Academic literature on the topic 'Lexical semantics. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lexical semantics. eng"
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Gagné, Anne-Marie, and Marie-Claude L'Homme. "Opposite relationships in terminology." Terminology 22, no. 1 (2016): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.22.1.02gag.
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This article studies a family of semantic relationships that is often ignored in terminological descriptions, i.e. opposite relationships that include, but are not limited to, antonymy. We analyze English and French terms classified in an environmental database as opposites (Eng. polluting; green, afforestation; deforestation; Fr. réchauffer; refroidir, atténuation; intensification) and revise this first classification based on typologies and criteria supplied by literature on lexical semantics, psycholinguistics and corpus linguistics. Our revised classification shows that diversified opposite relationships can be observed between terms. They also appear to display the same complexity as in general language. Finally, in some cases, the nature of concepts in the specific subject field must be taken into consideration.
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I. Khasanzyanova, Gulnara, Ramziya M. Bolgarova, Elvira A. Islamova, and Ilsever Rami. "Comparative Constructions in Tatar and Their Translation Methods." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI 1 (November 13, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi1.1.4.
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This article discussed the specifics of the translation of comparative constructions in literature from Tatar into Russian. It also suggested methods for the full-fledged translation of such constructions according to semantics and functional features of conjunctions. Postpositions were the main method to represent comparative constructions in simple and complex sentences in Tatar. Conjunctions, the instrumental case of the noun and other means, could further express the meanings of such postpositions when translated into Russian. The analysis of translation of comparative constructions helped to identify the integral and the differential in the semantics and functioning of the conjunctions, which not only connected the components of the comparative constructions, but also created imagery. Using comparative constructions, writers and translators could refer both to the general concepts inherent in their native culture, and to their personal worldview. This seemed possible only with a preliminary comparative analysis of the semantics and the structure of lexical units. Analyzing the translations of literary texts, some functional and semantic correspondences were revealed: comparative postpositions such as kebek, syman, kuk, etc. and Russian comparative conjunctions such as As if for sure, etc. (Eng. like, as if, kind of); relative pair words in Tatar and correlative pairs in Russian; affixes of adverbs such as -cha/-che, -day/- dey in Tatar and the instrumental case of the noun in Russian.
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Roze, Anitra. "Color Names in "Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice" (Eng. "Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary") (1872) by K. Valdemārs." Acta Baltico-Slavica 39 (December 31, 2015): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2015.006.
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Color Names in Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (Eng. Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary) (1872) by K. Valdemārs The article gives a brief insight in the late 19th century lexicographical situation in Latvia, emphasizing especially the role and place of the first Latvian dictionary that was compiled by a Latvian author – i.e., the Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (Eng. Russian-Latvian-German Dictionary) (1872) created by Krišjānis Valdemārs. This study analyzes one particular lexical group as it is represented in this dictionary – color names. The dictionary presents a rich material for research, especially in the context of the semantics and morphology of color designations. It contains 146 entries describing colors and their shades, which include not only abstract but also a large number of specific color names. Nazwy kolorów w Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (pol. Słownik rosyjsko-łotewsko-niemiecki) (1872) K. Valdemārsa Artykuł daje wgląd w sytuację leksykograficzną Łotwy w końcu XIX w., podkreślając zwłaszcza doniosłą rolę pierwszego słownika języka łotewskiego zestawionego przez Łotysza Krišjānisa Valdemārsa pod tytułem Kreewu-latweeschu-wahzu wardnice (pol. Słownik rosyjsko-łotewsko-niemiecki) z roku 1872. Przedmiotem analizy jest sposób przedstawienia w tym dziele jednej grupy leksykalnej – nazw kolorów. Słownik przedstawia sobą bogaty materiał badawczy, zwłaszcza w zakresie semantyki i morfologii oznaczeń kolorów. Wśród 146 haseł poświęconych kolorom i ich odcieniom znalazły się nie tylko nazwy abstrakcyjne, lecz także liczne konkretne nazwy kolorów.
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KHOLODON, O. M. "STUDY OF VERBS AND THEIR MEANINGS IN UKRAINIAN DIALECTS: A LINGUOGEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH." Movoznavstvo 315, no. 6 (2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-315-2020-6-003.
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Ukrainian dialectal verb lexicon and semantics are mapped near other dialectal vocabulary at phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic levels in a number of linguogeographical sources. The problem of presentation of verb lexicon and semantics is demonstrated on the example of several linguogeographical works that can be divided into two groups. Works of the first group provide information about lexical verb variation. In these works the verb semes are mapped, e.g. Ukrainian dial. ʽhowl (about wolves)ʼ, ʽmeow (about cats)ʼ, ʽto meetʼ, Ukrainian-Slovakian ʽverbs that indicate cooking of leaven (for bread, etc.)ʼ, ʽto sow (hemp, flax)ʼ, ʽto comb the fiber on the brushʼ and Transcarpathian verb phraseology — the seme ʽa person (sick, drunk or in a normal state) sleeps so hard that nobody can wake him (e.g. спит, йак на глуха́н’у; спит, йак на глу́шу; спит’ глу́пно). The second group consists of works that provide information about lexical and different types realizations of verbs. Near other maps about lexical implementation of verb semes the authors give semantic maps, e.g., maps Middle Dnieper and Steppe лаˈтати [тʼ], Eastern Polissian кресати (that has meanings ʽto make fire with a flintʼ, ʽto make fire with a silicon lighterʼ, ʽto beat stone against stoneʼ, ʽto cut down a branchʼ, ʽto fell the woodʼ, ʽto hewʼ, ʽto cutʼ, ʽto go quicklyʼ, ʽto dance intensivelyʼ, ʽto sap with passionʼ, ʽto forge a sapʼ, ʽto swearʼ). It is established that in the atlas, dedicated to the special study of links between Carpatho-Ukrainian and Southern Slavic languages, verb lexicon is presented on lexical, semantic maps and verb spreading maps that contain the information about verb presence in the settlement. A linguogeographical source that represents Slavs’ traditional spiritual culture and presents names of actions related to interpersonal contacts, different feelings and emotions, marital relations, etc. is revealed. These names are presented on lexical, semantic, motivational and nominative verb maps. Analyzing the phenomenon of verb semantic variation, P.Yu. Gritsenko mapped the semantic structure of the dialectal verb at the supra-dialectal level and on the basis of distinguishing separate semes from the integral meaning of syntagma тереˈбити + Object he identified semantic subcomplexes. The study outlines vistas of further research into Ukrainian dialectal verbs and their semantics.
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EVANS, VYVYAN. "The meaning of time: polysemy, the lexicon and conceptual structure." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 1 (2005): 33–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704003056.
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In this paper I argue that the lexeme time constitutes a lexical category of distinct senses instantiated in semantic memory. The array of distinct senses constitutes a motivated semantic network organised with respect to a central sense termed the SANCTIONING SENSE. The senses associated with time are derived by virtue of the interaction between the Sanctioning Sense, conceptual processing and structuring, and context. Hence, semantic representations, cognitive mechanisms, and situated language use are appealed to in accounting for the polysemy associated with time. The model adduced is termed PRINCIPLEDPOLYSEMY. The conclusion which emerges, in keeping with recent studies in lexical semantics, most notably Lakoff (1987), Pustejovsky (1995), Tyler & Evans (2003) and Evans (2004), is that the lexicon is not an arbitrary repository of unrelated lexemes; rather, the lexicon exhibits a significant degree of systematicity, and productivity. In order to adduce what constitutes a distinct sense, I introduce three criteria: (1) a meaning criterion, (2) a concept elaboration criterion and (3) a grammatical criterion. A further claim is that the lexicon exhibits significant redundancy. This position is at odds with SINGLE-MEANINGAPPROACHES to polysemy, which posit highly underspecified lexical META-ENTRIES, such as the generative approach of Pustejovsky (1995) or the monosemy position of Ruhl (1989). That is, I propose that lexical items constitute highly granular categories of senses, which are encoded in semantic memory (=the lexicon). This necessitates a set of criteria for determining what counts as a distinct sense without deriving a proliferation of unwarranted senses, a criticism which has been levelled at some studies of word-meaning in cognitive linguistics (e.g. Lakoff 1987).
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Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José, and Ricardo Mairal Usón. "Challenging Systems of Lexical Representation." Journal of English Studies 5 (May 29, 2008): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.136.
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The aim of this paper is to offer an overview of some of the most relevant heuristic parameters that have been used for the organization of the lexicon in a representative sample of formal, functional and cognitive models. In connection with this, we address the following theoretical issues: (i) the nature of the metalanguage that should be used as part of a lexical representation theory; (ii) the actual scope of the representation, that is, whether a lexical entry should only capture those aspects of the word that have syntactic visibility or should go beyond that and include richer semantic decompositions together with encyclopedic information; (iii) the type of formalism involved in the description of meaning for the design of robust technological applications. In the light of this discussion, we will present a sample model of lexical description called lexical templates. Lexical templates draw insights both from models with a stronger syntactic orientation (e.g. RRG’s logical structures) and from accounts where semantic description is more important (e.g. Frame Semantics). A lexical template consists of two different modules both of which are based on a universal abstract semantic metalanguage. The resulting templates have two parts: (i) the semantic module which makes use of lexical functions and (ii) the logical representation or Aktionsart module, which is inspired in the inventory of logical structures posited in RRG. Worthy of note is also the fact that this paper lays out the foundations for a reconversion of the inventory of lexical functions in terms of Pustejovsky’s qualiae. Thus, lexical templates are now built on the basis of a new, more robust formalism with greater explanatory and representational capacity.
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BIEMANN, CHRIS, STEFANO FARALLI, ALEXANDER PANCHENKO, and SIMONE PAOLO PONZETTO. "A framework for enriching lexical semantic resources with distributional semantics." Natural Language Engineering 24, no. 2 (2018): 265–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132491700047x.
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AbstractWe present an approach to combining distributional semantic representations induced from text corpora with manually constructed lexical semantic networks. While both kinds of semantic resources are available with high lexical coverage, our aligned resource combines the domain specificity and availability of contextual information from distributional models with the conciseness and high quality of manually crafted lexical networks. We start with a distributional representation of induced senses of vocabulary terms, which are accompanied with rich context information given by related lexical items. We then automatically disambiguate such representations to obtain a full-fledged proto-conceptualization, i.e. a typed graph of induced word senses. In a final step, this proto-conceptualization is aligned to a lexical ontology, resulting in a hybrid aligned resource. Moreover, unmapped induced senses are associated with a semantic type in order to connect them to the core resource. Manual evaluations against ground-truth judgments for different stages of our method as well as an extrinsic evaluation on a knowledge-based Word Sense Disambiguation benchmark all indicate the high quality of the new hybrid resource. Additionally, we show the benefits of enriching top-down lexical knowledge resources with bottom-up distributional information from text for addressing high-end knowledge acquisition tasks such as cleaning hypernym graphs and learning taxonomies from scratch.
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Zeller, Jan Patrick, and Christina Clasmeier. "Každyj den’ turist *otdoxnul na pljaže. An event-related potentials study on the processing of aspectual violation in Russian iterative sentences." Russian Linguistics 44, no. 3 (2020): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11185-020-09230-1.
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Abstract The treatment of verbal aspect in Russian grammar and its interaction with lexical semantics are controversial matters. We address these issues from a psycholinguistic perspective. We conducted an EEG study with 14 native Russian speakers processing 160 sentences in the unrestrictedly iterative meaning; the sentences were either correct or contained semantic, morpho-syntactic, or aspectual violations (e.g., Každyj večer otec *zasnulpfvna divane. ‘Every evening the father *fell asleep on the sofa’). Processing the aspectual violation resulted in a P600, which is typical for processing morpho-syntactic violations and usually is interpreted as an index of difficulties in syntactic (re-)analysis, while an N400, which is typical for processing lexico-semantic violations, could not be observed. Our results show that Russian speakers must make more effort to analyze aspectually incorrect sentences compared with aspectually correct sentences. Processing aspectual violations in Russian clearly resembles processing of morpho-syntactic violations. This is in line with the interpretation of aspect as a typical grammatical category.
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Demszky, Dorottya. "The role of verb semantics in Hungarian verb-object order." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4941.
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Hungarian is often referred to as a discourse-configurational language, since the structural position of constituents is determined by their logical function (topic or comment) rather than their grammatical function (e.g., subject or object). We build on work by Komlósy (1989) and argue that in addition to discourse context, the lexical semantics of the verb also plays a significant role in determining Hungarian word order. In order to investigate the role of lexical semantics in determining Hungarian word order, we conduct a large-scale, data-driven analysis on the ordering of 380 transitive verbs and their objects, as observed in hundreds of thousands of examples extracted from the Hungarian Gigaword Corpus. We test the effect of lexical semantics on the ordering of verbs and their objects by grouping verbs into 11 semantic classes. In addition to the semantic class of the verb, we also include two control features related to information structure, object definiteness and object NP weight, chosen to allow a comparison of their effect size to that of verb semantics. Our results suggest that all three features have a significant effect on verb-object ordering in Hungarian and among these features, the semantic class of the verb has the largest effect. Specifically, we find that stative verbs, such as fed 'cover', jelent 'mean' and övez 'surround', tend to be OV-preferring (with the exception of psych verbs which are strongly VO-preferring) and non-stative verbs, such as bírál 'judge', csökkent 'reduce' and csókol 'kiss', verbs tend to be VO-preferring. These findings support our hypothesis that lexical semantic factors influence word order in Hungarian.
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Hirose, Takehiko. "Recognition of Japanese Kana Words in Priming Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3 (1992): 907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3.907.
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The processes of lexical access in two types of Kana (Japanese syllabic scripts), Hiragana and Katakana, were studied by means of lexical decision and naming experiments. Each target word was preceded by a word that was either related or unrelated semantically. The semantic priming of target words facilitated performance in both lexical decision and naming for Katakana words that were conventionally written in Katakana (e.g., foreign loanwords are normally written in Katakana). In contrast, semantic priming facilitated only lexical decision for these words written in Hiragana. These results suggest that (1) for foreign loanwords written in Katakana, lexical decision and naming are influenced by the internal lexicon and (2) for foreign loanwords written in Hiragana, naming is not strongly influenced by the internal lexicon. This supports the notion that lexical access of some Kana (phonologically shallow orthography) words can be achieved without phonological recoding.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lexical semantics. eng"
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Marcellino, Erasmo Roberto. "Construção de um ontoléxico para o universo léxico-conceitual da indústria do bordado de Ibitinga /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93947.
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Orientador: Bento Carlos Dias da Silva<br>Banca: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa<br>Banca: Patrícia Tosqui Lucks<br>Resumo: A cidade de Ibitinga destaca-se nacionalmente no ramo dos bordados, com sua economia voltada quase que exclusivamente à produção dessas peças. Tendo esse contexto como pano de fundo, esta dissertação discute todo o processo linguístico e linguístico-computacional de construção de ontoléxicos - constructos formais cuja natureza léxico-conceitual possibilita o desenvolvimento de investigações teóricas (estudos lexicogramaticais) e aplicadas (construção de recursos lexicográficos e para o processamento computacional de informação textual disponível na Web). Em particular, constrói um ontoléxico exploratório que entrelaça conceitos e itens lexicais do domínio léxico-conceitual da Indústria do Bordado de Ibitinga. O embasamento teórico-metodológico assenta-se nos estudos de semântica lexical (wordnets) e de frames (framenets), pura e computacional, de processamento automático de língua natural e de ontologias.<br>Abstract: Ibitinga, which is a Brazilian town nationally known for its outstanding position in the embroidery business, has its economy almost totally based on the production of a broad selection of embroideries. With this embroidery industry in the backdrop, this master thesis describes the whole linguistic and computational-linguistic process of construction of ontolexicons - formal constructs whose lexical-conceptual nature allows for both theoretical (lexical-grammar construction) and applied (lexicographical and ontolexical resource construction) research. In particular, the study focuses on the design and implementation of a toy ontolexicon for the Ibitinga Embroydery Industry lexical-conceptual domain. Its theoretical foundations have drawn heavily on lexical semantics (wordnets), frame semantics (framenets), natural language processing, and ontologies.<br>Mestre
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Souza, Vivian Regina Orsi Galdino de. "Metáforas do universo lexical português e italiano das zonas erógenas : ânus, nádegas, pênis, seios, testículos e vulva /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100098.
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Orientador: Claudia Zavaglia<br>Banca: Claudia Maria Xatara<br>Banca: Maria Gloria Cusumano Mazzi<br>Banca: Marilei Amadeu Sabino<br>Banca: Paola Giustina Baccin<br>Resumo: A língua em uso numa sociedade é produto de uma cultura e reflete o pensamento de um povo. Desse modo, as unidades léxicas, por meio dos significados atribuídos por um grupo social, determinam um olhar específico do universo e um sistema de valores. Com esse embasamento, nosso trabalho centra sua atenção num tipo de item lexical específico: as unidades lexicais que nominam os órgãos referentes às zonas erógenas, dos quais destacamos o pênis, a vulva, as nádegas, o ânus, os testículos e os seios, em língua italiana e em língua portuguesa, variante brasileira, partindo da análise do corpus coletado. Intencionamos demonstrar que para a denominação dos órgãos sexuais do corpo humano tende-se a evitar a terminologia anatômica oficial - relegada a contextos de grande formalidade - e adotar outros itens lexicais em situações informais, que possam denominar as referidas partes do corpo com conotação sexual. Muitas das lexias recolhidas não são aceitas em todos os contextos, mas entre pessoas afeiçoadas, encontra-se um emprego mais intenso e que assinala intimidade. Por essa razão usam-se inúmeros sinônimos que servem para suavizar uma determinada unidade lexical, na tentativa de mascarar preconceitos sociais historicamente construídos. Principiamos nossa pesquisa examinando os referidos itens lexicais sob a luz da teoria da metáfora conceitual - pois muitos dos itens empregados têm base metafórica e, na maioria das vezes, eufemística. O produto de nossa pesquisa é a amostragem de um dicionário onomasiológico especial bilíngue, abrangendo o mencionado tipo de unidade lexical estudado. Apresentamos, ainda, dentro dos verbetes quais são os semas (unidades mínimas de significação) presentes nas principais metáforas relativas aos mencionados órgãos. O acréscimo destes se mostra uma inovação em meio ao argumento erótico-obsceno, praticamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The language in use in a society is product of a culture and reflects the way a community thinks. Therefore, the lexical units, through the meanings assigned by a social group, establish a specific look of the universe and a system of values. With this basement, our work centers its attention in a specific lexical type: the lexical units that nominates the organs from the erotic zone, that are the penis, the vulva, the buttocks, the anus, the testicles and the breast, in Italian and Portuguese language, Brazilian variety, by analysing our corpus. We intend to demonstrate that for the denomination of the sexual organs of the human body it usual to avoid the official anatomical terminology - relegated to the contexts of great formality - and to adopt other lexical items during informal situations. Many of the collected items are not accepted in all the contexts, but between known people, they may designate familiarity. Thus, innumerable synonymous are used to alleviate one lexical unit, trying to mask social prejudices historically constructed. We begin our research examinating the cited lexical items under the light of the theory of the conceptual metaphor - because many of the employed items have a metaphorical and also euphemistics basis. The product of our research is a special onomasiological bilingual dictionary, enclosing part of the mentioned studied of the lexical type. We introduce also in the entries of it semes (minimal meaning unit) present in the main metaphors related to these organs. The addition of these semes reveals an innovation in the study of the erotical-obscene argument, practically unexplored by the linguists. We intend, with this research, to be able to collaborate to demystify some prejudices related to the erotical-obscene lexicon, its use and its creation and to stimulate reflections of it, whose examination of the metaphors... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Di, Felippo Ariani. "Delimitação e alinhamento de conceitos lexicalizados no inglês norte-americano e no português brasileiro /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103583.
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Orientador: Bento Carlos Dias da Silva<br>Banca: Stella Esther Ortweiller Tagnin<br>Banca: Cláudia Zavaglia<br>Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo<br>Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck<br>Resumo: Devido a vários fatores, como saliência perceptual e relevância semiótica, as línguas apresentam repertórios diferentes de conceitos lexicalizados (isto é, conceitos expressos por unidades lexicais). As divergências léxico-conceituais dificultam o tratamento computacional das línguas naturais em tarefas como tradução automática e recuperação de informação multilíngüe. Assim, a construção de base de dados lexicais bilíngües e multilíngües em que as unidades de línguas distintas estão inter-relacionadas por meio do conceito a elas subjacente tem recebido muita atenção no Processamento Automático das Línguas Naturais (PLN). Para o português brasileiro (PB), faz-se urgente a construção desse tipo de recurso. Nesse cenário, esta tese visa a investigar os padrões de lexicalização do PB e a construir um recurso léxicoconceitual, ainda que de extensões reduzidas, que possa auxiliar o processamento automático dessa língua em meio escrito. Assumindo-se a concepção de PLN enquanto "uma engenharia da linguagem humana", utilizou-se uma metodologia tripartida que divide as atividades nos domínios: lingüístico, lingüístico-computacional e computacional. Este trabalho, em especial, não realizou as atividades previstas no terceiro domínio, pois estas não fazem parte do escopo desta pesquisa. No domínio lingüístico, um conjunto de conceitos lexicalizados no inglês norte-americano (AmE), extraído da WordNet de Princeton (WN.Pr), foi delimitado por meio da análise manual de recursos estruturados (base de dados e dicionários) e não-estruturados (corpora textuais). Na seqüência, as expressões do PB (em especial, as unidades lexicais) que materializam tais conceitos foram manualmente extraídas de dicionários bilíngües (AmE-PB), dicionários monolíngües e thesaurus e de corpora textuais do PB. No domínio lingüístico-computacional... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Because of several factors, including, for instance, perceptual salience and semiotic relevance, languages have different inventories of lexicalized concepts (i.e. concepts expressed by lexical units). The lexical-conceptual divergences are a hindrance to computational treatment of natural languages in tasks such as machine translation and cross-language information retrieval. Therefore, the construction of bilingual and multilingual lexical databases, in which the lexical units of different languages are aligned by their underlying concepts, has become a very important research topic in Natural Language Processing (NLP). For Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in particular, the construction of such resources is urgent. In this scenario, this thesis aims to investigate lexicalization patterns of BP and to develop a lexical-conceptual resource for the automatic processing of written BP language. Assuming a compromise between NLP and Linguistics, this work follows a three-domain approach methodology, which claims that the research activities should be divided into the linguistic, linguisticcomputational, and computational domains. In particular, this research does not perform the last step, since it is not in the scope of this work. Accordingly, in the linguistic domain, a set of lexicalized concepts of North-American English (AmE) extracted from Princeton WordNet (WN.Pr) was selected through manual analysis of the structured (lexical databases and standard dictionaries) and unstructured resources (textual corpora). Given those concepts, their lexical and phrasal expressions in BP were manually compiled from bilingual dictionaries, with the help of standard monolingual dictionaries, thesauri, and textual corpora. In the linguistic-computational domain, the lexicalized concepts of AmE and BP previously identified were aligned by means of a semantic structured interlingua (or ontology)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Botta, Mariana Giacomini. "A guerra EUA x Iraque no discurso jornalístico : análise léxico-semântica das unidades de denominação /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93955.
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Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa<br>Banca: Gladis Maria de Barcellos Almeida<br>Banca: Luiz Antonio Amaral<br>Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa à análise léxico-semântica das unidades lexicais de denominação (substantivos e adjetivos) utilizadas pela imprensa escrita brasileira (revistas Veja, Época e Isto É e jornal Folha de S. Paulo) durante a cobertura da guerra dos Estados Unidos contra o Iraque, entre fevereiro e abril de 2003. Tal investigação visa a ressaltar a importância das escolhas lexicais na formação dos enunciados. Pretende-se também analisar a manipulação de idéias decorrente da seleção lexical e suas conseqüências para o trabalho jornalístico. Foram apontadas, ainda, dentre as publicações analisadas, quais foram as que mais empregaram unidades lexicais com traços de significação com tendência a influenciar os leitores. Trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que as escolhas lexicais podem ou tendem a orientar a opinião do leitor. A corrente teórica utilizada é a da Semântica Lexical Estruturalista, baseada em trabalhos de pesquisadores como Ferdinand de Saussure, Bernard Pottier, Horst Geckeler, Louis Guilbert, Oswald Ducrot, Kurt Baldinger, Eugènio Coseriu, Algidras Julien Greimas, Johns Lyons, Frank Palmer, Charles Muller, Stephen Ullmann, Trier, Weisgerber, Mario Vilela, Maria Aparecida Barbosa e Maria Teresa Biderman, entre outros. A análise das unidades lexicais teve início com a leitura dos textos obtidos dos veículos da imprensa, dos quais foram extraídas as unidades nominais (substantivos e adjetivos), considerando-se o contexto em que estavam inseridas. Estas unidades foram analisadas de acordo com as relações de significação que mantêm entre si (sinonímia, polissemia, homonímia e hiponímia). As relações de significação e a identificação dos traços significativos presentes nos contextos, demonstraram a intencionalidade na opção de uma palavra em detrimento das outras possíveis, no momento da enunciação.<br>Abstract: This research aims the lexical-semantical analysis of the lexical unities of denomination (nouns and adjectives) used by Brazilian written press (Veja, Época and Isto É magazines and Folha de S. Paulo journal) during the covering of The United States war against Iraq, between February and April, 2003. Such investigation aims at standing out the importance of lexical choices in the enunciation forming. It is also intended to analyze the manipulation of ideas resulting from the lexical selection and its consequences to journalistic work. Among the analyzed publications, those that used more lexical unities with traces of signification tending to influence readers were pointed out. It has been taken into consideration the hypothesis that lexical choices can or tend to orient reader opinion. The theoretical current used is the Structuralist Lexical Semantics, based on works of researchers as Ferdinand Saussure, Bernard Pottier, Horst Geckeler, Louis Guilbert, Oswald Ducrot, Kurt Baldinger, Eugenio Coseriu, Algidras Julien Greimas, Johns Lyons, Frank Palmer, Charles Muller, Stephen Ullmann, Trier, Weisgerber, Mario Vilela, Maria Aparecida Barbosa and Maria Teresa Biderman, among others. The lexical unities analysis was initiated with the reading of texts from media, from where the nominal unities (nouns and adjectives) were picked out, considering the context in which they were inserted. These unities were analyzed according to the meaning relation that they keep among themselves (synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy). The meaning relations and the identification of significant traces in the context show intentionality in the option of one word in detriment of possible others, at the enunciation moment.<br>Mestre
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Kasama, Deni Yuzo. "Estruturação do conhecimento e relações semânticas : uma ontologia para o domínio da naonociência e nanotecnologia /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86567.
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Resumo: O Processamento de Língua Natural (ou PLN) tem sido objeto de estudo de pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. O léxico é, sem sombra de dúvida, elemento essencial para o tratamento automático de dados lingüísticos, sendo a sua análise semântica fator crucial para um efetivo processamento computacional que, não raro, encontra barreiras em questões ligadas a uma representação semântica eficaz e que permita ser representada em linguagem de máquina. Na Terminologia, esse tratamento semântico favorece o estabelecimento de relações existentes entre unidades lexicais especializadas, e determina a elaboração de definições terminológicas coerentes e representativas ao campo de especialidade ao qual pertencem. Nesse sentido, propomos neste trabalho traçar uma estrutura conceitual do domínio da Nanociência e Nanotecnologia, em língua portuguesa do Brasil, visando a criação do que modernamente se conhece por ontologias, cujos preceitos nortearam o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Aliada a essas práticas, encontra-se a importância da adoção de um modelo que permita representar formalmente as relações semânticas existentes entre os diversos termos que compõem essa área técnico-científica. A busca por essas unidades lexicais especializadas e suas relações deu-se em um córpus formado por textos de tipologia diversa, com o auxílio de ferramentas computacionais - de extração semiautomática de termos e um processador de córpus. A modelagem do domínio em questão e sua representação em uma linguagem corrente e atual (a saber, a linguagem OWL) fez-se com o auxílio da ferramenta Protégé. Defende-se neste trabalho a necessidade, cada vez mais crescente, da adoção de métodos eficazes para o delineamento de estruturas conceituais a fim de executar tarefas computacionais utilizando informação lingüística. Espera-se ainda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Natural Language Processing (or NLP) has been an object of study by researchers from different fields of knowledge. Lexicon is undoubtedly an essential element for the automatic processing of language data, and its semantic analysis is a crucial factor for an effective computational processing that as often as not finds barriers in matters concerning a productive semantic representation in machine language. In terminology, this semantic treatment favors the establishment of relations between specialized lexical units and determines the development of consistent terminological definitions that may represent the field of expertise to which they belong. Accordingly, what we propose in this work is to provide a conceptual structure of the specialized subject field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, in Brazilian Portuguese language, aimed at creating the modernly so-called ontologies, whose principles guided the development of this research. In addition to such practices, it is important to adopt a model which allows a formal representation of the semantic relations between the terms in this domain. The specialized lexical units and the semantic relations were extracted semiautomatically from a corpus, compiled with different types of texts, using a term extractor and a corpus processor. The modeling of the area concerned and its representation in a current language (i.e., OWL language) was possible with the aid of Protégé tool. We support in this work the increasing need to adopt effective methods for the design of conceptual structures in order to carry computational tasks using linguistic information. We hope that this work will strengthen the dialogue between linguists, computational and information scientists.<br>Orientador: Claudia Zavaglia<br>Coorientador: Gladis Maria de Barcellos Almeida<br>Banca: Sandra Maria Aluísio<br>Banca: Maria Cristina Parreira da Silva<br>Mestre
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Begley, Mary. "The Middle English lexical field of 'insanity' : semantic change and conceptual metaphor." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-middle-english-lexical-field-of-insanity-semantic-change-and-conceptual-metaphor(8df594e5-d3a1-4272-8e4a-ed250107b737).html.
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This thesis is an investigation of Middle English insanity language. It analyses change in the Middle English lexical field of INSANITY, the semantic structure of lexemes wod and mad, and compares INSANITY conceptual metaphors in Middle English and present-day English. The INSANITY lexical field is an ideal one to study language change, due to socio-cultural changes since the Middle Ages such as advances in medical knowledge, the development of the field of psychiatry and legal changes protecting people with a mental illness from discrimination. The general theoretical aims were to examine a) change in conceptual metaphor, and b) semantic and lexical change with a particular focus on the decline in use of adjective wod. The theoretical frameworks are cognitive linguistics, prototype theory, and conceptual metaphor theory, and the data is derived from Middle English corpora and other sources. The INSANITY database I created for this study consisted of 1307 instances of mad, wod and near-synonyms in context. The main results can be divided into three groups. Firstly, the lexical field study demonstrates that various intra-linguistic and socio-cultural phenomena effect lexical change. Using case studies amongst others of the decline of wod in the Wycliffite Bible and of Caxton's translations from French, and a systematic variation across genre, I argue that the important factors are i) the arrival of new medical loanwords such as frensy, lunatic and malencolie; ii) the early re-emergence of the vernacular in medical texts starting in the twelfth century, and the development of a new medical register; iii) the so-called medieval 'inward turn'; iv) changes in the neighbouring lexical field of ANGER. Secondly, the semasiological study of wod and mad shows that the meanings of these two lexemes are structured and change in line with the central tenets of prototype theory, i.e. as described for diachronic prototype semantics by Geeraerts (1997). The path of mad's semantic development does not parallel that of wod after the thirteenth century. Mad's senses do not have the emphasis on wildness and fury that the senses of wod do. A particularly interesting finding is the semantic change from a sub-sense of adverb mad and adjective mad, 'unrestrained', leading in present-day English to a new delexicalised and grammaticalised sense of mad, where its use as an intensifier enhances scalar quantity and quality. Thirdly, the conceptual metaphor study demonstrates that predominantly the same conceptual metaphors are seen in both Middle English and present-day English, with some exceptions such as the concept of insanity being related to moral decline, as evidenced in the dearth of FALLING metaphors for insanity in present-day English. Conceptual metaphors such as INSANITY IS ANOTHER PLACE are evidenced in present-day English expressions such as out of her senses, or not in my right mind. In 1422, Thomas Hoccleve could write of a dysseveraunce between himself and his wit, or about his wyld infirmitie, which threw him owt of my selfe, illustrating the same underlying concepts. Other INSANITY conceptual metaphors which remain unchanged are GOING ASTRAY, LACK OF ORDER, LACK OF WHOLENESS, DARKNESS, FORCE, PRISON and BURDEN. Because of its unique approach in combining onomasiological and semasiological approaches with a conceptual metaphor study, this study reveals not only specific patterns of change, but differences in the rate of change on the lexical and conceptual levels. Lexical change driven by the need to be expressive, and reflecting socio-cultural changes such as changes in medical knowledge, can be seen to happen rapidly over the Middle English period. However, underlying conceptual change is barely discernible even over a much longer period of time from Middle English to present-day English. This research is significant because it provides a basis for future analysis of insanity language in other periods and contexts. It also contributes to the study of semantic change in general, highlighting the insights that can be gained by combining different types of data-driven analyses.
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Zinovieff, Fiona M. "Interaction of lexical-semantic and imagery representations." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/interaction-of-lexicalsemantic-and-imagery-representations(75423ae6-238f-4577-a935-e08dc4219c9c).html.
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We report a series of experiments using a new methodology to investigate the relationships between visual and verbal representations and the process of acquiring new semantic associations. Transfer of associative information between stimulus modalities was investigated by training paired associations between novel pictures and novel words. Our results showed that the transfer of associations is a symbolic process, occurring only when participants are aware of the correspondence between the visual and the verbal items afforded by the name relations. We also obtained evidence to suggest that symbolic associations develop more readily from picture associations than from word associations. We argue that this is evidence that semantic knowledge is grounded in perceptual experience. Our most striking result, replicated across experiments, is that transfer of associations between modalities only occurs when subjects have specific conscious awareness about the relationships among associations. This should have implications for cognitive theories of symbolic representation. The methods we developed to expose this phenomenon can be extended to examine those implications more thoroughly. We discuss some of these implications in the terms of competing and complementary cognitive and behavioural theories relating representation to perception and symbols. Dual coding models fit our modality-transfer results more readily than single semantic store models, but neither is well suited for interpreting our awareness results, or for iv discussing perceptual grounding of representation. The models of Deacon and Barsalou both focus on systems of distributed representations grounded in perception; the role of awareness in symbol acquisition in their models is discussed and contrasted with theories from the stimulus equivalence tradition of behaviourist research. From these considerations, we argue that implicit associations underpin symbolic associations, but that semantic knowledge is conscious knowledge about the patterns of association which link representations.
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Souza, Daniela Zaniolo de. "Mudanças lexicais no direito de família brasileiro : necessidade jurídica e evolução lingüística /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93944.
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Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa<br>Banca: Marilei Amadeu Sabino<br>Banca: Luiz Fabiano Correa<br>Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em estudar as mudanças havidas nas unidades lexicais relativas ao direito de família, retiradas da parte correspondente ao assunto nas leis brasileiras das mais diversas épocas, a partir das contribuições da Lexicologia. A justificativa do trabalho deve-se ao fato da estreita relação existente entre linguagem e Direito, pois a ciência jurídica se manifesta através da linguagem e depende dela para se realizar. Para a pesquisa, analisou-se um corpus formado por palavras extraídas do Direito de Família, que mantêm relação direta com o conceito restrito de família, que engloba a trindade pai, mãe e filho e partir daí foi feito um recuo no tempo, retomando a legislação civil e penal que trata do assunto, desde as Ordenações Filipinas até os as codificações brasileiras atuais. Com isso, procurou-se observar que as alterações ocorridas tanto nos significantes, como nos significados das unidades estudadas, tais como a criação ou adaptação de palavras ocorrem com o intuito de expressar os fatos jurídicos. Assim, como pretende-se demonstrar, as mudanças nos hábitos sociais influenciam as mudanças nas leis e, conseqüentemente, provocam alterações na linguagem, que são observadas mais diretamente no léxico, fazendo uma palavra surgir ou deixar de ser usada ou ainda, adaptar-se à nova situação jurídica, confirmando a intrínseca relação entre Direito, língua e sociedade.<br>Abstract: The aim of this dissertation consists in studying the changes towards Family Law lexical units taken out of different periods of Brazilian Laws, based on their lexicology contributions. The reason behind this written essay is the narrow relation between Language and Law, since the Juridical Science manifests itself in language and depends on it to fulfil its functions. For the research, a corpus formed by words of Family Law was analyzed; words that have a straight relation with the concept of family which embodies the trinity father, mother and son or daughter, and from this principle a retrospection in criminal and civil legislation was placed since the Philippine regulations until the current Brazilian Codifications. Hereby, it was observed the changes in the studied units signifier and signified, as well as the creation or the adaptation of words that express law facts. Therefore, as it is intended to be shown, the changes in social habits influenced the law changes, and consequently caused modifications in language that are directly observed in lexicon, causing a word to appear or not to be used anymore, providing evidences of the narrow relation among Law, Language and Society.<br>Mestre
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Blaetz, Taylor S. "The Electrophysiology of Written Informal Language." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1513.
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Language is an essential component of human behavior. It is ubiquitous, but more importantly, it is malleable and it is constantly changing. Part of the dynamic nature of informal communication is the introduction and adoption of new linguistic elements. Online communication provides a window into this informal public discourse; therefore, it may be useful for testing hypotheses about the processes underlying the acquisition and use of new words. The comprehension of informal language may lead to an understanding of how these new informal words are integrated into our mental lexicon. The current study was an electroencephalographic (EEG) investigation of the brain processes that underlie informal language. We recorded event-related potentials while participants engaged in a lexical decision task. For this experiment, participants made judgments about Twitter targets primed with semantically related or unrelated words. Classic psycholinguistic studies have shown very specific event-related potentials (ERPs) for semantic processing. Most notably, the N400 event-related potential component is an index of lexical expectancy and semantic relatedness. In contrast to the literature, we did not find classic N400 priming effects. However, our results revealed marked differences between informal and traditional targets. Our results suggest that informal language is more difficult to process than traditional language.
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Singer, Jill. "A study of lexical and semantic change in the expression of the idea of poverty in early medieval English, with reference to intra- and extra-linguistic influences." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-study-of-lexical-and-semantic-change-in-the-expression-of-the-idea-of-poverty-in-early-medieval-english-with-reference-to-intra-and-extralinguistic-influences(ed2237af-a93a-472d-a906-0e4ced6e68c6).html.
Full textBooks on the topic "Lexical semantics. eng"
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Hu, Xuhui. The syntax and semantics of Chinese resultatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0004.
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This chapter investigates the syntactic derivation of Chinese resultatives. While in English resultatives the [uDiv] feature is valued with the mechanism of feature sharing, in Chinese resultatives it is valued by a verbal C-functor, by nature equivalent to en in flatten. The Chinese V–V resultative compound is a single de-adjectival verb: the first verb is a verbal C-functor and the second one is an adjective. The V–V resultative construction is therefore analyzed as a causative construction involving a de-adjectival verb. This single hypothesis provides a unified account of the seemingly mysterious properties of Chinese resultatives as well as the differences from English resultatives. This account is based on a general hypothesis of Synchronic Grammaticalization: in an analytical language like Chinese where there is only a very limited array of functional items, lexical items are selected to serve as functional items to meet the universal requirement of feature valuation.
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Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. Revivalistics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199812776.001.0001.
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This seminal book introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann’s fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the ‘Promised Land’ (Israel) to the ‘Lucky Country’ (Australia) and beyond: PART 1: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The book highlights salient morphological, phonological, phonetic, syntactic, semantic and lexical features, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of ‘Israeli’, the language resulting from the Hebrew revival. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. PART 2: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND WELLBEING The book then applies practical lessons (rather than clichés) from the critical analysis of the Hebrew reclamation to other revival movements globally, and goes on to describe the why and how of language revival. The how includes practical, nitty-gritty methods for reclaiming ‘sleeping beauties’ such as the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, e.g. using what Zuckermann calls talknology (talk+technology). The why includes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons such as improving wellbeing and mental health.
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Garbo, Francesca Di, and Yvonne Agbetsoamedo. Non-canonical gender in African languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0008.
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This chapter investigates interactions between gender and number, and between gender and evaluative morphology in eighty-four African languages. It argues that interactions of gender with other grammatical domains (e.g. number) and/or with domains of derivational morphology (e.g. diminutive/augmentative) represent instances of non-canonical gender. This is based on two assumptions: (1) canonical morphosyntactic features should be maximally independent from each other, and (2) canonical gender should be an inherent lexical property of nouns, not manipulable for semantic or pragmatic purposes. The gender systems of the sampled languages appear to be frequently non-canonical because they are prone to interact with the morphosyntactic encoding of number distinctions and with the formation of diminutive and augmentative nouns. The chapter further outlines some suggestions as to how interactions between gender and other domains of nominal morphology may contribute to assess asymmetries between gender and other functional domains, as well as the complexity of gender systems.
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Wood, Jim, and Alec Marantz. The interpretation of external arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of heads, e.g. Voice, Appl, and little p, that add participants to events. Instead of assuming that such heads exist as distinct primitives in the functional lexicon, it is proposed that there is one such head, which can get different interpretations depending on how it is merged into the structure. The chapter’s approach attributes the relative uniformity of the expression of argument structure to the principles that interpret syntactic structure semantically; thus, syntax is truly autonomous, with the atoms of syntactic representations carrying no inherent semantic values. Once syntactic heads are absolved from the necessity of explicitly carrying certain features relevant to their interpretation, a sparse inventory of functional heads can be developed. The system is applied to a set of constructions that present distinct challenges to theories that demand a kind of transparent reflection of argument structure in underlying syntactic representations.
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Rubinstein, Aynat. Straddling the line between attitude verbs and necessity modals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the semantic properties of verbs and adjectives with closely related meanings having to do with desires and goals. I evaluate recent work on verbs of desire (e.g. ‘want’) which has suggested that these attitude predicates require access to multiple alternatives for their interpretation (Villalta 2006, 2008). I argue that this heavy machinery is in fact not required, integrating important insights proposed in this recent work into a quantificational modal analysis of comparison-based attitudes. The proposed analysis highlights the similarities and differences between ‘want’ and ‘necessary’, an adjective that is shown (including naturalistic corpus data) to be primarily goal-oriented and to be semantically dependent to a certain degree on the syntactic configuration it appears in. Whether or not the modality is lexically relativized to an individual is also suggested to play a role in defining the semantic properties of desire- and goal-oriented modal expressions.
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Huang, Minyao, and Kasia M. Jaszczolt, eds. Expressing the Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.001.0001.
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This book addresses different linguistic and philosophical aspects of referring to the self in a wide range of languages from different language families, including Amharic, English, French, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Newari (Sino-Tibetan), Polish, Tariana (Arawak), and Thai. In the domain of speaking about oneself, languages use a myriad of expressions that cut across grammatical and semantic categories, as well as a wide variety of constructions. Languages of Southeast and East Asia famously employ a great number of terms for first-person reference to signal honorification. The number and mixed properties of these terms make them debatable candidates for pronounhood, with many grammar-driven classifications opting to classify them with nouns. Some languages make use of egophors or logophors, and many exhibit an interaction between expressing the self and expressing evidentiality qua the epistemic status of information held from the ego perspective. The volume’s focus on expressing the self, however, is not directly motivated by an interest in the grammar or lexicon, but instead stems from philosophical discussions of the special status of thoughts about oneself, known as de se thoughts. It is this interdisciplinary understanding of expressing the self that underlies this volume, comprising philosophy of mind at one end of the spectrum and cross-cultural pragmatics of self-expression at the other. This unprecedented juxtaposition results in a novel method of approaching de se and de se expressions, in which research methods from linguistics and philosophy inform each other. The importance of this interdisciplinary perspective on expressing the self cannot be overemphasized. Crucially, the volume also demonstrates that linguistic research on first-person reference makes a valuable contribution to research on the self tout court, by exploring the ways in which the self is expressed, and thereby adding to the insights gained through philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science.
Book chapters on the topic "Lexical semantics. eng"
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Scerrati, Elisa, Cristina Iani, and Sandro Rubichi. "Does the Activation of Motor Information Affect Semantic Processing?" In Language, Cognition, and Mind. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69823-2_7.
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AbstractSeveral behavioral studies show that semantic content influences reach-to-grasp movement responses. However, not much is known about the influence of motor activation on semantic processing. The present study aimed at filling this gap by examining the influence of pre-activated motor information on a subsequent lexical decision task. Participants were instructed to observe a prime object (e.g., the image of a frying pan) and then judge whether the following target was a known word in the lexicon or not. They were required to make a keypress response to target words describing properties either relevant (e.g., handle) or irrelevant (e.g., ceramic) for action or unrelated to the prime object (e.g., eyelash). Response key could be located on the same side as the depicted action-relevant property of the prime object (i.e., spatially compatible key) or on the opposite side (i.e., spatially incompatible key). Results showed a facilitation in terms of lower percentage errors when the target word was action-relevant (e.g., handle) and there was spatial compatibility between the orientation of the action-relevant component of the prime object and the response. This preliminary finding suggests that the activation of motor information may affect semantic processing. We discuss implications of these results for current theories of action knowledge representation.
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de Almeida, Roberto G., and Caitlyn Antal. "How Can Semantics Avoid the Troubles with the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction?" In Language, Cognition, and Mind. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_5.
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AbstractAt least since Quine (From a logical point of view. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1953) it has been suspected that a semantic theory that rests on defining features, or on what are taken to be “analytic” properties bearing on the content of lexical items, rests on a fault line. Simply put, there is no criterion for determining which features or propertiesFeatures are to be analytic and which ones are to be synthetic or contingent on experience. Deep down, our concern is what cognitive science and its several competing semantic theories have to offer in terms of solution. We analyze a few cases, which run into trouble by appealing to analyticity, and propose our own solution to this problem: a version of atomism cum inferences, which we think it is the only way out of the dead-end of analyticity. We start off by discussing several guiding assumptions regarding cognitive architecture and on what we take to be methodological imperatives for doing semantics within cognitive science—that is a semantics that is concerned with accounting for mental states. We then discuss theoretical perspectives on lexical causatives and the so-called “coercion” phenomenon or, in our preferred terminology, indeterminacy. And we advance, even if briefly, a proposal for the representation and processing of conceptual content that does away with the analytic/synthetic distinction. We argue that the only account of mental content that does away with the analytic/synthetic distinction is atomism. The version of atomism that we sketch accounts for the purported effects of analyticity with a system of inferences that are in essence synthetic and, thus, not content constitutive.
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Poulos, Marios. "Towards a Semantic Calibration of Lexical Word via EEG." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23960-1_30.
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Wellwood, Alexis. "The limiting theory." In The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.003.0008.
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This chapter considers how the compositional theory argued for in the preceding chapters might apply to a variety of additional cases where a lexical, degree-theoretic semantics has been proposed. For example, the analysis of attitude verbs like “to want”, nouns like “idiot”, and verbs like “to cool”. The chapter suggests that, rather than diagnosing scalar structure, the kinds of data motivating lexical degree-theoretic interpretation here should be understood as diagnostic of order-theoretic properties on the relevant expression’s domain of predication. Supporting the idea of a general recipe for how such cases should be addressed, the chapter raises theoretical questions like the following: do any lexical categories natively have a degree semantics? When is a degree-theoretic treatment appropriate? Should there be morphosyntactic requirements (e.g., overt or covert “much”) for an interpretation based on degrees, or not? What alternative analyses of extant cases are available?
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Wellwood, Alexis. "Introduction." In The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.003.0001.
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This chapter sets up the main thesis of the book, and provides an overview of how each chapter contributes to that thesis. The overarching theme of the book is that expressions of different lexical categories interact semantically with comparative morphology in a uniform fashion, unlike on extant accounts. Any felt differences in the meaning of cross-categorial comparatives (in particular, differences in the selection of measure functions) are attributed to differences in what is talked about (e.g., objects, substances, events, processes, states, etc.) rather than deep dissimilarities in the semantic type of the lexical categories targeted in the construction.
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Hari, Riitta, and Aina Puce. "Brain Signals Related to Change Detection." In MEG-EEG Primer, edited by Riitta Hari and Aina Puce. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497774.003.0017.
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This chapter discusses, in the context of the predictive-coding framework, evoked responses to various changes in the environment and describes how the responses are related to variations in stimulus probability and the subject’s expectations. The focus is on three well-known responses: (a) the mismatch negativity peaking at 100 to 250 ms and elicited to changes in stimulus attributes, even when the stimuli are not attended to, (b) the P300 response peaking about 300 ms after attended low-probability “oddball” stimuli, and (c) the N400 peaking about 400 ms after semantic or lexical violations of sentences presented either visually or auditorily. Continent negative variation and error-related negativity are introduced as well.
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Pišković, Tatjana. "Hrvatsko rječotvorje na društvenim mrežama." In Periferno u hrvatskom jeziku, kulturi i društvu / Peryferie w języku chorwackim, kulturze i społeczeństwie. University of Silesia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pn.4038.06.
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Since the first decade of the 21st century, when social networks have become a part of everyday life, socially-oriented activities of Internet users have been on the continual rise. By creating a profile on social networks, Internet users cease to be passive Internet content and information consumers, but rather turn into creators, who shape a dynamic space of new media by virtue of their activities and personal contribution. One of the most significant areas in which social network users introduce numerous changes and innovative contents is most certainly communication and language practices. Each and every social network most often ground their recognizability on a fixed set of communication genres available to their members and in that way determine how the members are going to communicate with each other. This has made all the polyfunctional languages, Croatian among them, respond with a rather swift expansion of the existing vocabulary. In my paper, I will be presenting most productive word formation methods in which Croatian language makes up for social networks lexical gaps and shapes the communication style on social networks and instant messaging services. The first is a semantic loan from the English or neosemanticism word formation (e.g. profil, prijatelj, status, zid, dodati, blokirati, notifikacija); the second is a lexical loan word (e.g. lajkati, postati, šerati, atendati, hejtati, trolati, folover, selfi), and the third is creation of abbreviations (pozz, nezz, bmk, jbt, dns, fkt). Emergence of this new and abundant lexical layer in Croatian language requires from us to register a number of new entry units in general dictionaries of Croatian language.
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Çakici, Ruket. "Dependency Parsing." In Machine Learning. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-818-7.ch815.
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Annotated data have recently become more important, and thus more abundant, in computational linguistics . They are used as training material for machine learning systems for a wide variety of applications from Parsing to Machine Translation (Quirk et al., 2005). Dependency representation is preferred for many languages because linguistic and semantic information is easier to retrieve from the more direct dependency representation. Dependencies are relations that are defined on words or smaller units where the sentences are divided into its elements called heads and their arguments, e.g. verbs and objects. Dependency parsing aims to predict these dependency relations between lexical units to retrieve information, mostly in the form of semantic interpretation or syntactic structure. Parsing is usually considered as the first step of Natural Language Processing (NLP). To train statistical parsers, a sample of data annotated with necessary information is required. There are different views on how informative or functional representation of natural language sentences should be. There are different constraints on the design process such as: 1) how intuitive (natural) it is, 2) how easy to extract information from it is, and 3) how appropriately and unambiguously it represents the phenomena that occur in natural languages. In this article, a review of statistical dependency parsing for different languages will be made and current challenges of designing dependency treebanks and dependency parsing will be discussed.
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García Sánchez, Jairo Javier. "Obstáculos, oposiciones, ocurrencias, obviedades, omisiones y observaciones." In Lexicalización, léxico y lexicografía en la historia del español. Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-381-6/001.
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This paper analyzes the presence of the Latin preverb ob- in Spanish. It is a non-productive prefix in this language and is not easily recognizable in the verbs and other words that contain it, whether they are inherited or, more commonly, learned words, but it becomes relevant when we try to understand their meanings. We will review that lexicon from Latin, both from the morphological point of view, in the union and subsequent development of the preverb with the verbal bases, as semantic, by the semic and classemic functions that this preverb had. This will give us the keys to explain its formation and values.
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Daković, Sybilla. "Chorwacki przyimek protiv i jego polskie ekwiwalenty tłumaczeniowe." In Periferno u hrvatskom jeziku, kulturi i društvu / Peryferie w języku chorwackim, kulturze i społeczeństwie. University of Silesia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pn.4038.17.
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The Croatian protiv preposition is a rare preposition with a complementary genitive case government. Although lexicographical sources note the spatial and non-spatial meanings of this preposition, empirical studies only confirm the meanings from the abstract domain of adversativeness, i.e. expressing the opposite position, contradiction, disagreement with something, limiting, counteracting or protecting against something. The task that we set for ourselves in this work is to determine the resource of the Polish translation equivalents of the Croatian protiv preposition. The analysis will be carried out on a parallel corpus excerpted from contemporary Croatian literature written in 20th and 21st centuries and respective Polish translations. The work will use the method of translation equivalence, belonging to comparative linguistics methodology. The study will consist of two parts. The first part will determine the meanings of the protiv preposition present in the built corpus and the right and left side environment of this preposition will be examined. The second part will be dedicated to equivalence. A resource of Polish equivalents will be presented and their lexical, grammatical and semantic features will be determined. Similarities and differences in the expression of similar content in both languages will be indicated and an attempt will be made to determine the translator’s selection of factors for individual equivalents, e.g. in the form of limitations in the right and left side environment, shade of meaning or stylistic value. The statistical analysis will be an important element of the study, which in addition to the semantic characteristics will help determine the main Polish equivalent of the Croatian protiv preposition. The conducted study can be used in the lexicographic practice, didactics and translation.
Conference papers on the topic "Lexical semantics. eng"
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Saha, Swarnadeep, Malolan Chetlur, Tejas Indulal Dhamecha, et al. "Aligning Learning Outcomes to Learning Resources: A Lexico-Semantic Spatial Approach." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/718.
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Aligning Learning Outcomes (LO) to relevant portions of Learning Resources (LR) is necessary to help students quickly navigate within the recommended learning material. In general, the problem can be viewed as finding the relevant sections of a document (LR) that is pertinent to a broad question (LO). In this paper, we introduce the novel problem of aligning LOs (LO is usually a sentence long text) to relevant pages of LRs (LRs are in the form of slide decks). We observe that the set of relevant pages can be composed of multiple chunks (a chunk is a contiguous set of pages) and the same page of an LR might be relevant to multiple LOs. To this end, we develop a novel Lexico-Semantic Spatial approach that captures the lexical, semantic, and spatial aspects of the task, and also alleviates the limited availability of training data. Our approach first identifies the relevancy of a page to an LO by using lexical and semantic features from each page independently. The spatial model at a later stage exploits the dependencies between the sequence of pages in the LR to further improve the alignment task. We empirically establish the importance of the lexical, semantic, and spatial models within the proposed approach. We show that, on average, a student can navigate to a relevant page from the first predicted page by about four clicks within a 38 page slide deck, as compared to two clicks by human experts.
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Huo, Xuan, and Ming Li. "Enhancing the Unified Features to Locate Buggy Files by Exploiting the Sequential Nature of Source Code." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/265.
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Bug reports provide an effective way for end-users to disclose potential bugs hidden in a software system, while automatically locating the potential buggy source files according to a bug report remains a great challenge in software maintenance. Many previous approaches represent bug reports and source code from lexical and structural information correlated their relevance by measuring their similarity, and recently a CNN-based model is proposed to learn the unified features for bug localization, which overcomes the difficulty in modeling natural and programming languages with different structural semantics. However, previous studies fail to capture the sequential nature of source code, which carries additional semantics beyond the lexical and structural terms and such information is vital in modeling program functionalities and behaviors. In this paper, we propose a novel model LS-CNN, which enhances the unified features by exploiting the sequential nature of source code. LS-CNN combines CNN and LSTM to extract semantic features for automatically identifying potential buggy source code according to a bug report. Experimental results on widely-used software projects indicate that LS-CNN significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in locating buggy files.
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Feng, Xiaocheng, Xiachong Feng, Bing Qin, Zhangyin Feng, and Ting Liu. "Improving Low Resource Named Entity Recognition using Cross-lingual Knowledge Transfer." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/566.
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Neural networks have been widely used for high resource language (e.g. English) named entity recognition (NER) and have shown state-of-the-art results.However, for low resource languages, such as Dutch, Spanish, due to the limitation of resources and lack of annotated data, taggers tend to have lower performances.To narrow this gap, we propose three novel strategies to enrich the semantic representations of low resource languages: we first develop neural networks to improve low resource word representations by knowledge transfer from high resource language using bilingual lexicons. Further, a lexicon extension strategy is designed to address out-of lexicon problem by automatically learning semantic projections.Thirdly, we regard word-level entity type distribution features as an external language-independent knowledge and incorporate them into our neural architecture. Experiments on two low resource languages (including Dutch and Spanish) demonstrate the effectiveness of these additional semantic representations (average 4.8\% improvement). Moreover, on Chinese OntoNotes 4.0 dataset, our approach achieved an F-score of 83.07\% with 2.91\% absolute gain compared to the state-of-the-art results.
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Yang, Zhiwei, Hechang Chen, Jiawei Zhang, Jing Ma, and Yi Chang. "Attention-based Multi-level Feature Fusion for Named Entity Recognition." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/497.
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Named entity recognition (NER) is a fundamental task in the natural language processing (NLP) area. Recently, representation learning methods (e.g., character embedding and word embedding) have achieved promising recognition results. However, existing models only consider partial features derived from words or characters while failing to integrate semantic and syntactic information (e.g., capitalization, inter-word relations, keywords, lexical phrases, etc.) from multi-level perspectives. Intuitively, multi-level features can be helpful when recognizing named entities from complex sentences. In this study, we propose a novel framework called attention-based multi-level feature fusion (AMFF), which is used to capture the multi-level features from different perspectives to improve NER. Our model consists of four components to respectively capture the local character-level, global character-level, local word-level, and global word-level features, which are then fed into a BiLSTM-CRF network for the final sequence labeling. Extensive experimental results on four benchmark datasets show that our proposed model outperforms a set of state-of-the-art baselines.