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Kparou, Hanoukoume Cyril. "Gender Representation in the Lexical Functional Grammar." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 04, no. 10 (2021): 1422–25. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i10-12.
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Gender marking is a language universal, although some languages have a stronger Gender-marking grammar. The Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), a linguistic theory, has a set of rules and levels to render for Gender marking. Bornee and developed within the larger framework of the Generative Grammar, the Lexical Functional Grammar has become a standalone autonomous theoretical theory. This paper draws data from French language to present a comprehensive development of Gender-marking analysis within the Lexical Functional Grammar Framework. Fundamentally, the LSG posits for four phrase structures, which are the C-structure representing lexical entries, the F-structure, which deals with the functional information, the A-structure, which structures predicate-argument relationships, and the ơ-structure, which handles semantic representations. Although the grammatical gender is arrayed all over the four structures, it is mainly presented in this paper as a feature in the lexicon, typically integrated in the C-structure and F-structure mapping..
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Salmons, Joseph C. "The Structure of the Lexicon." Studies in Language 17, no. 2 (1993): 411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17.2.06sal.
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Data from language acquisition, psycholinguistics, and diachronic studies have all shown that the lexicon has a clear internal structure, which includes relationships among lexical items based on phonetic and phonological characteristics, semantic features, morphology, and frequency of use. In the absence, however, of direct evidence from grammar, such lexical structure has even recently been deemed irrelevant to linguistic theory. In this paper, I use evidence from German grammar, specifically gender assignment, to support a model of lexical structure like that proposed particularly within Natural Morphology. German gender assignment has been shown to be largely predictable on the basis of phonological shape (e.g. final and initial segments or clusters), semantic features, and morphological features — all factors considered to be part of the lexicon's internal structure by Bybee and others. In this way gender assignment reflects lexical structure. Moreover, frequently used vocabulary tends to violate such rules, as Bybee's view of lexical structure would predict. By so doing, German grammar exploits almost exactly the structure of the lexicon which has been proposed based on data from areas other than grammar in its narrow sense.
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Rubach, Jerzy. "Lexical Phonology: lexical and postlexical derivations." Phonology Yearbook 2, no. 1 (1985): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000415.
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Paul Kiparsky's paper (1982) ‘From Cyclic to Lexical Phonology’ is the most interesting recent development in the line of research originated by Kiparsky (1973) and Mascaró (1976). The major task in this research is the investigation of the ways in which rules apply to phonological structures. Kiparsky (1973) makes the very pointed observation that some phonological rules apply exclusively in derived environments. An environment is derived if either (i) or (ii) is true:(i) the structure which is relevant to the application of the rule arises at morpheme boundaries: the environment is thus derived morphologically;(ii) the structure which is relevant to the application of the rule arises in the course of phonological derivation due to the application of an earlier phonological rule: the environment is thus derived phonologically.
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PEYTON JONES, SIMON. "2 Lexical Structure." Journal of Functional Programming 13, no. 1 (2003): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796803000418.
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Wei, Longxing. "Bilingual Complex Abstract Lexical Structure and Its Relevance to Interlanguage Studies." English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies 5, no. 2 (2023): p162. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v5n2p162.
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This study adopts two assumptions about abstract lexical structure. One is that lexical structure is modular: lexical information is organized into subsystems pointing to different levels of linguistic structure, and parts of lexical structure can be split and recombined. The other concerns the sources of morphemes actually occurring in surface strings. As commonly recognized, abstract lexical structure contains three levels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. This study argues that abstract lexical structure becomes “complex” because the bilingual mental lexicon contains lemmas (i.e., abstract entries about lexemes) from different sources, such as learners’ first language, their target language, and their interlanguage. By adopting a multi-layered speech production model (Levelt, 1989; Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2001; Wei, 2002, 2015, 2020), it further argues that different types of morphemes are accessed at different levels of language production, resulting in different degrees of learning difficulty (an implicational hierarchy of second language morpheme acquisition) and different types of learner errors in interlanguage production. The typical instances of learner errors for the study are collected from interlanguage performance by adult second language learners with various first language backgrounds. This study aims to explore the nature of the bilingual mental lexicon and mechanisms of interlanguage development.
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Liu, Xuexin, and Longxing Wei. "Composite Abstract Lexical Structure in Interlanguage Production." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 5, no. 1 (2021): p81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v5n1p81.
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Most previous studies of difficulties in learning a second/foreign language focused on sources of learner errors caused by cross-linguistic differences in various levels of linguistic structure, but most of such studies remain at a rather superficial level of description. This study explores sources of learning difficulties at an abstract level by studying the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon during interlanguage production. The bilingual mental lexicon is defined as the mental lexicon containing abstract entries called cross-linguistic “lemmas” underlying particular lexeme. This study claims that it is language-specific lemma which drives interlanguage production at three levels of abstract lexical structure: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. It further claims that it is cross-linguistic lemma variations in abstract lexical-conceptual structure which result in not only inappropriate lexical choices but also errors in interlanguage production of target language predicate-argument structure and morphological realization. Naturally occurring interlanguage production date for the study include several native and target language pairs: Japanese-English, Chinese-English, and English-Japanese. Some typical instances of language transfer involving other language pairs are also cited in support of the argument that the lexical-conceptual approach to interlanguage production is fundamental in any study of the nature of learner errors in interlanguage development.
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Wei, Longxing. "The Composite Nature of Interlanguage as a Developing System." Research in Language 7 (December 23, 2009): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-009-0002-9.
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This paper explores the nature of interlanguage (IL) as a developing system with a focus on the abstract lexical structure underlying IL construction. The developing system of IL is assumed to be ‘composite’ in that in second language acquisition (SLA) several linguistic systems are in contact, each of which may contribute different amounts to the developing system. The lexical structure is assumed to be ‘abstract’ in that the mental lexicon contains abstract elements called ‘lemmas’, which contain information about individual lexemes, and lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are language-specific and are in contact in IL production. Based on the research findings, it concludes that language transfer in IL production should be understood as lemma transfer of the learner’s first language (L1) lexical structure at three abstract levels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns, and IL construction is driven by an incompletely acquired abstract lexical structure of a target language (TL) item.
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Feldman, Laurie Beth, Dominiek Sandra, and Marcus Taft. "Morphological Structure, Lexical Representation and Lexical Access." American Journal of Psychology 111, no. 3 (1998): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423450.
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Wei, Longxing. "The Composite Abstract Lexical Structure of Interlanguage and Its Implications for Second Language Acquisition." Education, Language and Sociology Research 4, no. 4 (2023): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v4n4p1.
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This paper explores the nature of interlanguage with a focus on its lexical structure in relation to second language acquisition. The lexical structure of any language is assumed to be ‘abstract’ in that the mental lexicon contains ‘lemmas’, which are pieces of information about individual lexemes at three abstract levels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. The abstract lexical structure of IL is assumed to be ‘composite’ in that during the process of second language acquisition several linguistic systems are in contact, each of which contributes different amounts to interlanguage (i.e., the developing linguistic system). This study claims that lemmas are language-specific and the bilingual mental lexicon contains cross-linguistic lemmas at each of these abstract levels. It further claims that bilingual lemmas are in contact in interlanguage production, and it is cross-lemma variations in the composite abstract lexical structure of interlanguage which induce learner errors. Naturally occurring interlanguage production data for the study include several first and second language pairs. Based on the research findings, this study concludes that interlanguage variations are driven by an incompletely acquired abstract lexical structure of a target language and offers some implications for second language acquisition.
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Müller, Stefan, and Stephen Wechsler. "Lexical approaches to argument structure." Theoretical Linguistics 40, no. 1-2 (2014): 1–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2014-0001.
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AbstractIn lexical approaches to argument structure, lexical items include argument structures. The argument structure represents essential information about potential argument selection and expression, but abstracts away from the actual local phrasal structure. In contrast,
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Woolford, Ellen. "Lexical Case, Inherent Case, and Argument Structure." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 1 (2006): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438906775321175.
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In addition to the division in Case theory between structural and non-structural Case, the theory must distinguish two kinds of nonstructural Case: lexical Case and inherent Case. Lexical Case is idiosyncratic Case, lexically selected and licensed by certain lexical heads (certain verbs and prepositions). Inherent Case is more regular, associated with particular θ-positions: inherent dative Case with DP goals, and ergative Case with external arguments. Lexical and inherent Case turn out to be in complementary distribution with respect to θ-positions: only themes/internal arguments may have lexical Case, and only external arguments and DP goals may have inherent Case. This complementary distribution can be accounted for under recent views of vP structure that place both external arguments and (shifted) DP goals outside the VP proper at the point at which nonstructural Case is licensed. Claims in the literature that the more regular datives and ergatives are actually structural Cases are based on faulty or misleading diagnostic tests.
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Wei, Longxing. "The Bilingual Mental Lexicon and Lemmatic Transfer in Second Language Learning." English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies 2, no. 3 (2020): p43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v2n3p43.
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There have been numerous studies of first Language (L1) transfer in second Language (L2) learning. Various models have been proposed to explore the sources of language transfer and have also caused many controversies over the nature of language transfer and its effects on interlanguage. Different from most previous studies remaining at a surface level of observation, this study proposes an abstract approach, which is abstract because it goes beyond any superficial observation and description by exploring the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon in L2 learning. This approach adopts the Bilingual Lemma Activation Model (BLAM) (Wei, 2006a, 2006b) and tests its crucial assumptions and claims: The bilingual mental lexicon does not simply contain lexemes but abstract entries, called “lemmas”, about them; lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are language-specific; language-specific lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are in contact in L2 learning, lemmas underlying L1 abstract lexical structure may replace those underlying L2 abstract lexical structure. Lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are about three levels of abstract lexical structure: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. The typical instances of L1 lemma transfer in L2 learning are discussed and explained in support of the BLAM.
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Wei, Longxing. "Abstract Lexical Structure in Second Language Learning." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 2, no. 3 (2018): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v2n3p223.
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<em>Different from most previous studies of language transfer phenomena in second language learning which remain at an observational and descriptive level, this study proposes that the major source of language transfer is the interference of first language abstract lexical structure. It assumes that any interlanguage system, like other linguistic systems, has an abstract lexical structure containing several discrete but interacting subsystems: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. Unlike abstract lexical structures in other linguistic systems, the abstract lexical structure in second language learning has different sources. This study claims that any abstract lexical structure in second language learning contains more abstract elements than surface configurations of language, that is, language-specific lemmas underlie lexical entries, and such language-specific lemmas are in contact in second language learning, which can be split and recombined in novel, yet constrained ways in constructing the developing interlanguage system. Some typical instances of language transfer indicate that parts of the abstract lexical structure from first language lexical entries may influence that of the incompletely acquired L2 lexical entries. Thus, successful second language acquisition is driven by the complete acquisition of the abstract lexical structure underlying second language lexical entries.</em>
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Wei, Longxing. "Interlanguage Driven by Bilingual Abstract Lexical Structure." Language, Education and Culture Research 1, no. 1 (2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/lecr.v1n1p1.
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This study explores the nature of interlanguage (IL) in terms of bilingual abstract lexical structure and its role in the formulation and development of IL as learners’ developing linguistic system. Adopting the Bilingual Lemma Activation Model (BLAM) (Wei, 2002, 2003), it assumes that IL is a composite developing linguistic system because at different times different linguistic systems are in contact, such as learners’ first language (L1), the developing IL, and the target language (TL), and each contributes different amounts to the developing system of IL. The important claim of this study is that the mental lexicon contains abstract entries, called “lemmas”, which contain pieces of information about particular lexemes, and the bilingual mental lexicon contains language-specific lemmas, which are in contact in IL speech production. The other important claim of this study is that IL is fundamentally driven by bilingual abstract lexical structure, which contains several discrete but interacting subsystems: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns, and such an abstract lexical structure in IL may have different sources, such as those from learners’ L1 and/or the TL. The typical instances of learner errors discussed in this study offer some evidence that IL is a composite developing linguistic system.
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Williams, Joshua, and Sharlene D. Newman. "Modality-Independent Effects of Phonological Neighborhood Structure on Initial L2 Sign Language Learning." Research in Language 13, no. 2 (2015): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0022.
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The goal of the present study was to characterize how neighborhood structure in sign language influences lexical sign acquisition in order to extend our understanding of how the lexicon influences lexical acquisition in both sign and spoken languages. A referentmatching lexical sign learning paradigm was administered to a group of 29 hearing sign language learners in order to create a sign lexicon. The lexicon was constructed based on exposures to signs that resided in either sparse or dense handshape and location neighborhoods. The results of the current study indicated that during the creation of the lexicon signs that resided in sparse neighborhoods were learned better than signs that resided in dense neighborhoods. This pattern of results is similar to what is seen in child first language acquisition of spoken language. Therefore, despite differences in child first language and adult second language acquisition, these results contribute to a growing body of literature that implicates the phonological features that structure of the lexicon is influential in initial stages of lexical acquisition for both spoken and sign languages. This is the first study that uses an innovated lexicon-construction methodology to explore interactions between phonology and the lexicon in L2 acquisition of sign language.
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De Raad, Boele, B. F. Mulder, and Dick P. H. Barelds. "Psycho-lexically based Openness to Experience." International Journal of Personality Psychology 7 (December 17, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ijpp.7.38194.
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We investigated whether NEO-PI-R Openness to Experience (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and its six facets could be identified in the natural trait lexicon. To represent the NEO-PI-R Openness, a list of 113 items was selected from a lexically derived trait list developed for the eight-factor trait model of De Raad and Barelds (2008). We used ratings from two samples. The first (N=271) filled out the lexical Openness scales, the NEO-PI-R Openness scales, and scales measuring the eight-factor model. From the second sample (N=1,466), ratings were used to analyze the lexical Openness scales. Correlations between the eight-factor scales and the two sets of Openness scales indicated that Openness scales are fairly covered by the eight factors, except for the Ideas and Values facets of the NEO-PI-R. The lexical Openness scales correlated well with the NEO-PI-R Openness scales. Openness to Experience and its six facets were identified in the natural trait lexicon, but exploratory factor analyses did not support the six-facet structure of the NEO-PI-R Openness, neither did they lead to a similar six-facet structure across samples. Moreover, it did not consistently support a proposed two-facet structure emphasizing internal openness (fantasy, aesthetics) and external openness (ideas, change).
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Elman, Jeffrey L. "Lexical knowledge without a lexicon?" Methodological and Analytic Frontiers in Lexical Research (Part II) 6, no. 1 (2011): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.6.1.01elm.
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Although for many years a sharp distinction has been made in language research between rules and words — with primary interest on rules — this distinction is now blurred in many theories. If anything, the focus of attention has shifted in recent years in favor of words. Results from many different areas of language research suggest that the lexicon is representationally rich, that it is the source of much productive behavior, and that lexically specific information plays a critical and early role in the interpretation of grammatical structure. But how much information can or should be placed in the lexicon? This is the question I address here. I review a set of studies whose results indicate that event knowledge plays a significant role in early stages of sentence processing and structural analysis. This poses a conundrum for traditional views of the lexicon. Either the lexicon must be expanded to include factors that do not plausibly seem to belong there; or else virtually all information about word meaning is removed, leaving the lexicon impoverished. I suggest a third alternative, which provides a way to account for lexical knowledge without a mental lexicon.
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Stella, Massimo. "Cohort and Rhyme Priming Emerge from the Multiplex Network Structure of the Mental Lexicon." Complexity 2018 (September 17, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6438702.
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Complex networks recently opened new ways for investigating how language use is influenced by the mental representation of word similarities. This work adopts the framework of multiplex lexical networks for investigating lexical retrieval from memory. The focus is on priming, i.e., exposure to a given stimulus facilitating or inhibiting retrieval of a given lexical item. Supported by recent findings of network distance influencing lexical retrieval, the multiplex network approach tests how the layout of hundreds of thousands of word-word similarities in the mental lexicon can lead to priming effects on multiple combined semantic and phonological levels. Results provide quantitative evidence that phonological priming effects are encoded directly in the multiplex structure of the mental representation of words sharing phonemes either in their onsets (cohort priming) or at their ends (rhyme priming). By comparison with randomised null models, both cohort and rhyming effects are found to be emerging properties of the mental lexicon arising from its multiplexity. These priming effects are absent on individual layers but become prominent on the combined multiplex structure. The emergence of priming effects is displayed both when only semantic layers are considered, an approximated representation of the so-called semantic memory, and when semantics is enriched with phonological similarities, an approximated representation of the lexical-auditory nature of the mental lexicon. Multiplex lexical networks can account for connections between semantic and phonological information in the mental lexicon and hence represent a promising modelling route for shedding light on the interplay between multiple aspects of language and human cognition in synergy with experimental psycholinguistic data.
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Aldea, Maria, and Carmen Fenechiu. "Continuités et discontinuités lexicales et grammaticales dans les proverbes roumains et latins." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 67, no. 1 (2022): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.1.01.
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"Lexical and Grammatical Continuities and Discontinuities in the Romanian and Latin Proverbs. In our paper, we analyse some Romanian and Latin proverbs recorded in a lexicographical masterwork of the Transylvanian School, such as The Lexicon of Buda (1825). Based on this inventory, our approach will investigate from a lexical and morphosyntactic perspective the internal structure of proverbs, highlighting the lexical and grammatical continuities and discontinuities between two languages and their ancient origin. Keywords: proverb, Romanian language, Latin language, the Lexicon of Buda, lexical and morphosyntactic approach "
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Vitevitch, Michael S., and Rutherford Goldstein. "The structure of the lexical network influences lexical processing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 3 (2012): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4755554.
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Faber, Pamela, and Maribel Tercedor Sánchez. "Codifying conceptual information in descriptive terminology management." Meta 46, no. 1 (2002): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/002715ar.
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Abstract Martín Mingorance's Functional-Lexematic Model (FLM) and Mel'cuk's Meaning Text Theory (MTT) are two complementary models of lexical description, which can also be applied to the description of terminological information. The FLM is compatible with general terminology theory because it envisions a lexicon structured onomasiologically in terms of areas of meaning or lexical domains. The MTT is also applicable because its lexical functions can be used to represent both paradigmatic and syntagmatic information within specialized texts. The combination of these two models permits the formalization of different translation-oriented types of terminological information, and is an aid to non-specialists who need to structure a specialized field.
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Ahmed, Sirwan Samen, and Shelan Omar Huseen. "Argument Structure description in the Kurdish Language." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, no. 1 (2022): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.1.11.
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This research is entitled (Argument Structure description in the Kurdish Language), an attempt to present the relationship between syntax and semantics. The purpose of argument structure is to show the relationship between predicates and arguments in a sentence. The data and samples of the study were taken from the Kurdish Lexicon. According to their Lexical information, the argument structure was presented and then tested in syntax to determine the relationship between the argument structure and the syntactic structures. In the result, the research indicates the argument structure is central between semantics and syntactic structures.
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EVANS, VYVYAN. "The meaning of time: polysemy, the lexicon and conceptual structure." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 1 (2005): 33–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704003056.
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In this paper I argue that the lexeme time constitutes a lexical category of distinct senses instantiated in semantic memory. The array of distinct senses constitutes a motivated semantic network organised with respect to a central sense termed the SANCTIONING SENSE. The senses associated with time are derived by virtue of the interaction between the Sanctioning Sense, conceptual processing and structuring, and context. Hence, semantic representations, cognitive mechanisms, and situated language use are appealed to in accounting for the polysemy associated with time. The model adduced is termed PRINCIPLEDPOLYSEMY. The conclusion which emerges, in keeping with recent studies in lexical semantics, most notably Lakoff (1987), Pustejovsky (1995), Tyler & Evans (2003) and Evans (2004), is that the lexicon is not an arbitrary repository of unrelated lexemes; rather, the lexicon exhibits a significant degree of systematicity, and productivity. In order to adduce what constitutes a distinct sense, I introduce three criteria: (1) a meaning criterion, (2) a concept elaboration criterion and (3) a grammatical criterion. A further claim is that the lexicon exhibits significant redundancy. This position is at odds with SINGLE-MEANINGAPPROACHES to polysemy, which posit highly underspecified lexical META-ENTRIES, such as the generative approach of Pustejovsky (1995) or the monosemy position of Ruhl (1989). That is, I propose that lexical items constitute highly granular categories of senses, which are encoded in semantic memory (=the lexicon). This necessitates a set of criteria for determining what counts as a distinct sense without deriving a proliferation of unwarranted senses, a criticism which has been levelled at some studies of word-meaning in cognitive linguistics (e.g. Lakoff 1987).
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Sheptukhina, E. M., and I. Yu Uvarova. "VERB IN THE LEXICAL STRUCTURE OF HAGIOGRAPHIC TEXT: SYNTAGMATIC ASPECT." VESTNIK IKBFU PHILOLOGY PEDAGOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY, no. 4 (2023): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/pikbfu-2023-4-4.
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Using a comprehensive approach to the analysis of linguistic facts, a fragment of the lexical structure of hagiographic text formed by verbal units is characterized. The material for the study consists of hagiographic lives of saints and martyrs from the Synodal edition, which are part of the May cycle of the Menaion Reader. The authors focus on the syntagmatic aspect of the lexical structure of the hagiographic text, manifested in the distribution of lexical units and their collocations. As a result, a quantitative dynamics of verbal units is identified, reflected in the increase in the proportion of verbs in the part of the hagiography describing the saint’s journey to righteousness. The distribution of verbs throughout the text of different lexical-semantic groups is determined by the type of monastic or martyric asceticism of the saint and the content of the compositional part embodying various hagiographic topoi. The role of lexical repetition in expressing the content of the text is demonstrated. The specificity of hagiographic lives is established, characterized by the use of verbal units whose meaning has evolved through semantic derivation, reflecting the metaphorical reinterpretation of a specific action in a spiritual plane.
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Azman, Ahmad. "Psycholinguistic Explanation in Lexical Acquisition of Second Language (L2) Adult Learners." Explora 10, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/explora.v10i1.2467.
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This paper is organized into several sections. First, a model of L2 lexical development is outlined. It starts with a review on the internal structure of the lexical entries in the mental lexicon. Then a comparison is made between the different conditions under which L2 and L1 are learned. The consequences of such differences for L2 lexical development and representation are thus highlighted. Finally, the three stages of L2 vocabulary acquisition on the basis of what is represented in the lexical entry are applied. Keywords : Lexical Aquisition , Second Language aquisition
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Husband, Edward Matthew. "Severing Scale Structure from the Adjective." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.565.
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The scale structure of adjectives, whether an adjective measures on an open or closed scale, has certain grammatical consequences and is traditionally captured by encoding scale structure into an adjective’s lexical representation and projecting it into the grammar. However, adjectives can exhibit scalar variability, suggesting that scale structure is not projected from the lexicon, but instead is constructed by the adjective’s structural environment. I review a recent analysis of adjectival scale structure, observing that an economy condition with a single pos morpheme requires polysemy for these variable-behavior adjectives, and propose that splitting the pos morpheme and severing scale structure from the adjective captures scalar variability within a unified lexical entry without economy.
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Clahsen, Harald. "Lexical entries and rules of language: A multidisciplinary study of German inflection." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (1999): 991–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99002228.
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Following much work in linguistic theory, it is hypothesized that the language faculty has a modular structure and consists of two basic components, a lexicon of (structured) entries and a computational system of combinatorial operations to form larger linguistic expressions from lexical entries. This target article provides evidence for the dual nature of the language faculty by describing recent results of a multidisciplinary investigation of German inflection. We have examined: (1) its linguistic representation, focussing on noun plurals and verb inflection (participles), (2) processes involved in the way adults produce and comprehend inflected words, (3) brain potentials generated during the processing of inflected words, and (4) the way children acquire and use inflection. It will be shown that the evidence from all these sources converges and supports the distinction between lexical entries and combinatorial operations.Our experimental results indicate that adults have access to two distinct processing routes, one accessing (irregularly) inflected entries from the mental lexicon and another involving morphological decomposition of (regularly) inflected words into stem+affix representations. These two processing routes correspond to the dual structure of the linguistic system. Results from event-related potentials confirm this linguistic distinction at the level of brain structures. In children's language, we have also found these two processes to be clearly dissociated; regular and irregular inflection are used under different circumstances, and the constraints under which children apply them are identical to those of the adult linguistic system.Our findings will be explained in terms of a linguistic model that maintains the distinction between the lexicon and the computational system but replaces the traditional view of the lexicon as a simple list of idiosyncrasies with the notion of internally structured lexical representations.
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Tivyaeva, Irina, and Olga Syomina. "English Mnemonic Lexicon: Constituent Structure and Verbalization Potential." English Studies at NBU 6, no. 1 (2020): 29–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.20.1.2.
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This paper presents a study of the system of lexical devices used by English speakers to verbalize their personal memory experiences. The approach presented in the paper presupposes inclusion of non-narrative structures into the spectrum of language forms conveying mnemonic meanings and extends the latter so as to encompass the meanings of encoding, storage, retrieval and loss. The research is based on the hypothesis that lexical units expressing memory-related meanings in English constitute a specifically organized system. A variety of communicative contexts representing mnemonic situations are analyzed as to develop a typology of memory verbalizers in English, estimate their functional potential and role in objectifying personal memory experiences on the lexical level. The results confirm the original hypothesis and suggest that mnemonic lexicon as a linguistic reflection of the mnemonic faculty is an important and largely understudied element of the language – memory system.
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de Bot, Kees, Albert Cox, Steven Ralston, Anneli Schaufeli, and Bert Weltens. "Lexical processing in bilinguals." Second Language Research 11, no. 1 (1995): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100101.
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In this article data from an auditory lexical decision experiment with English-Dutch bilinguals are compared with data from a similar experiment using visual lexical decision. The aim of the experiments was to investigate three factors that may play a role in lexical processing: level of proficiency in the second language, mode of presentation (visual vs. auditory) and cognate- ness of lexical items. The structure of this article is as follows. In the first part a description is given of current theoretical models of the bilingual lexicon. In the second part we present a summary of an experiment on visual lexical decision (Kerkman, 1984; Kerkman and De Bot, 1989), and in the third part we report on the auditory lexical decision experiment. In the last part these two sets of data are discussed in the light of recent theorizing on the bilingual lexicon.
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Mokhtar, Ahmad Azman. "Psycholinguistic Explanation in Lexical Acquisition of Second Language (L2) Adult Learners." Explora 8, no. 2 (2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/explora.v8i2.640.
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This paper is organized into several sections. First, a model of L2 lexical development is outlined. It starts with a review on the internal structure of the lexical entries in the mental lexicon. Then a comparison is made between the different conditions under which L2 and L1 are learned. The consequences of suchdifferences for L2 lexical development and representation are thus highlighted. Finally, the three stages of L2 vocabulary acquisition on the basis of what is represented in the lexical entry are applied.
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Ju, Ji-Youn. "Lexical Arrangement Structure Of Hunmongjahoe." Journal of Korean Linguistics 100 (December 31, 2021): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15811/jkl.2021..100.006.
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Merlo, Suzanne Stevenson &. Paolo. "Lexical Structure and Parsing Complexity." Language and Cognitive Processes 12, no. 2-3 (1997): 349–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016909697386880.
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Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. "NARRATIVE STRUCTURE AND LEXICAL ASPECT." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, no. 4 (1998): 471–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263198004021.
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Two hypotheses regarding the distribution of emergent tense-aspect morphology in SLA have been proposed: the aspect hypothesis, which claims the distribution of interlanguage verbal morphology is determined by lexical aspectual class, and the discourse hypothesis, which claims it is determined by narrative structure. Recent studies have tested and supported both hypotheses individually. This study expands the investigation to include an analysis of both narrative structure and lexical aspectual class in a single corpus comprising 74 narratives (37 oral and written pairs) produced by adult learners of English as a second language at various proficiency levels. The results suggest that both hypotheses are necessary to account for the distribution of verbal morphology in interlanguage.
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Morley, John. "Lexical cohesion and rhetorical structure." Lexical Cohesion and Corpus Linguistics 11, no. 3 (2006): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.3.03mor.
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Lexical cohesion not only contributes to the texture of a text, it can help to indicate the rhetorical development of the discourse. This article looks at this argument-structuring function of lexical cohesion first by considering single texts using the techniques of classical Discourse Analysis and then by using the methodology of corpus linguistics to examine several million words of text. First, the nature of cohesive links within single articles is examined. Next, the link between headlines and the articles that follow them is studied. Finally, various concessive mechanisms which structure arguments are examined in detail. It is argued that an awareness of the mechanisms outlined in this article will help students to understand better the kind of argumentation presented in texts. All the texts studied are from English newspapers.
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Daley, Ken. "The structure of lexical concepts." Philosophical Studies 150, no. 3 (2009): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-009-9411-9.
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Ingham, Richard. "Lexical structure and children's syntax." First Language 10, no. 30 (1990): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272379001003013.
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Golovashchenko, Yuliia. "STRUCTURE OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC FIELD IN LITERARY TEXT." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 835-836 (2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2022.835-836.24-32.
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The article is dedicated to the issue of a lexical-semantic field within an author’s literary text. A lexical-semantic field is viewed as a paradigmatic group of lexical units that are united in accordance with their semantic affinity. A lexical-semantic field is explained to possess a hierarchical structure, which allows to ensure a developed semantic picture of a certain conceptual field. Based on the novels of John Maxwell Coetzee, the structure of a lexical-semantic field is outlined. It encompasses semantic concretization of specific areas of an individual author’s linguistic world picture. The first stratum of a lexical semantic field is defined as a lexical semantic microfield that reflects division of a broader conceptual area into narrower related ones. A lexical semantic microfield is, in turn, divided into semantic subclasses, i.e. word groups based on similar semantic and morphologic characteristics. Introduction of semantic subclasses into the structure of a lexical semantic field is encouraged by the need to group lexical units according to part-of-speech criterion and, simultaneously, demonstrate semantic plentifulness of meaning in the individual author’s linguistic world picture. The lower hierarchical stratum is occupied by a lexical semantic group which embodies intralingual relations among lexical meanings. Inclusion of lexical units into a lexical semantic field is possible under the condition of dominant seme component that marks semantic affinity of a word to the relevant outer linguistic reality. Inventorization of suitable lexical units takes place via dictionary definition analysis, since reference to lexicographic definitions allows to create a chain of definitions and reveal pertinent semes in word meanings. One of the lexical semantic fields construed is based on novels by John Maxwell Coetzee is „HUMAN”, reflecting the conceptual field of a human. The abovementioned lexical semantic field is divided into four lexical semantic subfields that together sketch a human through the lens of emotions and feelings, built, mind and thinking, and, eventually, language. The present article focuses on lexical semantic microfield „Human Body”. The paradigm of lexical semantic field structure is represented, semantic range of meaning within the microfield is described, and grouping of lexical units into semantic subclasses and lexical semantic groups based on the analysis of dictionary definitions is performed.
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Laudanna, Alessandro. "Regular versus irregular inflection: A question of levels." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (1999): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99382224.
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When referring to the organization of the mental lexicon, the distinction between combinatorial rules and lexical listing for regularly versus irregularly inflected words should be further developed to account for subregular morphological processes. Moreover, the distinction may be more or less appropriate depending on the lexical component under consideration, and it is subject to interplay with other factors that are relevant in determining the representational structure of the lexical system.
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Stong, Margaret. "Lexical Overgeneration in Icelandic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 2 (1987): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001657.
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Bound neuter i-stems in Modern Icelandic, which occur as heads of compounds in for examplesalanguryroi‘slang word’, support an overgenerating model of the lexicon. Bound stems are shown to be generated as constituents at level 1 of the lexicon and combined to form compounds at level 2. Bound stems are blocked from becoming inputs to the syntax by the Avoid Synonymy principle (Kiparsky 1983), revised as a constraint on the output of the lexicon as a whole. Because Avoid Synonymy operates in lexical Logical Form, it has access to word-internal structure at each lexical level. The revised version of Avoid Synonymy is given additional support from Icelandic and English.
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Maha Kastri, Evi, Mukhammad Isnaeni, and Abdul Gafur Marzuki. "LEXICON IN MANTRA LAMPUNG: ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND MEANING." INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ICORAD) 1, no. 1 (2022): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47841/icorad.v1i1.9.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the lexicon of the Lampung mantra. Using a structural analysis approach, the study describes a class of words or vocabulary through its distinctive structural markings. In addition, this study also uses lexical and grammatical meaning theory. Furthermore, the study used descriptive methods of analysis aimed at describing facts as they are. The data source was obtained from two books that contained Lampung spells. The results showed the existence of (1) morphological structure of Lampung mantra lexicon including basic words and derivative words. In addition, the derivative word is a Lampung vocabulary that has gained the process of a fixation, repetition process, or has undergone incorporation. (2) The meaning of the word revealed in the Lampung mantra there is lexical and grammatical.
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Sánchez García, Jesús M. "Lexical structure, lexical concepts and metaphorical concepts : the case of "change" verbs in English." Journal of English Studies 1 (May 29, 1999): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.51.
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The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) To examine some of the notions current in the FLM (L. M. Mingorance¿s Functional Lexematic Model of semantic description) concerning lexical structure and knowledge, in the light of the cognitive paradigm; and (ii) to analyse some of the connections that can be established between the English lexico-conceptual domain of CHANGE verbs and other domains via the definitional structure of such lexical concepts as those of change verbs -as structured by the FLM-, in order to identify the underlying metaphorical concepts and processes involved.
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Wei, Longxing, and Xuexin Liu. "Interlanguage as an Outcome of Bilingual Linguistic Systems in Contact." Language, Education and Culture Research 5, no. 1 (2025): p43. https://doi.org/10.22158/lecr.v5n1p43.
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Most previous studies of interlanguage (IL) relate IL performance errors in second language (L2) learning to the developing IL system itself. Though in such studies, language transfer is regarded as one of the processes responsible for IL development, little attention has been paid to the relationship and interaction between learners’ first language (L1) and target language (TL). This study assumes that IL, as a developing linguistic system, involves several linguistic systems, such as learners’ L1, learners’ TL, and learners’ currently acquired L2, and such linguistic systems are in contact in learners’ target-oriented speech production, each contributing different amounts to the developing IL system. This study further assumes that the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon may play a significant role in IL development. As claimed in this study, the bilingual mental lexicon contains language-specific ‘lemmas’ (i.e., abstract entries in the mental lexicon about individual lexemes), and such lemmas are in contact in IL production. Thus, IL performance errors are viewed as consequences of ‘lemma transfer’ of learners’ L1 abstract lexical structure. The lexical structure is ‘abstract’ because it contains three abstract levels of linguistic organization: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. This study treats IL as an outcome of bilingual linguistic systems in contact at an abstract level. IL performance data are analyzed to test the hypothesis that the developing IL system is driven by an incompletely acquired abstract lexical structure of the TL, and IL development is always a predictable and target-oriented process.
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Fábregas, Antonio. "Theories of argument structure." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 13, no. 2 (2024): 1–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.13.2.7834.
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This work discusses the different theories that have attempted to explain the relation between the lexical information provided by a predicate and the syntactic structures that introduce arguments. The focus of the article is in the different sets of assumptions and predictions made by endo-skeletal theories, where lexical items somehow condition the syntactic projection of arguments, and exo-skeletal theories, where lexical items must adapt their meaning to whichever argument structure syntax has defined. In doing so, the article reviews the Theta Criterion, the thematic hierarchy, the notion of linking, the syntactic and semantic decomposition of lexical verbs and the different types of theta role definitions from a formal semantic perspective.
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Meurers, W. Detmar. "On Expressing Lexical Generalizations in HPSG." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (2001): 161–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/033258601753358605.
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This paper investigates the status of the lexicon and the possibilities for expressing lexical generalizations in the paradigm of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). We illustrate that the architecture readily supports the use of implicational principles to express generalizations over a class of word objects. A second kind of lexical generalizations expressing relations between classes of words is often expressed in terms of lexical rules. We show how lexical rules can be integrated into the formal setup for HPSG developed by King (1989, 1994), investigate a lexical rule specification language allowing the linguist to only specify those properties which are supposed to differ between the related classes, and define how this lexical rule specification language is interpreted. We thereby provide a formalization of lexical rules as used in HPSG.
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LEE, LESLIE, and FARRELL ACKERMAN. "Word-based morphology–syntax interdependencies: Thai passives." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 2 (2015): 359–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000456.
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In this article, we argue that insights concerning the word-based nature of morphology, especially the hypothesis that periphrastic expressions are cross-linguistically common exponents of lexical relations, permit a novel lexical constructional analysis of periphrastic predicates that preserves the restriction of morphosyntactic mapping operations, such as passive, to the lexicon. We do this in the context of the periphrastic Thaithuukpassive, justifying in detail the monoclausal status of the construction, its flat phrase structure, the semantics of affectedness associated with it, and its paradigmatic opposition with other passive constructions in the language. Building on the proposal of Bonami & Webelhuth (2013) and Bonami (2015) that a periphrase relies on a form of the main verb that selects collocationally for an auxiliary element, we develop an analysis of Thai periphrastic passives in which the surface syntax of these predicates is mediated by appropriate lexical representations. Crucially, the rearrangement of arguments in the passive is done lexically, via lexical rule, rather than in the syntax. The resulting analysis is consistent with the classical tradition of Word and Paradigm morphology, which posits periphrastic expression as one of several encoding strategies for the realization of morphosyntactic information within words.
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Mohanan, K. P. "Syllable structure and lexical strata in English." Phonology Yearbook 2, no. 1 (1985): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000403.
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One of the current debates in the theory of Lexical Phonology revolves around the question whether the cyclicity of lexical strata is derived from Universal Grammar or has to be specified in individual grammars. Pesetsky (1979), Mohanan (1982) and Kiparsky (1982) assume that all lexical strata are cyclic. In contrast, Mohanan & Mohanan (1984) and Halle & Mohanan (1985) propose that lexical strata may be either cyclic or noncyclic, and that it is necessary to indicate the cyclicity of each stratum language specifically. Kiparsky (1984) allows the possibility of noncyclic lexical strata, but holds that only the last lexical stratum can be noncyclic, thereby eliminating the need for the specification of cyclicity in grammars
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Wei, Longxing. "Contact Linguistics of Interlanguage." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 7, no. 4 (2023): p28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v7n4p28.
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Different from traditional definitions of “interlanguage” and descriptions of interlanguage production, this study defines interlanguage in terms of its outstanding linguistic characteristics at the level of abstract lexical structure, including its three sublevels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and surface morphological realization patterns (Myers-Scotton and Jake 1995). Also different from most previous studies of interlanguage, this study views interlanguage or any interlanguage system as an outcome of a language-contact phenomenon. Adopting the Matrix Language Frame model (Myers-Scotton 1993[1997]) of bilingual intrasentential codeswitching in particular and contact linguistics in general, this study identifies the “matrix language” or the grammatical frame which structures interlanguage and reviews such a matrix language as a composite (Jake 1998; Wei 2009c). By adopting the Bilingual Lemma Activation model (Wei 2002, 2015, 2020), this study explores the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon during interlanguage development. Accordingly, it proposes a particular approach to the nature and sources of second language learner errors or first language transfer in second language learning. It concludes that any interlanguage system must be driven by an incompletely acquired target language system in general and by an incompletely acquired target language abstract lexical structure in particular.
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McNellis, Mark G., and Sheila E. Blumstein. "Self-Organizing Dynamics of Lexical Access in Normals and Aphasics." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (2001): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901564216.
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The goal of this article is to illustrate the application of self-organizing dynamics in the design of a model of lexical access. We focus particularly on the mapping of sound structure on to the lexicon and the influence of that structure on lexical access. The approach is tested in a series of two sets of simulations that explicate how lexical access might occur in normal subjects and aphasic patients. Both sets of simulations address the behavioral effects of both phonological and phonetic variability of prime stimuli on the magnitude of semantic priming. Results show that the model can successfully account for the behavioral effects associated with several kinds of acoustic manipulation, competitor presence, and the unfolding of those effects over time—primarily because it balances three important control parameters: resting lexical activation, positive feedback, and negative feedback. These simulations are offered as support (in the form of an existence proof) that deficits in the degree of lexical activation can account for the lexical processing impairments shown by Broca's aphasics who have reduced lexical activation, and Wernicke's aphasics who have increased lexical activation. Overall, results suggest that the present approach promises to offer a coherent theoretical framework within which to link empirical evidence in language processing and cognitive neuroscience in terms of possible underlying mechanisms.
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Kerkman, H. "Celex." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 27 (January 1, 1987): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.27.04ker.
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Many fields of language and speech research need a tool to get full information about phenomena that occur at the lexical level of language. To this end, a countrywide accessible database is being built with lexical information of the Dutch and English languages. CELEX is the co-operative effort of the University of Nijmegen, the Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics, the Institute for Dutch Lexicology, the Institute for Perception Research, and the Dr. Neher Laboratories of the Dutch Telecommunication Company. The design of a coherent lexical database with generally usable information about, amongst other things, morphology and syntax, leads to a challenging conflict. On the one hand, the objective of CELEX demands that the representation of all occurring phenomena should be independent - as far as possible -of specific language theories. On the other hand, the value of a lexical database is to a great extent dependent on the relational structure, which is based precisely on linguistic theories. In other words, a lexical database, which makes it possible to test theories, is itself a necessary tool for the construction of a lexical database. The pragmatic approach of the CELEX-project means that countless applications will be possible, but choices will have to be made. One application will be to research the optimal structure of theoretically-founded lexica and lexical databases.
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Saucier, Gerard. "An alternative multi‐language structure for personality attributes." European Journal of Personality 17, no. 3 (2003): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.489.
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A scientific taxonomy of human personality attributes should optimally be based on studies from multiple languages and cultures. Study 1 demonstrates convergence between seven‐factor structures found in previous studies of Filipino and Hebrew languages. Study 2 shows that this ‘Multi‐Language Seven’ (ML7) factor model overlaps partially with the Big Five model, but includes four rather than three affective–interpersonal factors, replicates in American English lexical data nearly as well as the Big Five, and has close correspondences to the structure upon which two Italian lexical studies have converged. Correlates were used to clarify interpretation of ML7 factors labelled Gregariousness, Self‐Assurance, Even Temper ‘versus Temperamentalness’, Concern for Others, Conscientiousness, Originality/Virtuosity, and Negative Valence ‘or Social Unacceptability’. These studies indicate the viability of a lexically derived ‘etic’ alternative to the Big Five. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.