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1

Mori, Nobue. "A syntactic structure of lexical verbs." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3196.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Linguistics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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2

Akortia, Prosper Teye. "Lexical Marking of Information Structure in Dangme." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for språk og litteratur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26048.

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This thesis aims at investigating the lexical marking of information structure in Dangme. The Dangme particles nɛ, po, hu, nitsɛ, pɛ and lɛɛ were analysed through the use of minimal pair of sentences with one containing the particle under investigation. The study brings to bear how the afore-mentioned particles are used in marking information structure, their syntactic occurrences and restrictions, and the pragmatic contributions of the particles in the utterances in which they occur. The following research questions served as a guide to the study:  When are the particles nɛ, po, hu, nitsɛ, pɛ and lɛɛ used in Dangme discourse? This includes the following three sub-questions: Are the particles nɛ, po, hu, nitsɛ, pɛ and lɛɛmarkers of information structure, and if so, are they markers of topic or focus? What are the pragmatic interpretations that may occur for these particles? In what syntactic positions can each of these particles occur? The data used in the investigation were created examples and native speaker intuitions in terms of researcher‟ introspection. The analyses of the data revealed that all the particles above are focus markers except lɛɛ which is a contrast marker compatible with both focus and topic.
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Yip, P.-C. "Some aspects of lexical structure in Chinese." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375517.

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4

Fiorentino, Robert D. "Lexical structure and the nature of linguistic representations." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3896.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Linguistics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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5

Romeo, Lauren Michele. "The Structure of the lexicon in the task of the automatic acquisition of lexical information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/325420.

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La información de clase semántica de los nombres es fundamental para una amplia variedad de tareas del procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN), como la traducción automática, la discriminación de referentes en tareas como la detección y el seguimiento de eventos, la búsqueda de respuestas, el reconocimiento y la clasificación de nombres de entidades, la construcción y ampliación automática de ontologías, la inferencia textual, etc. Una aproximación para resolver la construcción y el mantenimiento de los léxicos de gran cobertura que alimentan los sistemas de PNL, una tarea muy costosa y lenta, es la adquisición automática de información léxica, que consiste en la inducción de una clase semántica relacionada con una palabra en concreto a partir de datos de su distribución obtenidos de un corpus. Precisamente, por esta razón, se espera que la investigación actual sobre los métodos para la producción automática de léxicos de alta calidad, con gran cantidad de información y con anotación de clase como el trabajo que aquí presentamos, tenga un gran impacto en el rendimiento de la mayoría de las aplicaciones de PNL. En esta tesis, tratamos la adquisición automática de información léxica como un problema de clasificación. Con este propósito, adoptamos métodos de aprendizaje automático para generar un modelo que represente los datos de distribución vectorial que, basados en ejemplos conocidos, permitan hacer predicciones de otras palabras desconocidas. Las principales preguntas de investigación que planteamos en esta tesis son: (i) si los datos de corpus proporcionan suficiente información para construir representaciones de palabras de forma eficiente y que resulten en decisiones de clasificación precisas y sólidas, y (ii) si la adquisición automática puede gestionar, también, los nombres polisémicos. Para hacer frente a estos problemas, realizamos una serie de validaciones empíricas sobre nombres en inglés. Nuestros resultados confirman que la información obtenida a partir de la distribución de los datos de corpus es suficiente para adquirir automáticamente clases semánticas, como lo demuestra un valor-F global promedio de 0,80 aproximadamente utilizando varios modelos de recuento de contextos y en datos de corpus de distintos tamaños. No obstante, tanto el estado de la cuestión como los experimentos que realizamos destacaron una serie de retos para este tipo de modelos, que son reducir la escasez de datos del vector y dar cuenta de la polisemia nominal en las representaciones distribucionales de las palabras. En este contexto, los modelos de word embedding (WE) mantienen la “semántica” subyacente en las ocurrencias de un nombre en los datos de corpus asignándole un vector. Con esta elección, hemos sido capaces de superar el problema de la escasez de datos, como lo demuestra un valor-F general promedio de 0,91 para las clases semánticas de nombres de sentido único, a través de una combinación de la reducción de la dimensionalidad y de números reales. Además, las representaciones de WE obtuvieron un rendimiento superior en la gestión de las ocurrencias asimétricas de cada sentido de los nombres de tipo complejo polisémicos regulares en datos de corpus. Como resultado, hemos podido clasificar directamente esos nombres en su propia clase semántica con un valor-F global promedio de 0,85. La principal aportación de esta tesis consiste en una validación empírica de diferentes representaciones de distribución utilizadas para la clasificación semántica de nombres junto con una posterior expansión del trabajo anterior, lo que se traduce en recursos léxicos y conjuntos de datos innovadores que están disponibles de forma gratuita para su descarga y uso.<br>La información de clase semántica de los nombres es fundamental para una amplia variedad de tareas del procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN), como la traducción automática, la discriminación de referentes en tareas como la detección y el seguimiento de eventos, la búsqueda de respuestas, el reconocimiento y la clasificación de nombres de entidades, la construcción y ampliación automática de ontologías, la inferencia textual, etc. Una aproximación para resolver la construcción y el mantenimiento de los léxicos de gran cobertura que alimentan los sistemas de PNL, una tarea muy costosa y lenta, es la adquisición automática de información léxica, que consiste en la inducción de una clase semántica relacionada con una palabra en concreto a partir de datos de su distribución obtenidos de un corpus. Precisamente, por esta razón, se espera que la investigación actual sobre los métodos para la producción automática de léxicos de alta calidad, con gran cantidad de información y con anotación de clase como el trabajo que aquí presentamos, tenga un gran impacto en el rendimiento de la mayoría de las aplicaciones de PNL. En esta tesis, tratamos la adquisición automática de información léxica como un problema de clasificación. Con este propósito, adoptamos métodos de aprendizaje automático para generar un modelo que represente los datos de distribución vectorial que, basados en ejemplos conocidos, permitan hacer predicciones de otras palabras desconocidas. Las principales preguntas de investigación que planteamos en esta tesis son: (i) si los datos de corpus proporcionan suficiente información para construir representaciones de palabras de forma eficiente y que resulten en decisiones de clasificación precisas y sólidas, y (ii) si la adquisición automática puede gestionar, también, los nombres polisémicos. Para hacer frente a estos problemas, realizamos una serie de validaciones empíricas sobre nombres en inglés. Nuestros resultados confirman que la información obtenida a partir de la distribución de los datos de corpus es suficiente para adquirir automáticamente clases semánticas, como lo demuestra un valor-F global promedio de 0,80 aproximadamente utilizando varios modelos de recuento de contextos y en datos de corpus de distintos tamaños. No obstante, tanto el estado de la cuestión como los experimentos que realizamos destacaron una serie de retos para este tipo de modelos, que son reducir la escasez de datos del vector y dar cuenta de la polisemia nominal en las representaciones distribucionales de las palabras. En este contexto, los modelos de word embedding (WE) mantienen la “semántica” subyacente en las ocurrencias de un nombre en los datos de corpus asignándole un vector. Con esta elección, hemos sido capaces de superar el problema de la escasez de datos, como lo demuestra un valor-F general promedio de 0,91 para las clases semánticas de nombres de sentido único, a través de una combinación de la reducción de la dimensionalidad y de números reales. Además, las representaciones de WE obtuvieron un rendimiento superior en la gestión de las ocurrencias asimétricas de cada sentido de los nombres de tipo complejo polisémicos regulares en datos de corpus. Como resultado, hemos podido clasificar directamente esos nombres en su propia clase semántica con un valor-F global promedio de 0,85. La principal aportación de esta tesis consiste en una validación empírica de diferentes representaciones de distribución utilizadas para la clasificación semántica de nombres junto con una posterior expansión del trabajo anterior, lo que se traduce en recursos léxicos y conjuntos de datos innovadores que están disponibles de forma gratuita para su descarga y uso.<br>Lexical semantic class information for nouns is critical for a broad variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks including, but not limited to, machine translation, discrimination of referents in tasks such as event detection and tracking, question answering, named entity recognition and classification, automatic construction and extension of ontologies, textual inference, etc. One approach to solve the costly and time-consuming manual construction and maintenance of large-coverage lexica to feed NLP systems is the Automatic Acquisition of Lexical Information, which involves the induction of a semantic class related to a particular word from distributional data gathered within a corpus. This is precisely why current research on methods for the automatic production of high- quality information-rich class-annotated lexica, such as the work presented here, is expected to have a high impact on the performance of most NLP applications. In this thesis, we address the automatic acquisition of lexical information as a classification problem. For this reason, we adopt machine learning methods to generate a model representing vectorial distributional data which, grounded on known examples, allows for the predictions of other unknown words. The main research questions we investigate in this thesis are: (i) whether corpus data provides sufficient distributional information to build efficient word representations that result in accurate and robust classification decisions and (ii) whether automatic acquisition can handle also polysemous nouns. To tackle these problems, we conducted a number of empirical validations on English nouns. Our results confirmed that the distributional information obtained from corpus data is indeed sufficient to automatically acquire lexical semantic classes, demonstrated by an average overall F1-Score of almost 0.80 using diverse count-context models and on different sized corpus data. Nonetheless, both the State of the Art and the experiments we conducted highlighted a number of challenges of this type of model such as reducing vector sparsity and accounting for nominal polysemy in distributional word representations. In this context, Word Embeddings (WE) models maintain the “semantics” underlying the occurrences of a noun in corpus data by mapping it to a feature vector. With this choice, we were able to overcome the sparse data problem, demonstrated by an average overall F1-Score of 0.91 for single-sense lexical semantic noun classes, through a combination of reduced dimensionality and “real” numbers. In addition, the WE representations obtained a higher performance in handling the asymmetrical occurrences of each sense of regular polysemous complex-type nouns in corpus data. As a result, we were able to directly classify such nouns into their own lexical-semantic class with an average overall F1-Score of 0.85. The main contribution of this dissertation consists of an empirical validation of different distributional representations used for nominal lexical semantic classification along with a subsequent expansion of previous work, which results in novel lexical resources and data sets that have been made freely available for download and use.
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de, Valdivia Pujol Glòria. "Russian Deverbal Nouns: Lexical Denotation, Argument Structure & Translation Mismatches." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285528.

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This thesis presents a descriptive empirical study of deverbal nominalizations. Very often what can be expressed by means of a deverbal noun can also be expressed by means of a verbal construction and vice-versa. Deverbal nouns are hybrid categories that have a mixture of verbal and nominal features. These nouns can denote either the action named by the base verb, being, in this case, a paraphrase of a verbal construction, or the result of that action. If nouns denoting processes are closer to verbs, nouns denoting a result, that is, a concrete or an abstract entity resulting from the action, are closer to nouns. Both result and event nouns inherit the argument structure of the base verb. These analyses of the lexical denotation of deverbal nouns and their argument structure are two of the main aims of this thesis. The third goal is the descriptive and comparative study of translation mismatches between Russian and Spanish deverbal noun constructions. The thesis is structured in the following way in order to cover these three points. In the first chapter, we present a brief introduction of the whole thesis, we highlight the main goals and motivations for carrying out this threefold study. In the second chapter, we describe the linguistic resources used in the development of this project. We first introduce the monolingual and bilingual corpora, and then, the lexicons. In the third chapter, we discuss the relationship between the morphological and lexical aspects of the base verb and the lexical denotation of the deverbal noun. We also study other factors that may influence the lexical denotation of the deverbal noun. In the fourth chapter, we present the study of the argument structure of deverbal nouns focusing on the type of constituent that can be an argument, how the arguments are realized and their possible combinations, which ends in the obtention of the more freqüent syntactico-semantic patterns. In chapter five, we present the descriptive and comparative study of translation mismatches of deverbal nouns between Russian and Spanish. We provide our classification of the translation mismatches depending on the interrelation and number of linguistic changes (morphologic, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic) involved. Finally, in the last chapter we present our conclusions and ideas for further research.<br>Aquesta tesi presenta un estudi descriptiu empíric sobre les nominalitzacions deverbals del rus. Molt sovint, allò que es pot expressar a través d’un nom deverbal es pot expressar també a través d’una construcció verbal. Els noms deverbals són categories mixtes que barregen trets verbals amb trets nominals. Aquests noms poden expressar l’acció denotada pel verb base, en aquest cas es poden considerar paràfrasis d’una construcció verbal, o bé el resultat de l’acció. Així doncs, els noms deverbals que denoten l’acció del verb estan més a prop del verb, mentre que els noms deverbals que denoten el resultat de l’acció, és a dir, una entitat concreta o abstracta, estan més a prop del nom. Partim de la hipòtesi que ambdós tipus de nom hereten l’estructura argumental del verb base. Aquestes dues anàlisis, és a dir, l’estudi de la denotació lèxica del nom deverbal i de l’estructura argumental dels noms deverbals són dos dels tres objectius principals de la tesi. El tercer objectiu és l’estudi descriptiu i comparatiu dels desajustos de traducció entre les construccions amb noms deverbals en rus i castellà. La tesi s’estructura de la manera següent: En el primer capítol, presentem una breu introducció a la tesi on descrivim els objectius i les motivacions principals d’aquest estudi. En el segon capítol, es descriuen els recursos lingüístics que hem utilitzat en el transcurs del treball. Primer, introduïm els corpora monolingües i bilingües i, finalment, els lexicons. En el tercer capítol, analitzem la relació entre l’aspecte morfològic i lèxic del verb base. També estudiem altres factors que poden influir en la denotació lèxica del nom deverbal. En el quart capítol, presentem l’estudi de l’estructura argumental dels noms deverbals centrant-nos en el tipus de constituent que pot ser argumental, com es realitzen els arguments i les seves possibles combinacions. D’aquesta anàlisi, en resulta l’obtenció dels patrons sintàctico-semàntics dels noms deverbals més freqüents. En el cinquè capítol, presentem l’estudi descriptiu i comparatiu dels desajustos de traducció entre el rus i el castellà. En aquest capítol proposem una classificació de desajustos de traducció en funció de la interrelació i el nombre de canvis lingüístics (morfològics, sintàctics, semàntics i pragmàtics). Finalment, en el darrer capítol presentem les nostres conclusions i idees per a una futura recerca.
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Gregoire, Michaël. "Exploration du signifiant lexical espagnol : Structures, mécanismes, manipulations, potentialités." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040186.

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Ce travail de thèse représente une tentative de rationalisation du lexique espagnol en accordant la priorité au signifiant. Inspiré notamment de Pierre Guiraud, nous y avons établi à la suite de Maurice Molho, Didier Bottineau, Georges Bohas ou Dennis Philps, que les mots peuvent ne référer que par la sollicitation d’une partie de leur forme, partie détectable structurellement. Nous avons pris en considération l’ensemble des capacités qualitatives (phones, formant, idéophones, graphèmes, segments) et quantitatives (duplications, répétitions, inversions, homophonies / homographies) de la forme des mots. Nous ne nous sommes donc pas limité à un support sémiologique particulier mais avons conçu le lexique, du fait de sa complexité, comme un organisme de signifiants / signifiés où chaque élément peut entrer en compte pour donner lieu à une motivation (interne ou externe). Nous avons nommé cet élément la saillance, car il s’agit d’une unité résultant d’une focalisation, d’un choix formel pour référer à telle ou telle idée. Nous avons également remarqué, notamment dans des cas d’« homonymie », que plusieurs parties pouvaient être sollicitées et que chacune permettait de renvoyer à un sens distinct. La consubstantialité du signe est donc, de notre point de vue, un principe sauf. La « synonymie » ainsi que la « polysémie » ne sont donc pas non plus des notions pertinentes car chaque terme renvoie d’une manière qui lui est propre à un sens donné. Enfin, nous avons proposé une application, avec des critères similaires, à des énoncés dit « poétiques » où plusieurs actualisations parfois insolites apparaissent mais toujours permises par le langage, par le signifiant<br>This thesis represents an attempt of rationalization of the Spanish lexicon giving priority to the signifier. Inspired in particular by Pierre Guiraud, we have established in the wake of Maurice Molho, Didier Bottineau, Georges Bohas or Dennis Philps, that the words can refer by the request of a portion of their shape, detectable structurally. We considered all the qualitative capacities (phones, submorphems, graphemes, segments) and quantitative (duplications, repetitions, reversals, homophonies / homographies) forms of words. We did not thus limited to a particular semiological support but conceived the lexicon, because of its complexity, as an organism of signifiers / signifieds where every element can be important to give rise to a motivation (internal or external). We named this element salience, because it is about a unity which results from a focus, from a formal choice to refer any particular idea. We also noted, especially in cases of "disambiguation", which many parties could be sought and each allowed to refer to a distinct meaning. The consubstantiality of the sign is thus, of our point of view, a pertinent principle. The "synonymy" as well as the "polysemy" are not therefore either relevant notions because every term sends back in a way which is appropriate for its to a given meaning. Finally, we proposed an application, with similar criteria, in "poetics" utterances where several unusual actualizations appear but always permitted by the language, the signifier
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Berro, Urrizelki Ane. "Breaking verbs : from event structure to syntactic categories in Basque." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30031/document.

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La présente thèse analyse la décomposition sous-événementielle et l'interprétation aspectuelle des événements, en se focalisant sur les prédicats dérivés du basque, tels que dantzatu “danser” du nom dantza 'danse', amets egin 'rêver' du nom amets “rêve”, etxeratu 'revenir à la maiso' de etxera “à la maison” ou amatu “devenir mère” de ama “mère”. La thèse est centrée sur la configuration syntaxique représentant la structure événementielle des prédicats et la lexicalisation de ces configurations par des mots réels. J'admets que les prédicats se décomposent en composants plus basiques (par exemple, Levin and Rappaport Hovav 1995), et que cette décomposition est syntaxiquement représentée (Hale and Keyser 1993). Dans cette vue, les événements exprimés par les prédicats sont formés de sous-événements, qui peuvent être aussi bien des processus que des états (Harley 1995 2005, Cuervo 2003, Folli &amp; Harley 2005, Ramchand 2008) et de compléments rhématiques (Ramchand 2008). Les rhèmes sont des compléments qui mesurent et décrivent les sous-événements dont ils sont les compléments. Ils peuvent être de différents types: des PPs, des DPs quantifiés, et même des radicaux non catégorisés. Partant de Harley (2005), je propose une ontologie des radicaux qui les classifie selon qu'ils nomment un Evénement, une Chose ou une Propriété. Les radicaux qui dénomment des Evénements et des Choses sont les compléments de sous-événements de type processus; tandis que les radicaux qui dénomment des Propriétés sont les compléments des états. A l'intérieur de chaque classe, les propriétés des mesures associées aux radicaux comme [+/-croissant], [+/- limite minimale] et [+/- limite maximale] déterminent les propriétés aspectuelles de l'événement tout entier, à savoir, s'il est ponctuel ou duratif, s'il est télique ou atélique. La thèse examine également les interactions entre l'interprétation aspectuelle interne des prédicats (aktionsart), et l'aspect externe (Smith 1997 [1991]). Cette relation est analysée en tenant compte de la catégorie lexicale à la base du prédicat et des différentes configurations de réalisation des prédicats en basque<br>This dissertation analyses the subeventive decomposition and aspectual interpretation of events, paying special attention to derived predicates in Basque, like dantzatu ‘to dance’ from dantza ‘dance’, amets egin ‘to dream’ from amets ‘dream’, etxeratu ‘to go home’ from etxe-ra ‘to home’ and amatu ‘to become a mother’ from ama ‘mother’. The discussion is mainly concerned with the syntactic configuration that represents the predicates’ event structure and the lexicalization of these configurations by means of actual words. In this dissertation, it is assumed that predicates can be decomposed into more basic components (e.g. Levin &amp; Rappaport Hovav 1995) and that this decomposition is syntactically represented (Hale &amp; Keyser 1993). To be more precise, in the analysis made in this dissertation, it is assumed that the events conveyed by predicates consist of smaller subevents (Harley 1995 2005, Cuervo 2003, Folli &amp; Harley 2005, Ramchand 2008) (which can be either processes or states) and Rheme objects (Ramchand 2008a). Rhemes are complements which describe and measure the particular subevent they are complementing. They can be of different types: PPs, quanticized DPs and even a-categorial Roots. Building on Harley (2005), I propose an ontology of Roots which classifies different types of Roots depending on whether they name an Event, a Thing or a Property. Event and Thing naming Roots are the complements of the process subevent, whereas Property naming Roots are the complements of states. Within each class, properties of the measure associated to each Root like [±incremental], [±lower bound] and [±upper bound] are going to determine the aspectual properties of the entire event, i.e. whether it is durative or punctual, and telic or atelic. Additionally, this dissertation considers the interaction of the aspectual interpretation of the predicates (commented in the previous paragraph) with viewpoint aspect (Smith 1997 [1991]). This relation is going to be analyzed in combination with the lexical category and the different configurations in which a predicate can surface in Basque
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Grégoire, Michaël. "Exploration du signifiant lexical espagnol. Structures, mécanismes, manipulations, potentialités." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656189.

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Ce travail de thèse représente une tentative de rationalisation du lexique espagnol en accordant la priorité au signifiant. Inspiré notamment de Pierre Guiraud, nous y avons établi à la suite de Maurice Molho, Didier Bottineau, Georges Bohas ou Dennis Philps, que les mots peuvent ne référer que par la sollicitation d'une partie de leur forme, partie détectable structurellement. Nous avons pris en considération l'ensemble des capacités qualitatives (phones, formant, idéophones, graphèmes, segments) et quantitatives (duplications, répétitions, inversions, homophonies / homographies) de la forme des mots. Nous ne nous sommes donc pas limité à un support sémiologique particulier mais avons conçu le lexique, du fait de sa complexité, comme un organisme de signifiants / signifiés où chaque élément peut entrer en compte pour donner lieu à une motivation (interne ou externe). Nous avons nommé cet élément la saillance, car il s'agit d'une unité résultant d'une focalisation, d'un choix formel pour référer à telle ou telle idée. Nous avons également remarqué, notamment dans des cas d'" homonymie ", que plusieurs parties pouvaient être sollicitées et que chacune permettait de renvoyer à un sens distinct. La consubstantialité du signe est donc, de notre point de vue, un principe sauf. La " synonymie " ainsi que la " polysémie " ne sont donc pas non plus des notions pertinentes car chaque terme renvoie d'une manière qui lui est propre à un sens donné. Enfin, nous avons proposé une application, avec des critères similaires, à des énoncés dit " poétiques " où plusieurs actualisations parfois insolites apparaissent mais toujours permises par le langage, par le signifiant.
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10

Matsunaga, Keiko. "L1 transfer of lexical argument structure in the L2 acquisition of English :." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437838.

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11

Ayano, Seiki. "The layered internal structure and the external syntax of PP." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4950/.

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This thesis examines the properties of spatial (i.e., locational and directional) Ps within the minimalist framework (Chomsky 1995,1998,1999), which has put an ultimate emphasis on economy in terms of derivation and representation. The principal goals of this thesis are (i) to investigate how the syntax of such nature derives PPs in accordance with the properties of Ps and (ii) to show how the internal PP structure interacts with the external syntax of PP. Chomsky's minimalist framework assumes two syntactic operations, i.e.. Merge and Move, and two different types of outcome of the operations, depending on the properties of lexical items involved in each operation executed. One outcome results from a merger of two items, of which one selects the other. The other results from a merger of two items, neither of which selects the other. I propose that there are three heads involved in deriving a layered PP structure: functional p, lexical P and locative N. This analysis is shown to be empirically supported from languages such as Dutch, English, Hungarian, Japanese and K'ekchi. I also claim that there are also intransitive Ps that adjoin to either or pP. The internal structure of PP interacts with its external syntax. One apparent area of grammar that shows desirable consequences for the layered PP analysis is P-to-V incorporation. For instance, the incorporability versus the unincorporability of Ps in Dutch can be accounted for by the principle (i.e.. Minimal Link Condition) that forbids skipping over an intermediate head, thus supporting the layered structure of PP. Another area offering support is locative inversion: the presence versus the absence of locative N head in PP can account for a contrast observed in locative inversion facts. Provided that an EPP-feature of T is category-specific, a contrast between PPs that can undergo movement to [Spec, T] and those that cannot stems from their respective internal structures.
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Phasha, Maction Nkgoropo. "A lexical semantic analysis of selected verbs in Northern Sotho." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1157.

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Sidorov, Kirill. "Structure aspectuelle et prédication secondaire (résultative et dépictive)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA177/document.

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Ce travail aura pour but d’explorer l’interface sémantique-syntaxe des « constructions » avec les prédicats secondaires, résultatifs et dépictifs. Une attention particulière sera donnée au problème du choix des sujets (ou des hôtes) de prédication pour ces deux types de prédicats, ainsi qu’à la classe aspectuelle lexicale du verbe à la base de la construction.Dans la première partie, nous introduisons divers patterns de la construction résultative et expliquons le principe de base qui régit la syntaxe de ces constructions, à savoir la Restriction sur l’objet direct. D’abord nous réviserons la sémantique des adjectifs gradables, étant donné que les propriétés de l’échelle d’une propriété introduite par l’adjectif définissent la structure événemen-tielle/aspectuelle des constructions résultatives, notamment la distinction entre les constructions résultatives à contrôle et à marquage exceptionnel casuel. Après avoir écarté un nombre de prétendus contre-exemples à la Restriction DOR, nous réaffirmerons sa validité, notamment en tant que diagnostic de l’inaccusativité en anglais. Après avoir étudier le problème des objets non-sélectionnés, nous verrons pourquoi le russe n’a pas ce type de construction, et, conjointement, pourquoi il ne doit pas être classifié comme une langue satellite-framed, étant donné que le paramètre qui autorise les constructions résultatives dans une langue est également responsable pour la classification des langues en satellite-framed ou verb-framed.La deuxième partie sera consacré aux prédicats dépictifs, notamment aux contraintes qui pèsent sur le choix du contrôleur pour ce type de prédication secondaire, ainsi qu’aux propriétés des adjectifs dépictifs en comparaison avec d’autres types d’adjoints participant-oriented. Nous étudions la distribution des adjectifs formes longues et formes courtes en russe, conditionnée par les propriétés d’accord qui les distinguent et esquissons un processus historique à l’origine de leur distribution dans la langue d’aujourd’hui<br>The aim of this dissertation is to explore the syntactic-semantic interface of ‘constructions’ which contain secondary predicates – either depictive or resultative. The main problems will be to deal (i) with the selection of the subjects (or hosts) of these types of predicates and (ii) with the aspectual class of the verbs used in these sentences.In the first part, the various patterns implied in resultative clauses will be examined, leading to the conclusion that the basic principle that governs the syntax of these clauses can be identified with the ‘Restriction on direct objects’ – or RDO. First, the semantics of gradable adjectives will be revisited, taking into account the scalarity properties these adjectives contain, which determine the eventive/ aspectual structures of resultative sentences and the distinction between Control structures and Exceptional Case Marking sentences. After invalidating many would-be counter-examples to the RDO, its validity will be reasserted, notably as a diagnostic of unaccusativity in English. Next, after analysing the problem of unselected object arguments, the reason will be shown why Russian does not possess this type of structure, and why it cannot be characterised as a ‘satellite-framed’ language either – given that the parameter which allows specific resultative structures in any language also determines its classification as satellite-framed or verb-framed.The second part of the dissertation is devoted to depictive predicates – in particular (i) to the constraints that determine the choice of the Controller in this type of secondary predication, and (ii) to the relevant properties of depictive adjectives in contra-distinction to other types of adjuncts, often identified as ‘participant-oriented’. Finally, the distribution of those Russian adjectives which possess long and short forms, which is conditioned by specific agreement or concord properties, is examined, leading to a tentative reconstruction of a diachronic process which has led to their distribution in today's Russian
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Mangcunyana, Mteteleli Nelson. "Uhlalutyo lwesemantiki yelekhisikoni yesenzi sentshukumo u-hamba kwisiXhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1684.

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Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>This study explores semantic analysis of motion verb-hamba in IsiXhosa. In chapter 1 I have stated the aim of the study. I have discussed properties related to the lexical semantic analysis of the verb-hamba as well as Pustejovsky’s theory of the Generative Lexicon. The theoretical framework and the organization of study are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 addresses in more detail the type system for semantics. A generative theory of the lexicon includes multiple levels of representation for different types of lexical information needed. These levels include Argument Structure, Event Structure, Qualia Structure and Lexical Inherent Structure. In this chapter there is a more detailed structure of the qualia and the role they play in distributing the functional behavior of words and phrases in composition. In chapter 3 I have examined the lexical semantic analysis of the verb-hamba to account for the range of selectional properties of the NP phrase subject argument of the verb-hamba and various interpretations that arise in terms of composition with its complement arguments. The polysemous behavior of the verb-hamba is examined in sentence alternation constructions with respect to the properties of the event structure. I have also investigated the lexical representation in terms of argument structure and the event structure of the verb-hamba in different sentences. Chapter 4 is the conclusion, summarizing the findings of all the previous chapters in this study on lexical semantic analysis of the motion verb-hamba in IsiXhosa. This is followed by word lists that contain meanings of words in the context in which they are used.
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Hardymon, Nathan. "THE SHAWNEE ALIGNMENT SYSTEM: APPLYING PARADIGM FUNCTION MORPHOLOGY TO LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR'S M-STRUCTURE." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/8.

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Shawnee is a language whose alignment system is of the type first proposed by Nichols (1992) and Siewierska (1998): hierarchical alignment. This alignment system was proposed to account for languages where distinctions between agent (A) and object (O) are not formally manifested. Such is the case in Shawnee; there are person-marking inflections on the verb for both A and O, but there is not set order. Instead, Shawnee makes reference to an animacy hierarchy and is an inverse system. This thesis explores how hierarchical alignment is accounted for by Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), and also applies Paradigm Function Morphology to LFG’s m(orphological)-structure as most of the alignment system in Shawnee is realized in the inflectional morphology.
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Kügler, Frank, Stavros Skopeteas, and Elisabeth Verhoeven. "Encoding information structure in Yucatec Maya : on the interplay of prosody and syntax." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1946/.

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The aim of this paper is to outline the means for encoding information structure in Yucatec Maya. Yucatec Maya is a tone language, displaying a three-fold opposition in the tonal realization of syllables. From the morpho-syntactic point of view, the grammar of Yucatec Maya contains morphological (topic affixes, morphological marking of out-of-focus predicates) and syntactic (designated positions) means to uniquely specify syntactic constructions for their information structure. After a descriptive overview of these phenomena, we present experimental evidence which reveals the impact of the nonavailability of prosodic alternatives on the choice of syntactic constructions in language production.
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Booth, Hannah. "Expletives and clause structure : syntactic change in Icelandic." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/expletives-and-clause-structure-syntactic-change-in-icelandic(7907d61b-4404-4964-bf8d-ce304c0fab8d).html.

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This thesis examines the historical development of the expletive það in Icelandic, from the earliest texts to the present day. This development is set against the backdrop of Icelandic clause structure, with particular attention to verb-second, information structure and the left periphery. The study combines corpus linguistic data and quantitative techniques with theoretical analysis, conducted within Lexical Functional Grammar. I show that Icelandic underwent three syntactic developments in the period 1750-present and argue that these all reflect one overall change: the establishment of það as a structural placeholder for the topic position (the clause-initial prefinite position). I claim that það functions as a topic position placeholder in the earliest attested stage of Icelandic (1150-1350), but is restricted to a specific context: topicless subjectless constructions with a clausal object, where það has cataphoric reference. The three changes in the period 1750-present represent the establishment of this topic position placeholder in new contexts: (1) það generalises to all types of topicless subjectless construction, beyond those with a clausal object; (2) það emerges in presentational constructions (which inherently lack a topic), out-competing the earlier expletive form þar; (3) in cataphoric contexts with a clausal subject, það begins to transition from subject to topic position placeholder. The majority of these contexts exhibit at least a short period in which það - or alternatively þar - behaves like a subject. Icelandic thus exhibits the emergence of a topic position placeholder expletive from an earlier subject-like element. This shift towards prefinite expletives, which sets Icelandic apart from e.g. Mainland Scandinavian, happens relatively late in the diachrony (1750-present). Moreover, the Icelandic development challenges the standard claim in the literature on Germanic expletives, which assumes that subject expletives emerge from prefinite expletives.
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Proost, Kristel. "Conceptual structure in lexical items : the lexicalisation of communication concepts in English, German and Dutch /." Amsterdam [u.a.] : Benjamins, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016263054&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Wong, Shun Ha Sylvia. "An investigation into the use of argument structure and lexical mapping theory for machine translation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4656/.

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In recent work on the Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) formalism, argument structure (a-structure) and lexical mapping theory have been used to explain many linguistic behaviours across languages. It has been suggested that the combination of c-structure, f-structure and a-structure might form a suitable architecture for Universal Grammar. If this suggestion is valid, the LFG formalism would be a suitable linguistic model for Machine Translation (MT). This thesis reports on the investigations carried out on using a-structure and lexical mapping theory for aiding various sub-tasks in MT. The two investigations described in this thesis are the abilities of a-structure and lexical mapping theory to: (1) aid different kinds of lexical and structural disambiguations involving verbs and prepositions, and (2) act as a suitable medium for carrying out source-to-target language transfer. Based on the results of these investigations, this thesis also gives an evaluation of how well a-structure and lexical mapping theory can improve the existing models of linguistic-based MT.
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Courbon, Bruno. "Étude sémantique des mots "chance", "fortune", "hasard" et "risque" du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle : perspectives sur le lexique du français et ses usages." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20041.

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La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectives<br>The present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time
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Morapedi, Setumile. "The syntax of locative inversion and related constructions in Setswana : an approach to information structure in lexical functional grammar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441626.

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Balza, Tardaguila Irene. "Syntactic structure and modal interpretation : the case of Basque "behar"." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30070.

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Cette thèse est une investigation de la structure syntaxique et de l'interprétation modale des phrases impliquant le modal dénominal de nécessité behar ‘devoir, falloir, avoir besoin’ et un complément infinitif. La thèse analyse le statut syntaxique des compléments non finis du verbe modal denominal behar en examinant leur interaction avec des phénomènes syntaxiques sensibles à des conditions structurelles et de localité diverses, et conclut que les compléments d’infinitif de behar peuvent correspondre à différentes structures sous-jacentes. Le type d'infinitif le plus complexe du point de vue structurel est un infinitif non-restructurant qui projette une architecture de phrase complète (c.-à-d. une CP), et le plus petit est un infinitif réduit de restructuration qui projette une structure de phrase de niveau vP. Il y a des preuves pour l'existence des types intermédiaires projetant jusqu'au domaine flexionnel (IP / TP). D'autre part, la thèse examine les propriétés thématiques et de portée des sujets dans chacun des différents types structurels et l'interprétation modale à laquelle elles donnent cours. Sur la base de cette analyse, la thèse soutient que l'interprétation modale n'est déterminée par aucun facteur en particulier (la présence de la restructuration, le statut référentiel du sujet et sa portée relative vis-à-vis du prédicat modal, parmi d'autres fréquemment mentionnés), mais dépend de l'effet cumulatif de plusieurs facteurs travaillant ensemble. La thèse montre également la nécessité d'adopter une vision plus fine de la modalité radicale (root modality), qui permet une association plus simple entre structures syntaxiques et significations modales<br>This dissertation is an investigation of the syntactic structure and modal interpretation of clauses involving the denominal necessity predicate behar ‘need’ and an infinitival complement. On the one hand, it analyses the syntactic status of non-finite complements of denominal behar by examining their interaction with syntactic phenomena sensitive to different structural and locality conditions, and concludes that the infinitival complements of behar can correspond to different underlying structures. The largest type of infinitive is a non-restructuring infinitive that projects a full clausal architecture (i.e. a CP), and the smallest one is a reduced restructuring infinitive that projects up to vP. There is evidence for intermediate types projecting up to the inflectional domain (IP/TP). On the other hand, the dissertation examines the thematic and scope properties of the subjects in each of the different structural types and the modal interpretation that they can give rise to. On the basis of this analysis it is argued that modal interpretation is not constrained by any single factor (the presence of restructuring, the referential status of the subject and its relative scope vis-à-vis the modal predicate, among other frequently mentioned ones), but depends on the cumulative effect of several factors working together. The dissertation also shows the necessity of adopting a more fine-grained view of root modality, one that allows a simpler mapping of syntactic structures into modal meanings
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Pausé, Marie-Sophie. "Structure lexico-syntaxique des locutions du français et incidence sur le combinatoire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0185/document.

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En tant que syntagmes sémantiquement non-compositionnels, les locutions sont des unités lexicales à part entière, qui doivent avoir leur propre entrée dans un modèle du lexique. Elles doivent donc recevoir une définition lexicographique, ainsi qu’une description de leurscaractéristiques grammaticales. De plus, en vertu de leur signifiant syntagmatique, les locutionstémoignent – à des degrés divers – d’une flexibilité formelle (passivation, insertion de modificateurs, substitution de certains constituants, etc.).Notre thèse défend l’idée selon laquelle une description des locutions combinant à la fois l’identification des unités lexicales qui les composent et l’identification des relations de dépendance syntaxique qui unissent les unités constituantes, permettra de prédire leurs différents emplois possibles dans la phrase. Une telle description n’est possible que dans un modèle du lexique décrivant précisément la combinatoire des lexies. Notre recherche, basée sur les principes de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire, exploite et enrichit les données du Réseau Lexical du Français (RL-fr), ressource en cours de développement à l’ATILF.La thèse a deux principaux apports. Le premier est le développement d’un modèle de description lexico-syntaxique relativement fine des locutions du français. Le second est l’identification et l’étude de différentes variations structurales, syntaxiques et lexicales liées à la flexibilité formelle des locutions. Les variations des locutions sont mises en corrélation avec leurs structures lexico-syntaxiques, mais également avec leurs définitions lexicographiques. Ceci nous conduit à introduire la notion de projection structurale, centrale dans le continuum de la flexibilité formelle des locutions<br>As semantically non-compositional phrases, idioms are lexical units. Consequently, they must have their own entries in a lexical resource, with a lexicographic definition and grammatical characteristics. Furthermore, because of their phrasal signifier, idioms show – to varying degrees – a formal flexibility (passivization, attachment of modifiers, substitution of components,etc.)Our thesis defends the view that a description of idioms that combine identification of their lexical components and identification of dependency links between these components will permit to predict their formal variations. Such a description is possible only in a model of lexicon that describes precisely combinatorial proprieties of lexical units. Our thesis, based on the Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology’s framework, exploits and enhances the data of the French Lexical Network (fr-LN). This resource is being developed at the laboratory ATILF (Nancy, France).The thesis makes two principal contributions to the study of phraseology. The first contribution is the development of a precise description of idioms’ lexico-syntactic structures. The second contribution is the indentification and the study of structural, syntactic and lexical variations linked to idioms’ formal flexibility. Idioms’ formal variations are correlated with their lexico-syntactic structures, but also with their lexicographic definitions. This work leads us to introduce the notion of structural projection, that plays a central role in the continuum of idiom’s formal flexibility
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Carter, Kelli Patrice. "Investigating Student Conceptual Understanding of Structure and Function by Using Formative Assessment and Automated Scoring Models." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7761.

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There has been a call from the national community of biologists and biology educators to increase biological literacy of undergraduate students, including understanding and application of core concepts. The structure and function relationship is a core concept identified by the wider biology community and by physiology faculty. Understanding of the core concept structure and function across multiple levels of organization may promote biological literacy. My research focused on the development of formative written assessment tools to provide insight into student understanding of structure and function in anatomy and physiology. In chapter two I developed automated scoring tools to facilitate the evaluation of written formative assessment based on structure and function. Formative written assessments allow students to demonstrate their thinking by encouraging students to use their diverse ideas to construct their responses. However, formative written assessments are not often used in the undergraduate biology classroom due to barriers, such as time spent grading and the intricacy of interpreting student responses. Automated scoring, such as lexical analysis and machine scoring, can examine student thinking in formative written responses. The core concept structure-function provides a foundation upon which many topics in anatomy and physiology can be built across all levels of organization. My research focused on the development of formative written assessment tools and automated scoring models to provide insight into student understanding of structure and function. My research objective was to examine student understanding of a core concept in anatomy and physiology by using automated scoring. Ten short answer questions were administered to students in a junior-level General Physiology course and a sophomore level Human Anatomy and Physiology course at a large Southeastern public university, and to students in Human Anatomy and Physiology courses at two Southeastern two-year colleges. Seventeen students were interviewed to determine if their responses to the short answer questions accurately reflected their thinking. Lexical analysis and machine scoring were used to build predictive models that can analyze student thinking about the structure-function relationship in anatomy and physiology with high agreement to human scoring. Less than half of the student responses in this study demonstrated conceptual understanding of the structure-function relationship. Automated scoring can successfully evaluate a large number of student responses in Human Anatomy and Physiology and General Physiology courses. In chapter three I compared conceptual understanding of structure and function in 2-yr and 4-yr student responses. Anatomy and physiology is taught at a variety of institutions, including 2-year community colleges and 4-year research universities. Regardless of the type of institution offering anatomy and physiology, conceptual understanding of the structure-function relationship is necessary to understand physiological processes. The focus of my research was to compare conceptual understanding of 2-year versus 4-year anatomy and physiology students by using written formative assessment. I hypothesize that differences in students’ academic readiness between two-year and four-year institutions may affect conceptual understanding and student performance. Based on prior research, I predict that there will be a difference in conceptual understanding of the core concept structure and function between two-year and four-year students in anatomy and physiology, and that the students at the two-year institution will not perform as well as the students at the four-year institution, as measured by performance on the constructed response questions. Responses to eight short answer essay questions were collected from students at both types of institutions from students in human anatomy and physiology over six semesters. My results demonstrated that there is a difference in conceptual understanding of the structure-function relationship between 2-year and 4-year students in anatomy and physiology with more 4-year students mentioning SRF concepts in their responses compared to the 2-year students. A potential reason for this difference may be college readiness. There was no difference in performance between institution types on structure-function concepts examined in the A&P II course. My results suggested that students may benefit from a focus on core concepts within the content of anatomy and physiology courses. This focus should occur in both the first and second semesters of anatomy and physiology. Instructors can use written formative assessment to allow students to demonstrate their conceptual understanding within the organ systems. In chapter four I investigated how question features affect student responses to anatomy and physiology formative assessment questions. Short answer essay questions contain features which are elements of the question which aid students in connecting the question to their existing knowledge. Varying the features of a question may be used to provide insight into the different stages of students’ emerging biological expertise and differentiate novice students who have memorized an explanation from those who exhibit understanding. I am interested in examining the cognitive level of questions, the use of guiding context/references in question prompts, and the order of questions, and how these features elicit student explanations of the core concept structure-function in anatomy and physiology. I hypothesized that varying the features of short answer questions may affect student explanations. Short answer questions based on the core concept ‘structure-function’ were administered to 767 students in a junior level General Physiology course and to 573 students in a sophomore level Human Anatomy and Physiology course at a large southeastern public university. Student responses were first human scored and then scored by using lexical analysis and machine scoring. Students were interviewed to examine their familiarity with levels of organization and to confirm their interpretation of the questions. Students demonstrated more conceptual understanding of four of the structure-function concepts when answering the understand questions and more conceptual understanding of two structure-function concepts when answering the apply questions. The question prompts provided a different context which may have influenced student explanations. There was no difference in conceptual understanding of the structure-function relationship with and without the use of a guiding context in the wording of the question prompt. For question sequence, students performed better on the last questions in the sequence, regardless of whether the last question was easier or more difficult. Instructors should provide students with questions in varying contexts and cognitive levels will allow students to demonstrate their heterogeneous ideas about a concept.
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Mzoughi, Inès. "Intégration des emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0748/document.

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Cette étude linguistique porte sur les emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien.Notre problématique principale s'articule autour de la question de l'intégration des emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien.L'objectif de la présente étude est non seulement d'identifier, de classer et d'analyser les occurrences d'emprunts lexicaux au français attestées en arabe dialectal tunisien, mais aussi de décrire les différentes phases d'adaptation phonologique, morphologique, syntaxique, sémantique et graphique par lesquelles passe l'emprunt lexical en intégrant la langue d'accueil<br>This linguistic study deals with lexical words borrowed from the French language into the Tunisan arabic dialect.Our main point concerns the integration of lexical words from the French language into the Tunisian arabic dialect.The objective of our research is not only to identify, classify and analyse the occurences of the lexical words borrowed from the French language recognized by the Tunisian arabic dialect but also to describe the phonological, morphological, syntaxic, semantic and graphic adaption of the various phases necessary to the integration of the lexical words borrowed from the Ffench language by integrating the host language
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Gourlet, François. ""Quand P" comme adverbial de localisation temporelle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040110.

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Nous nous demandons dans ce travail de quelle manière "quand" modifie l'interprétation qui serait faite d'une séquence de propositions P. Q ou Q. P lorsqu'il préfixe P. Après avoir souligné les problèmes que cette question soulevé dans plusieurs études fondatrices en sémantique temporelle, nous apportons des arguments pour défendre la théorie, admise par plusieurs auteurs, selon laquelle "quand P" est un adverbial de localisation temporelle. Nous montrons que les propriétés discursives de P, souvent traitée dans la littérature comme une proposition présupposée, s'expliquent par cette seule contrainte : "quand" impose de traiter cette proposition comme la description d'un repère temporel utilisé dans l'interprétation de Q. Nous montrons en outre que la théorie selon laquelle "quand P" désigne un repère temporel permet de rendre compte des contraintes qui pèsent sur les relations chronologiques pouvant s'établir entre les événements eP et eQ des deux propositions. En particulier, nous avançons que l'inférence d'une relation de succession immédiate entre eP et eQ reflète l'une des relations qui peuvent s'établir entre le référent d'un adverbial de localisation et l'événement qu'il localise : le référent de l'adverbial sert de borne initiale à l'intervalle d'occurrence de l'événement. Enfin, nous étudions la manière dont la description d'éventualité et le marqueur temporel accueillis par P contribuent à la sémantique de l'adverbial "quand P". Nous précisons les propriétés quantificationnelles et temporelles conférées au référent de "quand P" par les différents temps du français et expliquons par ces propriétés les contraintes de cooccurrence qui pèsent sur l'emploi des temps dans P et Q<br>In this work, we adress the following question: how does "quand" change the interpretation that may be made of a sequence of clauses P. Q or Q. P when it prefixes P? After highlighting the problems that this matter raises in several pioneering studies in temporal semantics, we provide arguments to defend the theory E accepted by several authors E that quand P is a temporal locating adverbial. We show that the discourse properties of P, which is often treated in the literature as a presupposed proposition, is explained by the following single constraint: "quand" demands to treat this clause as the description of a time mark to be used in the interpretation of Q. We further show that the theory that "quand P" designates a time mark accounts for the constraints on the temporal relations that can be established between eP and eQ, the events of both clauses. In particular, we argue that the inference that eQ immediately follows eP reflects one of the relations that can be established between the referent of a temporal locating adverbial and the event it locates: the referent of the adverbial provides an initial bound to the interval of occurrence of the event. Finally, we study how the event description and the tense of P contribute to the semantics of the adverbial "quand P". We specify the quantificational and temporal properties imparted to the referent of quand P by the different tenses of French and explain these properties by co-occurrence constraints that impact the use of tenses in P and Q
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27

Hoffmann, Dorothea. "Descriptions of motion and travel in Jaminjung and Kriol." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:158778.

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The thesis provides an in-depth analysis of motion event descriptions of two Australian indigenous languages. Jaminjung is a highly endangered non Pama-Nyungan language with approximately 50 remaining speakers. Kriol, an English-lexified Creole, is spoken by about 20.000 people in different varieties across northern Australia. While the languages are typologically very different, occupancy of the same linguistic and cultural area provides an intriguing opportunity to examine the effects of culture and language contact on conceptual components and distribution patterns in discourse. This investigation also applies and tests a number of existing frameworks and typologies regarding the linguistic encoding of motion and space in general. The thesis first provides an overview of the encoding of motion event descriptions in Jaminjung and Kriol. It becomes clear that, concerning overt marking of case, ground-encodings follow a systematic semantic pattern with no or rare case-marking for deictic terms, optional marking for toponyms and mandatory marking for all other types of landmarks. Furthermore, the structure and semantics of the motion verb phrase is investigated. Particularly noteworthy here is a study of asymmetrical serial verb constructions in Kriol which revealed a number of previously undescribed types. Following this, various proposals for a typology of Frames of Reference are applied. The notion of ‘anchor’ is at the centre of the analysis. The investigation shows that contextual restrictions for the use of Jaminjung’s absolute terms can be accounted for by a restriction on egocentric anchoring and ‘Orientation’ settings only. Furthermore, absolute Frame of Reference is realised differently in Roper and Westside Kriol respectively, suggesting an ongoing influence of the traditional languages spoken by the respective communities rather than the lexifier English. Jaminjung and Kriol, additionally, prefer the use of absolute over relative Frame of Reference. The following chapter investigates how lexicalisation patterns influence the distribution of path and manner encodings in discourse. After concluding that Jaminjung might best be described as following an equipollently-framed pattern and Kriol as satellite-framed, path and manner salience is investigated in different types of discourse using a dataset of motion event encodings in a Frog Story collection and a general corpus of various discourse environments. It is concluded that while the two languages behave very differently with regards to frequency patterns of ground- and other path-encodings, they show remarkable similarities in distributing path and manner over larger chunks of discourse. These findings suggest that cultural influences may sometimes override structural typological constraints. Finally, motion event encodings in specific types of discourse are analysed. Regarding route descriptions, speakers show a clear preference for dynamic over static modes of presentation. This includes encoding ‘fictive motion’ events for which a figure- and ground-based distinction is introduced. Additionally, concerning the use of deictics in a comparative analysis of different types of corpora for both languages, it was shown that the distribution of absolute terms remains stable across discourse environments while deictic usage differs drastically. Lastly, the concept of ‘motion’ is abstracted and described as a kind of structuring device in narratives. It is shown that the ‘journey’ within the story world is used by speakers of both languages to bridge episodes sometimes even overriding a temporal in favour of a spatial order of events.
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28

Resnik, Gabriela. "Los Nombres eventivos no deverbales en español." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22647.

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El propósito general de esta tesis es demostrar que el denominado aspecto léxico o aktionsart es una propiedad transcategorial, que implica rasgos que pueden asociarse a las raíces léxicas en el SD independientemente de procesos de derivación. Tal es el caso de los nombres eventivos no deverbales en español (fiesta, accidente), objeto principal de análisis del trabajo. La propuesta se enmarca en el modelo de la Morfología Distribuida (Embick & Halle, en prensa) e incluye los siguientes aspectos: una formulación más flexible de la relación entre estructura argumental y eventiva (contra Grimshaw (1990); una explicación de la obligatoriedad de argumento interno con nominalizaciones eventivas en términos de la presencia de v en su estructura funcional (Alexiadou, 2001); la identificación de efectos sintácticos derivados de la eventividad de nombres no deverbales como guerra, dentro y fuera del SD, explicados en términos de una estructura funcional que incluye rasgos o proyecciones específicas; la identificación de clases aspectuales de nombres no deverbales en la línea de Vendler (1967); una explicación de la polisemia en nombres eventivos no deverbales en términos de las características de la estructura funcional que domina la raíz léxica (Borer, 2005); un análisis de los efectos de la presencia de más de un núcleo funcional eventivo en las formas derivadas (llegada, accidentarse) y los núcleos complejos (hacer huelga, dar (una) clase).<br>The general purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the so-called lexical aspect or aktionsart is a transcategorial property, involving features that may be associated to lexical roots in the DP in the absence of any derivation process. This is the case of non-deverbal event nouns in Spanish (fiesta, ‘party’; accidente, ‘accident’), our main object of analysis. Our proposal is based on the Distributed Morphology framework (Embick & Halle, to appear) and includes the following topics: a more flexible statement of the relation between argument and event structure (against Grimshaw (1990); an explanation of the obligatoriness of internal argument expression with process nominalizations in terms of the presence of v in its functional structure (Alexiadou, 2001); the identification of syntactic effects derived from the eventive nature of non-deverbal nouns such as guerra (‘war’), inside and outside the DP, accounted for in terms of a functional structure which includes specific features or projections; the identification of aspectual classes of non-deverbal event nouns à la Vendler (1967); an explanation of polysemy in non-deverbal event nouns in terms of the properties of the functional structure dominating the lexical root (Borer, 2005); an analysis of the effects of the presence of more than one eventive functional head in derived forms (llegada, ‘arrival’; accidentarse, ‘to have an accident’) and complex heads (hacer huelga, ‘to go on strike’; dar (una) clase, ‘to teach (a class)’).
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29

Pugeault, Florence. "Extraction dans les textes de connaissances structurées : une méthode fondée sur la sémantique lexicale linguistique." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30164.

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Cette these presente des travaux qui s'inscrivent dans le cadre de l'informatique linguistique et plus precisement dans le domaine de l'extraction de connaissances a partir de textes. Notre but est d'aller au-dela de l'indexation classique par mots-cles en representant l'information retenue comme pertinente sous une forme structuree. Ce projet a fait l'objet d'une collaboration avec la direction des etudes et des recherches d'edf. Pour representer le contenu semantique de textes rediges sans contrainte d'expression, nous avons distingue trois niveaux d'analyse: le niveau pragmatique, le niveau linguistique et le niveau conceptuel. Le niveau pragmatique permet le decoupage d'un texte selon ses parties rhetoriques qui correspondent a des articulations. Le niveau linguistique consiste a structurer les fragments de phrases pertinents pour chaque articulation sous la forme de structures predicatives etiquetees par des roles thematiques precis. Enfin, le niveau conceptuel vise a ameliorer la qualite d'exploitation des resultats du niveau linguistique, notamment en vue de l'interrogation de bases documentaires. Apres analyse de differentes approches, nous avons retenu la lcs (structure lexicale conceptuelle), theorie de jackendoff, pour representer conceptuellement les predicats consideres. Notre contribution sur le plan linguistique a consiste en un travail en profondeur sur la definition de l'ensemble des ressources linguistiques necessaires aux differentes etapes d'analyse que nous avons identifiees. Nous avons notamment defini un ensemble de roles thematiques qio ont une dimension cognitive et un certain nombre de donnees supplementaires en relation avec la lcs (primitives, etc. ). Nous avons aussi caracterise des elements de methode pour la definition de ressources lcs specifiques a un corpus donne. Nos analyses ont ete validees par la mise en uvre du prototype papins (prototype d'analyse pour la production d'index semantiques) que nous avons developpe en prolog
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30

Oliveira, Ana Flávia Souto de. "A multiplicidade semântica em learners' dictionaries : por uma abordagem semântico-cognitiva para a organização das acepções." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130772.

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A multiplicidade semântica, isto é, o fato de uma forma linguística apresentar mais de um significado ou nuance contextual, é um fenômeno que, apesar de não trazer grandes problemas à comunicação cotidiana, impõe diversas questões às teorias semântico-lexicais e a suas aplicações linguísticas. Neste trabalho, buscamos compreender o tratamento dispensado à multiplicidade semântica por learners’ dictionaries do inglês (dicionários monolíngues para aprendizes avançados de inglês como língua estrangeira) à luz do quadro teórico da Semântica Cognitiva Lexical. Em um primeiro momento, sistematizamos as implicações trazidas pela multiplicidade semântica para os learners’ dictionaries, principalmente no que diz respeito aos procedimentos de lumping e splitting, ao tipo de solução adotada para a divisão de verbetes para as formas lexicais (homonímica ou polissêmica) e aos critérios de organização das acepções nos verbetes. Com relação a esses aspectos, demonstramos que não há uma base teórica sólida que permita definir quantos e quais significados um item lexical apresenta, que não há consenso quanto ao tratamento das soluções nesse tipo de dicionário e que a frequência – critério utilizado pelas obras para organizar as acepções – não é tão objetivo quanto se esperaria, nem tem respaldo empírico para a utilização nesse tipo de dicionário. Assim, defendemos que, por conta do caráter interpretativo da descrição semântico lexical, evidenciada pela flexibilidade no tratamento dispensado pelas obras às questões da multiplicidade semântica, seja buscada uma abordagem distinta a essas questões. Com esse intuito, em um segundo momento, introduzimos a concepção semântico-cognitiva de estrutura semasiológica, que, ancorada em postulados da Teoria Prototípica, destaca a sobreposição e a saliência semântica como características estruturais do léxico, postulados que contemplam a flexibilidade e a instabilidade do significado lexical. Na busca por subsídios metodológicos que fundamentem uma proposta alternativa aos problemas lexicográficos, apresentamos alguns dos modelos de descrição da estrutura semântica dos itens lexicais propostos pelo paradigma cognitivo: o Modelo Radial, o Modelo Esquemático e o Modelo de Grupos em Sobreposição. Avaliamos a estrutura semasiológica do item lexical case e propomos formas alternativas para sua representação nos learners’ dictionaries que condizem tanto com os postulados semântico-cognitivos, quanto com o que se sabe sobre o tipo de dicionário em questão e as necessidades de seus usuários. Com relação às soluções homonímica e polissêmica, sugerimos quatro configurações possíveis que permitem representar a estrutura coesa da polissemia, mas cuja validação depende ainda de testes de uso. Quanto à organização das acepções, consideramos que, mesmo através do uso de uma estrutura hierárquica, é possível representar os fenômenos de sobreposição e saliência semântica que julgamos relevantes para os usuários dessas obras, por exemplo, através do uso dos próprios recursos possibilitados pela hierarquia e da redação de definições que destaquem atributos compartilhados por dois ou mais significados que não podem ser relacionados na estrutura linear do verbete. Assim, uma abordagem semântico-cognitiva parece ser útil para nortear práticas lexicográficas relativas à estruturação das informações sobre a multiplicidade semântica nos learners’ dicitionaries.<br>Semantic multiplicity can be defined as a case in which a single linguistic form presents more than one meaning or contextual reading. Even though this phenomenon usually does not pose serious challenges for everyday communication, it certainly brings about important issues to lexical semantic theories and its linguistic applications. The present dissertation aims at evaluating the treatment semantic multiplicity receives in English monolingual advanced learners’ dictionaries from a cognitive-semantic point of view. Therefore, the consequences of semantic multiplicity for the organization of learners’ dictionaries are presented, mainly with regard to the procedures of lumping and splitting, the solutions applied for structuring entries (homonymic or polysemous solutions), and the criteria used in arranging senses. First, it is demonstrated that there are no solid methodological bases on which to decide on how many (nor which) senses a lexical item has. Second, it is shown that there is no agreement on the solution to be applied to this type of dictionary. Third, it is advocated that the criterion used for sense arrangement (frequency) is not as objective as one would expect and it has not yet been proven to bring any advantage for the users of learners’ dictionaries. Because of the interpretative nature of lexical semantic description, which is reflected in the different treatments the dictionaries provide to these matters, a distinct approach is sought. To this end, the cognitive-semantic conception of semasiological structure is introduced. With its origins linked to Prototype Theory tenets, this notion highlights that semantic salience and overlapping are structural characteristics of the lexicon, which reflect the flexibility and instability of lexical meaning. In order to search for methods that could ground an alternative proposal for these lexicographic issues, the cognitive-semantic descriptive models of semantic structure are assessed: the radial model, the schematic model, and the overlapping sets model. The semasiological structure of the lexical item case is described and a new proposal for its organization is provided, in tune with cognitive-semantic tenets and with what is known about this type of dictionary and its users’ needs. Regarding homonymic and polysemous solutions, four different arrangements are suggested, which represent the coherent structure of polysemy. Regarding sense arrangement, it is shown that even through the use of a hierarchical structure, it is possible to represent the semantic overlapping and salience found to be useful for the users of learners’ dictionaries. By exploring the hierarchical resources themselves and by manipulating the wording of definitions, it is feasible to accentuate attributes shared by two or more senses that cannot be related in the linear structure of the dictionary entry. Thus, Cognitive Semantics presents itself as a useful approach to guide lexicographic practices related to the structuring of semantic multiplicity information in learners’ dictionaries.
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31

Matsubara, Shigeki, and Yoshihide Kato. "STRUCTURED SENTENCE RETRIEVAL BASED ON LEXICAL DEPENDENCIES." INTELLIGENT MEDIA INTEGRATION NAGOYA UNIVERSITY / COE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10411.

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32

Kyncl, Jaroslav. "Semi-lexical heads in Czech modal structures." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/33738.

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This thesis argues for a semi-lexical interpretation of Czech modal verbs. It demonstrates that Czech modals participate in syntactic structures that contain a finite verb followed by multiple infinitives (verb clusters), such as Jan musel chtít začít studovat lingvistiku ‘John had to want to begin studying linguistics.’ The term Complex Verbal Domain (CVD) is devised for the verbal part of these structures. The analysis seeks to offer a unified account of modal verbs in Czech in respect of their subcategorization frame in the Lexicon and semantic properties (‘modal meaning’). It also attempts to clarify the confusion regarding modal verbs and modality in traditional Czech grammars by shifting the attention from pragmatics to an approach based on recent development of generative syntax (Chomsky 1998, 2000, 2001). Following the examination of syntactic behaviour of Czech modals in the CVD structure, the thesis proceeds to modify Emonds’ (1985, 2000) theory of semilexicality. This approach assumes that Czech modals are neither fully functional (due to properties such as rich morphological paradigm, ability to undergo Negation, Reflexivization and PF movement), nor fully lexical (they are unable to take clausal complements and distinguish between aspectual pairs). The semi-lexical analysis also shows that there is evidence for the existence of two types of Czech modals, True modal verbs (TMVs) and Optional modal verbs (OMVs). Whilst the former cannot nominalize or denote events, but are able to convey epistemic meaning, the latter undergo nominalization and are capable of event denotation, but do not attain epistemic reading. The semi-lexical properties of both TMVs and OMVs are syntactically reflected in their specific subcategorization frame X, +MODAL, +mod, +__ [V, INF]. The cognitive syntactic feature +MODAL cospecifies the syntactic derivation of Czech modal verbs in the ‘light’ vº, which takes an infinitival VP as a complement. Therefore, I argue that the CVD is syntactically vP. If the original CVD structure involves multiple infinitives (Jan vPmusí VPchtít(INF) začít(INF) číst(INF) tu knihu ‘John has to want to begin reading that book’), the VP complement has characteristics of a flat structure, adapted from Emonds (1999a, 1999b, 2001). On the other hand, +mod is a semantic feature that specifies the lexical behaviour of Czech modals and conveys the ‘modal meaning’, which is formalized in terms of possible worlds semantics as quantification over the modal base. The semi-lexical analysis also investigates the root v. epistemic dichotomy. The thesis argues that this dichotomy does not affect the unified theory of modality in Czech in terms of its derivational and semantic status, but is a result of covert processes at the level of Logical Form (LF), which realize different levels of modal quantification.
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33

Aleksandrova, Angelina. "Noms humains de phase : problèmes de classifications ontologiques et linguistiques." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842220.

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Le travail de cette thèse se situe dans le domaine de la sémantique nominale et porte sur un échantillon de noms dénotant les humains (NH) pendant les différentes phases de vie : bébé, enfant, adolescent, adulte, vieillard (N-[âge]). Elle poursuit un triple objectif. D'abord, il s'agit d'offrir une description linguistique fine d'un ensemble de N-[âge] dont le fonctionnement est resté méconnu jusqu'à présent. En démontrant leur caractère hybride - les N-[âge] dénotent à la fois des propriétés référentiellement essentielles et intrinsèquement transitoires - nous mettons en évidence des paramètres inédits pour la description des NH en général. Enfin, notre thèse explore la possibilité d'un élargissement notionnel du domaine aspectuel vers la sémantique nominale en interrogeant la notion de phase et en démontrant que l'ensemble des N-[âge] bénéficie d'une structure phasale.
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34

Роєнко, Л. В. "Особливості створення мовного образу персонажу в англомовному художньому тексті". Thesis, Університет Григорія Сковороди в Переяславі, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18766.

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У статті досліджується поняття "мовної особистості", його характерні особливості та складові елементи. Проаналізовано лексичні та граматичні засоби побудови мовних образів головних персонажів в англомовному художньому творі "Rose of Ruby Street" автора К. Ріверс.<br>The main aspects and constituent elements of the concept "linguistic personality" have been studied in the article. The study analyses the lexical and grammatical means of the main characters’ linguistic personalities formation in the English fiction text "Rose of Ruby Street", written by C. Rivers.
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35

Henadeerage, Kumara, and kumara henadeerage@anu edu au. "Topics in Sinhala Syntax." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060426.142352.

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This study is a detailed investigation of a number of issues in colloquial Sinhala morphosyntax. These issues primarily concern grammatical relations, argument structure, phrase structure and focus constructions. The theoretical framework of this study is Lexical Functional Grammar.¶Chapter 1 introduces the issues to be discussed, followed by a brief introduction of some essential aspects of colloquial Sinhala as background for the discussion in the following chapters. In Chapter 2 we present basic concepts of the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.¶ The next three chapters mainly concern grammatical relations, argument structure and clause structure in colloquial Sinhala. Chapter 3 examines grammatical relations. The main focus lies in establishing the subject grammatical relation in terms of various subjecthood diagnostics. We show that only a very small number of diagnostics are reliable, and that the evidence for subject is weaker than assumed previously. All the subjecthood diagnostics that were examined select the most prominent argument in the argument structure as the subject, i.e. 'logical subject'. However, there appear to be no processes in the language that are sensitive to the subject in the grammatical relations structure, i.e. 'gr-subject'. Further, there is no evidence for other grammatical relations like objects. In Chapter 4 we discuss the agentless construction and related valency alternation phenomena. It was previously assumed that the agentless construction, valency alternation phenomena and the involitive construction are all related. We argue that the agentless construction should be treated as a different construction from the involitive construction. We also show that the agentless construction and the involitive construction have contrasting characteristics, and that treatment of them as separate constructions can account for some phenomena which did not receive an explanation previously. The valency alternation phenomena are related to the agentless construction, therefore there is no valency alternation in involitive constructions. It will be shown that verbs undergoing the valency alternation can be distinguished from the other verbs in terms of the lexical semantic properties of individual verbs. Chapter 5 examines the structure of non-verbal sentences in terms of a number of morphosyntactic phenomena. It was previously argued that verbal sentences and non-verbal sentences in colloquial Sinhala differ in terms of clause structure. However, the present study shows evidence to the contrary.¶ The next two chapters deal with modelling contrastive focus and the phrase structure of the language. Chapter 6 is a detailed analysis of the contrastive focus (cleft) construction in various clause types in the language, and proposes a unified syntactic treatment of contrastive focus. Contrastive focus is in some constructions morphologically encoded, while in others it involves both morphological and configurational assignment of focus. The complex interaction between focus markers and verb morphology in various focus constructions is accounted for by general well-formedness conditions applying to the f-structure, and the principles of Functional Uncertainty and Morphological Blocking. In Chapter 7, we discuss the phrase structure of the language, in particular such issues as its non-configurational nature and the lack of evidence for VP. We propose non-configurational S and some functional projections to account for word order freedom under S and to explain certain morphosyntactic phenomena, such as configurational focus assignment. Finally, Chapter 8 summarises the conclusions made in previous chapters.
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36

Tiller, D. K. "Structure in the affective lexicon." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233564.

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Arad, Maya. "VP-structure and the syntax-lexicon interface." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287217.

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38

Malhotra, Gaurav. "Dynamics of structural priming." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2751.

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This thesis is about how our syntactic choice changes with linguistic experience. Studies on syntactic priming show that our decisions are influenced by sentences that we have recently heard or recently spoken. They also show that not all sentences have an equal amount of influence; that repetition of verbs increases priming (the lexical-boost effect) and that some verbs are more susceptible to priming than others. This thesis explores how and why syntactic decisions change with time and what these observations tell us about the cognitive mechanism of speaking. Specifically, we set out to develop a theoretical account of syntactic priming. Theoretical accounts require mathematical models and this thesis develops a sequence of mathematical models for understanding various aspects of syntactic priming. Cognitive processes are modelled as dynamical systems that can change their behaviour when they process information. We use these dynamical systems to investigate how each episode of language comprehension or production affects syntactic decisions. We also use these systems to investigate how long priming persists, how groups of consecutive sentences affect structural decisions, why repeating words leads to greater syntactic priming and what this tells us about how words, concepts and syntax are cognitively represented. We obtain two kinds of results by simulating these mathematical models. The first kind of results reveal how syntactic priming evolves over time. We find that structural priming itself shows a gradual decay with time but the lexical enhancement of priming decays catastrophically – a result consistent with experimental observations. We also find that consecutive episodes of language processing add up nonlinearly in memory, which challenges the design of some existing psycholinguistic experiments. The second kind of results reveal how our syntax module might be connected to other cognitive modules. We find that the lexical enhancement of syntactic priming might be a consequence of how the modules of attention and working memory influence syntactic decisions. These models suggest a mechanism of priming that is in contrast to a previous prediction-based account. This prediction-based account proposes that we actively predict what we hear and structural priming is due to error-correction whenever our predictions do not match the stimuli. In contrast, our account embodies syntactic priming in cognitive processes of attention, working memory and long-term memory. It asserts that our linguistic decisions are not based solely on abstract rules but also depend on the cognitive implementation of each module. Our investigations also contribute a novel theoretical framework for studying syntactic priming. Previous studies analyse priming using error-correction or Hebbian learning algorithms. We introduce the formalism of dynamical systems. This formalism allows us to trace the effect of information processing through time. It explains how residual activation from a previous episode might play a role in structural decisions, thereby enriching our understanding of syntactic priming. Since these dynamical systems are also used to model neural processes, this theoretical framework brings our understanding of priming one step closer to its biological implementation, bridging the gap between neural processes and abstract thoughts.
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39

Mirêlis, M. T. M. "Exploring the adaptive structure of the mental lexicon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657844.

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The mental lexicon is a complex structure organised in terms of phonology, semantics and syntax, among other levels. In this thesis I propose that this structure can be explained in terms of the pressures acting on it: every aspects of the organisational of the lexicon is an adaptation ultimately related to the function of language as a tool for human communication, or to the fact that language has to be learned by subsequent generations of people. A collection of methods, most of which are applied to a Spanish speech corpus, reveal structure at different levels of the lexicon. The patterns of intra-word distribution of phonological information may be a consequence of pressure for optimal representation of the lexicon in the brain, and of the pressure to facilitate speech segmentation. An analysis of perceived phonological similarity between words shows that the sharing of different aspects of phonological similarity is related to different functions. Phonological similarity perception sometimes relates to morphology (the stressed final vowel determines verb tense and person) and at other times shows processing biases (similarity in the word initial and final segments is more readily perceived than in word-internal segments). Another similarity analysis focuses on cooccurrence in speech to create a representation of the lexicon where the position of a word is determined by the words that tend to occur in its close vicinity. Variations of context-based lexical space naturally categorise words syntactically and semantically. A higher level of lexicon structure is revealed by examining the relationships between the phonological and the cooccurrence similarity spaces. A study in Spanish supports the universality of the small but significant correlation between these two spaces found in English by Shillcock, Kirby, McDonald and Brew (2001). This systematicity across levels of representation adds an extra layer of structure that may help lexical acquisition and recognition. I apply it to a new paradigm to determine the function of parameters of <i>phonological </i>similarity based on their relationships with the <i>syntactic-semantic </i>level. I find that while some aspects of a language’s phonology maintain systematicity, others work against it, perhaps responding to the opposed pressure for word identification.
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40

Nielsen, Alan Kirkland Staun. "Systematicity, motivatedness, and the structure of the lexicon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20470.

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For the majority of the 20th century, one of the central dogmas of linguistics was that, at the level of the lexicon, the relationship between words and meanings is arbitrary: there is nothing about the word ‘dog’ for example that makes it a particularly good label for a dog. However, in recent years it has become increasingly recognized that non-arbitrary associations between words and meanings make up a small, but potentially important portion of the lexicon. This thesis focuses on exploring the effect that non-arbitrary associations between words and meanings have on language learning and the structure of the lexicon. Based on a critical analysis of the existing literature, and the results of a number of experiments presented here, I suggest that the overall prevalence and developmental timing of two forms of non-arbitrariness in the lexicon– systematicity and motivatedness – is shaped by the pressure for languages to be learnable while remaining expressive. The effect of pressures for learnability and expressivity have been recognized to have important implications for the structure of language generally, but have so far not been applied to explain structure at the level of the lexicon. The central claim presented in this dissertation is that features of the perceptual and cognitive organization of humans results in specific types of associations between words and meanings being easier for naïve learners to acquire than others, and that the pressure for languages to be learnable results in lexica that leverage these human biases. Taking advantage of these biases, however, induces constraints on the structure of the lexicon that, left unchecked, might limit its expressivity or penalize subsequent learning. Thus, lexica are structured such that early-acquired words are able to leverage these biases while avoiding the limitations imposed by those biases when they are extended past a certain point.
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41

Macchi, Yves. "Structures lexicales et structures mentales : mécanismes de la néologie en espagnol contemporain." Paris 4, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA040081.

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Partant d'une analyse critique de la conception saussurienne du signifie lexical, l'auteur démontre que subsiste à côté de la valeur en système, le concept pris dans sa positivité. Ce concept, susceptible d'une saisie analogique instantanée par le lecteur, est au centre de la créativité néologique sémantique, de même que la saisie analogique des signifiants est le support de la néologie sémiotique. Le concept, également nomme réfèrent conceptuel, pour le distinguer du signifie saussurien dépourvu de toute pertinence psychologique pour le lecteur, et le signifiant analogique, nomme analogène, constituent donc le fondement opératoire de la néologie. En un second temps, l'auteur replace la création analogique dans son contexte naturel, l'énoncé, là ou par des mécanismes conjoints de langue et de parole, le mot nouveau apparait. Tout le mécanisme de la nomination et de la figuration, et tout le problème de la liberté du lecteur face aux structures de langue sont, ainsi examines, à la lumière de la rhétorique et de la théorie de l'énonciation. En une troisième partie, sur ces bases théoriques, on analyse la néologie espagnole argotique contemporaine d'un point de vue structuraliste et mentaliste<br>In the first part of this work, starting from a critical analysis of saussurian conception of lexical "signifie", the author shows that beside the "valeur" in the system, subsists the concept, positively considered. This concept, susceptible of an instantaneous analogival appersoption by the speaker, is the central point of semantiv neological creativity. The concept, also called conceptual referent, to distinguish it from the saussurian signifie that has not any psychological pertinence for the speaker, and the analogical "signifiant", ealled "analogen", constitue se the operative base of neology. In a second time, the author replaces neological creation in its natural context, the "enonce", where, by joint language and speach mechanisms; the new word appears. The whole denomination and figuration mechanism, and the whole problem of speaker's freedom in front of language structures are so examinend, by the light of rhetorie and enunciation theery. In a third part, the theoretical bases which are the analogy and the genetic pattern of the figured "enonce" permit the analyse Spanish neology from a mentalist and structural point of view
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42

Lafourcade, Mathieu. "Lexique et analyse sémantique de textes - structures, acquisitions, calculs, et jeux de mots." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00649851.

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L'analyse sémantique de textes nécessite en préalable la construction d'objets relevant de la sémantique lexicale. Les vecteurs d'idées et les réseaux lexicaux semblent de bons candidats et constituent ensemble des structures complémentaires. Toutefois, faut-il encore être capable dans la pratique de les construire. Les vecteurs d'idées peuvent être calculés à partir de corpus de définitions de dictionnaires, de thésaurus ou encore de textes. Ils peuvent se décliner en des vecteurs conceptuels, des vecteurs anonymes ou des vecteurs lexicaux - chaque type présentant un équilibre différent entre précision, couverture et praticité. Quant aux réseaux lexicaux, ils peuvent être acquis efficacement via des jeux, et c'est précisément l'objet du projet JeuxDeMots. L'analyse sémantique peut être abordée par l'analyse thématique, et ainsi servir de moyen de calcul à des vecteurs d'idées (bouclage). Nous pouvons modéliser l'analyse comme un problème d'activation et de propagation. La multiplicité des critères pouvant intervenir dans une analyse sémantique, et la difficulté inhérente à définir une fonction de contrôle satisfaisante, nous amène à explorer l'usage de métaheuristiques bio-inspirées. Plus précisément, nous introduisons un modèle d'analyse par colonies de fourmis artificielles. A partir d'un texte, l'analyse vise a construire un graphe contenant les objets du texte (les mots), des objets identifiés comme pertinents (des syntagmes, des concepts) ainsi que des relations pondérées et typées entre ces objets.
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43

Sagot, Marie-France. "Ressemblance lexicale et structurale entre macromolécules : formalisation et approches combinatoires." Marne-la-Vallée, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MARN0049.

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Ce travail présente une formalisation du problème de la ressemblance entre macromolécules biologiques, ADN/ARN et protéines. Une première partie est ainsi composée par une exploration de cette ressemblance. D'une manière plus précise, ces macromolécules présentent la caractéristique commune d'être constituées par l'assemblage linéaire d'unités monomères distinctes (nucléotides pour l'ADN/ARN ou acides aminés pour les protéines) pouvant être représenté par une chaîne de symboles. Ces chaînes que nous allons vouloir comparer peuvent être vues comme des 'copies', ou des copies de copies différentes d'une même macromolécule ou d'une même forme ancestrale, chaque copie étant le résultat d'une suite particulière de transformations et de mutations effectuées sur des copies antérieures. Certaines parties de ces copies resteront cependant plus conservées que d'autres, et il est probable qu'il s'agit justement là de celles qui ont le plus de chance d'être associées, soit à une activité de la chaîne polymérique, soit à un élément structural qui sert de charpente à la structure générale de la macromolécule dans l'espace. Ce sont essentiellement ces parties qui nous intéressent dans ce travail et notre analyse des chaînes porte sur l'identification des mots présents dans ces chaînes et similaires entre eux d'une certaine façon. Outre l'idée d'une comparaison locale (mots), deux notions sont fondamentales dans les définitions de ressemblance que nous établissons : l'une est celle d'une comparaison multiple, l'autre celle de modèle. L'idée de la première repose sur l'observation que la comparaison simultanée d'un grand nombre d'objets permet d'être beaucoup plus sensible, c'est-à-dire, de détecter de plus faibles similarités entre ces objets. Le second concept (modèle) nous permet alors de réaliser cette comparaison simultanée de manière efficace. Un tel objet, qui est externe aux chaînes que l'on compare, peut être soit un mot sur le même alphabet, soit un produit cartésien de sous-ensembles des symboles de cet alphabet. La définition de ressemblance 'multiple' entre les mots des chaînes se trouve donc ramenée à cet objet de référence. Plus précisément, nous dirons que les mots d'un ensemble sont similaires entre eux s'il existe au moins un modèle auquel tous ressemblent. Notre recherche de mots similaires communs se résume alors à une recherche efficace de ces modèles présents, c'est-à-dire ayant des occurrences, dans au moins un certain nombre des chaînes de l'ensemble étudié. Finalement, le problème de la définition de la ressemblance entre mots se ramène à la définition de la ressemblance entre des mots et un modèle. Dans ce travail, nous proposons plusieurs de ces définitions avec le souci constant de leur conserver un caractère mathématiquement précis. Cette condition est en effet importante afin de donner au biologiste les moyens d'interpréter sans ambiguité les résultats fournis. Dans le même ordre d'idée, il est également important que les algorithmes de recherche des modèles soient exhaustifs. La seconde partie de ce travail a ainsi porté sur l'élaboration d'algorithmes combinatoires qui explorent tout l'espace des chaînes que l'on compare et qui fournissent en résultat une liste de tous les modèles, d'une longueur donnée ou de longueur maximale, présents, selon une des définitions de ressemblance entre modèle et mots, dans au moins un certain nombre des chaînes. Chacune de ces définitions a donné lieu à un algorithme spécifique. Le principe de base de ces algorithmes est cependant le même et s'appuie sur une formule de récurrence permettant la construction des modèles d'une certaine longueur à partir de ceux de longueur plus petite. Nous proposons ici des algorithmes qui sont tous linéaires dans la longueur totale des chaînes, et éventuellement exponentiels uniquement dans le degré de souplesse autorisé dans la ressemblance entre mots et modèles. Ce facteur exponentiel est intrinsèque au problème et représente toujours une situation de pire cas. Enfin, l'intérêt et les limitations actuelles de ces algorithmes sont illustrés sur des exemples biologiques
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44

Ramoo, Dinesh Kumar. "Syllable structure in the mental lexicon : neuropsychological and computational evidence." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4846/.

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This thesis investigated the fundamental representations within the mental-lexicon and whether such representations are fixed or differ according to the characteristics of various languages. It looked at whether syllable structure is represented at distinct levels of linguistic representation at phonological and phonetic levels, with phonology governed by the demands of a combinatorial system (the need to create many distinct words from a small number of symbols) and phonetics governed by articulatory complexity (the need to keep motor programming as simple as possible). Empirical evidence as well as computational work was used to investigate whether syllable structure may be present as an abstract unit within the lexicon and not just computed online at the phonetic level. Three languages were explored in this work: English, Hindi and Italian. This project found evidence from English and Hindi patients with acquired language disorders to support the data previously collected from Italian patients. The empirical data was supported by computational work that considered the rates of resyllabification and storage costs based on the assumptions of different speech production models. Both the empirical and computational data support the hypothesis that syllable structure may be stored within the mental lexicon.
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45

Macchi, Yves. "Structures lexicales et structures mentales mécanismes de la néologie en argot espagnol contemporain /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615514v.

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46

Darwash, Ibrahim M. N. "Lexical, structural and information control in graded readers : a case study of 'Pride and prejudice'." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402715.

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47

Novella, Savelyeva Elena. "Structural and Functional Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Music Research Articles : A Corpus-Based Approach." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och lärande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37487.

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Applied linguistics has lately been seen in studies of formulaicity of language operating through recurrent word combinations. The present study deals with one type of word combinations, namely lexical bundles (LBs), which are defined as a sequence of three or more words that frequently co-occur in a particular register (Biber et al., 1999). The present study is a corpus-based analysis of four-word lexical bundles extracted from Music research articles (RAs). The Corpus of Music Research Articles (CMRA) of one million words was created in order to perform structural classification of the retrieved lexical bundles and an analysis of their functions. The CMRA includes 110 articles collected from international music journals from various music subdisciplines. In order to find which lexical bundles were characteristic of music research specifically, the findings were compared to previous research based on other academic disciplines. The list of 218 lexical bundles was compared to the one of three different subject areas (Jalilifar et al., 2016) with the purpose of identification of discipline-specific LBs (n=102) which included 20 topic-specific bundles; and general lexical bundles (n=116) which included 56 core bundles shared among Music and three subject areas (Art and Humanities, Sciences and Social sciences). Structurally and functionally, the analysis of the extracted lexical bundles demonstrated that native English expert writers predominantly used preposition-based phrases (50%), with respect to structure; and research-oriented bundles (74%), with respect to function. The findings have pedagogical applications and could be used in courses in English for Specific Purposes.
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48

Zemtsova, Valeriia. "The structure of the lexico-semantic field "Sport" in modern English." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14353.

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49

Adolf, Paul. "Structures lexicales contrastives du parler d'Obernai et de l'anglais britannique." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37594440c.

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50

Chae, Hee-Rahk. "Lexically triggered unbounded discontinuities in English : an indexed phrase structure grammar approach." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1235744035.

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