1.25063.
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Corruption in Kenya has been a particularly large problem since its independence from British rule in 1963. This paper explores the motivation behind a cultural specific metaphor of bribe and bribery labeling in Kenya as seen from the conceptual metaphor viewpoint. The study identifies and explains the different terms relating to a bribe and bribery, describes social-cultural values in Kenya, and accounts for the cognitive processes involved in their interpretation. The data includes a list of terms collected from traffic police officers, public transport workers and commuters from different parts of Kenya. These metaphors were identified by the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) created by Pragglejaz Group (2007) and analyzed using the Cognitive Metaphor Theory from Lakoff and Johnson (1987). The results reveal that language spoken by a society is an essential part of its culture, and the lexical distinctions drawn by each language reflect culturally important features of objects, foods, institutions, games, air we breathe and other activities in the society in which the language operates. We argue that conceptual metaphors are conduits of communication, and it is prudent to apply the cognitive linguistic approach for their better contextual appreciation. This paper concludes by suggesting further avenues for research into socio-cultural metaphors, and by calling for the government to innovate new ways of fighting corruption because the players have invented ingenious ways of communicating about it metaphorically beyond comprehension for a lay person.
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Beglova, Elena I. "Peculiarities of using lexical means in the work of V. V. Rozanov's «The Fallen Leaves»." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 1, no. 24 (2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-1-24-58-66.
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The subject of the study is the lexical means used in the «Fallen Leaves» (1913, 1915) – the work by V. Rozanov, a publicist and a writer of the XIX – first third of the XX centuries – which represents a new author's genre – a leaf. Particular attention is paid to identifying the methods of using the vocabulary in this work in terms of expressing the author's thought in an aphoristic form, when the word plays a crucial role not only in generating the author's individual meaning, but also in expressing emotions and opinions.The author of the article identifies and demonstrates the most significant methods of using lexical means: subjective emotional and rational definition of concepts; interpretation of the meaning of words through contextual «increment» that creates the author's inferences; filling a word with contextual meaning by using associative images; the use of various lexical means, as well as tropes, stylistic figures to create connotative meaning and expression of the text; the method of creating a semantic opposition based on the antithesis; the use of metaphors, antitheses, gradations as textforming factors. The most significant methods of using lexical means are identified and demonstrated: subjective emotional and rational definition of concepts; interpretation of the meaning of words through contextual «increment» that creates the author's inferences; filling a word with contextual meaning using associative images; the use of various lexical means, as well as tropes, stylistic devices to create connotative meaning and expression of the text; the method of creating a semantic opposition based on the antithesis; the use of metaphors, antitheses, gradations as text-forming factors. It is stated and confirmed that the text-forming role is played by special means of creating imagery: metaphor (expanded metaphor), personification, antithesis and pun. Repetition and comparison are relevant in the «leaf» genre as the means of creating connotative meanings and enhancing expression. The author of the article considers special writer’s techniques which include semantic opposition and inferences formed both deductively and inductively and often serve as the main factors of text formation. These features, reflecting the characteristics of vocabulary, are both the methods of generating meaning, expression, evaluation and the signs of the «leaf» genre. The author concludes that the technique of using different lexical means is one of the main features of the writer's idiostyle.
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Lubienė, Jūratė, and Dalia Pakalniškienė. "Metaphorical somatonyms of northern Samogitians: artefactual motivational model." Lietuvių kalba, no. 15 (December 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22444.
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The article presents the analysis of the onomasiological structure of the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians, focusing on the indicators of the source of metaphors. Based on the explicit semantics of the source (lexical motivators), the metaphorical somatonyms of Northern Samogitians belong to several motivational models, the most productive of which is the artefactual motivational model. The basis of the artefactual metaphor is the associative similarity of the object (artefact) and the body part according to various parameters – shape, size, features of structure and materiality, actions, especially repetitive movements.
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Zhang, Ying. "Examining the Application of Grammatical Metaphors in Academic Writing." English Language and Literature Studies 8, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n2p108.
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English academic writing is a challenging task for Chinese EFL learners. For graduate students, they need systematic and explicit guidance to improve their academic writing competence. Grammatical metaphors are important resources for constructing academic discourse, and nominalization in ideational metaphors is regarded as the most powerful tool for achieving formality, objectivity, lexical density and text cohesion typical of academic papers. This article focuses on the role of grammatical metaphors in the production of quality academic written texts. It analyzes the function of grammatical metaphors in academic register and the application of these grammatical metaphors in creating academic meanings. The paper also provides some pedagogical implications for academic writing instruction for advanced EFL learners.
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Cruse, D. A. "Meanings and metaphors: A study in lexical semantics in English." Lingua 88, no. 2 (October 1992): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(92)90058-q.
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Łącka-Badura, Jolanta. "Metaphorical conceptualization of success in American success books, aphorisms and quotes." Lingua Posnaniensis 58, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2016-0003.
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AbstractThe paper seeks to investigate how SUCCESS is conceptualized metaphorically in popular American success books, aphorisms and quotes. The study is based on an analysis of a corpus comprising over 600 utterances in which the lexical entry SUCCESS is regarded as constituting part of a metaphorical expression. The utterances have been extracted from the initial corpus of 10 success guide books, as well as 150 success aphorisms and quotes by famous Americans. The study investigates two aspects of this conceptualization. In the first instance, it examines which metaphorical source domains, as understood within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, prove to be most productive in the corpus. Secondly, in line with the frequently expressed views that the significance of conceptual metaphor as an explanatory construct is sometimes overstated in cognitive linguistic research, the paper attempts to analyze examples of linguistic metaphors which appear to be motivated in ways that are, at least in part, independent of well-established conceptual mappings, with particular emphasis on the resemblance-based and image metaphors associated with the predicate nominative forms ‘X is a Y’.
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Di, Fangfang. "The Metaphorical Interpretation of English and Chinese Body-part Idioms Based on Relevance Theory." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1205.24.
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As a special language coding way and language phenomenon, metaphor is an important form when humans use language in communication. However, metaphorical mappings are not arbitrary. They are based on our physical experience of the world around us. Idioms are the crystallization of human language and culture and play an important role in human communication. The idiomatic meaning is not simply the sum of the lexical meanings, but often the metaphorical meaning extended from the literal meaning. The paper is based on the relevance theory proposed by Sperber and Wilson (1995), adopts the methods of comparative analysis and text analysis, and takes the idioms of “body metaphor” contained in English and Chinese as the main research object to explore the following questions: 1. What is the interpretation model of the “body-part metaphors” in idioms? 2. In English and Chinese idioms, what are the similarities and differences in the use and interpretation of body-part metaphors? Firstly, the idioms of body-part metaphor are classified based on their projection types, then analyzing the projection methods of each type. Finally, through the new reasoning model guided by relevance theory to analyze the reasoning process of body-part metaphor in English and Chinese idioms, exploring the importance of cognitive context in the interpretation of body-part idioms.
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Marie, Anne, and Simon Vandenbergen. "Speech, music and dehumanisation in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: a linguistic study of metaphors." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 2, no. 3 (August 1993): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709300200301.
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This article examines the way in which metaphorical expressions referring to speech and music in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four contribute to the elaboration of the theme of dehumanisation. The term ‘metaphor’ is used in a broad sense to refer to various types of transfer of meaning, thus including metonymy and synecdoche as well as metaphor, strictly speaking. Further, the viewpoint is that metaphor is the result of grammatical as well as lexical choices, and is therefore to be dealt with on the lexicogrammatical level. The following conclusions can be drawn from the data examined in the article. First, a linguistic analysis of clause types shows that Orwell makes very consistent selections from the grammar to express the central meaning. Second, it appears that metaphors have been drawn from a relatively small number of recurrent donor domains. These are the domains of animals, physical force and liquids. Although superficially unrelated, they are united in the more abstract domain of ‘control’ and play their roles in creating the picture of a world in which individual consciousness and liberty have no place. Third, the article shows that conventional and creative metaphors harmoniously co-operate in establishing the meaning of dehumanisation as a characteristic of the world depicted in the book.
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Attardo, Donalee H., and Gunnar Persson. "Meaning, Models and Metaphors: A Study in Lexical Semantics in English." Language 67, no. 3 (September 1991): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415062.
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Sobola, Eniayo. "Meaning in Metaphors Used in Nollywood Films: A Lexical Concept Integration." Journal of Universal Language 20, no. 1 (March 2019): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.22425/jul.2019.20.1.99.
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