Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ley 348'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Ley 348.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Bumbaroska, Aleksandra. "En kvalitativ studie om Icke-statliga organisationers roll för jämställdhetsutveckling i Bolivia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-429678.
Full textMeunier, Mathieu. "Contribution à la mise au point des critères de formulation pour les enrobés SMA adaptés à la formulation du laboratoire des chaussées du ministère des Transports du Québec." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2005. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/348/1/MEUNIER_Mathieu.pdf.
Full textPiedra, Arjona Jordi. "Los deberes fiduciarios de los administradores de sociedades de capital tras la Ley 31/2014, para la mejora del gobierno corporativo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670049.
Full textLa posición del administrador de sociedades de capital tras la modificación que la Ley 31/2014, de 3 de diciembre, para la mejora del gobierno corporativo, ha acometido en el capítulo III del título VI de la Ley de Sociedades de capital, viene determinada por un cuerpo estatutario de deberes fiduciarios que caracteriza a la gestión societaria como una profesión que impone un necesario contenido y dedicación funcional, una observancia del escenario normativo -directa o indirecta-, y una aplicación a la gestión social alineada al interés social con diligencia general, buena fe y lealtad corporativa. La delimitación funcional de la figura del administrador social ocupa un destacadísimo lugar en el movimiento de Corporate Governance. La relación que une al administrador con la sociedad se enmarca dentro de las relaciones representativas de gestión y se caracteriza por su carácter fiduciario, atípico, bilateral, consensual, oneroso y obligatorio. El alineamiento único y exclusivo con el interés social aporta el elemento fiduciario que fundamenta la relación gestora y causaliza todo el cuerpo prestacional. En dicho escenario relacional, la Ley 31/2014 ha delimitado y precisado el marco conductual del gestor social sobre los dos deberes tradicionalmente ligados a la relación fiduciaria de administración societaria: el deber de diligencia y el deber de lealtad. El primero, funcional y dispositivo, impone un juicio técnico. El segundo, disfuncional e imperativo, impone un juicio ético o axiológico. En el presente trabajo se analiza la posición nuclear del administrador de sociedades en el movimiento de gobierno corporativo, la relación fiduciaria de gestión representativa del administrador con la sociedad, los deberes fiduciarios que de la misma emanan y los efectos e instrumentos que ofrece el ordenamiento en caso de infracción de los deberes fiduciarios por el gestor social.
The position of the capital company administrator after the amendment that Law 31/2014, of December 3, for the improvement of corporate governance, has undertaken in chapter III of title VI of the Capital Companies Law, is determined by a statutory body of fiduciary duties that characterizes corporate management as a profession that imposes a necessary content and functional dedication, an observance of the regulatory setting -direct or indirect-, and an application to social management aligned to social interest with general diligence, good faith and corporate loyalty. The functional delimitation of the figure of the social administrator occupies a very prominent place in the Corporate Governance movement. The relationship that unites the administrator with society is framed within representative management relationships and is characterized by its fiduciary, atypical, bilateral, consensual, onerous and obligatory nature. The unique and exclusive alignment with the social interest provides the fiduciary element that underlies the managerial relationship and causes the entire benefit body. In this relational setting, Law 31/2014 has defined and specified the behavioural framework of the social manager regarding the two duties traditionally linked to the fiduciary relationship of corporate administration: the duty of diligence and the duty of loyalty. The first, functional and discretionary, imposes a technical judgment. The second, dysfunctional and imperative, imposes an ethical or axiological judgment. This paper analyses the nuclear position of the company administrator in the corporate governance movement, the fiduciary relationship of representative management of the administrator with society, the fiduciary duties that emanate from it and the effects and instruments offered by the law in case of infringement of fiduciary duties by the social manager.
Ferreira, Joana Ramos Santos. "Proposta de medidas para estabelecimento de um plano de controlo do fungo Aspergillus fumigatus numa empresa de multiplicação avicola." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3148.
Full textFoods that reach the consumer must be safe and with quality. To obtain a safe product is important the control not only at the end of process, but all along the entire chain Production chain, it means, from “farm to fork”.The poultry industry is an example that clarifies the application of a control system of that type. This study was conducted in an industry of poultry multiplication and aims to propose a plan where process points are identified as critica and special measures must be taken to control the proliferation of a pathogenic fungus that belongs to the species Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiological analyses were made in points identified as favouble to fungal growth, inside the exploration of breeding and hatchery, through the methods of Petri dishes exposure and surface swabs followed by plating onto a selective agar medium. The fungus was found in the hatchery and in the nests of the poultry farm multiplication. Measures most effective for control this fungus are prevention, cleaning and disinfections with a chemical product that has enilconazol as active substance, during the months of the year when temperatures are favourable.
Arnaud, Fabien. "Signatures climatiques et anthropiques dans les sédiments holocènes des lacs du Bourget et d'Anterne (Nord-Ouest des Alpes) : paléohydrologie et contamination au plomb." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-345-346.pdf.
Full textJAFFE, MARC. "Les fractures trochanteriennes : a propos d'une serie de 348 fractures traitees par vis plaque de judet." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU31508.
Full textMartínez, Deó Jacobo. "La "publificació"de les "urbanitzacions particulars" històriques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663296.
Full textEl término “urbanización” no ha sido nunca objeto de definición positiva, y su uso —incluso normativo— como si se tratara de una existente institución jurídicoadministrativa resulta impreciso, dando lugar a ambivalencias y a interpretaciones erróneas de normativas sectoriales no urbanísticas. El análisis de cuál fue el origen civil de aquellas primeras realidades (Ley del Suelo de 1956), y de su posterior evolución en el bloque de la refundición de 1976, que sobrepasó en mucho el ejercicio de una simple refundición, constituye el primer objetivo del trabajo. Aquellas “urbanizaciones” (civiles) fueron reconvertidas en un proceso, que arranca en la época de la transición, que llamamos de “publificación”, llevado a cabo, con una plausible voluntad subyacente propiciadora que fuera la ambivalente normativa la que comportara la “publificación” de aquellas realidades, con el consecuente traslado de las responsabilidades privadas de ejecución y mantenimiento al ámbito público. Explicar los condicionantes normativos de los procesos de “publificación” de los objetos unitarios del derecho privado “urbanizaciones particulares”, y cómo tuvieron lugar estos, constituye el segundo de los objetivos de la investigación. El análisis de la evolución normativa posterior al bloque normativo de 1976, con la actual regulación de los complejos inmobiliarios privados, que nos ubica en la actual coyuntura, constituye el tercer objetivo. El cuarto objetivo, apuntar no lo que una “urbanización” sea, sino, simplemente, qué sea lo que por “urbanización” deba entenderse. Ofrecer una plausible definición normativa inequívoca del vocablo en el derecho administrativo no para dotarla de ningún contenido novedoso, sino justamente, para negarle el que no le corresponde, aquella categorización de objeto o de institución inmerecidamente alcanzada. Proponer, en definitiva, una simple conceptualización sin objeto. Una “urbanización”, se ha necesariamente de concluir a la vista de toda la investigación, no es nada, no goza de ninguna característica inherente que la haga merecedora de constituirse en objeto alguno del derecho conceptualitzable como tal.
The term “urbanization” has never been the subject of a positive definition, and its use —even normative— as an existing legal and administrative institution is imprecise, leading to ambivalences and misrepresentations of non-urbanistic sectorial regulations. The analysis of the origin of those first realities (1956 Law), and its subsequent evolution in the block of the 1976 Rebuilt text, which far outstripped the exercise of a simple recasting, they constitute the first objective of the work. These “urbanizations” (civil law realities) were converted into a process, which starts at the time of the transition, which we call “publishing”, carried out, with a plausible underlying conducive that would be the ambivalent normative that would entail the “publishing”" of those realities, with the consequent transfer of the private responsibilities of execution and maintenance to the public domain. Explain the regulatory constraints of the processes of “publishing” the unitary objects of the private law “private urbanizations”, and how the processes happened, it constitutes the second of the objectives of the investigation. The analysis of the regulatory evolution following the 1976 regulatory bloc, with the current regulation of private real estate complexes, which places us in the current situation, constitutes the third objective. The fourth objective, to point out not what an “urbanization” is, but simply what it is for urbanization to be understood. To offer a plausible unambiguous normative definition of the word in the administrative law not to endow it with any new content, but just to deny what does not correspond to it, that categorization of object or institution immersionally achieved. To propose, in short, a simple conceptualization without an object. A “urbanization” must necessarily be concluded in the light of all the research, it is nothing, it does not enjoy any inherent characteristic that makes it worthy of being constituted in any object of the conceptualizable right as such.
Campregher, Ulisses Bastos. "Eficácia do LED na polimerização de um compósito." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/3485.
Full textSaura, Parramon Eduard. "Anàlisi estructural de la zona de les Nogueres (Pirineus Centrals)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3438.
Full textArnaud, Fabien Tribovillard Nicolas Desmet Marc. "Signatures climatiques et anthropiques dans les sédiments holocènes des lacs du Bourget et d'Anterne (Nord-Ouest des Alpes) Paléohydrologie et contamination au plomb /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2003-345-346.pdf.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3399. Articles en anglais reproduits dans le texte. Résumé en français. Bibliogr. à la suite de chaque chapitre.
Arnaud, Fabien Tribovillard Nicolas Desmet Marc. "Signatures climatiques et anthropiques dans les sédiments holocènes des lacs du Bourget et d'Anterne (Nord-Ouest des Alpes) paléohydrologie et contamination au plomb /." Grenoble : Atelier de reproduction des thèses, 2007. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2003-345-346.pdf.
Full textArticles en anglais reproduits dans le texte. Résumé en français. Bibliogr. à la suite de chaque chapitre.
Cui, Lei. "Topics in image recovery and image quality assessment /Cui Lei." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/368.
Full textMallat, Youssef. "La régulation du cytosquelette et du métabolisme énergétique par mir-378 et 378* dans les cardiomyocytes." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066604.
Full textMicroRNAs are endogenous regulators of gene expression. MiR-378 and miR-378* are localized in the first intro of the Ppargc1b gene that codes the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1β, a regulator of energy expenditure and mitochondrial biogenesis. These miRs are highly expressed in cardiac cells. To better assess their role in cardiomyocytes, we identified miR-378 and 378* targets via a proteomic screen. We overexpressed these miRs in an H9c2 cell line and identified 87 down regulated proteins in their presence. Bioinformatic algorithms predicted 20 proteins as targets of the miRs. We validated 10 of them by Q-PCR and luciferase reporter assay. Our results show that these miRs target proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response such as chaperone and/or calcium buffering proteins GRP78, PPIA and calumenin. MiR-378 also targets lactate dehydrogenase A and impacts on cell proliferation whereas miR-378* targets cytoskeleton proteins actin, vimentin and desmin. MiR-378* disrupts the desmin network in the cardiomyocyte. Its overexpression decreases mitochondrial network area and the expression level of respiratory chain components. This decrease seems to be a direct effect of the damage to the desmin network since its rescue with a desmin-overexpressing-AAV blocks the deleterious effect of miR-378*. Our results show that the miR-378/378* hairpin establishes a connection between energy metabolism, cytoskeleton remodeling and endoplasmic reticulum function through post-transcriptional regulation of key proteins involved in theses pathways
NAPOLITANO, PAOLA. "Nella Berther: edizione e studio dei diari inediti." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/384.
Full textLee, Michael B. "An Actor’s Growth: From Student to Professional, Tackling Collegiate Theatre with Michael Lee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/342.
Full textSantos, Ana Paula de Souza Medeiros. "Diversidade de abelhas e recursos pol?nicos como fonte de alimenta??o em ?reas de cerrado." UFVJM, 2013. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/343.
Full textApproved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-06T12:07:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ana_paula_souza_medeiros_santos.pdf: 2226415 bytes, checksum: 01b2afc64c89731ca00528464187f324 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-06T12:07:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ana_paula_souza_medeiros_santos.pdf: 2226415 bytes, checksum: 01b2afc64c89731ca00528464187f324 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-06T12:11:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ana_paula_souza_medeiros_santos.pdf: 2226415 bytes, checksum: 01b2afc64c89731ca00528464187f324 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-06T12:11:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ana_paula_souza_medeiros_santos.pdf: 2226415 bytes, checksum: 01b2afc64c89731ca00528464187f324 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
As abelhas s?o importantes nos processos de poliniza??o das angiospermas. O p?len transportado por elas ou armazenado no interior do ninho permite a determina??o dos principais recursos florais utilizados. O primeiro estudo verificou a diversidade de abelhas solit?rias e seus recursos pol?nicos. Ninhos-armadilha feitos de bambu (n=450 por ?rea) e cartolina preta (n=180 por ?rea) foram disponibilizados em quatro ?reas: Parque Estadual do Rio Preto (PERP), ?rea de recupera??o Campus JK da UFVJM (AR), Parque Estadual do Biribiri (PEBI) e ?rea de Preserva??o Ambiental Pau-de-Fruta (APAPF). Nas quatro ?reas de estudo foram coletados um total de 74 ninhos fundados por abelhas de quatro esp?cies pertencentes ?s fam?lias Apidae e Megachilidae. Deste total, em 60 ninhos houve emerg?ncia dos ocupantes e em 14 houve mortalidade total dos indiv?duos. O PERP apresentou maior taxa de ocupa??o de ninhos por abelhas (n=55), seguida por AR (n=10) e PEBI (n=9). Na APAPF nenhum ninho foi fundado por abelhas. Tr?s esp?cies foram encontradas no PERP: Centristarsata (n=2), Centrisanalis (n=45) e Tetrapedia sp. (n=2). Na AR as esp?cies nidificantes foram C. tarsata (n=6), Tetrapedia sp. (n=1) e Megachile sp. (n=2). No PEBI houve nidifica??o apenas de C. analis (n=2). Os polens mais frequ?ntes encontrados dentro dos ninhos foram os de Malpighiaceae no PERP e PEBI.Na AR os de Fabaceae foram os mais frequ?ntes. As abelhas apresentaram um forte componente sazonal indicando que as nidifica??es ocorreram de acordo com a disponibilidade de recursos nas ?reas. O segundo trabalho foi realizado em uma ?rea de Cascalheira (PEBI). Foram coletadas as abelhas visitantes de Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) McLeish e Eremanthus incanus(Less.) Less (Asteraceae) usando rede entomol?gica. Houve preval?ncia de Trigona spinipes e Bombus atratus. As abelhas eussociais Apis mellifera e T. spinipes foram respons?veis pela maior frequ?ncia de polens de Eremanthus spp. B. atratus apresentou uma maior variedade de tipos pol?nicos. Outras fam?lias bot?nicas como Melastomataceae e Myrtaceae parecem ser fontes prim?rias de polens para as abelhas visitantes da ?rea.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT Bees play an important role in the process of angiosperm pollination. The pollen they transport and store inside their nest allows for the determination of the main floral resource. The first study examined the diversity of solitary bees and pollen resources. Trap-nests made of bamboo (n = 450 per area) and black-cardstock (n = 180 per area) were available in four areas: Parque Estadual do Rio Preto (PERP), ?rea de recupera??o Campus JK da UFVJM (AR), Parque Estadual do Biribiri (PEBI) and ?rea de Preserva??o Ambiental Pau-de-Fruta (APAPF). In the four areas of study, a total of 74 nests were collected that were built by four species of bees belonging to the families Apidae and Megachilidae. In 60 of these nests there was an emergence of occupants, and in 14 there was a total mortality of individuals. PERP presented the highest occupancy rate of nests by bees (n = 55), followed by AR (n = 10) and PEBI (n = 9). APAPF had no nests built by bees. Three species were found in the PERP study group: Centris tarsata (n = 2), Centris analis (n = 45) and Tetrapedia sp. (n = 2). In AR the breeding species were C. tarsata (n = 6), Tetrapedia sp. (n = 1) and Megachile sp. (n = 2). In PEBI there was nesting of C. analis (n = 2) only. The most frequently found pollen was Malpighiaceae in the PERP and PEBI study groups. In AR the Fabaceae pollen was the most frequent. The bees showed a strong seasonal component indicating that nesting occurred according to the availability of resources in the areas. The second study was conducted in the area of Cascalheira (PEBI). Visitor bees were collected of the species Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.), McLeish, Eremanthus incanus (Less.), Less (Asteraceae) using entomological nets. There was a prevalence of Trigona spinipes and Bombus atratus. The Eusocial bees (Apis mellifera and T. spinipes) were responsible for the higher frequency of Eremanthus spp. pollen. B. atratus showed a greater variety of pollen types. Other plant families such as Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae seem to be the primary sources of pollen for bees visiting the area
Ley, Christian [Verfasser]. "Ministerbefangenheit als Verfassungsproblem. / Christian Ley." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1238354947/34.
Full textKeith, Laura Helene. "A Pedagogical and Educational Examination of The First Month At The Piano by Mana-Zucca." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/318.
Full textJuncosa, Vidal M. Carme. "Les centrals de contractació com a mecanismes de racionalització tècnica de la contractació pública a l'àmbit supralocal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/395948.
Full textEn un contexto en el que parece fomentarse el externalitzación de los servicios públicos, la introducción de valores propios de la empresa privada en el sector público y en el que, al mismo tiempo, se apuesta por vincular la contratación pública a la estrategia corporativa, el presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la viabilidad de crear una central de contratación en una diputación provincial, o consejo de veguería. En el curso de la investigación se han analizado los mecanismos de racionalización técnica de la contratación pública, incidiendo en el recurso a las técnicas de contratación conjunta. Particularmente, se ha planteado la creación de una central de contratación en el ámbito de una diputación provinciale, o consejo de veguería, en la medida en que tiene asignadas competencias en materia de cooperación y la asistencia local, a partir de la formalización de acuerdos marco. Además, se ha considerado especialmente la realidad comarcal, al contar también con atribuciones en materia de cooperación y asistencia en favor de los municipios de su ámbito territorial. En cualquier caso, el recurso a una central de contratación contribuye a mejorar en eficacia y eficiencia los procesos de contratación en la medida en que promueve, además, la generación de economías de escala. No obstante, también puede dar lugar a un reforzamiento de los entes supralocales, en perjuicio del ejercicio de las competencias de los ayuntamientos adheridos. De ahí la necesidad de reforzar la dimensión externa de este instrumento, velando para garantizar la efetividad del principio de autonomía local, y de crear, si es preciso, un sistema de indicadores que permita valorar la viabilidad de su implementación. En definitiva, se pretende evidenciar que el recurso a un mecanismo de racionalización técnica, ya sea un acuerdo marco, una central de compras o un sistema dinámico, no tiene que servir únicamente a un objetivo de mejora de la eficacia y la eficiencia de los procedimientos de contratación, sino que también puede contribuir a garantizar la autonomía local, en un contexto de dificultades como el actual y, además, conseguir la plena satisfacción del interés general.
In a context in which the outsourcing of public services is being encouraged, together with the introduction of private values in the public sector, this work has focused on the creation of a central purchasing body in a provincial council, or catalan 'consells de vegueria'. As well as it has been considerated the link between public procurement and corporate strategy. Likewise joint procurement models and central purchasing bodies are been particularly taken into account. According to this, it has been considered the creation of a central procurement in upper levels of local government, as provincial councils, or catalan 'consells de vegueria', which have the responsibility for cooperating with municipalities by intergovernmental agreements. Similarly, it has been especially studied the question of catalan 'consells comarcals', who are responsible on cooperation and assistance, too. We have concluded that, although a central purchasing body may contribute to reducing public expenses, to achieving scale economies and to improving efficiency and effectiveness in public procurement, it can also strength provincial councils. In addition, the exact goods and supplies acquired by a a central purchasing body may imply a limitation in the exercise of local competences by municipalities. Hence, it is relevant to improve the external dimension of a central purchasing body and to control its proper implementation in a particular level of government. In short, techniques for electronic and aggregated procurement, whether framework agreement, central purchasing bodies or dynamic purchasing systems, not only guarantee efficiency and effectiveness in procurement procedures. In fact, these instruments can also be able to guarantee local autonomy and to achieve public interests.
Talbot, Christian. "Nouvelles architectures de "duplexeur" pour les communications sans fil." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2005. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/388/1/TALBOT_Christian.pdf.
Full textAdoue, Véronique. "Le contrôle de l'expression des peptidyl-aginine désiminases dans les kératinocytes associe des éléments proximaux et une région intergénique distante, et implique les facteurs AP-1 c-Jun, c-Fos et JunD : un modèle d'étude de la différenciation terminale épidermique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/346/.
Full textThe five PADI genes are clustered in human 1p35-36 and encode peptidylarginine deiminases which catalyze deimination. This Ca2+-dependent post-translational modification has been implicated in the pathophysiology of severe human diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The PADI genes present different expression patterns. Only PADI1-3 are expressed in the epidermis, with increased expression levels in granular keratinocytes. During my PhD work, I was involved in the characterization of the PADI1 minimal promoter, and showed the crucial role of MZF1 and Sp1 factors in the transcriptional activation of this gene during keratinocyte differentiation. Activities of PADI1, 2 and 3 minimal promoters and binding of transcription factors on them do not explain the expression specificity of these genes. Long-range cis elements are critical regulators of transcription, particularly for clustered paralogous genes. We therefore hypothesized the existence of such a regulation for PADI genes. Indeed, we identified an 8 kb conserved intergenic sequence between PADI2 and PADI1, namely IG1, located 37 and 97 kb from the initiation start sites of PADI1 and PADI3 respectively. I highlighted and characterised 3 long-range regulators in IG1, PIE, PIE-S1 and PIE-S2, which presented all the hallmarks of transcriptional enhancers: DNase I hypersensitivity, orientation-independence, copy-number dependence and cell-type specificity. In normal human epidermal keratinocytes differentiated in vitro by a high-calcium containing medium (1. 5 mM), PIE was shown to be specific for the PADI3 promoter and to require bound AP-1 factors, namely c-Jun and c-Fos. .
Arteaga, San Martín Armando Agustín. "Transmisión de la empresa y de unidades productivas en el concurso de acreedores." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/373911.
Full textThis work seeks to analyze the transfer of a company and its productive units regarding insolvency law, as part of the contents of an insolvency agreement or the liquidation operations of the assets, considering the aims and principles that guide it. According to that, the transfer that may take place through an assumption agreement and an agreement with structural modifications of the insolvent corporation, are analyzed. As regards the liquidation, the study specially considers the precautionary measures and rules to which the sale must be subject. The procedural opportunities that Isolvency Law provides for such purposes, and the general and particular requirements that must be complied with, are needed. Doctrine and court rulings, as well as comparative law, are the tools of analysis used in this work in order to carry out a dogmatic analysis of Insolvency Law, and in order to evaluate the recent reforms introduced by Law 9/2015, of may 25th, originated in the Royal Law-Decree 11/2014, of september 5th, on urgent measures in insolvency, on the promotion of transfer of units of the company or of productive units, as well as to gather the cumulative experience of a decade of application of the Insolvency Law.
Durand, Suzanne. "Mesures d'efficience d'un réseau intégré de services pour les personnes âgées." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/368.
Full textDinu, Alin Dorian. "Nouvelle méthode pour les études des interactions aéroservoélastiques en boucle ouverte sur les avions F/A-18, CL-604 et ATM et en boucle fermée sur l'ATM." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2005. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/378/1/DINU_Alin_Dorian.pdf.
Full textSilva, Jason de Lima e. "Foucault além de Nietzsche: da moral como lei e norma à avaliação da moral como ética e estética da existência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3488.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation intends to rise the following questions: 1. how is it possible to associate the practice of freedom, in moral terms, to oneself’s technique, in the terms of an aesthetics of existence? 2. how is it possible to currently reconstruct the moral sense according to self-esteem whose content is given less by a negation or isolation from the other than by personal work about oneself, with an eye to an êthos, of an ethics? 3. nowadays, can the value of morals be dislocated from the universal law to an attitude of difference, from the normality of the behavior to oneself’s improvement and, at last, from truth about the individual (by means of her knowledge) to an ascetical subjectivation that does not require the prerogative of an identity, but the transformation of the self in relation to itself and to others? Such questions are raised from Nietzsche’s and Foucault’s perspectives. Starting the thought of both philosophers I think it is possible to reconstruct the genesis of a problem, the value of morals, trying vehemently not to mix them up theoretically in the same project. The question is: can the values of our moral history be ethically reevaluated by an aesthetics of existence, that is, by techniques whose demand someone is able to recognize and to fulfill herself in spite of the identities historically constructed, therefore, along a lifetime in progress, in which history inscribes itself as much as it is to be written? lf, in Nietzsche’s thought, morality is criticized qua altruism, as the worthy ground upon all other values, Foucault’s genealogy of morals as aesthetics of existence, recovers the value of the relation to itself as a moral practice, a reflection from which an ethics qua selfesteem can be deduced.
Esta tese pretende levantar as seguintes questões: 1. de que modo é possível associar a prática da liberdade, em termos morais, a uma técnica de si, nos termos de uma estética da existência? 2. de que modo é possível reconstituir o sentido de moral atualmente segundo um amor-próprio cujo um conteúdo é dado menos por um isolamento ou negação do outro do que por um trabalho pessoal sobre si mesmo, em vista de um êthos, de uma ética? 3. em que medida o valor da moral hoje em dia pode ser deslocado da lei universal para uma atitude de diferença, da normalidade do comportamento para o cultivo de si e, por fim, da verdade sobre o sujeito (à custa de seu conhecimento) para uma subjetivação ascética que não exige a prerrogativa de uma identidade, mas a transformação de si na relação consigo e com os outros? Tais questões são levantadas a partir de Nietzsche e Foucault. De ambos os pensamentos penso ser possível reconstituir a gênese de um problema, o valor moral, sob o empenho de não confundi-los teoricamente na linearidade de um mesmo projeto. A questão é: em que medida os valores de nossa história moral podem ser reavaliados eticamente por uma estética, ou seja, por técnicas sob cuja exigência é possível se reconhecer e se realizar além das identidades constituídas historicamente, logo, na obra de uma vida em obra, no decorrer da qual a história tanto se inscreve quanto está por ser escrita? Se em Nietzsche a moral é criticada enquanto altruísmo, como fundamento valorativo sobre os demais valores, a genealogia da moral como estética da existência, em Michel Foucault, recupera o valor da relação consigo como prática moral no presente, reflexão da qual pode ser deduzida uma ética como amor-próprio.
Silva, Erivam Paulo da. "O uso do poder de compra do estado como instrumento de política pública: a lei complementar nº 123/2006, sua implementação." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/3408.
Full textThis study aims to bring back the debate on the use of the purchasing power of the State as instrument to boost other public policies established by federal entities. Besides putting it in a context of innovation in the public sector, the study of this issue must consider all its variables and questions, whwther of legal, economic, social or political order, starting with the one I consider the most important: the possibility of the State to assert its power of puchasing in order to design and promote markets, searching to achieve other objectives rather than those traditionally accepted. Thus, in the analysis of a direct application of a new practice, this study evaluates the implementation of the Additional Law number 123/06, which gives a differentiating treatment to micro and small enterprises in public contracting. By means of interviews, information was collected with the relevant actors in in this phase. The conclusion was that aspects such as the heterogeneity of the segment of the MPE`s and their low capacity of articulation, along with the endogenous obstacles of the instituion of the bidding, contribute decively to the low stage of the implementation that occurs at this moment.
Esta dissertação busca resgatar o debate sobre a utilização do Uso do poder de compra do Estado como um instrumento para dinamizar outras políticas públicas estabelecidas pelos entes federativos. Além de colocá-lo dentro de um contexto de inovação no setor público, o estudo deste tema deve ser feito considerando-se todas as suas variáveis e questionamentos, sejam eles de ordem legal, econômica, social ou política, a começar por aquele que considero o principal, que é o que se refere sobre a possibilidade de o Estado se valer do seu poder de compra para desenhar e fomentar mercados, com vistas a alcançar outros objetivos que não aqueles tradicionalmente aceitos. Assim, na análise de uma aplicação direta desta nova prática, este estudo avalia a implementação da Lei Complementar n.° 123/06, que passa a conceber um tratamento diferenciado para as micro e pequenas empresas nas contratações públicas. Por meio de entrevistas foram coletadas informações com os atores relevantes para esta fase, concluindo-se que aspectos como a heterogeneidade do segmento das MPE`s e sua baixa capacidade de articulação, juntamente com as ações pouco articuladas executadas pelos órgãos envolvidos quando associadas aos óbices endógenos do instituto da licitação, contribuem de forma decisiva para baixo estágio da implementação que se verifica neste momento.
Ödegård, Synnöve. "Säker Vårdpatientskador, rapporteringoch prevention." Doctoral thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3408.
Full textMilton, Octavia W. "A comparative study of the responses from OCR, SEA and LEA administrators on the effectiveness of mediation in resolving special education conflicts." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1986. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3488.
Full textErny, Julien. "Modélisation du traitement de l'information cérébrale dans les réseaux à grande échelle : une approche fondée sur la similarité et la logique floue." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/378/.
Full textIn the context of modelisation of cerebral information processing, an original framework is suggested. Its polyvalence allows it to cope with different scales of modelisation, offering an intermediary approach between cognitive and connexionist models. Its hybrid nature appears also in the way information is formalised in a dual way~: numerically and symbolically. Fuzzy set theory is used ta take into account interactions between these two componants. Two applications of this framework are presented~: a modelisation of McGurk effect and and a modelisation a the network involved in the solving of the Wisconson Card Sorting Test, a neuropsychological test. Both models are confronted to experimental results involving real subjects
Britain-Renecke, Cézanne. "Potential alternative sources of funding South Africa's land redistribution programme in its agricultural sector." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3048.
Full textBouchard, Annie. "Effet de l'angiontensine [i.e. angiotensine] IV sur la perméabilité endothéliale et les fonction rénales." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3248.
Full textDucharme, Pierre-Alexandre. "Analyse de l'intégrine [alpha]8[bêta]1 chez les cellules épithéliales de l'intestin humain." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3348.
Full textFakih, Houssam. "L'intégration des fonctionnalités transversales dans les modèles à composants logiciels en utilisant la programmation par aspects (AOP)." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-348.pdf.
Full textConciatori, David. "Effet du microclimat sur l'initiation de la corrosion des aciers d'armature dans les ouvrages en béton armé /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3408.
Full textZérillo, Florence. "Les effets du travail posté alternant en 3x8 sur les processus attentionnels et la mémoire." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20861.
Full textThe aim of this research is to study the consequences of a specific social context, the 3x8 alternating shiftwork, on the cognitive processes of the subject, more particularly on attentional processes with memory test. After having listed the data of the literature on the consequences of alternating shiftwork on social and familial life, then on physical and psychic health of the worker. This complaint is corroborated by a number of psychological and physiological data and is expressed by sleepiness. The purpose of this research is to show that visible attentional falls have consequences on the cognitive competence. The results have shawn that there were attentional decreases (. . . )
Glazzard, M. "Re-addressing the role of knitted textile design knowledge : auxetic textiles from a practice-led, designer-maker perspective." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/308/.
Full textATAT, ROGEAU ODILE, and CATHERINE DELPLANQUE. "Les facteurs pronostiques du cancer du sein : a propos de 347 cas." Lille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL2M385.
Full textLladó, Martínez Albert. "L'estructura de govern de les universitats públiques del Sistema Universitari de Catalunya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132631.
Full textThe PhD thesis "The government structure of the public universities of the University System of Catalonia", proposes a configuration for the internal government of the Catalan public universities that brings together the required elements to meet the modernization of higher education, according to the guidelines of the European Commission. It opens to a direct involvement of stakeholders in the university government, diversification of funding resources, increase of the institutions autonomy as well as of their accountability. This configuration is careful to ensure full respect for the principles that shape higher education: academic freedom for professors, researchers and students, as well as university autonomy. Moreover, it rationalizes the number and size of the governing bodies in order to achieve better agility and efficiency in management
Vix, Jean-Luc. "Les Discours 30 à 34 d'Aelius Aristide." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR20052.
Full textUp until now, Aelius Aristides's Discourses 30 through 34 have never been the subject of any specific scholarly research and have never been translated into French. This present work, presented in two tomes, seeks to bridge that gap. First, the Discourses are each analyzed in terms of their specificity, composition, and theme. The characteristics of epideictic rhetoric are put into perspective with respect to Discourse 30, in honor of Apellas's birthday, and Discourses 31 and 32, two funeral oratories, the first in honor of Étéonée, Aristides's student, and the second in honor of the grammatikos Alexandros, Aristides's former master. Discourses 33 and 34, a response to Those who reproach him for not declaiming and a diatribe, Against the profaners, are the subject of a study centered on polemic rhetoric. The corpus is tied by the themes of teaching rhetoric and the paideia, culture, and education, which is especially illustrated by the figure of the grammarian Alexandros. This theme forms the final two chapters of Tome I. Tome II is dedicated to the translations and the history of the text of Discourse 31. This Discourse is the subject of a critical edition containing the collation of all extant manuscripts, resulting in a completely revised text, accompanied by a translation. The texts of the other four Discourses have been revised based on the apparatus of the last edition of the end of the 19th century, that of B. Keil. Parallel translations are also included
Boissonneault, Vincent. "Régulation de la protéine mBACE1 par les miARN miR-298 et miR-328." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24104/24104.pdf.
Full textArenas, Lorena Carvajal. "Good faith in the lex mercatoria : an analysis of arbitral practice and major Western legal systems." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/good-faith-in-the-lex-mercatoria(d1495c6c-b68e-4b6f-a4c1-a0d52d3fe306).html.
Full textDay, Kelly Cristina Nascimento. "Políticas linguísticas em conflito no Amapá: impactos e contradições da LDB 9394/96 e da lei 11.161/2005." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3408.
Full textApproved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-20T15:06:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Kelly Day versão final.pdf: 10585848 bytes, checksum: 6469a163c0d36d2ccd65d990862f0c11 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T15:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Kelly Day versão final.pdf: 10585848 bytes, checksum: 6469a163c0d36d2ccd65d990862f0c11 (MD5)
Governo do Estado do Amapá, Secretaria de Estado da Educação, Macapá, AP
Inscrevemos este trabalho no quadro teórico da política linguística (Haugen, 1964; Calvet, 1996, 2002, 2007; Maurais, 1987; Rousseau, 2005; Petitjean, 2006; Kloss, 1969; Beacco & Byram, 2003) da ecolinguística (Haugen, 1970, 1972; Calvet, 1999, 2007; Couto, 2009, 2012) e, portanto, da sociolinguística. Esta tese configura-se em uma reflexão avaliativa da política linguística brasileira para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras tendo como ponto de partida a implementação, desde 2005, da Lei 11.161/2005 que situa a língua espanhola como "língua de oferta obrigatória" em todas as escolas de ensino médio no Brasil. Esta Lei, na prática - e são, efetivamente, os efeitos práticos que discutimos - se contrapõe ao que determina a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional - LDB 9394/96, à medida em que esta última permite à toda comunidade escolar escolher suas línguas estrangeiras a partir de suas características geopolíticas e sóciohistóricas. Aparentemente "conciliáveis" em todo o território nacional, essas duas legislações entram em choque na fronteira franco-brasileira devido à situação geopolítica e à condução da implementação do aparato regulatório no Amapá. Para melhor situar a questão do ensino de línguas no Estado, em uma perspectiva ao mesmo tempo central e periférica, propusemos inicialmente uma análise contextualizada da LDB 9394/96, do aparecimento da Lei 11.161/2005 e uma abordagem ecolinguística da fronteira Amapá- Guiana Francesa. O objetivo deste trabalho é, portanto, elaborar um quadro avaliativo da política de ensino de línguas estrangeiras na zona fronteiriça, que considere as repercussões da aplicação conjunta das supracitadas leis sobre a política linguística educativa regional, além de lançar luz sobre as interpretações que lhes são atribuídas pelos dirigentes públicos e gestores escolares, analisando a existência ou não de "conflito legislativo" entre os instrumentos jurídicos da política linguística educativa brasileira e a influência coercitiva direta e indireta do Estado brasileiro sobre as escolhas das línguas nas escolas. Para isso propusemos uma pesquisa analítico-descritiva, tendo como fundamento uma perspectiva tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa de análise dos dados. As respostas encontradas apontam para uma política linguística impositiva, homogeneizadora, diretamente conduzida pelos interesses político-econômicos do Estado que desvirtuam os princípios norteadores da LDB
On inscrit ce travail dans le cadre théorique de la politique linguistique (Haugen, 1964; Calvet, 1996, 2002, 2007; Maurais, 1987; Rousseau, 2005; Petitjean, 2006; Kloss, 1969; Beacco & Byram, 2003) de l’écolinguistique (Haugen, 1970, 1972; Calvet, 1999, 2007; Couto, 2009, 2012) et donc de la sociolinguistique. Notre sujet de thèse se veut une réflexion, voire évaluation, de la politique linguístique brésilienne pour l’enseignement de langues étrangères ayant comme point de départ la mise en place, depuis 2005, de la Loi Nationale 11.161/2005 qui place la langue espagnole comme "la langue d’offre obligatoire" aux écoles sécondaire au Brésil. Cette loi en effet – et c’est effectivement ce qu’on discutera - vient faire face à ce qui propose la Loi Nationale de l’éducation - LDB 9394/96, au fur et à mesure que celle-ci permet à toute communauté scolaire de choisir ses langues étrangères à partir de ses caractéristiques géopolitiques et socio-historiques. Apparemment "conciliables" dans tout le pays, ces deux législations s’affrontent à la frontière franco-brésilienne à cause de la situation géopolitique et de la conduite et mise en place de la législation en Amapá. Pour mieux cerner la question de l’enseignement des langues en Amapá, dans un cadre à la fois central et périphérique, on propose, d’abord, une analyse contextuelle de la Loi de « Diretrizes e Bases » de l’Éducation au Brésil, de l’apparition de la Loi 11.161/2005 et une approche socio/écolinguistique de la frontière Amapá-Guyane Française. L’objectif de ce travail est donc, d’élaborer un portrait évaluatif de l’enseignement de langues étrangères à la zone frontalière, tenant compte les répercussions de ces deux lois nationales sur la politique linguistique éducative régionale, en exposant aussi les interprétations que leurs sont accordées dans les collèges et Lycées par leurs directeurs; analyser l’existence ou non de "conflit législatif" entre les instruments juridiques de la politique linguistique éducative brésilienne d’autant que l’influence contraignante directe ou indirect de l’État brésilien sur le choix des langues aux collèges et lycées. Pour cela on propose une recherche analytique et descriptive, ayant comme fondement une perspective autant quantitative que qualitative d’analyse des données. Les données, à leurs tours, indiquent une politique linguistique contraignante, homogénéizante, directement liée aux intérêts politiques et économiques de l’État brésilien endommageant les principes fondateurs de la LDB
Ley, Hendrik Stephan [Verfasser]. "Das Instrument der Tierschutz-Verbandsklage. : Hintergründe, theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Umsetzung. / Hendrik Stephan Ley." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1238443265/34.
Full textOoi, Maisie Su Lin. "Shares in the conflict of laws." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365525.
Full textKindier, Adeel Karagiannis Symeon. "Le droit relatif aux utilisations des cours d'eau internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation étude à propos des cours d'eau internationaux dans le monde arabe /." Strasbourg : Université Robert Schuman, 2008. http://urs-srv-eprints.u-strasbg.fr/344/01/Kindier_adeel_2008.pdf.
Full textBolfer, Sabrina Ribas. "Anti-suit injunctions e arbitragem comercial internacional / Sabrina Ribas Bolfer ; orientador, João Bosco Lee." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_PR, 2005. http://www.biblioteca.pucpr.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=388.
Full textInclui bibliografia
Anti-suit injunctions constituem um fenômeno atual no âmbito do Direito Internacional Privado, notadamente na Arbitragem Comercial Internacional. Essas medidas podem ser utilizadas tanto a favor da arbitragem, quando um juiz estatal proíbe uma das partes
Azami, Abdellah. "Les pratiques en matière de système d'information marketing : une étude empirique des PME manufacturières." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1999. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/3348/1/000659563.pdf.
Full textOlivé, Elias Maria. "Les Polítiques Inmigratòries de la Unió Europea i el Procès de Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8605.
Full textBelow, some appreciations are made with respect to all the EuroMediterranean Process, that must be taken into account when analyzed from a political or juridical point of view, and which are sometimes misregarded. Moreover, this research includes some general, political and juridical proposals, which have been elaborated in order to give an answer to the inadequacies of the Barcelona Process.
1- The subject of the harmonization of law within the framework of the Partnership (in the "third basket"): in order for this harmonization to take place it would be necessary to take some "model" as a reference. The trend within the Barcelona Process is to take the European schemes as a pattern. The danger implied in this position is to fall into "imperialism", even though from an institutional point of view this concept is denied, whilst claiming that it is necessary to project the European model and that this fact does not imply "imperialism", but the will of sharing our experiences - the European experiences. This fact, however, could be deeply discussed, since it is not completely certain that from the southern shore they are willing to share the errors and the solutions that Europe has suffered and has overcome along its history. The evidence of all this is shown in the behaviour of some states of the southern basin during the tenth anniversary of the Barcelona Conference, as explained in this dissertation.
In the field of rights, it is however necessary to be very much aware when unifying or intending to harmonize: throughout the thesis it has been set forth how the equality politics or the constitutional systems, for example, turn out to be very different in both Mediterranean shores. Maybe the most alternative and coherent solution to harmonization would be that both northern and southern political actors of the Mediterranean could be capable of discussing in a way that different perceptions to the same concept would not be an obstacle. Both points of view would then be compatible, whilst bearing clear in mind that the perceptions are different, a fact which has been often disregarded in the EuroMediterranean relationships and which has been demonstrated and reiterated in this thesis.
2- When referring to the southern shore (especially in the EuroMediterranean Process) the occurring error is to include all the countries of the southern basin in the "same basket". This global vision is obviously not well regarded at by all the southern countries, claiming that each one of them have their peculiarities. Although it is certain that from the EU the Association Agreements were promoted in a bilateral basis for each singular country, in a practical way the global vision still remains. An example of this global vision is the new Neighbourhood Policy, which has spread over eastern Europe, as well as the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean - Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestinian Authority-. This instrument has turned out to be a complement to the EuroMediterranean Process.
The previous pages portray the itinerary and the influence of the Barcelona Process, analyzing the lacks of the Barcelona Conference especially in the subjects contained in the "third basket" (cultural, social and human collaboration, fostering the support to democratic institutions, promoting rule of law and the promotion of human rights). Although it is certain that the Barcelona Declaration of 1995 recognized the fundamental role of migrations for the relationships between North and South, this thesis sets out how this matter has been neglected by the international agendas. For this reason the Process has not been as successful as it ought to be, and moreover there has been no evolution in the migratory conflict. An assessment of the Process (1995-2005) has been carried out in order to establish the relationship between the failure to apply the concepts of the "third basket" and the failure of the EU common immigration policy. This evaluation points out that the EU's lack of consciousness in the fact that precepts such as rule of law, democracy, human rights and equality policies have not been conceived in the same way in both Mediterranean shores may have been hindered effective negotiations in establishing a migratory dialogue.
3- Regarding the proposals of general issues, the thesis suggests that in 2010 - year in which the EuroMediterranean Process as setits goal to establish an free trade area between the two Mediterranean shores- there will be a "Barcelona+15" that will provide solutions to the political and juridical lagoons that the "third basket" has disregarded, that is to say, the practical application of the precepts contained in it. Only this point of view would offer a way to resolve the deficiencies of a EuroMediterranean Process that has had such effect on the failure of the immigration policies at European level: only from the consciousness of the different meanings of the same concept will we get to the root of the problem.
The lack of success of the Barcelona Process: in this sense, the inadequacies, as pointed out along the dissertation, have been the strong conceptual differences which exist still nowadays between both Mediterranean shores.
Immigration has grown out to be more than an exclusively national issue but an international agenda matter. Like all supranational regulation items, they need a time for adaptation (from the states' sovereignity transfer to the adoption of international policies - in this case, of the European Union). Besides the adaptation period, there are different basic errors: already from the Barcelona Conference there was an attempt to promote democracy, the rule of law and the promotion of human rights as a factor that could help to stop immigration waves. As demonstrated throughout the thesis research, the latter have not decreased since the Barcelona Process was set off and therefore, a three-side approach is needed: either the community instruments (with the development programmes) have not been correctly used to put an end to the immigration processes; or the solution does not fall on the projects that have been used up to now; or else the problem is not only a matter of communication and cooperation between both basins, but also lies at the very heart of the European Union, where there is no unanimity on adopting such policies.
As a matter of fact, many countries of the European Union are not interested in the EuroMediterranean Process in the same way in which some Spanish or French actors have never been moved by the policies of the Baltic.
The possible solutions proposed to this approach are the following:
a) co-operation to development from any operational level. This element could remove the background causes that lead to migratory phenomena. However, it is necessary to identify the most efficient way. This cooperation should extend from the European Union level to the national level (parallel, but not substitutive), since the importance of co-operation in development has proven to be, historically and according to the studies, an instrument leading to modernization and therefore social and territorial mobility.
b) It is through immigrants that immigration can be prevented: immigrants who learn to live in a different way in the northern shore, will be tomorrow's civil society of the countries of origin. Thus, this is the best method of co-operation to development.
c) Perhaps the massive entrance of immigrants (in spite of human catastrophes) can help speeding up both the drafting of a common immigration policy both in the EU as well as co-operation with the South.
d) The concept of human development coined by Amartya Sen should be given more efficiency. The author gave birth to a revolutionary idea that should have helped stop poverty and, with it, migratory problems. The efficiency of this concept is translated into the applicability into governmental level where the political actors can appraise other elements beyond the Gross Domestic Product in order to calibrate the situations of their countries, and along with them, the situation of each person living all over the world. By taking into account the development of co-operation to development policies, it will be possible to apply a concept which has often fallen into oblivion .
As Sen puts it, political rights are important, not only to satisfy the needs, but also to be able to formulate them. This element, that can be considered as key element of the human development concept, has been and still is the pending concept in the underdeveloped countries and even in those that are in the developing process. Obviously, if a new element is not found or if the applicability which Sen wanted to give to the concept is not used -adding up the contributions of Nussbaum, who considers fundamental to take into account the role of the women and of each person-, a level of development to stop immigration waves, for instance to Europe, will not be reached. The Partnership could have launched Sen's idea, which would have been set in an ideal background for its application.
4- In relation to the juridical shortages, a juridical approach to the Process has not been given, leading to a lagoon in the field of Law. It would have been necessary to establish some minimums to foster a more fruitful dialogue between the two Mediterranean shores. One of the main outputs of this dialogue would have immigration issues. Although it is true that it is a very delicate matter to harmonize the Law in two areas where juridical cultures are so different, it is necessary to negotiate for them to be implemented. Parallelly, it is also true that the Barcelona Process did not intend to establish a community acquis in line woth that of the European Union, but perhaps it would be necessary to study the feasibility. When clarifying juridical subjects, the rest of issues are subsequently solved, as it was the case with the Partnership at an economic level, although leaving other levels behind - such as the sociocultural one. Even so, the Barcelona acquis is referred to as an output of the Association Agreements between the European Union and each of the countries of the Partnership southern shore.
The solution to the lack of juridical harmonization could be the establishment of the material and formal equality in the southern Mediterranean shore. Along the research, the lack of material equality in the southern partners countries has been exposed, which would guarantee the development of fundamental rights. Although is has been pointed out that, in general terms, the Law establishes some juridical and political criteria, and in accordance to them a determinate situation will be dealt with in terms of comparison, this is not so in the juridical reality of the Mediterranean southern basin. This "comparison" is not given in real terms, so the material equality is inexistent. It is not only necessary to postulate in the constitutional articles that "everyone is equal in front of the law", but this law should also be equally applied. If this objective was achieved - from this dissertation's point of view it is possible, in first place, through the civil society's pressure and, in the second place, with the elaboration of public policies that truly stem in the principle of equality- this principle will be attained in one of its maxims. Besides the issues of equality at "national" level in the southern countries, it would also be necessary that the European Union -as instigator of the EuroMediterranean Partnership- sets an example of equality policies in a double sense:
a) the internal policies of the EU member states - or else, the communitarian policies - should always apply the principle of equality and non-discrimination to immigrants, establishing if necessary, the politics of difference or of affirmative action.
b) Europe should perform in equal conditions concerning the relationship with the South, in parity conditions.
5- Concerning the political deficiencies, along the thesis the concept of rule of law, democracy, equal rights policies and human rights have been analyzed, and the ways in which all these concepts are perceived in the southern shore. The conciliation -between North and South- of all these concepts is possible through a universal interpretation of all them, if we are willing to allow an allotment of our historical tradition, and only in this way the receptivity will become visible. In the resreach, it has been proven that there does not exist a completely uniform conception of the cited elements in the South either, rather the concepts are ever-changing and dynamic depending on the ideologies. The most evident example is that of democracy, as some think that it is irreconcilable with Islam while others go strongly for it: although it is true that all the countries of the southern shore have signed the EuroMediterranean Agreements, which is meant to watch over the promotion of human rights and democracy, they try to establish politically stable societies in order to diminish the pressure of migration towards Europe. The idea behind the creation and the successive ratification of the Agreements is especially effective in those cases, where they are fulfilled to the end for which they were created. Probably the solution is to make some more concrete Agreements for each country - in the majority of the cases these Agreements are practically identical- and to establish some new mechanisms, organizations or institutions ad hoc to ensure the fulfilment of the mentioned Agreements.
In spite of the agreements (understanding them as a mutual consent) of the countries of the South -which are in their majority Muslim- in their dealings with the Northern Shore, they conceive democracy in different ways. As has been exposed already, in the South there are different attitudes towards this concept and as has been explained throughout the thesis, the theories of all Islamist theoreticians claim that all questions concerning the state have to be regulated by the shari'a, and those questions, which remain outside its scope, find the consensus (key element of democracy) in the Community. It is in this context that the very Islamists affirm that democracy will have the saying only in these cases. From all of this -the analyzed texts and authors- we see that in the southern shore democracy is postulated, however with a series of "buts" that need to be kept in mind when recognizing democracy in the countries of the South of the Mediterranean.
In the cases where these disfunctions turn up in the perception of the concepts treated in the "third basket" the United Nations have been resorted to. The UNPD (the United Nations Program for Development) is an instrument that annually publishes a Report about Human Development. Since the year 2002 this report on the Arab World is published, and it has provided some answers to the questions formulated at the beginning of the thesis, that is answers to all that is related to the precepts of the Barcelona Declaration. Even so, the problem remains: the report has little impact in the countries of the Arab World, because it has not at all affected the institutional structures of these countries in spite of being elaborated by intellectuals of the southern Mediterranean shore.
Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, the role of the United Nations is relevant since often this organization has had to be resorted to for establishing declarations of a "universal" character, be it regarding the rule of law or human rights. However, this has not always worked: often -and as set forth in this thesis- the concepts and resolutions of the United Nations are welcomed by the Arab world (as an author suggests, the heads of State sign the resolutions or declarations because as it happened in the period of decolonization, the leaders of the emancipated countries wished to seat beside their ancient "owners"). This is important especially because in the reports on the Arab World reference is made to all the concepts treated in this thesis, such as equality, democracy and the interpretation of these. If this tool was more binding and if effective instruments were employed to be contemplated in the political agendas, the immigration policies of the European Union would be much more effective, because they would be fully conscious of the limitations and of the actual situation in which they operate. Beyond the efficiency of this instrument in hands of the actors of the North, its appraisal by the southern actors is extremely important, as from their own position they could resolve many of the conflicts in the heart of the southern shore societies.
6- Anyhow, for all the international instruments that may interfere (be they political or juridical), optional or compulsory, there are some key elements to establish a Sea of Dialogue in more general terms, beyond the political postures, but with some applications in politics:
a) still some more years will have to go by for the perceptions of colonization on part of the south to vanish, the impression of "things being imposed on them". In time, the civil societies will also mature themselves, and they can acquire more and more strength in the design of new policies.
b) in order to establish a true Dialogue that goes beyond economic terms, the predisposition of the countries of both shores is necessary (especially, when the South waits for the economic collaboration of the North).
c) in order to avoid another failure, peace in the Middle East -a problem which is expected to be solved by the"Barcelona+15"- will be key, because in the moment of the writing of these conclusions the situation is absolutely hostile.
All the subjects treated in this thesis can have multiple juridical or political interpretations, and it is precisely this interpretational diversity - very positive from a point of view of the cultural enrichment in the Mediterranean area- that stresses even more the differences between the two sides of the Mediterranean. The solution is to reconcile them, in the same way as for cultures in the broadest sense of the term- and to ensure that both the actor from the North and the actor from the South cede in order to be able to arrive at an approach where the leeway is the closest possible. In this sense, the mechanisms created to establish a sincere dialogue like the Anna Lindh Foundation are important, even though it should stop being a merely political instrument in order to be able to work with the efficiency towards the goal for which it was created. It is necessary for this type of instrument to be politicized -in the negative sense of the term- overcoming more easily the abysses inherent in its nature with the least possible effort. A mechanism like this, developed in the way its creation demanded, can be the key to success in many of the conflicts between the two sides of the Mediterranean, and with this, one can go beyond a Dialogue of Cultures, to be able to advance to a second level: a political and juridical dialogue that could help to diminish the migratory phenomena and that could especially favour the North-South relationships.
7- Another subject approached throughout the thesis is the need for a common immigration policy in the European Union, which is of vital importance for the EuroMediterranean Process to continue in good terms. In first place, it is necessary to solve the problems of the North (in this case, the lack of unity within the European Union concerning a unified immigration) to be able to face the migratory phenomenon together with the neighbours in the South: the great problem of the European Union immigration policy is the institutional paradox to which the community system is subdued. In opportune moments and through the Treaties of Amsterdam and of Nice every time more complex and sophisticated institutions were created for the elaboration of the community legislation, and when the entire "machinery" was already in operation, the member states decided to take the corrsponding measures and decisions on a national level, facing the migratory phenomena. In the moment of the writing of these conclusions, the situation in Europe is rather hostile, after the Tampere Conference, where the states were not willing to yield part of their sovereignity, and not even as much as the principle of solidarity among the states was applied in the face of the recent, related events with the massive waves of immigration on the Mediterranean shores.
Therefore, the European policies on the subject of immigration are clearly in need of an element, which goes beyond the simple agreement among the member states, that is to say, which goes beyond the technical, political and juridical subjects. They also need to be very clear in a foreign policy on the subject of cooperation and foreign aid, directed towards guaranteeing the capabilities and the opportunities of each of the persons who live more in the "poor" corner of the planet. One thing that is certain is that it can be a paternalist position and therefore subject to criticism, but in the last decades the international relations have always gone along this track, which is not necessarily the most appropriate one.
With all this, the one thing that is paradoxical is that the European Union is incapable -for the time being- of elaborating a common immigration policy, while, however, in the year 1995 in Barcelona the intentions of the EuroMediterranean Process concerning the migratory subject were formulated. The fact that today the parents and creators of those declarations are incapable of establishing a common policy for Europe makes one reconsider the efficiency of the Partnership.
8- While in this thesis the Mediterranean policies and immigration policies have been exposed analyzing the trajectory traversed so far and the deficiencies, it is also certain that the policy (and the resulting proposals and the final design of the policies) many times deviate from the initial theoretical plan. One has to consider, for example, that the political agendas -and in this case we refer to the international political agenda- do not transmit values (key element that has been analyzed throughout this thesis, bringing to light the different conceptions between the South and the North of the Mediterranean shores) but they have searched for agreement among themselves by way of a Dialogue. At any rate, from a theoretical point of view, dialogue seems an undertaking easy to realize, but hands on work, this is not the case at all.
For a true North-South Dialogue, and thus for solutions to the migratory problems, it is necessary to establish common institutions with parity in their decisions. Even though this was already one of the proposals of the Group of Experts of the Prodi Commission, it is necessary to refocus and to learn to avoid or to face the obstacles.
The Mediterranean experience has demonstrated that it is difficult to establish an institution with parity in participation and in decisions. As with any mechanism it is necessary that clear rules are established from the beginning, taking into account the social and political disparities between the South and the North. For example, an institution to keep vigil on human rights cannot be established in a political and social surrounding, where these rights are not respected. If this optimal situation could be arrived at, this would have some fundamental and very clear repercussions for reducing the immigration waves from the South towards the North.
The Dialogue -in this case to establish common institutions- is a question which should be faced from the North and from the South. It is a bilateral relationship that has to be characterized by mutual respect, and it is necessary that on the part of the North prejudice and the spirit of superiority are done away with, while on the other part - the one of the South- it is necessary that one abstains from provocations.
Because of this, with all the subjects treated in this thesis it is necessary to advance very cautiously, because despite the fact that the different views on the problems have been presented, this is not the way in which the civil society conceives these matters. Moreover, although it is certain that it is difficult to harmonize the civil societies of the two Mediterranean shores -and while this is not really a solution, because it would break with the schemes for plurality that have been defended during all of the thesis- the one thing that definitely needs to be harmonized is the application of the principle of equality in its formal and material aspects. It seems that until now the southern shore has evolved in the legislation to watch over the formal rights, but in practice, the material inequalities persist, and this fact results in giving another reason for the generation of immigration movements towards the northern Mediterranean shore.
Caldria qüestionar-se quins són els punts que s'han verificat com els més dèbils del Procés de Barcelona i que per tant, caldria trobar-ne una solució a través d'unes propostes de millora.
A continuació, es fan algunes apreciacions respecte tot el Procés EuroMediterrani que cal tenir en compte quan aquest s'analitza des d'un punt de vista polític o jurídic, i que no sempre es contemplen. A més, en aquesta recerca s'han elaborat unes propostes de caire general, de caire polític i de caire jurídic per tal de donar resposta a les mancances del Procés de Barcelona.
1- El tema de l'harmonització del dret en el marc del Partenariat (dins de la "tercera cistella"): per tal que es pugui donar aquesta harmonització caldria prendre com a referència algun "model", i la tendència de tot el Procés de Barcelona es prendre com a patró els esquemes europeus. El perill que suposa aquesta posició és caure en "l'imperialisme", tot i que des d'un punt de vista institucional es nega aquest concepte al·legant que cal projectar el model europeu i que aquest fet no suposa una expressió "d'imperialisme", sinó la voluntat de compartir les nostres experiències (les experiències europees). Aquest fet, però, seria molt discutible ja que no és ben bé cert que des de la Conca Sud es vulguin compartir els errors i les solucions que Europa ha sofert i superat al llarg de la seva història. La prova de tot això es veu en el comportament d'alguns estats de la vorera Sud en el desè aniversari de la Conferència de Barcelona, com s'ha exposat en aquesta tesi.
En la línia dels drets, però, cal estar molt atent a l'hora d'unificar o voler harmonitzar: al llarg de la tesi s'ha exposat com les polítiques d'igualtat o els sistemes constitucionals -per exemple- resulten ser molt diferents a les dues voreres mediterrànies. Potser la solució alternativa i més coherent a l'harmonització és que els actors polítics del Nord i del Sud del Mediterrani, siguin capaços de dialogar sense que les diferents percepcions sobre un mateix concepte en siguin un obstacle, fent compatibles ambdues postures, però tenint clar que les percepcions són diferents, fet que en les relacions EuroMediterrànies ha estat passat per alt com s'ha demostrat i reiterat en aquesta tesi.
2- Quan es parla de la Conca Sud (sobretot en tot el Procés EuroMediterrani) es cau en l'error d'incloure tots els països de la vorera Sud dins el "mateix sac". Aquesta visió global òbviament no és ben vista per tots els països del Sud, manifestant que cadascun d'ells disposa de les pròpies particularitats. Si bé és cert que des de la U.E es promogueren els Acords d'Associació de manera bilateral per a cada país singular, a efectes pràctics no s'ha perdut la visió global. Un exemple d'aquesta visió global és la nova Política de Veïnatge que a part d'expandir-se per l'Est d'Europa, s'ha estès per les voreres Orientals i Meridionals del Mediterrani - Marroc, Algèria, Tunísia, Líbia, Egipte, Israel, Jordània, Líban, Síria i Autoritat Palestina-, configurant-se així com un complement al Procés EuroMediterrani.
En les pàgines precedents s'ha mostrat el recorregut i la influència del Procés de Barcelona, analitzant les mancances de la Conferència de Barcelona sobretot en els temes continguts en la "tercera cistella" (col·laboració cultural, social i humana, fomentant el recolzament a les institucions democràtiques, impulsant l'estat de dret i la promoció dels drets humans). Si bé és cert que la Declaració de Barcelona de 1995 reconeixia el paper fonamental de les migracions per les relacions entre Nord i Sud, en aquesta tesi s'ha exposat com aquest punt ha quedat abandonat per les agendes internacionals, i per tant ni el Procés ha tingut l'èxit esperat, ni tampoc s'ha vist una evolució del conflicte migratori.
Per tal d'establir la relació entre el fet que els conceptes de la "tercera cistella" hagin caigut en l'oblit i el falliment constant d'un intent en la política immigratòria comuna de la UE s'ha fet un balanç del Procés -des de l'any 1995 fins el 2005- posant de relleu que la mancança de consciència per part de la Unió Europea de que els preceptes com l'estat de dret, la democràcia, els drets humans i les polítiques d'igualtat no han estat concebudes de la mateixa manera en les dues voreres Mediterrànies han pogut frenar les negociacions eficaces per establir un diàleg migratori.
3- Pel que fa a les propostes de caire general, la tesi planteja que de cara a l'any 2010 -data fixada pel Procés EuroMediterrani com una meta per establir una zona de lliure canvi entre les dues voreres mediterrànies- es pugui parlar d'un "Barcelona+15" amb les solucions de les llacunes polítiques i jurídiques que la "tercera cistella" ha deixat, si més no, l'aplicació pràctica dels preceptes continguts en ella. Només amb aquesta solució es podran arribar a solventar les deficiències d'un Procés EuroMediterrani que ha repercutit en el falliment de les polítiques immigratòries a nivell europeu: només des de la consciència de les diferents accepcions que es tenen d'un mateix concepte, es podrà arribar al fons de la qüestió.
La manca de l'èxit esperat en el Procés de Barcelona: en aquest sentit les mancances, com s'ha posat de relleu al llarg de tota a questa tesi, han estat les fortes diferències conceptuals, encara avui existents entre ambdues voreres mediterrànies.
La immigració ha deixat de ser un problema d'abast única i exclusivament nacional per passar a ocupar l'agenda internacional. Com totes les matèries de regulació supranacional, necessiten un temps d'adaptació (des que els estats cedeixen un tros de la pròpia sobirania, fins que es passen a adoptar les polítiques internacionals- en aquest cas, de la Unió Europea). Al marge del període d'adaptació, hi ha diferents errors de base: ja des de la Conferència de Barcelona s'intentava promoure la democràcia, l'estat de dret i la promoció dels drets humans com a factor que pot ajudar a frenar les onades immigratòries. Com s'ha pogut comprovar al llarg de la recerca de tota la tesi, aquestes no han minvat des que va començar el Procés de Barcelona i per tant, cal fer un triple plantejament: o no s'han emprat correctament els instruments comunitaris (amb els programes de desenvolupament) per posar fre als processos immigratoris; o la solució no recau en els projectes que fins ara s'han emprat; o el problema no és només de comunicació i cooperació entre les dues conques, sinó també en el si de la Unió Europea, on no hi ha unanimitat en adoptar polítiques en aquest sentit.
De fet, molts països de la Unió Europea no estan interessats en el Procés EuroMediterrani de la mateixa manera com actors espanyols o francesos no s'han apassionat mai per les polítiques del Bàltic.
Les possibles solucions que es proposen a aquest plantejament són les següents:
a) cal una cooperació al desenvolupament des de qualsevol nivell operatiu. Aquest element pot fer desaparèixer les causes de fons que porten a fenòmens migratoris. Cal veure però quina és la manera més eficient. Aquesta cooperació ha de deixar de ser només a nivell de la Unió Europea, sinó que també cal una cooperació a nivell nacional (paral·lel, però no substitutiu) ja que la importància de la cooperació al desenvolupament, ha resultat històricament i segons els estudis, un instrument que ha permès modernització i per tant mobilitat social i territorial.
b) És a través dels immigrants mateixos que es pot frenar la immigració: els immigrants que aprenen a la Conca Nord una manera diferent de viure, seran la societat civil de demà dels països d'origen, i per tant, és el millor mètode per la cooperació al desenvolupament.
c) Potser l'entrada massiva d'immigrants (tot i les catàstrofes humanes) pot ajudar a accelerar una política immigratòria comuna ja sigui dins de la UE com pel que fa a la cooperació amb el Sud.
d) Cal fer més efectiu el concepte de desenvolupament humà, ja que gràcies a Amartya Sen nasqué una idea revolucionària i per tant com instrument clau per reduir la pobresa, i amb ella la reducció dels fenòmens migratoris. L'eficiència d'aquest concepte es tradueix en l'aplicabilitat a nivell governamental on els actors polítics puguin valorar altres elements més enllà del Producte Interior Brut per calibrar les situacions dels països, i amb ells, la situació de cadascuna de les persones que viuen arreu del món. Tenint en compte el desenvolupament en les polítiques de cooperació al desenvolupament, es podrà arribar a donar aplicabilitat a un concepte que sovint cau en l'oblit.
Com deia Sen, els drets politics són importants, no només per satisfer les necessitats, sinó també per a poder formular les necessitats. Aquest element, que el podem considerar com a punt clau del concepte de desenvolupament humà, ha estat i està sent el concepte que està en la corda fluixa en els països subdesenvolupats i fins i tot en els que estan en via de desenvolupament. Òbviament si no es troba un element nou o si més no, no se li dóna l'aplicabilitat que Sen volia donar al concepte -sumant-li les contribucions de Nussbaum, la qual considera fonamental tenir en compte el rol de les dones i de cadascuna de les persones-, no s'arribarà mai a un nivell de desenvolupament que pugui frenar les onades immigratòries, per exemple cap Europa. Des del Partenariat, s'hagués pogut impulsar la idea de Sen, la qual s'hagués centrat en un escenari ideal per a la seva aplicació.
4- En relació a les mancances jurídiques, no s'ha donat una aproximació jurídica al Procés fet que ha provocat una llacuna en el Dret. Caldria haver establert uns mínims que haguessin permès un Diàleg més fructífer entre les dues voreres Mediterrànies, i un dels fruits principals es veuria amb els temes immigratoris. Si que és cert que és molt delicat harmonitzar el Dret de dues voreres amb cultures jurídiques tant diferents, però cal negociar per a que es duguin a terme. Paral·lelament, també és cert que amb el Procés de Barcelona, no es pretenia establir un acquis comunitari com el que es pretén establir en el marc de la Unió Europea, però potser caldria estudiar-ne la viabilitat. Aclarint temes jurídics, sovint es resoldria tot el que ve al darrere que de fet és el que ha passat en el Partenariat a nivell econòmic, però deixant enrere els altres nivells (els socioculturals). Tot i així, es parla de l'acquis Barcelona com a fruit dels Acords d'Associació entre la Unió Europea i cadascun dels països de la Conca Sud del Partenariat.
La solució a la manca d'harmonització jurídica pot ser l'establiment de les igualtats materials i formals a la Conca Sud Mediterrània. Al llarg de la recerca s'ha posat de manifest la mancança d'igualtat material en els països partners del Sud, la qual garantiria el desenvolupament dels drets fonamentals. Si bé és cert que s'ha posat de relleu que en termes generals, el Dret estableix uns criteris jurídics i polítics, i d'acord amb aquests es tractarà una situació determinada en termes d'equiparació, no succeeix així en la realitat jurídica de la vorera Sud Mediterrània, ja que aquesta "equiparació" no es dóna a efectes pràctics, per tant la igualtat material és inexistent. No n'hi ha prou en postular en els articulats constitucionals que "tothom és igual davant la llei", sinó que cal igualtat en l'aplicació d'aquesta llei. Si s'aconseguís aquest objectiu - des de la postura d'aquesta tesi és possible en primer lloc a través de la pressió de la societat civil, i en segon lloc amb l'elaboració de les polítiques públiques que tinguin en compte un veritable principi d'igualtat- s'assolirà aquest principi en una de les seves màximes. Al marge de la igualtat a nivell "nacional" en els països del Sud, caldrà també que des d'Europa -en tant que impulsora del Partenariat EuroMediterrani- es doni exemple en les polítiques d'igualtat en un doble sentit:
a) en les polítiques internes dels estats membres de la U.E - o en el seu cas, en les polítiques comunitàries- s'estableixi sempre el principi d'igualtat i de no-discriminació enfront els immigrants, establint si cal, les polítiques de la diferència o d'Acció positiva.
b) Europa actuï en condicions iguals en les relacions amb el Sud, en paritat de condicions.
5- En referència a les mancances polítiques, al llarg de la tesi s'han analitzat el concepte de estat de dret, la democràcia, les polítiques d'igualtat i els drets humans, i com aquests conceptes són tots ells percebuts a la Conca Sud. La conciliació -entre Nord i Sud- de tots aquests conceptes és possible mitjançant una interpretació universal de tots ells, sempre que estiguem disposats a cedir una parcel·la de la nostra tradició històrica, i només així es veurà la receptivitat. Al llarg de la recerca, s'ha pogut comprovar que tampoc és ben bé cert que al Sud hi hagi una única concepció sobre tots els elements citats, sinó que en funció de les ideologies els conceptes són canviants i dinàmics. L'exemple més evident és el de la democràcia, ja que alguns pensen que sigui irreconciliable amb l'Islam i d'altres aposten per ella: si bé és cert que tots els països de la Conca Sud han firmat els Acords EuroMediterranis on es vetlla per la promoció dels drets humans i la democràcia, cerquen poder establir societats políticament estables, per tal que les pressions migratòries cap a Europa minvin. L'idea de la creació i la successiva ratificació dels Acords és efectiva sempre i quan es compleixin amb la finalitat per la qual foren creats. Probablement la solució és fer uns Acords més concrets per a cada país - en la majoria dels casos es tracta d'Acords gairebé idèntics- i establir uns mecanismes, organismes o institucions noves, ad hoc, per a fer complir els citats Acords.
Tot i els acords (aquests entesos com a conformitat) dels països del Sud -en la seva majoria musulmans- en els tractes amb la Conca Nord, conceben la democràcia de manera diferent. Com s'ha dit anteriorment, al Sud hi ha diferents postures sobre aquest concepte i com s'ha exposat al llarg de la tesi, les teories de tots els teòrics islamistes apunten que totes les qüestions d'Estat han de ser regulades per la shari'a, i les qüestions que queden fora de la mateixa, troben el consens (element clau en la democràcia) en la Comunitat. És aquí on els mateixos islamistes afirmen que la democràcia només es donarà en aquests casos. Per tant doncs, es veu que - a través del texts i autors analitzats- a la Conca Sud postulen la democràcia però amb una sèrie de "peròs" que cal tenir en compte a l'hora de reconèixer la democràcia als països del Sud del Mediterrani.
En els casos on es produeixen aquestes disfuncions en la percepció dels conceptes tractats en la "tercera cistella" s'ha recorregut a les Nacions Unides. El PNUD (el Programa de les Nacions Unides pel Desenvolupament) és un instrument que anualment publica un Informe sobre el Desenvolupament Humà. Des de l'any 2002 es publica aquest Informe sobre el Món Àrab, i ha servit per trobar algunes respostes a les qüestions formulades al començament de la tesi, és a dir, el que es refereix a la interpretació de tots els preceptes de la Declaració de Barcelona. Tot i així, el problema segueix persistent: l'Informe té poca vinculació en els països del Món Àrab, ja que aquest que no ha afectat a les estructures institucionals d'aquests països tot i ser elaborat per intel·lectuals de la Conca Sud Mediterrània.
Per tant doncs, des d'un pla teòric resulta rellevant el paper de les Nacions Unides ja que sovint s'ha hagut de recórrer a aquest organisme pels casos de declaracions de caràcter "universal", sigui pel que fa a l'estat de dret i pels drets humans. Ara bé, no sempre ha funcionat: sovint -i com s'ha exposat en aquesta tesi- els conceptes i resolucions de les Nacions Unides, són benvingudes pel Món Àrab (com diu algun autor, els caps d'estat firmen les resolucions o declaracions perquè tal i com va passar en el període de descolonització, els dirigents dels països emancipats, tenien ganes de asseure's al costat dels seus antics "amos"). És important perquè sobretot en els informes del Món Àrab es fa referència a tots els conceptes tractats en aquesta tesi, tals com la igualtat, la democràcia i la interpretació d'aquestes. Si aquest estri fos més vinculant i s'empressin instruments eficaços per contemplar-ho en les agendes polítiques, les polítiques immigratòries de la Unió Europea, anirien més ben encarrilades ja que es seria plenament conscient de les limitacions i de la situació real en la que actuen. Més enllà de l'eficiència d'aquest instrument en mans dels actors del Nord, resulta extremadament important la valoració del mateix per part dels actors del Sud, on des de llur posició també podrien solventar molts dels conflictes en el si de les societats de la Conca Sud.
6- De totes maneres, per molt que hi hagi instruments internacionals pel mig (ja siguin polítics o jurídics) facultatius o obligatoris, hi ha uns elements clau per establir un Mar de Diàleg en termes generals, més enllà de les postures polítiques, però amb aplicació política:
a) es necessitarà que transcorrin encara alguns anys per a que es perdin les percepcions colonitzadores per part del Sud, la concepció "del voler ser imposats". Amb el pas del temps, també es permetrà que les societats civils madurin en si mateixes, i puguin adquirir cada vegada més força en el disseny de les noves polítiques.
b) cal la predisposició dels països de les dues Conques per poder establir un veritable Diàleg que vagi més enllà dels termes econòmics (especialment, quan el Sud espera les col·laboracions econòmiques del Nord).
c) per evitar un altre fracàs, resultarà clau la pau a Orient Mitjà -que s'espera que en el "Barcelona+15" el problema estigui solucionat- perquè en el moment de la redacció d'aquestes conclusions la situació és absolutament hostil.
Tots els temes tractats en aquesta tesi poden tenir múltiples interpretacions jurídiques o polítiques, i és precisament aquesta diversitat interpretativa - molt positiva des d'un punt de vista de l'enriquiment cultural en l'àrea Mediterrània- que accentua encara més les diferències entre les dues voreres mediterrànies. La solució és conciliar-les, de la mateixa manera com cal fer amb les cultures en el sentit més ampli del terme- i procurar que cedeixi l'actor del Nord i l'actor del Sud per poder arribar a una aproximació on el marge de maniobra sigui el més estret possible. En aquest sentit són importants els mecanismes creats per establir un Diàleg sincer com la Fundació Anna Lindh, tot i que hauria de deixar de ser un instrument merament polític per a que pugui produir l'eficàcia amb l'objectiu de la qual es va crear. Cal que aquest tipus d'instruments es polititzin -en el sentit negatiu del terme- el menys possible per superar més fàcilment els abismes propis de la seva naturalesa. Un mecanisme com aquest, desenvolupat de la manera com la seva creació demanava, pot ser la clau de sortida de molts dels conflictes entre les dues voreres mediterrànies, i amb ella, es pot anar més enllà d'un Diàleg de Cultures, per poder passar a un segon nivell: un diàleg polític-jurídic que podria ajudar a minvar els fenòmens migratoris, i sobretot afavorir les relacions Nord- Sud.
7- Un altre tema que s'aborda al llarg de la tesi és la necessitat de la política immigratòria comuna de la Unió Europea, que és d'una importància vital si es vol seguir portant per bon camí el Procés EuroMediterrani. En primer lloc cal resoldre els problemes del Nord (en aquest cas, la manca d'unitat en el si de la Unió Europea pel que fa una política immigratòria comuna), per poder afrontar amb els veïns del Sud el fenomen migratori: el gran problema de la política immigratòria de la Unió Europea és la paradoxa institucional a la que està sotmès el sistema comunitari. En el seu dia, i a través del Tractat d'Amsterdam i de Niça es crearen institucions cada vegada més noves, complexes i sofisticades per a l'elaboració de la legislació comunitària, i quan ja estava tota la "maquinària en marxa", els estats membres decidiren prendre les mesures i decisions a nivell nacional, davant els fenòmens migratoris. En el moment de la redacció d'aquestes conclusions, la situació a Europa és més aviat hostil, després de la Conferència de Tampere, on els estats no estaven disposats a cedir part de llur sobirania, i ni tant sols s'aplicava el principi de solidaritat entre els estats davant els darrers esdeveniments relacionats amb les onades massives d'immigració en les costes mediterrànies.
Per tant, les polítiques europees en matèria d'immigració, han de tenir algun element que vagi més enllà del simple acord entre els estats membres, és a dir, que vagi més enllà dels temes tècnics, polítics i jurídics. Ha de tenir molt clara també una política exterior en matèria de cooperació i d'ajut al desenvolupament, encarrilada a garantir les capacitats, i les oportunitats de cadascuna de les persones que viuen en el racó més "pobre" del Planeta. Si que és cert que pot ser una posició paternalista i per tant criticable, però en les darreres dècades les relacions internacionals han anat sempre encarrilades cap aquesta direcció, que no té perquè ser la més encertada.
Amb tot això, el que resulta paradoxal és que la Unió Europea sigui incapaç -de moment- d'elaborar una política immigratòria comuna quan en canvi l'any 1995 a Barcelona es formulaven les intencions del Procés EuroMediterrani sobre la cooperació en matèria migratòria. El fet que avui els pares i creadors d'aquelles declaracions, no sàpiguen establir una política comuna per Europa, fa replantejar-se l'eficàcia del Partenariat.
8- Si bé en aquesta tesi s'han exposat les polítiques mediterrànies i les polítiques immigratòries analitzant l'íter transcorregut fins ara i les llurs mancances, és també cert que la política (i les conseqüents propostes i el disseny final de les polítiques) moltes vegades es separa del pla teòric. Cal pensar per exemple que les agendes polítiques -i en aquest cas ens referim a l'agenda política internacional- no transmeten valors (element clau que s'ha analitzat al llarg d'aquesta tesi, posant de manifest les diferents concepcions entre el Sud i el Nord de la Conca Mediterrània) sinó que han de cercar la compatibilitat entre ells, a través del Diàleg. De totes maneres en un pla teòric, el Diàleg sembla una empresa fàcil però que a efectes pràctics no és pas així.
Per un veritable Diàleg Nord- Sud, i per tant per donar solucions als problemes migratoris, cal establir institucions compartides amb paritat en les decisions. Tot i que aquesta ja era una de les propostes del Grup de Savis de la Comissió Prodi, cal donar-li un enfocament diferent i saber esquivar o afrontar els obstacles que es donen.
L'experiència Mediterrània ha demostrat que és difícil establir una institució en condicions paritàries de participació en les decisions. Com en qualsevol mecanisme cal que s'estableixen regles clares des del començament, i tenint en compte les disparitats socials i polítiques característiques del Sud i del Nord. Per exemple no es pot establir una institució per vetllar pels drets fonamentals en un marc polític i social que no es respectin els mateixos. Si es pogués arribar a aquesta situació òptima, tindria unes repercussions fonamentals i molt clares per disminuir les onades immigratòries, del Sud cap al Nord.
El Diàleg -en aquest cas per establir institucions comunes- és una qüestió que cal afrontar des del Nord i des del Sud. És una relació bilateral i de respecte recíproc que cal que d'una banda s'acabin amb els perjudicis i amb l'esperit de superioritat per part del Nord, i de l'altre -del punt de vista del Sud- cal que es distanciïn de les provocacions.
Per tot això, tots els temes tractats en aquesta tesi, cal que siguin presos molta cautela perquè encara que s'han intentat exposar les diferents posicions d'un mateix argument, la societat civil, no ho concep de la mateixa manera. I si bé és cert que és difícil harmonitzar les societats civils de les dues voreres mediterrànies -tampoc no és una solució, perquè trencaria amb tots els esquemes de pluralitat que s'han defensat durant tota la tesi- el que si que cal harmonitzar és l'aplicació del principi d'igualtat entès des de la seva vessant formal i material. Sembla que fins ara la Conca Sud ha evolucionat en la legislació per vetllar per els drets formals, però a la pràctica, les desigualtats materials segueixen persistents, fet que suposa un out-put més per generar moviments immigratoris vers la Conca Nord Mediterrània.
Pulcinelli, Evaldo Paulo de Souza. "O Processo de inclusão social do adolescente em conflito com a Lei no Municipio de Ariquemes - Rondônia." Faculdades EST, 2011. http://tede.est.edu.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=318.
Full textThis research aimed to analyze the process of the adolescent's social inclusion in conflict with the law in relation to socio-educational measures in open and closed environment, in the municipal district of Ariquemes Rondônia. Investigated the effectiveness of the public policies for the attendance of child and adolescent in conflict with the law, based on the Child and Adolescent's Statute (CAS), taking into account the actuation of government and no government entities, as well as to examine the actions and the structure of attendance to these adolescents, through Municipal Council of the Child and Adolescent's Rights, Protective Council, Public Ministry, Judiciary and of the Organized Civil Society and examine the public policies in the areas of health, education, social work, culture and leisure as prevention vector of the violence and the marginality. The problem consists in frequency of the recidivisms, where the adolescents just change the infracional act, and they continue in the marginality. In the first chapter is made a parallel of the before and after CAS, drawing a brief historic of the beginning of fight for the child and adolescent's rights to the current days, leaving from punishment to socio-educational measures. The second chapter approaches the child and adolescent in the contemporary times, as well as his social vulnerability, the use of drugs and the violence as backdrop for the infracional act. The third chapter presents the functioning of the socio-educational measures for adolescent conflict with the law in the municipal district of Ariquemes-RO, analyzing the effectiveness of measures in respect of the re-socialization of adolescents, questioning the motives of recidivism in a closed system by internment - and therefore the measures in an open system. Concluding with an assessment and perspective future, pointing suggestions that may contribute to the effectiveness of educational measures,as well as prevention of illegal acts.
Nizamutdinova, Alina [Verfasser], and Wüllen Leo [Akademischer Betreuer] van. "Modern solid-state NMR on amorphous materials: ultrahard glasses and polyacrylonitrile / Alina Nizamutdinova ; Betreuer: Leo van Wüllen." Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-889649.
Full text