Dissertations / Theses: 'Lexical relations'

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Morlane-Hondère, François. "Une approche linguistique de l'évaluation des ressources extraites par analyse distributionnelle automatique." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937926.

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Dans cette thèse, nous abordons du point de vue linguistique la question de l'évaluation des bases lexicales extraites par analyse distributionnelle automatique (ADA). Les méthodes d'évaluation de ces ressources qui sont actuellement mises en œuvre (comparaison à des lexiques de référence, évaluation par la tâche, test du TOEFL...) relèvent en effet d'une approche quantitative des données qui ne laisse que peu de place à l'interprétation des rapprochements générés. De ce fait, les conditions qui font que certains couples de mots sont extraits alors que d'autres ne le sont pas restent mal connues. Notre travail vise une meilleure compréhension des fonctionnements en corpus qui régissent les rapprochements distributionnels. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps adopté une approche quantitative qui a consisté à comparer plusieurs ressources distributionnelles calculées sur des corpus différents à des lexiques de références (le Dictionnaire électronique des synonymes du CRISCO et le réseau lexical JeuxDeMots). Cette étape nous a permis, premièrement, d'avoir une estimation globale du contenu de nos ressources, et, deuxièmement, de sélectionner des échantillons de couples de mots à étudier d'un point de vue qualitatif. Cette deuxième étape constitue le cœur de la thèse. Nous avons choisi de nous focaliser sur les relations lexico-sémantiques que sont la synonymie, l'antonymie, l'hyperonymie et la méronymie, que nous abordons en mettant en place quatre protocoles différents. En nous appuyant sur les relations contenues dans les lexiques de référence, nous avons comparé les propriétés distributionnelles des couples de synonymes/antonymes/hyperonymes/méronymes qui ont été extraits par l'ADA avec celles des couples qui ne l'ont pas été. Nous mettons ainsi au jour plusieurs phénomènes qui favorisent ou bloquent la substituabilité des couples de mots (donc leur extraction par l'ADA). Ces phénomènes sont considérés au regard de paramètres comme la nature du corpus qui a permis de générer les bases distributionnelles étudiées (corpus encyclopédique, journalistique ou littéraire) ou les limites des lexiques de référence. Ainsi, en même temps qu'il questionne les méthodes d'évaluation des bases distributionnelles actuellement employées, ce travail de thèse illustre l'intérêt qu'il y a à considérer ces ressources comme des objets d'études linguistiques à part entière. Les bases distributionnelles sont en effet le résultat d'une mise en œuvre à grande échelle du principe de substituabilité, ce qui en fait un matériau de choix pour la description des relations lexico-sémantiques.

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Yuret, Deniz. "Discovery of linguistic relations using lexical attraction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9961.

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Fernando, Samuel. "Enriching lexical knowledge bases with encyclopedic relations." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4081/.

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Lexical knowledge bases, such as WordNet, have been shown to be useful in a wide range of language processing applications. However WordNet lacks certain information, such as topical relations between synsets. This thesis addresses this problem by enriching WordNet using information derived from Wikipedia. The approach consists of mapping concepts in WordNet to corresponding articles in Wikipedia. This is done using a three stage approach. First a set of possible candidate articles is retrieved for each WordNet concept. This is done by searching using the article title, and also by searching the full text using an IR engine. Secondly, text similarity scores are used to select the best match from the candidate articles. Finally, the mappings are refined using information from Wikipedia links to give a set of high quality matches. The mappings are evaluated using a manually annotated gold standard set of synset-article mappings. The annotation process indicates that the majority of synsets have a good matching article. The refined mappings are shown to have precision of 88.2\%. The mappings are then used to enrich relations in WordNet using Wikipedia links. The enriched WordNet is then used with a knowledge based Word Sense Disambiguation system. Evaluations are performed on the Semcor 3.0 corpus. Adding the new relations improves performance significantly over the WordNet baseline, demonstrating the usefulness of the mappings on an extrinsic task.

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Jousse, Anne-Laure. "Modèle de structuration des relations lexicales fondé sur le formalisme des fonctions lexicales." Thèse, Paris 7, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4347.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration d’un modèle de structuration des relations lexicales, fondé sur les fonctions lexicales de la Théorie Sens-Texte [Mel’cuk, 1997]. Les relations lexicales considérées sont les dérivations sémantiques et les collocations telles qu’elles sont définies dans le cadre de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. En partant du constat que ces relations lexicales ne sont pas décrites ni présentées de façon satisfaisante dans les bases de données lexicales, nous posons la nécessité d’en créer un modèle de structuration. Nous justifions l’intérêt de créer un système de fonctions lexicales puis détaillons les quatre perspectives du système que nous avons mises au point : une perspective sémantique, une perspective axée sur la combinatoire des éléments d’une relation lexicale, une perspective centrée sur leurs parties du discours, ainsi qu’une perspective mettant en avant l’élément sur lequel se focalise la relation. Le système intègre l’ensemble des fonctions lexicales, y compris les fonctions lexicales non standard, dont nous proposons une normalisation de l’encodage. Le système a été implémenté dans la base de données lexicale du DiCo. Nous présentons trois applications dans lesquelles il peut être exploité. Premièrement, il est possible d’en dériver des interfaces de consultation pour les bases de données lexicales de type DiCo. Le système peut également être directement consulté en tant qu’assistant à l’encodage des relations lexicales. Enfin, il sert de référence pour effectuer un certain nombre de calculs sur les informations lexicographiques, qui pourront, par la suite, être implémentés pour automatiser la rédaction de certains champs de fiches lexicographiques.
This thesis proposes a model for structuring lexical relations, based on the concept of lexical functions (LFs) proposed in Meaning-Text Theory [Mel’cuk, 1997]. The lexical relations taken into account include semantic derivations and collocations as defined within this theoretical framework, known as Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. Considering the assumption that lexical relations are neither encoded nor made available in lexical databases in an entirely satisfactory manner, we assume the necessity of designing a new model for structuring them. First of all, we justify the relevance of devising a system of lexical functions rather than a simple classification. Next, we present the four perspectives developped in the system: a semantic perspective, a combinatorial one, another one targetting the parts of speech of the elements involved in a lexical relation, and, finally, a last one emphasizing which element of the relation is focused on. This system covers all LFs, even non-standard ones, for which we have proposed a normalization of the encoding. Our system has already been implemented into the DiCo relational database. We propose three further applications that can be developed from it. First, it can be used to build browsing interfaces for lexical databases such as the DiCo. It can also be directly consulted as a tool to assist lexicographers in encoding lexical relations by means of lexical functions. Finally, it constitutes a reference to compute lexicographic information which will, in future work, be implemented in order to automatically fill in some fields within the entries in lexical databases.
Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7)

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Necşulescu, Silvia. "Automatic acquisition of lexical-semantic relations: gathering information in a dense representation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/374234.

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Lexical-semantic relationships between words are key information for many NLP tasks, which require this knowledge in the form of lexical resources. This thesis addresses the acquisition of lexical-semantic relation instances. State of the art systems rely on word pair representations based on patterns of contexts where two related words co-occur to detect their relation. This approach is hindered by data sparsity: even when mining very large corpora, not every semantically related word pair co-occurs or not frequently enough. In this work, we investigate novel representations to predict if two words hold a lexical-semantic relation. Our intuition was that these representations should contain information about word co-occurrences combined with information about the meaning of words involved in the relation. These two sources of information have to be the basis of a generalization strategy to be able to provide information even for words that do not co-occur.
Les relacions lexicosemàntiques entre paraules són una informació clau per a moltes tasques del PLN, què requereixen aquest coneixement en forma de recursos lingüístics. Aquesta tesi tracta l’adquisició d'instàncies lexicosemàntiques. Els sistemes actuals utilitzen representacions basades en patrons dels contextos en què dues paraules coocorren per detectar la relació que s'hi estableix. Aquest enfocament s'enfronta a problemes de falta d’informació: fins i tot en el cas de treballar amb corpus de grans dimensions, hi haurà parells de paraules relacionades que no coocorreran, o no ho faran amb la freqüència necessària. Per tant, el nostre objectiu principal ha estat proposar noves representacions per predir si dues paraules estableixen una relació lexicosemàntica. La intuïció era que aquestes representacions noves havien de contenir informació sobre patrons dels contextos, combinada amb informació sobre el significat de les paraules implicades en la relació. Aquestes dues fonts d'informació havien de ser la base d'una estratègia de generalització que oferís informació fins i tot quan les dues paraules no coocorrien.

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Coventry, Kenneth Richmond. "Spatial prepositions and functional relations : the case for minimally specified lexical entries." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26414.

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In this thesis we present a minimally specified approach to the lexical entries for spatial prepositions based on the recognition of the importance of functional relations. We begin by introducing the problem of separating our senses of a lexeme from occurrences of a lexeme, and with a consideration of methods of sense delineation, including ambiguity tests. We then consider classical approaches to the lexical entries of prepositions which favour minimal specification of lexical entries, and compare them to cognitive linguistic accounts which favour full specification of lexical entries. It is argued that classical accounts have problems with case accountability, while cognitive linguistic accounts are based on a misinterpretation of prototype theory. We demonstrate that the accounts are very similar in that they delineate senses in terms of different geometric relations in the world. Functional relations are introduced as an alternative way of understanding spatial relations. It is argued that what is important about objects is how they interact with each other, that is, the functional relations between objects. The work of Garrod and Sanford (1989) and Talmy (1988) is considered in this context, and is developed to deal more adequately with case accountability. A number of experimental studies are reported which demonstrate the existence of functional relations, and cast doubt on ambiguity tests as valid methods of sense delineation. It is proposed that a spatial preposition can be said to have two senses if a language user has a motivated reason for distinguishing between two types of relation. Evidence is provided for a distinction between spatial prepositions which involve functional components, and those that involve purely geometric components. First language acquisition evidence is reviewed which suggests that prepositions involving functional relations are learned first.

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Conrath, Juliette. "Unsupervised extraction of semantic relations using discourse information." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30202/document.

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La compréhension du langage naturel repose souvent sur des raisonnements de sens commun, pour lesquels la connaissance de relations sémantiques, en particulier entre prédicats verbaux, peut être nécessaire. Cette thèse porte sur la problématique de l'utilisation d'une méthode distributionnelle pour extraire automatiquement les informations sémantiques nécessaires à ces inférences de sens commun. Des associations typiques entre des paires de prédicats et un ensemble de relations sémantiques (causales, temporelles, de similarité, d'opposition, partie/tout) sont extraites de grands corpus, par l'exploitation de la présence de connecteurs du discours signalant typiquement ces relations. Afin d'apprécier ces associations, nous proposons plusieurs mesures de signifiance inspirées de la littérature ainsi qu'une mesure novatrice conçue spécifiquement pour évaluer la force du lien entre les deux prédicats et la relation. La pertinence de ces mesures est évaluée par le calcul de leur corrélation avec des jugements humains, obtenus par l'annotation d'un échantillon de paires de verbes en contexte discursif. L'application de cette méthodologie sur des corpus de langue française et anglaise permet la construction d'une ressource disponible librement, Lecsie (Linked Events Collection for Semantic Information Extraction). Celle-ci est constituée de triplets: des paires de prédicats associés à une relation; à chaque triplet correspondent des scores de signifiance obtenus par nos mesures.Cette ressource permet de dériver des représentations vectorielles de paires de prédicats qui peuvent être utilisées comme traits lexico-sémantiques pour la construction de modèles pour des applications externes. Nous évaluons le potentiel de ces représentations pour plusieurs applications. Concernant l'analyse du discours, les tâches de la prédiction d'attachement entre unités du discours, ainsi que la prédiction des relations discursives spécifiques les reliant, sont explorées. En utilisant uniquement les traits provenant de notre ressource, nous obtenons des améliorations significatives pour les deux tâches, par rapport à plusieurs bases de référence, notamment des modèles utilisant d'autres types de représentations lexico-sémantiques. Nous proposons également de définir des ensembles optimaux de connecteurs mieux adaptés à des applications sur de grands corpus, en opérant une réduction de dimension dans l'espace des connecteurs, au lieu d'utiliser des groupes de connecteurs composés manuellement et correspondant à des relations prédéfinies. Une autre application prometteuse explorée dans cette thèse concerne les relations entre cadres sémantiques (semantic frames, e.g. FrameNet): la ressource peut être utilisée pour enrichir cette structure par des relations potentielles entre frames verbaux à partir des associations entre leurs verbes. Ces applications diverses démontrent les contributions prometteuses amenées par notre approche permettant l'extraction non supervisée de relations sémantiques
Natural language understanding often relies on common-sense reasoning, for which knowledge about semantic relations, especially between verbal predicates, may be required. This thesis addresses the challenge of using a distibutional method to automatically extract the necessary semantic information for common-sense inference. Typical associations between pairs of predicates and a targeted set of semantic relations (causal, temporal, similarity, opposition, part/whole) are extracted from large corpora, by exploiting the presence of discourse connectives which typically signal these semantic relations. In order to appraise these associations, we provide several significance measures inspired from the literature as well as a novel measure specifically designed to evaluate the strength of the link between the two predicates and the relation. The relevance of these measures is evaluated by computing their correlations with human judgments, based on a sample of verb pairs annotated in context. The application of this methodology to French and English corpora leads to the construction of a freely available resource, Lecsie (Linked Events Collection for Semantic Information Extraction), which consists of triples: pairs of event predicates associated with a relation; each triple is assigned significance scores based on our measures. From this resource, vector-based representations of pairs of predicates can be induced and used as lexical semantic features to build models for external applications. We assess the potential of these representations for several applications. Regarding discourse analysis, the tasks of predicting attachment of discourse units, as well as predicting the specific discourse relation linking them, are investigated. Using only features from our resource, we obtain significant improvements for both tasks in comparison to several baselines, including ones using other representations of the pairs of predicates. We also propose to define optimal sets of connectives better suited for large corpus applications by performing a dimension reduction in the space of the connectives, instead of using manually composed groups of connectives corresponding to predefined relations. Another promising application pursued in this thesis concerns relations between semantic frames (e.g. FrameNet): the resource can be used to enrich this sparse structure by providing candidate relations between verbal frames, based on associations between their verbs. These diverse applications aim to demonstrate the promising contributions provided by our approach, namely allowing the unsupervised extraction of typed semantic relations

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Popa, Diana-Nicoleta. "From lexical towards contextualized meaning representation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM037.

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Les représentations des mots sont à la base du plupart des systèmes modernes pour le traitement automatique du langage, fournissant des résultats compétitifs. Cependant, d'importantes questions se posent concernant les défis auxquels ils sont confrontés pour faire face aux phénomènes complexes du langage naturel et leur capacité à saisir la variabilité du langage naturel.Pour mieux gérer les phénomènes complexes du langage, de nombreux travaux ont été menées pour affiner les représentations génériques de mots ou pour créer des représentations spécialisées. Bien que cela puisse aider à distinguer la similarité sémantique des autres types de relations sémantiques, il peut ne pas suffire de modéliser certains types de relations, telles que les relations logiques d'implication ou de contradiction.La première partie de la thèse étudie l'encodage de la notion d'implication textuelle dans un espace vectoriel en imposant l'inclusion d'information. Des opérateurs d'implication sont ensuite développées et le cadre proposé peut être utilisé pour réinterpréter un modèle existant de la sémantique distributionnelle. Des évaluations sont fournies sur la détection d'hyponymie en tant que une instance d'implication lexicale.Un autre défi concerne la variabilité du langage naturel et la nécessité de désambiguïser les unités lexicales en fonction du contexte dans lequel elles apparaissent. Les représentations génériques de mots ne réussissent pas à elles seules, des architectures différentes étant généralement utilisées pour aider à la désambiguïsation. Étant donné que les représentations de mots sont construites à partir de statistiques de cooccurrence sur de grands corpus et qu’elles reflètent ces statistiques, elles fournissent une seule représentation pour un mot donné, malgré ses multiples significations. Même dans le cas de mots monosémiques, cela ne fait pas la distinction entre les différentes utilisations d’un mot en fonction de son contexte.Dans ce sens, on pourrait se demander s'il est possible d'exploiter directement les informations linguistiques fournies par le contexte d'un mot pour en ajuster la représentation. Ces informations seraient-elles utiles pour créer une représentation enrichie du mot dans son contexte? Et si oui, des informations de nature syntaxique peuvent-elles aider au processus ou le contexte local suffit? On peux donc examiner si les représentations génériques des mots et la manière dont elles se combinent peut suffire à construire des représentations plus précises.Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous étudions une façon d’incorporer la connaissance contextuelle dans les représentations de mots eux-mêmes, en exploitant les informations provenant de l’analyse de dépendance de phrase ainsi que les informations de voisinage local. Nous proposons des représentations de mots contextualisées sensibles à la syntaxe (SATokE) qui capturent des informations linguistiques spécifiques et encodent la structure de la phrase dans leurs représentations. Cela permet de passer des représentations de type générique (invariant du contexte) à des représentations spécifiques (tenant compte du contexte). Alors que la syntaxe était précédemment considérée pour les représentations de mots, ses avantages n'ont peut-être pas été entièrement évalués au-delà des modèles qui exploitent ces informations à partir de grands corpus.Les représentations obtenues sont évaluées sur des tâches de compréhension du langage naturel: classification des sentiments, détection de paraphrases, implication textuelle et analyse du discours. Nous démontrons empiriquement la supériorité de ces représentations par rapport aux représentations génériques et contextualisées des mots existantes.Le travail proposé dans la présente thèse contribue à la recherche dans le domaine de la modélisation de phénomènes complexes tels que l'implication textuelle, ainsi que de la variabilité du langage par le biais de la proposition de représentations contextualisés
Continuous word representations (word type embeddings) are at the basis of most modern natural language processing systems, providing competitive results particularly when input to deep learning models. However, important questions are raised concerning the challenges they face in dealing with the complex natural language phenomena and regarding their ability to capture natural language variability.To better handle complex language phenomena, much work investigated fine-tuning the generic word type embeddings or creating specialized embeddings that satisfy particular linguistic constraints. While this can help distinguish semantic similarity from other types of semantic relatedness, it may not suffice to model certain types of relations between texts such as the logical relations of entailment or contradiction.The first part of the thesis investigates encoding the notion of entailment within a vector space by enforcing information inclusion, using an approximation to logical entailment of binary vectors. We further develop entailment operators and show how the proposed framework can be used to reinterpret an existing distributional semantic model. Evaluations are provided on hyponymy detection as an instance of lexical entailment.Another challenge concerns the variability of natural language and the necessity to disambiguate the meaning of lexical units depending on the context they appear in. For this, generic word type embeddings fall short of being successful by themselves, with different architectures being typically employed on top to help the disambiguation. As type embeddings are constructed from and reflect co-occurrence statistics over large corpora, they provide one single representation for a given word, regardless of its potentially numerous meanings. Furthermore, even given monosemous words, type embeddings do not distinguish between the different usages of a word depending on its context.In that sense, one could question if it is possible to directly leverage available linguistic information provided by the context of a word to adjust its representation. Would such information be of use to create an enriched representation of the word in its context? And if so, can information of syntactic nature aid in the process or is local context sufficient? One could thus investigate whether looking at the representations of the words within a sentence and the way they combine with each-other can suffice to build more accurate token representations for that sentence and thus facilitate performance gains on natural language understanding tasks.In the second part of the thesis, we investigate one possible way to incorporate contextual knowledge into the word representations themselves, leveraging information from the sentence dependency parse along with local vicinity information. We propose syntax-aware token embeddings (SATokE) that capture specific linguistic information, encoding the structure of the sentence from a dependency point of view in their representations. This enables moving from generic type embeddings (context-invariant) to specific token embeddings (context-aware). While syntax was previously considered for building type representations, its benefits may have not been fully assessed beyond models that harvest such syntactical information from large corpora.The obtained token representations are evaluated on natural language understanding tasks typically considered in the literature: sentiment classification, paraphrase detection, textual entailment and discourse analysis. We empirically demonstrate the superiority of the token representations compared to popular distributional representations of words and to other token embeddings proposed in the literature.The work proposed in the current thesis aims at contributing to research in the space of modelling complex phenomena such as entailment as well as tackling language variability through the proposal of contextualized token embeddings

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Xavier, Vanessa Regina Duarte. "Conexões léxico-culturais sobre as minas goianas setecentistas no Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-29082012-100504/.

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Esta tese tem como propósito ratificar que o estudo lexical de manuscritos pertencentes ao códice intitulado Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati Thomé Ignácio da Costa Mascarenhas (1724-1762) muito revela a respeito da formação sociocultural da então recém-criada Capitania de Goiás, durante o ciclo do ouro. Para tanto, realizou-se a edição semidiplomática de noventa e dois documentos escritos de 1751 a 1753 em Vila Boa de Goiás, uma vez que estes abordam aspectos variados da administração, economia, política, religião, cultura, assim como da estrutura jurídica e militar local. Conferiu-se rigor à aplicação dos critérios de edição, com vistas a assegurar a sua fidedignidade e, consequentemente, de toda a pesquisa. Foram inventariados os substantivos, adjetivos e verbos para a elaboração de um Índice de Frequência e de Ocorrências dos Itens Lexicais, à luz do produzido por Ferreira et al. (2005), a fim de se obter o vocabulário empregado no corpus e de mapear os principais assuntos abordados, correlacionando-os com a frequência de uso das lexias. Procedeu-se, então, à estruturação e análise dos campos lexicais mais representativos das temáticas do corpus, com base em aspectos histórico-sociais da Capitania goiana, tendo em vista que o léxico é o nível da língua que mais se conecta ao universo extralinguístico (BIDERMAN, 1981; SAPIR, 1961). A composição dos campos lexicais baseou-se nos princípios da semântica estrutural, especificamente em teóricos como Coseriu (1977), Geckeler (1976) e Vilela (1979), levando em conta as relações semânticas entre os itens lexicais e os arquilexemas dos campos, mais especificamente, a sinonímia, a antonímia, a meronímia e a hiponímia, identificando-se também os casos de homonímia e de polissemia. Os resultados dessa pesquisa apontam que o estudo dos campos lexicais a partir das associações semânticas entre seus membros não pode prescindir da consideração do universo discursivo, bem como do contexto sociocultural no qual se fundamentam, haja vista que os significados resultam do processamento cognitivo das experiências físicas, biológicas e sociais.
This thesis aims to ratify that lexical study of manuscripts belonging to the codex titled Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati Thomé Ignácio da Costa Mascarenhas (1724-1762) reveals much about the socio-cultural formation of the newly created Capitania de Goiás, during the cycle of the gold. To this end, did realized the semi-diplomatic edition of ninety-two documents written from 1751 to 1753 in Vila Boa de Goiás, since that approach different aspects of administration, economy, politics, religion, culture, and of the regional legal and military structure. Gave up rigorous application of criteria for editing, in order to ensure its reliability and, consequently, of all the research. Were inventoried the nouns, adjectives and verbs for the preparation of an Index of Frequency and Occurrences of Lexical Items, in the light of that produced by Ferreira et al. (2005), in order to get the vocabulary used in the corpus and mapping the main subjects approached, by correlating them with the frequency of use of the lexias. Proceeded, then, to structuring and analysis of lexical fields more representative of the themes of the corpus, based on historical and social aspects Capitania de Goiás, given that the lexicon is the level of language that connects more to the extralinguistic universe ( BIDERMAN, 1981; SAPIR, 1961). The composition of lexical fields was based on the principles of structural semantics, specifically in theoretical that Coseriu (1977), Geckeler (1976) and Vilela (1979), taking into account the semantic relationships between lexical items and arquilexemas of the fields, more specifically, the synonymy, the antonymy, the meronymy and the hyponymy, identifying the cases of homonymy and polysemy. The results of this study indicate that the study of lexical fields on semantic associations among its members cant escape of the consideration of the universe of discourse, and the sociocultural context in which they are based, given that the meanings result from cognitive processing of physical, biological and social experiences.

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Neff, Kathryn Joan Eggers. "Neural net models of word representation : a connectionist approach to word meaning and lexical relations." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/832999.

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This study examines the use of the neural net paradigm as a modeling tool to represent word meanings. The neural net paradigm, also called "connectionism" and "parallel distributed processing," provides a new metaphor and vocabulary for representing the structure of the mental lexicon. As a research method applied to the componential analysis of word meanings, the neural net approach has one primary advantage over the traditional introspective method: freedom from the investigator's personal biases.The connectionist method is illustrated in this thesis with an extensive examination of the meanings of the words "cup" and "mug." These words have been studied previously by Labov (1973), Wierzbicka (1985), Andersen (1975), and Kempton (1978), using very different methods.The neural net models developed in this study are based on empirical data acquired through interviews with nine informants who classified 37 objects, 37 photographs, and 37 line drawings as "cups," "mugs," or "neither." These responses were combined with a data file representing the coded attributes of each object, to construct neural net models which reflect each informant's classification process.In the neural net models, the "cup" and "mug" features are interconnected with positive and negative weights that represent the association strengths of the features. When the connection weights are set so that they reflect the informants' responses, the neural net models can account for the extreme discrepancies in object-naming among informants, and the models can also account for the inconsistent classifications of each individual informant with respect to the mode of presentation (drawing, photograph, or actual object). Further, the neural net modelscan predict classifications for novel objects with an accuracy varying from 82% to 100%.By examining the connection weight patterns within the neural net model, it is possible to discover the "cup" and "mug" features which are most salient for each informant, and for the informants collectively. This analysis shows that each informant has acquired internal meanings for the words "cup" and "mug" which are unique to the individual, although there is considerable overlap with respect to the most salient features.
Department of English

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Assunção, Daniane da Silva. "Traços linguísticos e culturais de Goiás no século XVIII: vertentes lexicais no diário de viagem do barão de Mossâmedes." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7549.

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This study investigated and analyzed the lexical fields from the book Travel Diary of Baron Mossâmedes: 1771-1773, in relation to geographic, military, the descriptions of places, parties, religiosity and all of cultural aspects present in corpus, consisting of 63 folios. The book, edited and commented by Antonio César Caldas Pinheiro and Gustavo Neiva Coelho (2006), reports the two trips for the fourth governor of Mines of Goyazes, José de Almeida de Vasconcellos Soveral and Carvalho: the first trip departing from Rio de Janeiro to Vila Boa, then capital of Goyaz State and the second through the interior thereof. The inventory and analysis of lexias were performed according to the theory of lexical fields, developed by Eugenio Coseriu (1977) and Horst Geckeler (1971). Through this diary, you can know the history about culture in Goiás and analyze the most important lexical fields and characteristic of the people, the culture and the political and administrative organization of the Captaincy of Goyaz in that time. There was a study of the historical context about this period that can better describe the relationship between lexicon, culture and society. They were prepared the lexicographical records of lexias inventoried consulting the Bluteau dictionaries (1712-1728) and Silva (1813). Finally, it built up a glossary in order to get a better understanding of the history described in the Journal.
Este estudo investigou e analisou os campos lexicais a partir do livro Diário de Viagem do Barão de Mossâmedes: 1771-1773, em relação aos aspectos geográficos, militares, às descrições dos lugares, das festas, da religiosidade e de todos os aspectos culturais presentes no corpus, que é constituído por 63 fólios. O livro, editado e comentado por Antônio César Caldas Pinheiro e Gustavo Neiva Coelho (2006), relata as duas viagens realizadas pelo quarto governador das Minas dos Goyazes, José de Almeida de Vasconcellos Soveral e Carvalho: a primeira viagem partindo do Rio de Janeiro até Vila Boa, então capital da capitania de Goyaz; e a segunda pelo interior da mesma. A inventariação e a análise das lexias foram realizadas segundo a teoria dos campos lexicais, desenvolvida por Eugenio Coseriu (1977) e Horst Geckeler (1971). Através desse Diário, é possível conhecer a história da cultura goiana e analisar os campos lexicais mais importantes e característicos das pessoas, da cultura e da organização político-administrativa da Capitania de Goyaz na época referida. Fez-se um estudo do contexto histórico desse período para melhor descrever a relação entre léxico, cultura e sociedade. Foram elaboradas as fichas lexicográficas das lexias inventariadas consultando os dicionários Bluteau (1712-1728) e Silva (1813). Por fim, construiu-se um glossário com o intuito de se ter uma melhor compreensão da história descrita no Diário.

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Annand, Colin T. "Scaling Relations as Cognitive Dipsticks: Distribution Analysis of Contextually Driven Performance Shifts in Three Linguistic Tasks." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504796379537155.

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Paiva, Fernanda do nascimento. "Um estudo sobre o sentido da palavra "coisa": relações semântico-lexicais e referenciação na interpretação textual." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8902.

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As a cohesion strategy, words as effective elements of the constitution of a written or spoken text have their meanings changed through specific features of textual construction and they are able to connect the elements that are inside (endophoric) or outside (exophoric) the text through the lexical substitution. In this perspective, the aim of this research is to describe and analyze the use of the word from Portuguese language “coisa”, commonly understood as a generic and vague meaning, showing how this term acquires particular meaning to function as a reference element of cohesion in the oral text. To this end, we used as a corpus eighteen (18) occurrences of the use of "coisa" collected from the corpus "O Linguajar do Sertão Paraibano" observing the process of textual referencing as well as the semantic relationships established in the lexical substitution process. This qualitative, descriptive and interpretive research adopted the theoretical and methodological principles of Lexical Semantics. For the theoretical discussions about the relationship the words have among each other and their textualization, we based our discussion on Antunes (2005, 2012), Henriques (2011), Ilari (2006, 2008), Koch (2004, 2012), Lyons (1981, 1979), Marcuschi (2004, 2008), Oliveira (2008) and Tamba-Mecz (2006). Cavalcante (2003, 2013) and Mondada (2013) served as a theoretical basis as well. The analyses showed that, when establishing exophoric and endophoric references with its textual referent, the word "coisa" builds semantic-lexical relations able to allow its interpretation. Thus, the use of this remitting form, in a given communicative situation, sets aside its character of vagueness and its meaning becomes discursively determined through synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy/ hypernym and meronymy/holonymy relations. Thus, we may say that replacing a noun with proper sense for the generic and vague word "coisa" does not always make its indeterminate information. The swapping of a word that has a special meaning for the word "coisa", which has a maximum generalization, requires an act of interpretation and can be used, for instance, to extend or to restrict some information already introduced or which will be projected in the speech.
Como estratégia de coesão, as palavras, enquanto elementos efetivos da constituição de um texto, falado ou escrito, têm seu significado alterado por meio de recursos específicos de elaboração textual, podendo se ligar a elementos que se encontram dentro (endofóricos) ou fora (exofóricos) do texto, através da substituição lexical. Nessa perspectiva, objetivamos, com este trabalho, descrever e analisar o uso da palavra “coisa”, comumente apreendida como de significação genérica e vaga, mostrando de que modo esse termo adquire sentido específico ao funcionar como elemento de coesão referencial no texto oral. Para tal, recortamos como corpus de nosso trabalho 18 (dezoito) ocorrências do uso de “coisa”, coletadas do corpus “O Linguajar do Sertão Paraibano”, observando tanto o processo de referenciação textual quanto as relações semânticas estabelecidas no processo de substituição lexical. Trata-se de uma investigação qualitativa, de cunho descritivo e interpretativista, que adota os princípios teórico-metodológicos da Semântica Lexical. Para as discussões teóricas a respeito da relação que as palavras mantêm entre si e na sua textualização, embasamo-nos em Antunes (2005, 2012), Henriques (2011), Ilari (2006, 2008), Koch (2004, 2012), Lyons (1981, 1979), Marcuschi (2004, 2008), Oliveira (2008) e Tamba-Mecz (2006). Ainda servem de embasamento teórico, Cavalcante (2003, 2013) e Mondada (2013). As análises revelam que, ao estabelecer referências exofóricas e endofóricas com o seu referente textual, a palavra “coisa” constrói relações semântico-lexicais capazes de permitir sua interpretação. Assim, o emprego dessa forma remissiva, numa dada situação comunicativa, deixa de lado seu caráter de vagueza e passa a ter seu sentido determinado discursivamente, por meio de relações de sinonímia, antonímia, hiponímia/hiperonímia e meronímia/holonímia. Com isso, podemos dizer que a substituição de um nome, com sentido próprio, pela palavra “coisa”, genérica e vaga, nem sempre torna indeterminada a sua informação. A troca de uma palavra que tem sentido particular pela palavra “coisa”, que possui generalização máxima, requer um ato de interpretação e pode ser empregada, por exemplo, para estender ou para restringir uma informação já introduzida ou que ainda será projetada no discurso.

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Campos, Julia Aparecida Gonçalves. "O tratamento da relação semântica partitiva em recurso lexical dedicado à legibilidade por máquina: estendendo a anotação da FrameNet." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5942.

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O presente trabalho, no escopo da Linguística Cognitiva, buscou os elementos-chave para a compreensão do fenômeno da significação e a proposição da formalização em um modelo conceitual ontológico, que subsidiasse processos de inferência na interpretação por máquinas da relação partitiva. O objetivo principal foi estudar a relação semântica partitiva tal como manifestada na semântica das línguas humanas e para isso, avança o estudo da relação a partir da perspectiva clássica lexical, limitada às expressões “é parte de” ou “tem parte” presentes em sentenças criadas, como “a asa é parte da xícara” ou “xícara tem parte asa”, para ocorrências reais extraídas de corpus, como na sentença: “a asa da xícara quebrou”. Na perspectiva da Semântica de Frames, para entender um item linguístico, é necessário entender o frame que ele evoca e as relações deste frame com outros frames. Além da descrição da relação partitiva no escopo da Semântica de Frames, o objetivo foi formalizar a relação partitiva entre frames em um modelo ontológico, apresentando a proposta de uma ferramenta para o reconhecimento da relação partitiva em sentenças. Para isso, combinamos a notação descritiva, representada na FrameNet, com informações provenientes da WordNet e da ontologia SIMPLE, recursos lexicais que assumem a Teoria do Léxico Gerativo (Pustejovsky, 1996). A criação de uma base de dados ontológica (das entidades e suas partes), como resultado do esforço de anotação de frames de uma língua, auxiliou o reconhecimento da relação partitiva em sentenças diversas e a promoveu sua legibilidade por máquinas, através da explicitação dos tipos semânticos dos elementos vinculados partitivamente.
In the scope of Cognitive Linguistics, the present work sought the key elements for the understanding of the phenomenon of signification and the proposition of formalization in an ontological conceptual model, which subsidized processes of inference in the machine interpretation of the partitive relation. The main objective was to study the partitive semantic relation as manifested in the semantics of human languages and, for this purpose, the study advances from the classical lexical perspective, limited to the expressions “is part of” or “has part” from created sentences, as “the handle is part of the cup” or “cup has the handle as part”, for real occurrences extracted from corpus, as in the sentence: “a asa da xícara quebrou” [the cup handle broke]. In the Frame Semantics approach, in order to understand a linguistic item, it is necessary to understand the frame that it evokes and the relations of this frame with other frames. In addition to the description of the partitive relation in the scope of Frame Semantics, the objective was to formalize the partitive relation between frames in an ontological model, presenting the proposal of a tool for the recognition of the partitive relation in sentences. For this purpose, we combine the descriptive notation, represented in FrameNet, with information from WordNet and the SIMPLE ontology, which are lexical resources that assume the Generative Lexicon Theory (PUSTEJOVSKY, 1996). The creation of an ontological database (of the entities and their parts), as a result of the effort of annotation of frames of a language, helped the recognition of the partitive relation in various sentences and promoted its readability by machines, through the explicitness of the semantic types of the elements linked by partitive relation.

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Salazar, Burgos Hada Rosabel. "Descripción y representación de los adjetivos deverbales de participio en el discurso especializado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/41720.

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El objetivo de esta tesis, es reunir información gramatical suficiente que permita determinar qué características deben reunir las bases verbales del español para ser capaces de originar un adjetivo deverbal de participio (ADP), y, basados en ello, poder describir cómo opera el proceso de activación de valor especializado en los términos N+ADP del dominio de la economía. Estas construcciones sintácticas mínimas son muy productivas en los discursos de ámbitos especializados, sin embargo la naturaleza híbrida de la forma participial acarrea muchos conflictos a la tarea de Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural (PNL). Esta aproximación al análisis de los ADP es lingüística, está anclada teóricamente en la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) e intenta ser el punto de contacto entre teoría y aplicación.
The goal of this thesis is to pinpoint the grammatical information that is necessary to determine which Spanish verb stems give rise to an adjectival participle (AP). This information will allow us to describe the linguistic indicators that, within the domain of economy, activate a specialized meaning in those terms that have the structure AP+noun. These syntactic minimal constructions are highly productive in specialized discourse. Nevertheless, the hybrid nature of the participial form invokes many conflicts in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. This descriptive approach to the adjectival participles is linguistic in nature, based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), intends to be the point of contact between theory and application.

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Magnusson, Jenny. "Fokus ålder : betydelserelationer och betydelseförändring." Doctoral thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11935.

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The aim of this thesis is to study how words denoting age are used in newspaper texts. I have chosen mainly to study the following Swedish focus words for females and males of different ages (flicka, kvinna, tjej, dam; pojke, man, kille and herre) as they relate to age. Furthermore, age lexemes – different variations of Swedish expressions of age – are investigated and finally also a number of new Swedish expressions that are used to describe age – kids, förtis, grups, tweenie, mappie, senior and what I call “plus gradings” – e.g. 50 +.

The study is particularly concerned with where and how age is referred to and how the chosen focus words relate in different ways to age and sex – and finally also with how these things have changed over time. I have examined newspaper corpora from three separate years – 1965, 1987 and 2000. My theoretical perspective is social constructivist, age being understood as something that is constructed and negotiated in language use. As for method, I adopt a corpus linguistic approach – large corpora and quantitative language patterns in frequencies and lexical content. Thus, my investigation is aimed at the focus words, the age lexemes and the terms in their linguistic contexts, primarily as regards adjective attributes, lexical relations and collocations.

My conclusion is that the examined expressions occur in different contexts and are used in different ways, but are not always related to age or age differentiation. I have noticed a couple of tendencies; one relates to vagueness when it comes to age and one relates to a semantic division of labour. The focus words are both used as synonyms and as oppositions, and they refer to referents belonging to different age groups. At the same time there is a clear division of labour between them in that variation in many contexts relates more to subject and contextual pattern than to different chronological ages. Ihave also noticed that chronological age is generally used when something is unusual, deviant or when the context has to do with crime, sports, (change of or debut in) a profession, birthday announcements etc.

Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur ålder används språkligt i tidningstext. Utgångspunkten är hur ålder har förändrats. Framförallt är det fokusorden flicka, pojke, man, kvinna, kille, tjej, dam och herre som i relation till ålder undersöks i avhandlingen. Därutöver studeras ålderslexem - olika variationer av de språkliga uttrycken ålder och år och slutligen även ett antal nya begrepp som förekommer i relation till ålder – kids, förtis, grups, tweenie, mappie, senior och det jag kallar för plusgraderingar – t ex 50 +.

Frågor jag ställer mig har med var och hur ålder förekommer och hur de utvalda fokusorden relateras på olika sätt till ålder och till kön – och slutligen hur detta har förändrats över tid. Jag har studerat tidningskorpusar från tre olika årtal – 1965, 1987 och 2000. Teoretiskt utgår jag från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv där ålder ses som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändningen. Metodologiskt utgår jag från ett korpuslingvistiskt synsätt - stora textkorpusar och kvantitativa språkliga mönster i frekvenser och lexikalt innehåll. Jag studerar alltså fokusorden, ålderslexemen och de nya begreppen i sina språkliga kontexter, och då framförallt adjektivattribut, lexikala relationer och kollokationer.

Jag kommer fram till att de olika språkliga uttrycken förekommer i olika typer av kontexter och på olika sätt, men att det långt ifrån alltid har med ålder eller med åldersdifferentiering att göra. Två olika tendenser är tydliga som har med åldersvaghet och arbetsfördelning att göra. De olika fokusorden både likställs och differentieras, och de används om referenter i olika ålderskategorier. Samtidigt är det en tydlig arbetsfördelning mellan dem där variationen i många sammanhang har mer med ämnen och innehållsliga mönster att göra, än med olika kronologiska åldrar. Jag har också kunnat konstatera att kronologisk ålder generellt används när någonting är ovanligt eller avvikande utifrån en åldersnorm eller när kontexterna har med idrott, debut eller byte av profession, födelse- och dödsannonser etc.

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Henadeerage, Kumara, and kumara henadeerage@anu edu au. "Topics in Sinhala Syntax." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060426.142352.

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This study is a detailed investigation of a number of issues in colloquial Sinhala morphosyntax. These issues primarily concern grammatical relations, argument structure, phrase structure and focus constructions. The theoretical framework of this study is Lexical Functional Grammar.¶Chapter 1 introduces the issues to be discussed, followed by a brief introduction of some essential aspects of colloquial Sinhala as background for the discussion in the following chapters. In Chapter 2 we present basic concepts of the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.¶ The next three chapters mainly concern grammatical relations, argument structure and clause structure in colloquial Sinhala. Chapter 3 examines grammatical relations. The main focus lies in establishing the subject grammatical relation in terms of various subjecthood diagnostics. We show that only a very small number of diagnostics are reliable, and that the evidence for subject is weaker than assumed previously. All the subjecthood diagnostics that were examined select the most prominent argument in the argument structure as the subject, i.e. 'logical subject'. However, there appear to be no processes in the language that are sensitive to the subject in the grammatical relations structure, i.e. 'gr-subject'. Further, there is no evidence for other grammatical relations like objects. In Chapter 4 we discuss the agentless construction and related valency alternation phenomena. It was previously assumed that the agentless construction, valency alternation phenomena and the involitive construction are all related. We argue that the agentless construction should be treated as a different construction from the involitive construction. We also show that the agentless construction and the involitive construction have contrasting characteristics, and that treatment of them as separate constructions can account for some phenomena which did not receive an explanation previously. The valency alternation phenomena are related to the agentless construction, therefore there is no valency alternation in involitive constructions. It will be shown that verbs undergoing the valency alternation can be distinguished from the other verbs in terms of the lexical semantic properties of individual verbs. Chapter 5 examines the structure of non-verbal sentences in terms of a number of morphosyntactic phenomena. It was previously argued that verbal sentences and non-verbal sentences in colloquial Sinhala differ in terms of clause structure. However, the present study shows evidence to the contrary.¶ The next two chapters deal with modelling contrastive focus and the phrase structure of the language. Chapter 6 is a detailed analysis of the contrastive focus (cleft) construction in various clause types in the language, and proposes a unified syntactic treatment of contrastive focus. Contrastive focus is in some constructions morphologically encoded, while in others it involves both morphological and configurational assignment of focus. The complex interaction between focus markers and verb morphology in various focus constructions is accounted for by general well-formedness conditions applying to the f-structure, and the principles of Functional Uncertainty and Morphological Blocking. In Chapter 7, we discuss the phrase structure of the language, in particular such issues as its non-configurational nature and the lack of evidence for VP. We propose non-configurational S and some functional projections to account for word order freedom under S and to explain certain morphosyntactic phenomena, such as configurational focus assignment. Finally, Chapter 8 summarises the conclusions made in previous chapters.

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Aavik, Toivo. "Lexical analysis of Estonian personal values vocabulary and relation to socially desirable responding and parenting practices /." Tartu, Estonia : Tartu University Press, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1230/5/aaviktoivo.pdf.

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El, Adak Mustapha. "Le figement lexical en rifain : étude des locutions relatives au corps humain." Paris, INALCO, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAL0003.

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Lorsque nous nous intéressons à l'étude des locutions rifaines d'un point de vue lexicologique, nous soulevons d'emblée leur caractère structural. Notre hypothèsee principale est que le lexique ne cumule pas uniquement des unités simples, mais aussi des unités polylexicales de toute nature codées et fixées par l'usage. Ainsi, l'objectif essentiel de ce travail est d'étudier la structuration syntaxique et sémantique des locutions verbales et non-verbales, et ce pour mettre en évidence leur tendance à l'organisation structurelle: au même titre que les unités simples, les locutions entrent dans des relations de synonymie, d'antonymie, d'homonymie et de toute autre forme de lien qui structure le lexique. Par ailleurs, le rôle des modèles locutionnels dans la structuration des locutions est capital, vu leur fonction à la fois génératrice et organisatrice. C'est en effet en fonction des modèles que les locutions répondent à une même structuration et par conséquent à une description unifiée
When doing a lexical study of locutions in Rifian variety, we implicitly refer to their structural characteristics. Our main hypothesis is that lexicon does not accumulate only simple unities but also multi-lexical and varying unities coded and fixed by language use. Thus, our main objective is the study of syntactic an smantic structurations of verbal and non-verbal locutions so as to make their tendency conspicuous tu the structural organization : being at the same level of simple unities, the locutions are in relation of synonymy, antonymy, homonymy and all other forms related to the structure of the lexicon

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Chen, Su-Mei. "Lexical organization in Mandarin-speaking children: insights from the semantic fluency task." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3439.

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Our purpose was to explore developmental changes in the organization and access to the mental lexicon between the ages of three-, five-, and seven years. Six-hundred and seventy three Mandarin-speaking participants listed all exemplars of animals and foods that came to mind within two one-minute intervals. Compared to younger participants, the older children demonstrated more correct responses and fewer errors, suggesting that they have greater knowledge of category-relevant vocabulary. They produced more subcategories, many of which involved embedding and overlapping, which suggests they have more sophisticated lexical-semantic organization. Also, they produced fewer and less closely spaced repetitions, suggesting they could more effectively monitor retrieval responses. We conclude that between the ages of three to seven, children expand and refine the organization of their mental lexicons. Improved monitoring may reflect growth in executive functioning.

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Lipowski, Stacy L. "The Relation between Basic Memory Processes and Awareness of Lexical Ignorance in Young Children." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1215112776.

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Mbame, Nazaire. "Relations partie-tout : aspects ontologiques, phénoménologiques et lexico-sémantiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF20009.

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Ce travail en 4 chapitres est une investigation de la relation "partie-tout" en concordance avec sa transposition langagière, non en termes syntaxico-discursifs, mais en termes de motifs et profilages sémantiques, selon la méthode de la "Théorie des formes sémantiques" de Cadiot et Visetti. Le premier chapitre revient sur les fondements de cette relation. Après une critique des opinions installées (l'empirisme de Winston, Chaffin, Hermann,. . . ; la perspective lexicale de Cruse), par Aristote, Husserl, Cassirer,. . . Nous restituons cette problématique dans son véritable questionnement ontologique et phénoménologique ; notre démarche étant descriptive par rejet du formalisme axiomatique. La suite est consacrée à l'énonciation des trois grands domaines mérologiques que sont l'associationnisme, le consociationniste et l'homéomérie. Un travail particulier est consacré aux lois de l'adduction / abduction, conduction, induction / déduction ; de la façon dont elles influent sur les "parties et touts" aux plans vertical et horizontal de leur structuration. Au chapitre 2, nous étudions l'associationnisme et sa forme particulière d'expression qu'est l'homéomérie. Le chapitre 3 est consacré aux problèmes de stucturation phylétique des entités complexes. Il s'achève sur l'analyse de la projection de l'associationnisme et homéomérie en le consociationnisme. L'interprétation partonomique est l'objet du chapitre 4 où, entre autres objectifs, est abordé la question de la signifiance ontologique des notions de "partie et tout" et de leurs propres profilages sémantiques. Il s'achève sur une proposition de classification de la réalité à partir du statut ontologique de"partie" ou de" tout" de ses objets

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Millon, Chrystel. "Acquisition automatique de relations lexicales désambiguïsées à partir du web." Lorient, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LORIL227.

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La dimension phraséologique s'impose dans la production langagière, car les séquences lexicales conventionnelles, que sont spécialement les collocations, assurent la naturalité dans le discours, et facilitent sa compréhension. La naturalité est indépendante de la grammaticalité et de la compatibilité sémantique des mots entre eux dans la chaîne parlée. L'organisation du lexique d'une langue repose ainsi sur des liens syntagmatiques étroits entre les mots. La question de la combinatoire des mots occupe une place importante au sein de plusieurs disciplines comme la Sémantique, la Lexicographie ou la Didactique des langues, favorisant ainsi l'émergence d'outils d'extraction automatique de collocations, laissant transparaître l'intérêt croissant qu'elle suscite. Les méthodes existantes d’extraction automatique de collocations ne tiennent pas compte des acceptions des mots. Or, nous pensons qu’un outil générant une classification sémantique des collocations des mots permet d’obtenir des relations lexicales (du type NOM-ADJECTIF, NOM de NOM, NOM-VERBE, etc. ) beaucoup plus exploitables, parce qu’elles-mêmes catégorisées en fonction des usages. Le sujet de ce mémoire est l'acquisition automatique de base de données sémantiques de collocations à partir de ressources textuelles issues du World Wide Web. Nous présentons une méthode endogène de discrimination sémantique automatique des classes d'usages des mots, au sein desquelles les collocations, basées sur une extraction syntaxique, sont rangées. Les résultats montrent qu'une catégorisation sémantique des collocations permet d'obtenir des collocations pertinentes pour des usages très peu fréquents, alors qu’une extraction indifférenciée « noierait » ces relations au milieu de celles correspondant aux usages les plus fréquents
Phraseological dimension is essential in language use, because conventional lexical sequences, notably collocations, ensure the naturality in the speech and facilitate its comprehension. Naturality is independent of the grammaticality and the semantic compatibility of the words between them in the connected speech. The organization of the language lexicon rests on close syntagmatic links between words. The question of lexical combinatorics occupies an important place within several disciplines, thus supporting the emergence of tools for automatic collocations extraction. Nevertheless, the existing methods of automatic extraction of collocations do not take account of the meanings of the words. However, we think that a tool generating a semantic classification of collocations makes it possible to obtain lexical relations much more exploitable, because themselves categorized according to meanings. The subject of this work is to propose a protocol for automatically building, from the Web, semantic database of collocations of French nouns. An endogenous method of automatic word sense discrimination is elaborated, leading to the construction of a set of semantic classes, filled with significant collocates of the target word. The semantic classes serve to proceed to the automatic categorization within the semantic classes of ‘syntactic’ collocations, that have been extracted from Web corpus. The results show that a semantic categorization of collocations makes it possible to obtain relevant collocations for meanings, notably the ones far from frequent, whereas an undifferentiated extraction “would drown” these relations in those corresponding to the most frequent meanings

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24

Simatos, Isabelle. "Eléments pour une théorie des expressions idiomatiques identité lexicale, référence et relations argumentales /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609916d.

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25

Simatos, Isabelle. "Eléments pour une théorie des expressions idiomatiques : identité lexicale, référence et relations argumentales." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070056.

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Cette thèse se propose de décrire et d'expliquer les propriétés structurales et sémantiques des expressions idiomatiques du français, et plus particulièrement des locutions à tête verbale, en prenant pour cadre initial le modèle actuel de la grammaire générative dit "du gouvernement et du liage". Une différenciation est opérée dans l'ensemble des expressions idiomatiques entre les formes rigides et non rigides. Il y est propose une théorie de l'idiomaticité qui, d'une part, regroupe les propriétés caractéristiques des expressions idiomatiques, qu'elles soient rigides ou non, et d'autre part fournit un système d'explication de l'interprétation sémantique des expressions idiomatiques non rigides. En particulier, l'hypothèse est faite qu'un idiome non rigide à tête verbale est interprété comme une unité prédicative. Selon cette hypothèse, les constituants syntaxiques de ce type d'idiomes matérialisent les deux types de propriétés que doit comporter une unite lexicale verbale pour pouvoir fonctionner comme prédicat: le verbe représente les propriétés relationnelles du prédicat et le complément nominal ses propriétés conceptuelles. La théorie développée dans ce travail a également pour effet de remettre en cause certains des principes de la grammaire générative et en particulier ceux qui assurent l'articulation des divers modules de la grammaire. Les rapports entre lexique, syntaxe et interprétation sémantique sont ainsi réexaminés sous un angle nouveau
The object of this study is to describe and explain the structural and semantic properties of french idioms -especially those with verbal heads within the framework of generative grammar referred to as "government and binding theory". A theory of idiomatic expressions is developed. It includes on the one hand an exhaustive analysis of idiomatic features, and on the other, an explanatory model for the semantic interpretation of free idioms as opposed to fixed idioms. In particular it is assumed that a free idiom with verbal head is interpreted similarly to a mono-lexical predicative expression. That is, the relational and conceptual properties of such a construct, expressed respectively by its verbal head and nominal complement, are embodied in the syntactic structure of the free idiom. The theory developed herein sheds a new light on some current issues in generative linguistics, especially those addressing the modularity of grammar. Relations between the lexicon, syntax and semantics are also reconsidered

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Qadir, Abdul. "Exploring the Mental Lexicon of Pakistani L2 Learners : the Role of Culture and L2 Knowledge in Organizing the Mental Lexicon." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-8248.

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There are different types of psycholinguistic approaches which attempt to examine the quality and the organization of the human mental lexicon; the word association experiment is one of them. The word association experiment can be used to probe the development of human vocabulary. The current investigation was carried out in order to trace the influence of the cultural background and L2 knowledge on the mental lexicon of the undergraduate Pakistani L2 learners of English. It was hypothesized that the individual‟s culture and knowledge of L2 bear direct relation with their mental lexicon. Influenced by the culture, they may connect different words with attitudinal bonds, whereas L2 knowledge is accountable for the growth of vocabulary. The motivation stems from the fact that none of the previous studies has targeted Pakistani L2 learners for the word association test in order to investigate their mental lexicon. The data was gathered through a word association test. The results supported the hypothesis. A considerable amount of attitudinal responses emerged in their responses, and the number of paradigmatic responses found in the data was the highest of all. Therefore, it was concluded that Pakistani L2 learners‟ vocabulary was considerably influenced by their cultural milieu due to the presence of attitudinal responses to the stimulus words, and their vocabulary is patterning toward native-like since the number of paradigmatic relations with the stimulus words was the highest of other types of relations. The findings carry important implications for didactics.

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Sébillot, Pascale. "Apprentissage sur corpus de relations lexicales sémantiques - La linguistique et l'apprentissage au service d'applications du traitement automatique des langues." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Rennes 1, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00533657.

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Le document présente une synthèse des recherches que nous avons menées sur le thème de l'acquisition de ressources lexicales à partir de corpus textuels. Plus particulièrement, ces travaux portent sur le développement de méthodes d'apprentissage automatique de relations lexicales sémantiques, ayant pour objectif d'enrichir la description de mots dans une double optique de désambiguïsation et de traitement de variantes sémantiques intra- et intercatégorielles, et susceptibles d'être utilisées au sein de différentes applications (recherche d'information, filtrage...). Nos études se caractérisent particulièrement par le fort couplage que nous recherchons entre les méthodes d'apprentissage développées et des théories linguistiques. Ces théories nous servent de cadres pour déterminer les relations lexicales pertinentes, valider ce qui est acquis, voire mettre au point la méthode d'apprentissage nécessaire à cette acquisition; de plus, les éléments appris doivent être linguistiquement motivés et significatifs. Ainsi, nous décrivons comment, en nous positionnant dans le cadre de la sémantique interprétative de F. Rastier, nous cherchons à apprendre, par des méthodes statistiques (en particulier de classification ascendante hiérarchique), des liens paradigmatiques intracatégoriels - antonymie, synonymie..., mais aussi d'autres liens plus fins de type sémique - à partir de corpus non spécialisés. D'autre part, nous expliquons comment, en contrôlant leur pertinence grâce au formalisme du Lexique génératif de J. Pustejovsky, nous acquérons par de l'apprentissage symbolique de type programmation logique inductive des liens transcatégoriels nomino-verbaux. Parmi les perspectives évoquées en conclusion, nous abordons en particulier les questions soulevées lorsque l'on s'intéresse à l'insertion des relations acquises dans un système de recherche d'information pour reformuler des requêtes, ainsi que celles concernant l'évaluation des apports de ces ressources lexicales. Nous discutons également de la pertinence de l'utilisation de méthodes d'apprentissage explicative pour acquérir des informations en corpus.

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Salles, Mathilde. "La relation lexicale partie-de. Implications dans la phrase et le texte." Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN1180.

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Ce travail s'attache, dans un premier temps, a definir l'extension et les proprietes d'une grande structure lexicale : la relation partie-de ou meronymie, puis a etudier les diverses constructions, a la fois phrastiques et textuelles, qu'elle fonde. La relation lexicale partie-de est, en effet, a l'origine de constructions syntaxiques specifiques, telles que la construction attributive du verbe avoir, le tour converse et l'ensemble des constructions syntaxiques qu'on appelle generalement "constructions inalienables". Elle joue aussi un role essentiel pour la cohesion des textes, en particulier au travers de l'anaphore associative dont elle est l'un des deux ressorts principaux (l'autre etant une relation de roles semantiques)
The purpose of this work is, at first, to define the extension and the properties of an important lexical structure : the part-whole relation or meronymy, and then to study the various structures, both structures of sentences and textual structures, which are based on it. As a matter of fact the part-whole lexical relation generates specific syntactic constructions, such as the structure of the verb avoir with a predicative phrase, the converse type, and all syntactic structures generally called "inalienable constructions". It also plays an essential role for the textual cohesion, in particular through the associative anaphora of which it is one of the two main foundations (the other one being a relation of semantic roles)

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Cadi, Kaddour. "Transitivité et diathèse en Tarifit : analyse de quelques relations de dépendance lexicale et syntaxique." Paris 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA030050.

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A partir de l'ordre VSO instancie par les dialectes berbères du Maghreb (ch. Svo pour le touareg) cette recherche conclut a la discontinuité aussi bien du GV que de l'argument indirect (sujet). Après une description de l'ordre des mots en Tarifit et du contexte structural (Ch. I) ou vont apparaitre le sujet (ch. 2) et les compléments (ch. 3), elle en arrive au statut original du passif (ch. 4) qui, par asymétrie, renvoie au causatif (ch. 5). Le tout est subsume par une liste verbale inter dialectale fixant la distribution des verbes par rapport aux affixes de formation des verbes complexes. L'idée fondamentale de ce travail est de mettre en relief la pertinence des relations de dépendances lexicale et syntaxique en Tarifit
From the VSO order of the Maghrebian Berber dialects (see SVO for the touareg) this research concludes on the discontinuity of both VP and indirect argument (subject). This study, after the delimitation of the word order in Tarifit and the structural context (Ch. I) where will appear the subject 'ch. 2), the complements (ch. 3), deals with the original status of the passive constructioin (ch. 4) which, by assymetry, refers to the causative (ch. 5). All this chapters are subsumed by a list of interdialectal verbs giving their distribution in relation with the affixes formation of the complex verbs. The basic idea of this investigation is to underline the pertinent relations of lexical and syntactic dependancies in Tarifit

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Gonzalez, Gomez Nayeli. "Acquisition de relations phonologiques non-adjacentes : de la perception de la parole à l'acquisition lexicale." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733527.

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Les langues ont de nombreux types de dépendances, certaines concernant des éléments adjacents et d'autres concernant des éléments non adjacents. Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont montré comment les capacités précoces générales des enfants pour traiter le langage se transforment en capacités spécialisées pour la langue qu'ils acquièrent. Ces études ont montré que pendant la deuxième moitié de leur première année de vie, les enfants deviennent sensibles aux propriétés prosodiques, phonétiques et phonotactiques de leur langue maternelle concernant les éléments adjacents. Cependant, aucune étude n'avait mis en évidence la sensibilité des enfants à des dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes, qui sont un élément clé dans les langues humaines. Par conséquent, la présente thèse a examiné si les enfants sont capables de détecter, d'apprendre et d'utiliser des dépendances phonotactiques non-adjacentes. Le biais Labial-Coronal, correspondant à la prévalence des structures commençant par une consonne labiale suivie d'une consonne coronale (LC, comme bateau), par rapport au pattern inverse Coronal-Labial (CL, comme tabac), a été utilisé pour explorer la sensibilité des nourrissons aux dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes. Nos résultats établissent qu'à 10 mois les enfants de familles francophones sont sensibles aux dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes (partie expérimentale 1.1). De plus, nous avons exploré le niveau auquel s'effectuent ces acquisitions. En effet, des analyses de fréquence sur le lexique du français ont montré que le biais LC est clairement présent pour les séquences de plosives et de nasales, mais pas pour les fricatives. Les résultats d'une série d'expériences suggèrent que le pattern de préférences des enfants n'est pas guidé par l'ensemble des fréquences cumulées dans le lexique, ou des fréquences de paires individuelles, mais par des classes de consonnes définies par le mode d'articulation (partie expérimentale 1.2). En outre, nous avons cherché à savoir si l'émergence du biais LC était liés à des contraintes de type maturationnel ou bien par l'exposition à l'input linguistique. Pour cela, nous avons tout d'abord testé l'émergence du biais LC dans une population présentant des différences de maturation, à savoir des enfants nés prématurément (± 3 mois avant terme), puis comparé leurs performances à un groupe d'enfants nés à terme appariés en âge de maturation, et à un groupe de nourrissons nés à terme appariés en âge chronologique. Nos résultats indiquent qu'à 10 mois les enfants prématurés ont un pattern qui ressemble plus au pattern des enfants nés à terme âgés de 10 mois (même âge d'écoute) qu'à celui des enfants nés à terme âgés de 7 mois (même âge de maturation ; partie expérimentale 1.3). Deuxièmement, nous avons testé une population apprenant une langue où le biais LC n'est pas aussi clairement présent dans le lexique : le japonais. Les résultats de cette série d'expériences n'a montré aucune préférence pour les structures LC ou CL chez les enfants japonais (partie expérimentale 1.4). Pris ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que le biais LC peut être attribué à l'exposition à l'input linguistique et pas seulement à des contraintes maturationnelles. Enfin, nous avons exploré si, et quand, les acquisitions phonologiques apprises au cours de la première année de la vie influencent le début du développement lexical au niveau de la segmentation et de l'apprentissage des mots. Nos résultats montrent que les mots avec la structure phonotactique LC, plus fréquente, sont segmentés (partie expérimentale 2.1) et appris (partie expérimentale 2.2) à un âge plus précoce que les mots avec la structure phonotactique CL moins fréquente. Ces résultats suggèrent que les connaissances phonotactiques préalablement acquises peuvent influencer l'acquisition lexicale, même quand il s'agit d'une dépendance non-adjacente.

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31

González, Gómez Nayeli. "Acquisition de relations phonologiques non-adjacentes : de la perception de la parole à l’acquisition lexicale." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H102/document.

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Les langues ont de nombreux types de dépendances, certaines concernant des éléments adjacents et d'autres concernant des éléments non adjacents. Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont montré comment les capacités précoces générales des enfants pour traiter le langage se transforment en capacités spécialisées pour la langue qu'ils acquièrent. Ces études ont montré que pendant la deuxième moitié de leur première année de vie, les enfants deviennent sensibles aux propriétés prosodiques, phonétiques et phonotactiques de leur langue maternelle concernant les éléments adjacents. Cependant, aucune étude n'avait mis en évidence la sensibilité des enfants à des dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes, qui sont un élément clé dans les langues humaines. Par conséquent, la présente thèse a examiné si les enfants sont capables de détecter, d'apprendre et d’utiliser des dépendances phonotactiques non-adjacentes. Le biais Labial-Coronal, correspondant à la prévalence des structures commençant par une consonne labiale suivie d'une consonne coronale (LC, comme bateau), par rapport au pattern inverse Coronal-Labial (CL, comme tabac), a été utilisé pour explorer la sensibilité des nourrissons aux dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes. Nos résultats établissent qu’à 10 mois les enfants de familles francophones sont sensibles aux dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes (partie expérimentale 1.1). De plus, nous avons exploré le niveau auquel s’effectuent ces acquisitions. En effet, des analyses de fréquence sur le lexique du français ont montré que le biais LC est clairement présent pour les séquences de plosives et de nasales, mais pas pour les fricatives. Les résultats d'une série d'expériences suggèrent que le pattern de préférences des enfants n’est pas guidé par l'ensemble des fréquences cumulées dans le lexique, ou des fréquences de paires individuelles, mais par des classes de consonnes définies par le mode d'articulation (partie expérimentale 1.2). En outre, nous avons cherché à savoir si l’émergence du biais LC était liés à des contraintes de type maturationnel ou bien par l'exposition à l’input linguistique. Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord testé l'émergence du biais LC dans une population présentant des différences de maturation, à savoir des enfants nés prématurément (± 3 mois avant terme), puis comparé leurs performances à un groupe d‘enfants nés à terme appariés en âge de maturation, et à un groupe de nourrissons nés à terme appariés en âge chronologique. Nos résultats indiquent qu’à 10 mois les enfants prématurés ont un pattern qui ressemble plus au pattern des enfants nés à terme âgés de 10 mois (même âge d'écoute) qu’à celui des enfants nés à terme âgés de 7 mois (même âge de maturation ; partie expérimentale 1.3). Deuxièmement, nous avons testé une population apprenant une langue où le biais LC n’est pas aussi clairement présent dans le lexique : le japonais. Les résultats de cette série d'expériences n’a montré aucune préférence pour les structures LC ou CL chez les enfants japonais (partie expérimentale 1.4). Pris ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que le biais LC peut être attribué à l'exposition à l'input linguistique et pas seulement à des contraintes maturationnelles. Enfin, nous avons exploré si, et quand, les acquisitions phonologiques apprises au cours de la première année de la vie influencent le début du développement lexical au niveau de la segmentation et de l’apprentissage des mots. Nos résultats montrent que les mots avec la structure phonotactique LC, plus fréquente, sont segmentés (partie expérimentale 2.1) et appris (partie expérimentale 2.2) à un âge plus précoce que les mots avec la structure phonotactique CL moins fréquente. Ces résultats suggèrent que les connaissances phonotactiques préalablement acquises peuvent influencer l'acquisition lexicale, même quand il s'agit d'une dépendance non-adjacente
Languages instantiate many different kinds of dependencies, some holding between adjacent elements and others holding between non-adjacent elements. During the past decades, many studies have shown how infant initial language-general abilities change into abilities that are attuned to the language they are acquiring. These studies have shown that during the second half of their first year of life, infants became sensitive to the prosodic, phonetic and phonotactic properties of their mother tongue holding between adjacent elements. However, at the present time, no study has established sensitivity to nonadjacent phonological dependencies, which are a key feature in human languages. Therefore, the present dissertation investigates whether infants are able to detect, learn and use non-adjacent phonotactic dependencies. The Labial-Coronal bias, corresponding to the prevalence of structures starting with a labial consonant followed by a coronal consonant (LC, i.e. bat), over the opposite pattern (CL, i.e. tab) was used to explore infants sensitivity to non-adjacent phonological dependencies. Our results establish that by 10 months of age French-learning infants are sensitive to non-adjacent phonological dependencies (experimental part 1.1). In addition, we explored the level of generalization of these acquisitions. Frequency analyses on the French lexicon showed that the LC bias is clearly present for plosive and nasal sequences but not for fricatives. The results of a series of experiments suggest that infants preference patterns are not guided by overall cumulative frequencies in the lexicon, or frequencies of individual pairs, but by consonant classes defined by manner of articulation (experimental part 1.2). Furthermore, we explored whether the LC bias was trigger by maturational constrains or by the exposure to the input. To do so, we tested the emergence of the LC bias firstly in a population having maturational differences, that is infants born prematurely (± 3 months before term) and compared their performance to a group of full-term infants matched in maturational age, and a group of full-term infants matched in chronological age. Our results indicate that the preterm 10-month-old pattern resembles much more that of the full-term 10-month-olds (same listening age) than that of the full-term 7-month-olds (same maturational age; experimental part 1.3). Secondly we tested a population learning a language with no LC bias in its lexicon, that is Japanese-learning infants. The results of these set of experiments failed to show any preference for either LC or CL structures in Japanese-learning infants (experimental part 1.4). Taken together these results suggest that the LC bias is triggered by the exposure to the linguistic input and not only to maturational constrains. Finally, we explored whether, and if so when, phonological acquisitions during the first year of life constrain early lexical development at the level of word segmentation and word learning. Our results show that words with frequent phonotactic structures are segmented (experimental part 2.1) and learned (experimental part 2.2) at an earlier age than words with a less frequent phonotactic structure. These results suggest that prior phonotactic knowledge can constrain later lexical acquisition even when it involves a non-adjacent dependency

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Chiu, Pei-Wen Andy. "From Atoms to the Solar System: Generating Lexical Analogies from Text." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2943.

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A lexical analogy is two pairs of words (w₁, w₂) and (w₃, w₄) such that the relation between w₁ and w₂ is identical or similar to the relation between w₃ and w₄. For example, (abbreviation, word) forms a lexical analogy with (abstract, report), because in both cases the former is a shortened version of the latter. Lexical analogies are of theoretic interest because they represent a second order similarity measure: relational similarity. Lexical analogies are also of practical importance in many applications, including text-understanding and learning ontological relations.

This thesis presents a novel system that generates lexical analogies from a corpus of text documents. The system is motivated by a well-established theory of analogy-making, and views lexical analogy generation as a series of three processes: identifying pairs of words that are semantically related, finding clues to characterize their relations, and generating lexical analogies by matching pairs of words with similar relations. The system uses a dependency grammar to characterize semantic relations, and applies machine learning techniques to determine their similarities. Empirical evaluation shows that the system performs remarkably well, generating lexical analogies at a precision of over 90%.

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Lodi, Ariane [UNESP]. "Expressões Idiomáticas bilíngues relativas ao campo lexical do vestuário: uma reflexão sobre suas metáforas e metonímias." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122112.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-15Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000813196_20151231.pdf: 91922 bytes, checksum: 3ac7ef023a4283959943141bc01da242 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-01-04T10:26:41Z: 000813196_20151231.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-04T10:28:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000813196.pdf: 1618118 bytes, checksum: 2533941230c0be61420c1a550ffbd447 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esta pesquisa trata de Expressões idiomáticas (EIs) relativas ao campo lexical do vestuário, por meio de um viés multidisciplinar que relaciona Lexicologia/Lexicografia, Fraseologia e Semântica Cognitiva, esta principalmente no que se refere a metáforas e metonímias. A partir de uma visão cognitivista, com base em evidências de que muito de nossa experiência e percepção é compartilhada igualmente pelos seres humanos, acredita-se que diferentes línguas e culturas compartilham de metáforas e metonímias iguais ou semelhantes. Por essa razão, objetiva-se, com esta pesquisa, analisar contrastivamente as metáforas e/ou metonímias subjacentes às EIs italianas e a seus correspondentes tradutórios em língua portuguesa (PB), para averiguar em que medida essa premissa se confirma. Baseamo-nos fundamentalmente em Zuluaga (1980), Lakoff e Johnson (1980; 2002), Gibbs (1994), Tonfoni e Turbinati (1995), Corpas Pastor (1996), Jorge (1997, 2001), Xatara (1998), Kövecses (2005, 2010) e Malho (2010). Foram selecionadas, em dicionários monolíngues, aproximadamente 160 Expressões Idiomáticas italianas provenientes de 49 lexias relacionadas ao vestuário, elaboradas suas definições, coletados exemplos de uso na web e, a partir disso, realizada a análise dos tipos de equivalência e a investigação das possíveis motivações que lhes deram origem. Como produto final do nosso estudo, foi elaborado um repertório lexicográfico de EIs relativas à indumentária que pode ser útil para suprir lacunas nos idiomas italiano e português, no que tange a materiais bilíngues de EIs. Além disso, a hipótese teórica inicialmente levantada se confirmou em grande medida
This research focuses on Idioms related to the clothing lexical field, with a multidisciplinary feature, which interrelate Lexicology/Lexicography, Phraseology and Cognitive Semantics, the latter especially when it is related to conceptual metaphors and metonymies. From a cognitivist view, based on the evidence that most of our experience and perception is shared by all human beings, it is believed that different languages and cultures may share same or similar metaphors and metonymies. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to conduct a contrastive analysis between metaphors and metonymies that underlie Italian Idioms and their translational correspondents in Portuguese, to investigate to what extent this premise may be confirmed. This inquiry is primarily based on Zuluaga (1980), Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2002), Gibbs (1994), Tonfoni and Turbinati (1995), Corpas Pastor (1996), George (1997, 2001), Xatara (1998), Kövecses (2005, 2010) and Malho (2010). Approximately 160 Italian idioms derived from 49 lexical items related to clothing. They were selected from Italian monolingual dictionaries, furthermore their definitions were provided and usage examples were collected from web. After that, an analysis of types of equivalence as well as an investigation of possible motivations that gave rise to them were performed. As a final product of our study, an inventory of clothing-related idioms was produced which intends to fill some gaps in Italian and Portuguese languages in regard to bilingual material on idioms. On this basis, initial theoretical hypothesis was confirmed

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Lodi, Ariane. "Expressões Idiomáticas bilíngues relativas ao campo lexical do vestuário : uma reflexão sobre suas metáforas e metonímias /." São José do Rio Preto, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122112.

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Orientador: Marilei Amadeu Sabino
Banca: Paola Giustina Baccin
Banca: Adriane Orenha Ottaiano
Resumo: Esta pesquisa trata de Expressões idiomáticas (EIs) relativas ao campo lexical do vestuário, por meio de um viés multidisciplinar que relaciona Lexicologia/Lexicografia, Fraseologia e Semântica Cognitiva, esta principalmente no que se refere a metáforas e metonímias. A partir de uma visão cognitivista, com base em evidências de que muito de nossa experiência e percepção é compartilhada igualmente pelos seres humanos, acredita-se que diferentes línguas e culturas compartilham de metáforas e metonímias iguais ou semelhantes. Por essa razão, objetiva-se, com esta pesquisa, analisar contrastivamente as metáforas e/ou metonímias subjacentes às EIs italianas e a seus correspondentes tradutórios em língua portuguesa (PB), para averiguar em que medida essa premissa se confirma. Baseamo-nos fundamentalmente em Zuluaga (1980), Lakoff e Johnson (1980; 2002), Gibbs (1994), Tonfoni e Turbinati (1995), Corpas Pastor (1996), Jorge (1997, 2001), Xatara (1998), Kövecses (2005, 2010) e Malho (2010). Foram selecionadas, em dicionários monolíngues, aproximadamente 160 Expressões Idiomáticas italianas provenientes de 49 lexias relacionadas ao vestuário, elaboradas suas definições, coletados exemplos de uso na web e, a partir disso, realizada a análise dos tipos de equivalência e a investigação das possíveis motivações que lhes deram origem. Como produto final do nosso estudo, foi elaborado um repertório lexicográfico de EIs relativas à indumentária que pode ser útil para suprir lacunas nos idiomas italiano e português, no que tange a materiais bilíngues de EIs. Além disso, a hipótese teórica inicialmente levantada se confirmou em grande medida
Abstract: This research focuses on Idioms related to the clothing lexical field, with a multidisciplinary feature, which interrelate Lexicology/Lexicography, Phraseology and Cognitive Semantics, the latter especially when it is related to conceptual metaphors and metonymies. From a cognitivist view, based on the evidence that most of our experience and perception is shared by all human beings, it is believed that different languages and cultures may share same or similar metaphors and metonymies. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to conduct a contrastive analysis between metaphors and metonymies that underlie Italian Idioms and their translational correspondents in Portuguese, to investigate to what extent this premise may be confirmed. This inquiry is primarily based on Zuluaga (1980), Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2002), Gibbs (1994), Tonfoni and Turbinati (1995), Corpas Pastor (1996), George (1997, 2001), Xatara (1998), Kövecses (2005, 2010) and Malho (2010). Approximately 160 Italian idioms derived from 49 lexical items related to clothing. They were selected from Italian monolingual dictionaries, furthermore their definitions were provided and usage examples were collected from web. After that, an analysis of types of equivalence as well as an investigation of possible motivations that gave rise to them were performed. As a final product of our study, an inventory of clothing-related idioms was produced which intends to fill some gaps in Italian and Portuguese languages in regard to bilingual material on idioms. On this basis, initial theoretical hypothesis was confirmed
Mestre

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Gibert, Sotelo Elisabeth. "Source and negative prefixes: On the syntax-lexicon interface and the encoding of spatial relations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461414.

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This dissertation offers a contrastive analysis of the (here called) Source prefix des- and the negative prefix iN- in Spanish that highlights the connections and divergences existing between the encoding of Source paths and the encoding of negation. For des-, it is proposed that, although it can appear in different contexts (with verbs, nouns, and adjectives) and may display different meanings (separation, deprivation, destruction, reversion and negation), it has only one entry in the lexicon in which it is identified with its most basic value, that of a Source path. The polysemy of this prefix emerges, on the one hand, from the syntactic context where it is embedded and, on the other, from the conceptual content associated to the root with which it is combined. As for iN-, the claim is made that it is a negative marker that involves quantification over a scale (which accounts for its restriction to only combine with scalar bases) and adjectival categorization (which explains that iN- prefixed items are always adjectives). Finally, to reach a better understanding of the syntax and semantics of these two prefixes, their Latin predecessors are also analyzed: the Source prefixes ab-, de-, ex- and dis-, and the negative prefix iN-. In line with Acedo-Matellán (2006b) and Acedo-Matellán & Mateu (2013), it is shown that the step from Latin to Romance triggered a typological change from a satellite-framed system, Latin, to a verb-framed one, Romance languages in general and Spanish in particular. The evolution from Latin to Spanish also triggered a reanalysis of the negative prefix iN-, which changed its status from an adjunct showing a certain degree of autonomy and ability to be combined with different types of bases, to a categorizing affix. The phenomena are approached from a neo-constructionist perspective of the syntax-lexicon interface. In particular, I adopt the principles stated in Nanosyntax and assume that the function of the lexicon is to provide lexical exponents to spell out the structures delivered by syntax. Drawing on Real Puigdollers’ (2013) theory of lexicalization by phase, I adopt the view that the timing of Spell-Out is marked by the phase, which allows accounting for cross-linguistic variation. Besides, this thesis aims at providing an account of the precise way in which structural semantics interacts with conceptual content. To this end, I take into consideration Pustejovsky’s (1995) formalization of lexical semantics via Qualia Structure, and posit that when lexical exponents are inserted in the syntactic structure, their qualia structures interact and ultimately determine the precise meaning of the configuration.
L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és oferir una anàlisi contrastiva entre des-, el qual anomenem prefix d’Origen, i el prefix negatiu iN- en espanyol que posi de relleu les connexions existents entre l’expressió de les trajectòries d’Origen i la negació. Per a des-, es proposa que, tot i que pot aparèixer en diferents contextos (en verbs, noms i adjectius) i desplegar diverses accepcions (separació, privació, destrucció, reversió i negació), els seus diversos usos poden derivar-se d’una única entrada lèxica que identifica el valor més bàsic d’aquest prefix, que és el d’expressar una trajectòria d’Origen. Es defensa que els diversos valors de des- sorgeixen en funció del context sintàctic en el qual apareix i del contingut conceptual de l’arrel amb la qual es combina. Pel que fa a iN-, es proposa que és un marcador negatiu que implica quantificació sobre una escala (motiu pel qual aquest prefix només pot combinar-se amb bases escalars) i també categorització adjectival (cosa que dóna compte del fet que no documentem ni noms ni adjectius encapçalats per aquest prefix). Finalment, per tal de comprendre millor el funcionament d’aquests dos prefixos, s’estudien els seus antecedents llatins: els prefixos d’Origen ab-, de-, ex- i dis-, i el prefix purament negatiu iN-. Seguint la línia d’investigació d’Acedo-Matellán (2006b) i Acedo-Matellán i Mateu (2013), es demostra que el pas del llatí a les llengües romàniques va comportar un canvi tipològic: es va passar d’un sistema d’emmarcament en el satèl·lit, el llatí, a un sistema d’emmarcament verbal, l’espanyol (i les llengües romàniques en general). L’estudi d’iN- en llatí també mostra que aquest prefix va patir una reanàlisi en l’evolució del llatí al castellà, passant de ser un adjunt amb cert grau d’autonomia i capaç de combinar-se amb diversos tipus de base, a ser un afix categoritzador. L’anàlisi d’aquests fenòmens es realitza des d’una perspectiva neoconstruccionista de la interfície sintaxi-lexicó. En particular, s’adopten els principis de la Nanosintaxi i s’assumeix que la funció del lexicó és proporcionar exponents per tal de materialitzar les configuracions creades per la sintaxi. Tenint en compte la teoria de lexicalització per fases de Real Puigdollers (2013), es postula que els punts d’accés de les interfícies a l’estructura derivacional venen marcats per la fase, i que la variació interlingüística depèn d’on defineixi aquests punts d’accés cada llengua. També es pretén oferir una explicació de com interactuen el significat estructural i el contingut conceptual. Per això, s’adopta la formalització de la semàntica lèxica en termes d’Estructura de Qualia proposada per Pustejovsky (1995), i es proposa que, un cop els exponents han estat inserits en l’estructura sintàctica, les seves estructures de qualia estableixen connexions que determinen el significat precís de la configuració.
El propósito de la tesis es ofrecer un análisis contrastivo entre el (aquí llamado) prefijo de Origen des- y el prefijo negativo iN- del español que ponga de relieve las conexiones existentes entre la expresión de las trayectorias de Origen y la negación. Para des-, se propone que sus distintos usos (en verbos, nombres y adjetivos) y acepciones (separación, privación, destrucción, reversión y negación) derivan de una única entrada léxica en la que dicho prefijo es identificado con su valor más básico, que es el de expresar una trayectoria de Origen. Se defiende que la polisemia de este prefijo depende, por un lado, del contexto sintáctico en el que está incluido y, por otro, del significado conceptual asociado a la raíz con la que se combina. Por lo que respecta a iN-, se propone que es un marcador negativo que implica cuantificación sobre una escala (motivo por el cual únicamente puede combinarse con bases escalares) y categorización adjetival (lo que explica que no se documenten ni nombres ni verbos encabezados por iN-). Finalmente, para comprender mejor el funcionamiento de estos prefijos, se acude a sus antecedentes latinos: los prefijos de Origen ab-, de-, ex- y dis-, y el prefijo puramente negativo iN-. En línea con las investigaciones de Acedo-Matellán (2006b) y Acedo-Matellán y Mateu (2013), se demuestra que el paso del latín al romance acarrea un cambio tipológico: se pasa de un sistema de enmarcamiento en el satélite, el latín, a un sistema de enmarcamiento en el verbo, las lenguas románicas en general y el español en particular. Por lo que respecta a iN-, se propone que sufrió un reanálisis en la evolución del latín al castellano, pasando de ser un adjunto capaz de combinarse con distintas bases y mostrando cierto grado de autonomía, a ser un afijo categorizador. El análisis de estos fenómenos se realiza desde una perspectiva neo-construccionista de la interfaz sintaxis-léxico. En particular, se adoptan los principios de la Nanosintaxis y se asume que la función del léxico es proporcionar exponentes para materializar las configuraciones sintácticas. Tomando en consideración la teoría de lexicalización por fases de Real Puigdollers (2013), se postula que los puntos de acceso de las interfaces a la estructura derivacional están marcados por la fase, y que la variación interlingüística depende de dónde defina cada lengua estos puntos de acceso. Además, se pretende ofrecer una explicación del modo en que el significado estructural interactúa con el contenido conceptual. A tal fin, se adopta la formalización de la semántica léxica en términos de Estructura de Qualia propuesta por Pustejovsky (1995), y se propone que cuando los exponentes se insertan en la estructura sintáctica, sus estructuras de qualia establecen conexiones que determinan el significado preciso de la configuración.

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Séguéla, Patrick. "Construction de modèles de connaissances par analyse lingustiques de relations lexicales dans les documents techniques." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30210.

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Nickel, Rejane. "O estatuto dos itens lexicais [que] e [o que] contidos nas relativas." Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, 2017. https://rd.uffs.edu.br/handle/prefix/731.

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Este trabalho objetivou definir o estatuto dos itens lexicais [que] e [o que] introdutores de relativas do português brasileiro, sob o escopo dos estudos gerativistas. Ele justifica-se pelo fato de haver divergência na literatura para esses itens lexicais. Ao que concerne ao item lexical [que], enquanto alguns autores o consideram apenas um complementizador, inspirados nas ideias de Chomsky, 1977 e Kayne 1994, que analisaram o [that] do inglês) outros o consideram um pronome relativo (KATO, 1993; KATO; NUNES, 2009). No que se refere ao item lexical [o que], também há divergência. Uma das análises é que o [o que] é a união de um demonstrativo [o] e de um complementizador [que] (CAPONIGRO, 2003). A segunda, e que é mais aceita pelos autores gerativistas, é que esse item lexical é um pronome relativo (MÓIA, 1992; FERREIRA, 2007; MARCHESAN, 2012). Dada a divergência do estatuto destes itens no português brasileiro, esta dissertação procurou responder aos seguintes questionamentos: a) Qual é o estatuto dos itens lexicais [que] e [o que] contidos nas relativas?; b) [que] e [o que] conseguem introduzir relativas de qualquer tipo?; c) Quais são as propriedades dos pronomes relativos e dos complementizadores?; d) Quais são as contribuições que os estudos do português brasileiro podem trazer para a distinção desses itens lexicais?; e e) Considerando as derivações disponíveis na literatura, qual parece ser a mais adequada para a análise das relativas? Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que o [que] e o [o que] são pronome relativos. O [que] é introdutor de relativas com núcleo nominal, que, segundo Kato (1993) vem perdendo sua carga lexical, porque pode ser substituído por [o qual], porque outros pronomes vêm perdendo carga lexical, mas não deixam de serem pronomes relativos, ainda, a partir de dados diacrônicos, outros pronomes relativos são permitidos em resumptivas. O [o que] é um pronome relativo do tipo [what] do inglês, introdutor de relativas livres e de relativas com núcleo encabeçadas por uma preposição, já que, dentre outros argumentos, não aceita ser substituído por demonstrativos em sentenças infinitivas e, em outras línguas (como o Catalão) o [o] não consegue ser núcleo nominal. Ademais, nesta pesquisa, considerou-se o Modelo de LD (KATO (1993); KATO E NUNES (2009)) como o mais adequado para a análise das relativas NN já que melhor explica as estratégias de relativização do PB e considera o [que] como pronome relativo, e a Hipótese do Comp (GROOS; VAN RIEMSDJIK (1981)) para a análise de relativas livres, porque abarca o maior número de tipos de relativas (apositivas e restritivas) e por não ferir as condições de ilhas
This work aimed to define the statute of the lexical items [que] and [o que] in relatives of the Brazilian Portuguese, through the scope of the studies in generative syntax. The research happened because there is divergence in generative literature to these lexical items. Concerning to the lexical item [que], while some authors consider it only a complementizer (inspired in Chomsky, 1977and Kayne, 1994 who had analyzed [that]) other authors consider it a relative pronoun which introduces head relatives (KATO, 1993; KATO; NUNES, 2009). Referring to the lexical item [o que] there is divergence, too. One of the analysis is that [o que] is the bond between a demonstrative and a complementizer (CAPONIGRO, 2003). The second, which is the most acceptable for the generative authors, is that the item is a relative pronoun (MÓIA, 1992; FERREIRA, 2007; MARCHESAN, 2012). Through the divergence of the statute of these items in the Brazilian Portuguese, this dissertation aimed to answer the following questions: a) Which is the statute of the lexical items [que] and [o que] in the relatives?; b) Can [que] and [o que] introduce any kind of relatives?; c)What are the properties of the relative pronouns and complementizers?; d) What are the contributions that the studies of Brazilian Portuguese can give to the distinction of these lexical items?; and e) Considering the available derivations in the literature, which seems to be the most suitable to the relatives? The results of this research showed that [que] and [o que] are relative pronouns. [que] introduces head relatives, that, according Kato (1993) has being lost lexical function, because it can be substituted by [o qual], also, other relative pronouns are losing their lexical function but still are relative pronouns and through diachronic data and other relative pronouns are allowed in resumptives, not only [que]. [O que] is a relative pronoun similar to [what] from English, which introduces free relatives and head relatives with preposition, because it doesn‟t allowed to be substituted by demonstratives in infinitive sentences and, in other languages (like Catalan) [o] can‟t be head of a relative. Besides, in this research, it was considered the LD model (KATO (1993); KATO; NUNES (2009)) the most suitable to the head relatives because it can explain the relativization strategies on Brazilian Portuguese and it considers [que] a relative pronoun and Comp Hypothesis (GROOS; VAN RIEMSDIJK (1981)) to the free relatives because it comprises the biggest number of relative types (appositive and restrictive) and it respect the island conditions.

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Zarrouk, Manel. "Consolidation endogène de réseaux lexico-sémantiques : Inférence et annotation de relations, règles d'inférence et langage dédié." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS237/document.

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Développer des ressources lexico-sémantiques pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles est un enjeu majeur du domaine. Ces ressources explicitant notamment des connaissances que seuls les humains possèdent, ont pour but de permettre aux applications de TALNune compréhension de texte assez fine et complète. De nouvelles approches populaires de construction de ces dernières impliquant l'externalisation ouverte (crowdsourcing) émergent en TALN. Elles ont confirmé leur efficacité et leur pertinence. Cependant, les ressources obtenues ne sont pas exemptes d'informations erronées ou de silences causés par l'absence de certaines relations sémantiques pertinentes et primordiales pour la bonne qualité. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous prenons comme exemple d'étude le réseau lexico-sémantique du projet JeuxDeMots et nous proposons un système de consolidation endogène pour ce type de réseaux.Ce système se base principalement sur l'enrichissement du réseau par l'inférence et l'annotation de nouvelles relations à partir de celles existantes, ainsi que l'extraction de règles d'inférence permettant de (re)générer une grande partie du réseau. Enfin, un langage dédié de manipulation du système de consolidation et du réseau lexico-sémantique est conçu et un premier prototype a été implémenté
Developing lexico-semantic resources is a major issue in the Natural Language Processing field.These resources, by making explicit inter alia some knowledge possessed only by humans, aim at providing the ability of a precise and complete text understanding to NLP tasks. Popular resources-building strategies involving crowdsourcing are flowering in NLP and are proved to be successful. However, the resulted resources are not free of errors and lack some important semantic relations. In this PhD thesis, we used the french lexico-semantic network from the project JeuxDeMots as a case-study. We designed an endogenous consolidation system for this type of networks based on inferring and annotating new semantic relations using the already existing ones, as well as extracting and proposing inference rules able to (re)generate a considerable part of the network. In addition, we conceived a domain specific language for manipulating the consolidation system along with the network itself and a prototype was implemented

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Husson, Chantal. "Relation d'un voyage à Jérusalem entrepris en 1395 par quatre chevaliers messins : étude morphologique, phonétique, syntaxique et lexicale." Université Nancy 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN21028.

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Zou, Guangming Brosnahan Irene. "Vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary tests toward a relational model of the ESL lexicon /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1995. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9603527.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1995.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 8, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Irene Brosnahan (chair), Janice Neuleib, Maurice Scharton. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-248) and abstract. Also available in print.

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Bédard, Karine. "Étude du degré de figement des unités lexicales complexes en usage dans le domaine des relations de travail." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2003.

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Bédard, Karine. "Étude du degré de figement des unités lexicales complexes en usage dans le domaine des relations de travail." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2312.

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Le présent mémoire vise à la réalisation de deux objectifs. Le premier concerne l'étude du degré de figement d'un corpus de base de 100 unités lexicales complexes caractéristiques du vocabulaire des relations de travail et tirés [i.e. tirées] du Dictionnaire des relations de travail (compilation d'une série de dictionnaires et vocabulaires propres au domaine). Le deuxième objectif est directement relié au premier: comme suite à l'analyse du degré de figement des unités lexicales complexes, il s'agit cette fois d'examiner la pertinence d'inclure ou non l'une ou l'autre de ces unités lexicales complexes dans un dictionnaire spécialisé des relations de travail et dans un dictionnaire usuel. Comme suite à cette étude, il ressort que 77 syntagmes, 49 collocations, 161 cooccurrents et 280 phraséologismes devraient être inclus dans un dictionnaire spécialisé des relations de travail. Par ailleurs, 75 syntagmes, 49 collocations, 158 cooccurrents et 274 phraséologismes ont leur place dans un dictionnaire usuel. Au total, 68 syntagmes, avec leurs collocations, cooccurrents et phraséologismes, sont pertinents pour les deux ouvrages."--Résumé abrégé par UMI

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Sébillot, Pascale. "Apprentissage sur corpus de relations lexicales sémantiques la linguistique et l'apprentissage au service d'applications du traitement automatique des langues /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.irisa.fr/centredoc/publis/HDR/2002/irisapublication.2005-08-03.1402955054.

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Bernhard, Delphine. "Apprentissage de connaissances morphologiques pour l'acquisition automatique de ressources lexicales." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00119257.

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Les ressources lexico-sémantiques, telles que les thésaurus, les terminologies ou les ontologies, visent à organiser les connaissances en rendant explicites divers types de relations sémantiques comme la synonymie ou la spécialisation. Le coût de la construction manuelle de telles ressources reste élevé, ce qui explique l'essor des méthodes d'acquisition automatique de connaissances, allant de l'extraction des termes représentant les unités de connaissance à l'identification des relations sémantiques qui les relient. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse au rôle que peut jouer la morphologie, c'est-à-dire la structure interne des mots, pour l'acquisition de telles connaissances à partir de corpus de textes de spécialité, essentiellement médicaux, et dans une perspective multilingue.

Nous présentons deux systèmes d'acquisition de connaissances morphologiques non supervisés, caractérisés par des approches différentes. Le premier procède par segmentation des mots, tandis que le second regroupe les mots dans des familles morphologiques.

Nous explorons ensuite les utilisations possibles de ce type d'informations pour l'acquisition de termes et de relations sémantiques. Nous proposons notamment une méthode de pondération et de visualisation des mots clés extraits de corpus de textes de spécialité en fonction de leur famille morphologique. Nous définissons également des schémas, basés sur les résultats de la segmentation morphologique, afin de découvrir des relations sémantiques telles que la spécialisation et la cohyponymie.

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CLAVE, CATHERINE. "Contribution a l'etude des relations entre les connaissances lexicales et la categorisation chez des enfants de 4 a 6 ans." Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT3002.

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L'objectif de cette recherche est double: - analyser les relations entre differents aspects du traitement du lexique et de la categorisation chez des enfants de 4 a 6 ans; - proposer certains entrainements categoriels destines a ameliorer les scores lexicaux et categoriels. On suppose que les processus cognitifs impliques dans des epreuves lexicales et categorielles relevent d'un meme niveau de traitement cognitif defini par la capacite d'abstraction plus ou moins elaboree des enfants a se representer semantiquement l'information a traiter. C'est en tentant d'etudier les mecanismes en jeu entre les activites lexicales et categorielles que nous avons ete conduits a orienter notre recherche vers deux axes principaux de reflexion. Le premier axe est consacre a l'etude des relations entre les competences metaphonologique, metalexicale, et categorielle. Cette etude vise a souligner la precocite de certaines competences linguistiques par rapport a des competences categorielles et a mettre en evidence une similarite du processus cognitif implique dans les activites correspondantes. Les resultats indiquent de meilleures performances aux epreuves metalinguistiques (metaphonologique et metalexicale) qu'a l'epreuve de categorisation, et une similarite de traitement cognitif entre les epreuves metalexicale et categorielle chez les enfants de 5-6 ans. Le deuxieme axe analyse les relations entre les competences lexicales et categorielles et les effets d'entrainements categoriels destines a des enfants de 5 a 6 ans. Il apparait bien une relation etroite entre l'etendue du repertoire lexical, la competence metalexicale et la capacite a categoriser des enfants. De plus, les entrainements permettent d'ameliorer les performances lexicales et categorielles
The object of this research is double: - to analyse the relations between the different appearances of the lexical treatment and the categorization for children from 4 to 6 years of age, - to suggest categorical trainings aimed at improving lexical and categorical scores. We suggest that the cognitive process implicated in lexical and categorical tests concerns the same level of cognitive treatment which is defined by the children abstraction ability more or less elaborated to represent semantically the information. By attempting to study the mecanisms at stake between lexical and categorical activities, we have been lead to turn our research towards two main fields. The first field is dedicated to the study of relations between metaphonological, metalexical and categorical competences it also aims at indicating a similarity of the cognitive process involved in the correspondent activities. The results show better achievements in the metalinguistic tests (metaphonological and metalexical) than in the categorization task, they also show a similarity in the cognitive treatment between metalexical and categorical tasks for children from 5 to 6. The second field analyses the relations between lexical and categorical competences and the effects of categorical trainings for children from 5 to 6. Then, it appears a close relation between the extent of the lexical index, the metalexical competence and the ability to categorize children. Moreover, the trainings improve lexical and categorical performances

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Asri, Abderrahim. "Locution, allocution et interlocution dans les relations adultes-enfants : étude des marques lexicales et syntaxiques en anglais, français, arabe et allemand." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30012.

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Eddy, Graeme Treve. "A critical assessment of the lexical and factual content of 'A new general English dictionary' (11th edition, 1760) of Dyche and Pardon in relation to its intended readership." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391839.

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Silva, Fabia Mendes da. "Análise de dicionários monolíngues italianos: um estudo metalexicográfico de unidades lexicais relativas ao campo semântico \'animais de estimação\'." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8148/tde-25112016-135318/.

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O objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver um estudo sobre o léxico relativo aos animais de estimação (especificamente cães e gatos) a partir de setenta unidades lexicais (ULs) contemporâneas utilizadas em Língua Italiana. As ULs foram retiradas de material impresso especializado em animais de estimação, cães e gatos, e selecionadas por temas referentes a: 1. modos afetivos e/ou específicos de nos referirmos a um animal de estimação; 2. partes do corpo; 3. procedimentos veterinários e comportamento animal; 4. profissionais e especialistas; 5. abrigos e instituições; 6. objetos e adereços relacionados aos cuidados e ao bem-estar dos animais. Com esse elenco, verificamos como os dicionários monolíngues de Língua Italiana lematizam e trabalham essas ULs que, muitas vezes, permeiam dentre as linguagens de especialidades. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, contamos com fundamentação teórica baseada em Lexicografia, Lexicologia, Terminografia, Terminologia e Metalexicografia, apontando considerações de estudiosos da área como Lara (1996, 2004, 2006), Barbosa (1990, 1995, 1996, 1997), Aubert (1996), Guerra (2003) e Welker (2004), entre outros. Apesar de, em um primeiro momento, a pesquisa se voltar para os correspondentes entre Língua Portuguesa e Língua Italiana, referindo-se ao tema, não foi nosso propósito trabalhar com o conceito de equivalentes de tradução, mas, sim, constatar como essas unidades lexicais são tratadas em obras lexicográficas. Contamos com os dicionários monolíngues em formato eletrônico Lo Zingarelli (2012), Garzanti (2011), ambos em CD-ROM, e De Mauro (versão on-line) para a análise. As especificidades de cada uma das setenta unidades lexicais são analisadas quanto a definições, marcas de uso, exemplos de uso, polissemia, homonímia e notas remissivas. Os resultados obtidos nos mostraram que a maioria das unidades lexicais selecionadas já são lematizadas pelas obras. Das 70 ULs escolhidas para a pesquisa, 60 são lematizadas pelo dicionário De Mauro, 59 pelo Garzanti e 58 pelo Lo Zingarelli. Nesta última obra, somente 5 ULs foram caracterizadas como termos com indicação de marcas de uso de área de especialidade, enquanto Garzanti apresenta 3 ULs e De Mauro, 8. Vale ressaltar que as ULs lematizadas em cada um dos três dicionários nem sempre são as mesmas, por exemplo, somente Garzanti inclui tiragraffi (arranhador), apenas Lo Zingarelli inclui pet therapy (pet-terapia) e De Mauro é o único a lematizar in calore (no cio). Averiguamos, também, que há divergência entre os dicionários na inclusão ou não dessas unidades lexicais como entrada, uma vez que as ULs relacionadas aos animais de estimação às vezes aparecem no corpo do verbete como exemplo de uso. Ao analisar as Introduções das obras, percebemos que faltam informações quanto à ordem das acepções e ao uso de sistema de remissivas. A análise realizada nesta pesquisa é uma contribuição para lexicógrafos, tradutores, professores e estudiosos de Língua Italiana.
The goal of this dissertation was studying the lexicon related to pets (especially dogs and cats) by examining seventy lexical units (LUs) used in contemporary Italian language. The LUs were selected from printed material focused on pets, dogs and cats, and arranged according to subjects as: 1. affective and / or specific modes of referring to a pet; 2. body parts; 3. veterinary procedures and animal behavior; 4. professionals and experts; 5. shelters and institutions; 6. objects and accessories related to animal care and welfare. These groups gave us the possibility to analyze how monolingual Italian dictionaries lemmatize and deal with such LUs, which are often used in specific purpose languages. Our theoretical framework is based on lexicography, lexicology, Terminography, Terminology and Metalexicography, guided by writers such as Lara (1996, 2004, 2006), Barbosa (1990, 1995, 1996, 1997), Aubert (1996), Guerra (2003) and Welker (2004), among others. Although this research indicated some correspondents in Portuguese and Italian, working with the concept of translation equivalents was not our intention, but rather verifying how these lexical units are shown in lexicographical works. For the analysis, we chose the monolingual dictionaries in electronic format Lo Zingarelli (2011), Garzanti (2010), both on CD-ROM, and De Mauro (on-line version). The specificities of each of the seventy lexical units were explored according to their definitions, tags, example sentences, polysemy, homonymy and cross-references. Results have shown that the mentioned works already lemmatize most of the selected lexical units. Among the 70 LUs chosen for the study, 60 are lemmatized by De Mauro dictionary, 59 by Garzanti and 58 by Lo Zingarelli. In this last one, only 5 LUs were characterized as terms indicating tags related to specific languages, while Garzanti features 3 LUs and De Mauro, 8. It is noteworthy that the LUs lemmatized in each of the three dictionaries are not always the same, for example, only Garzanti includes tiragraffi (scratcher), only Lo Zingarelli includes pet therapy and De Mauro is the only one that lemmatizes in calore (rutting). We also noticed that there is disagreement between the dictionaries about including these lexical units as entries or not, since the LUs related to pets are sometimes seen in the definitions as example sentences. By analyzing the Introductions of these dictionaries, we realized that there is missing information about meanings and the cross-references system. The analysis in this research is a contribution to lexicographers, translators, teachers and Italian language scholars.

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Adelstein, Andreina. "Unidad léxica y significado especializado: modelo de representación a partir del nombre relacional madre." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7505.

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Esta tesis estudia la especificidad de los significados léxicos especializados, a partir del análisis del funcionamiento de nombres relacionales; ofrece una explicación integrada de la semántica especializada y no especializada y una modelización de entrada léxica unificada. Conjuga así, el modelo comunicativo de la terminología con modelos polisémicos de generación del significado léxico.
El trabajo presenta una revisión crítica de las propuestas lingüísticas y terminológicas acerca de las propiedades semánticas del léxico científico. Luego, analiza las propiedades del significado léxico especializado, los factores y los mecanismos de generación semántica, a partir del análisis contrastivo del comportamiento de madre en corpora textuales. La tesis proporciona, a su vez, criterios de reconocimiento formal de información semántica especializada, útiles para desarrollar diversos tipos de aplicaciones. Finalmente, propone una generalización de la semántica especializada de los nombres relacionales y una representación de entrada dinámica, que contempla componentes de conocimiento lingüístico y extralingüístico que interactúan en la generación del significado léxico.
This dissertation studies the specificity of specialized lexical meanings, based on an analysis of the behaviour of relational nouns; it offers an integral explanation of specialized and non-specialized semantics and a modellization of a unified lexical entry. Thus, it combines the communicative model of terminology with polysemic models of generation of lexical meaning.

This work starts by presenting a critical review of linguistic and terminological approaches to the semantic properties of scientific lexicon. Then it procedes to analize the properties of specialized lexical meaning, the factors that influence semantic generation and its mechanism, based on the behaviour of madre in text corpora. It also provides criteria for the formal recognition of specialized semantic information which can help develop different kinds of applications. Finally, the dissertation puts forward a generalization of the specialized semantics of relational nouns and a representation of a dynamic entry, which contemplates components of linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge interacting in the generation of lexical meaning.

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Mangeol, Bernard. "La composante lexicale dans les systèmes de dialogue oral homme-machine du CRIN." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10178.

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La composante lexicale des trois systèmes développés au CRIN est mise en oeuvre. Ces trois systèmes sont : 1) le système diapason, qui permet d'interpréter des commandes orales à un système sonar ; 2) le système partner, paramètré à la fois par la langue de travail et l'application désirée ; 3) le système dialog, dont le but est de mettre en place un système de renseignements administratifs, destiné au grand public

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lexical relations'

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