To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Liability for environmental damgaes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Liability for environmental damgaes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Liability for environmental damgaes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Leung, Yee-kwan Equeen, and 梁綺君. "Personal liability for environmental damages." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253453.
Full text
2
Leung, Yee-kwan Equeen. "Personal liability for environmental damages /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457257.
Full text
3
Aganaba, Timiebi. "Towards space sustainability: lessons from environmental liability regimes." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106614.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about space sustainability and the need to protect the outer space environment for the long term. It attempts to address this by assessing the outer space liability regime, particularly the fundamental flaw that it does not directly account for damage caused to the space environment. Jurisprudential lessons can be learnt from existing environmental liability regimes for hazardous activities on earth, to protect the outer space environment. While it is acknowledged that there are short comings in the environmental liability regimes as they stand, if the inherent weaknesses are remedied environmental liability could be a good tool for deterrence and accountability for damage caused to the space environment by polluters.Cette thèse est sur la soutenabilité de l'espace et la nécessité de protéger l'environnement spatial à long terme. Elle traite du problème en regardant le régime de responsabilité civile spatiale, notamment en se penchant sur le fait qu'il ne tient pas compte des dommages causés à l'environnement spatial. Des leçons de jurisprudence peuvent être tirées des régimes actuels de responsabilité environnementale pour les activités dangereuses sur terre, pour protéger l'environnement spatial. Alors qu'il est reconnu qu'il y a des limitations dans les régimes de responsabilité tels qu'ils se présentent, si l'on remédie aux faiblesses inhérentes, la responsabilité environnementale pourrait être un bon outil de dissuasion et de responsabilité pour les dommages causés à l'environnement spatial par les pollueurs.
4
Mackie, Colin P. N. "Corporate structures and environmental liability under EU law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201704.
Full textAbstract:
Within the context of UK company law, this thesis proffers a robust solution to the problem of: (1) corporate shareholders utilising the limited liability attained from their shareholding in a subsidiary; and (2) group companies utilising the separate legal personality of an affiliated company, to avoid financial liability under EU environmental law. Analysis is confined to the framework of environmental liability implemented by the Environmental Liability Directive (the ‘ELD’). The ELD is based on the polluter-pays principle. This principle seeks, inter alia, to ensure that the person(s) responsible for environmental damage or the imminent threat of such damage bear the costs of remedying and preventing it. Perversely, two doctrines of UK company law may hinder this and may even incentivise UK companies to externalise their ELD-related costs to society. First, each company is treated as a separate legal person with its own rights and obligations, distinct from those of its shareholder(s). Secondly, under the doctrine of limited liability, when the assets of a company are exhausted, generally, the liability of the shareholder(s) is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the share(s) in the company held by them. It is concluded that UK group companies engaged in the most environmentally dangerous activities could be prevented from avoiding financial liabilities arising under the ELD by mandating that they deposit unencumbered assets into an Environmental Damage Trust Fund in favour of the relevant competent authority as security and where funds remained insufficient, attributing the remaining costs to any entity within the corporate group which participated in, or constrained the decision-making of the polluter in relation to the environmentally damaging activity. It is contended that the proposed framework may establish a network of: (1) self-monitoring companies within the corporate group; (2) companies from which funds may be obtained for the satisfaction of the financial liability. This may have two self-perpetuating effects: first, it may promote the prevention of environmental damage by incentivising potentially responsible group members, through the threat of financial liability, to monitor the activity of a high-risk group entity so as to ensure that the activity is conducted in a safe manner. Secondly, it may aid the private remediation of environmental damage by expanding the pool of funds available to meet the financial liability.
5
Åsander, Carla. "Perceived Environmental Liability Risks : Potential Implications for the Swedish Environmental Insurance Market." Thesis, Stockholm University, Interdisciplinary Environmental Research (CTM), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7179.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka de uppfattade miljöansvarsrisker hos företag som bedriver miljöfarliga verksamheter inom Stockholms län. Dessutom skall jag identifiera potentiella implikationer av dessa uppfattade risker för den svenska miljöförsäkringsmarknaden.
Svensk lagstiftning kräver att företag i Sverige tecknar en ansvarsförsäkring. Ansvarsförsäkringen täcker både första och tredje parts anspråk då en plötslig, oförutsedd händelse har givit upphov till skada, även miljöskador. Gradvisa miljöskador innefattas inte av den svenska ansvarsförsäkringen. Dessutom har företag som bedriver miljöfarliga verksamheter har också krav på sig att avsätta medel till den obligatoriska miljöskade- och saneringsförsäkringen. Den lagstadgade miljöskadeförsäkringen syftar till att kompensera individer som skadats men inte har möjlighet att kompenseras av förorenaren, till exempel om det inte kan påvisas vilken som är ansvarig eller om den förorenande företaget gått i konkurs.
Denna empiriska studie, vilken omfattat intervjuer av företag som bedriver miljöfarliga verksamheter i Stockholms län, har visat att många företag saknar kunskap om vilket miljöförsäkringsskydd som företaget har. De har både bristfälliga insikter i ansvarsförsäkringens villkor samt i de obligatoriska miljöförsäkringarna. I många fall framgick det att företagen tog förgivet att de var den försäkrade parten. Detta är långt ifrån sanningen; för att uppnå ett heltäckande miljöförsäkringsskydd mot både plötsliga, oförutsedda och gradvisa omständigheter, krävs en tilläggsförsäkring (EIL- Environmental Impairment Liability). Utan EIL tar företagen på sig en betydande risk för ekonomiska förluster i samband med gradvisa miljöskador.
Det finns få prejudikat inom miljöjuridik, och särskilt miljöansvar, i Sverige idag. Principen förorenaren betalar (PPP-Polluter Pays Principle) är en viktig del av miljö-lagstiftningen vilken innebär att förorenaren åläggs ansvar för de skador denne har givit upphov till. Men i praktiken har PPP inte implementerats fullt ut vilket har lett till osäkerheter i tolkningen av miljöansvarslagstiftningen samt i hur företag skall hantera miljöansvarsrisker.
EIL försäkring har till följd av detta än så länge varit en sakta ökande marknad för försäkringsbolagen i Sverige. Denna studie pekar mot flera sannolika faktorer som kan ligga bakom den tröga EIL marknaden: 1) företagens ovisshet angående sitt faktiska miljöförsäkringsskydd, 2) förvirringen kring de lagstadgade miljöförsäkringarna och till och med 3) avsaknaden av miljöansvarsprejudikat i Sverige.
6
Bienemann, Christian. "Civil liability for environmental pollution : different regimes and different perspectives." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=114459.
Full textAbstract:
The environment is at risk not only from disastrous accidents, but also from the insidious contamination by lesser incidents and from events whose significance is unacknowledged or even unrecognised at the time. Major incidents attract instant public concern and demands for clean up and prevention. Historical and gradual contamination do not often make headlines but may have effects which equally require curative and preventive action. The costs of curative and preventive actions may reach considerable dimensions. These costs have to be provided by parties responsible for or related to the damage. Predominantly it is the role of the civil law to give redress to those who may have suffered as a result of environmental damage. The development of civil liability for environmental pollution has been traditionally marked by the recognition of different liability regimes. However, none of these approaches is in itself sufficient to address the problems of environmental protection; nor do they yet amount into toto to a composite system. Therefore, efforts have been made to increase the effectiveness of each approach. The regulatory system is in the process of reform both in the European Union and in the Member states, through tightening of the standards backed by criminal and civil laws and by improving and monitoring and enforcement of these standards. However, even the establishment of a no-fault regime cannot guarantee the accurate attribution of environmental responsibility, the exhaustive remediation of environmental damage and the compensation of every loss caused by environmental pollution. This thesis will reveal that civil liability is not effective in securing restoration of the damaged environment and compensation of the injured persons. Furthermore, it will give consideration to other conceptions (compensation schemes and compulsory insurance), which try to ensure that environmental restoration and compensation take place.
7
Valentini, Laura. "Essays on environmental policy, plant location and financial liability." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313192.
Full text
8
Meherik, Deryk. "Environmental liability, policy and technology in real estate development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32232.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-142).
Under the Federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), 42 U.S.C. [paragraph]9601 et seq., "owner/operators" of contaminated real property may face cleanup costs that greatly exceed the value of the property. CERCLA liability is retroactive, is imposed without regard to fault, and - unless the defendant can prove divisibility - is joint and several. Moreover, owner/operators may also face liability under state cleanup statutes, under state tort law, and under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. [paragraph][paragraph]6901 et seq. Historically, this potential liability has had a dampening effect on the willingness of investors to acquire and develop property that is or may be contaminated with hazardous materials. As a result, the value of these so-called "Brownfields" properties has been diminished. This thesis explores two propositions regarding this form of environmental liability: 1) that the legislation is moving toward favoring and encouraging the developer of "Brownfields" real estate, and 2) that the most effective means for minimizing liability is a clear understanding of the laws, and an intelligent application of this understanding through the use of due diligence and transactional protections. This thesis attempts to provide information and analysis that would be especially useful to potential developers. Legislative activity was investigated and the relationship between public concern for health hazards and Congressional activity was studied and quantified to determine the nature of the correlation between these factors. The results indicate a correlation between public concern and Congressional hearings. This thesis also explores legislative concern with the interests of business and local government, as demonstrated by the increase in Congressional hearings leading to a modification of Federal environmental legislation to encourage development and remediation, and by the rapid growth of Brownfields development incentives in the individual States. As long as public concern does not return to the levels of the mid-1980's, it is likely that future legislation - at both the state and Federal level - will include additional incentives for the development of Brownfields and other contaminated property. The developments in environmental legislation indicate that environmental liability risks will continue to lessen, making such development more profitable and attractive to an increasing number of developers and other real property investors. Nonetheless, environmental liability does and should remain a legitimate concern in real estate development. There are key items - which could be considered a "checklist" - that a real estate developer needs to consider in the planning of transactions to undertake any development, especially any Brownfields development or rehabilitation project, to minimize his/her potential environmental liability.
by Deryk Meherik.
S.M.
9
Nabileyo, Oversea. "Liability regimes for environmental damage in South African law." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76674.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates whether liability regimes for purposes of claiming for damage caused to the environment in South Africa are effective, and provides a general view of the relevant concepts, and identifies the challenges in succeeding in bringing a successful statutory or civil liability claim. It examines the current environmental legislative framework and identifies its inadequacy in facilitating common law compensation claims to remediate environmental damage, as well as to compensate victims who personally suffer loss, harm or damage caused by a polluter. This study evaluates the complications and possibility of success in enforcing these damage claims.
The thesis commences with an overview of the definitions of what the concepts “environment”, “ecology” and “natural resources” mean. In this context, it aims to provide clarity on what damage to the environment, as a common good, entails. Thereafter the fundamental right of persons to the environment, for purposes of determining locus standi and the scope and merits of a liability claim are discussed. It is also evaluates and determines the importance of protecting the environment with specific reference to its impact on social and economic development, and the way in which liability regimes, by acting as a deterrent, can further this aim. . The current legislative framework in South Africa lacks comprehensive liability rules to allow for a claim for damages to be lodged directly by an individual against the polluter. As stated an effective liability regime also acts as a deterrent to combat the problem of environmental damage, and could be facilitated in improved environmental governance structures.
The possibility of taking successful recourse by ways of a civil delictual liability claim is critically discussed to determine whether the current flexible principles of delict can be applied effectively in cases where environmental damage claims are instituted. Criminal liability forms only a limited part of the study as utilising criminal law principles can merely serve as deterrent for environmental crimes in South Africa, yet does not provide compensation as reparation. The issue of the economic consequences relating to the various environmental liability regimes is also included in the study. Sound environmental liability regimes can serve the purpose of attracting and encouraging foreign direct investment, which is critical for economic and social development. The study further contains a brief capita selecta from the laws of other countries in order to tap from the experience of the other jurisdictions that have developed legal regimes for environmental governance. It aims to provide justifiable recommendations for future developments in this area of South Africa’s national laws.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLD
Unrestricted
10
Weber, Viktor. "Environmental liability from offshore carbon dioxide sequestration in the European Union." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/386253/.
Full textAbstract:
The case of European offshore carbon dioxide sequestration informs us that the international and European environmental liability frameworks for the protection of the marine environment are developed but several issues remain to be addressed and that they are still not completely ready to accommodate this technology. A detailed look is taken at the status of offshore CCS under public international law: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the London Convention, the London Protocol, and the OSPAR Convention. Subsequently, European law is analysed, the CCS Directive and the Environmental Liability Directive in particular. Finally, the liability related to carbon dioxide transport by pipelines is examined.
11
Chien, Li-Fen. "Do existing laws in South Africa hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions?" University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8008.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLMThe number of environmental offences taking place continues to increase each year. Despite the special position of responsibility occupied by directors as the ‘directing mind and will’ of the companies responsible for the commission of these offences, directors appear to continue to be shielded unconditionally behind the separate legal personality of the company. This thesis consists of a thorough examination of existing environmental laws, as well as the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the King IV Report on Corporate Governance, to determine whether the provisions contained therein may be interpreted so as to depart from the principle of separate legal personality (as provided for by corporate law) in order to hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions.
12
Galose, William B. "Three empirical essays regarding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's supplemental environmental projects policy /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421614601&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-179). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
13
Funk, Wesley Alan. "Estimating and managing environmental liability in the upstream oil and gas industry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0015/MQ47662.pdf.
Full text
14
Vermeulen, Marthinus Willem. "Environmental liability under the incoterms : a South African perspective / by M.W. Vermeulen." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/938.
Full textAbstract:
International trade is an important aspect of development in the South African
constitutional state. Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South
Africa, 1996, embodies the principle of sustainable development that is also
applicable to international trade. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate
how trade can be made more sustainable by way of the incorporation of
environmental liability provisions under the lncoterms to provide for instances
where environmental damage is caused during the trade and transport of
hazardous substances.
lncoterms are a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most
commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, and were developed under the
auspices of the lnternational Chamber of Commerce (ICC). lncoterms are
recognised by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL) as the global standard for trade term interpretation. They define
the transfer of risks for loss or damage of goods between the seller and
purchaser. They are the definitive text for the determination of costs and risks
allocated to the parties. lncoterms are regularly incorporated into sales
contracts worldwide and have become part of the daily language of trade. The
use of lncoterms permits that the uncertainties of different interpretations in
different countries be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.
However, environmental damage may occur during the transport of goods.
This damage may include aspects such as hazardous and noxious substance
spills on land and in water, which may have a detrimental effect on the
environment and which may also give rise to significant costs to rectify and
rehabilitate the environment. Liability for environmental damage may cause
uncertainties in international trade relationships, especially between parties
from different countries. It may accordingly be a useful strategy if lncoterms
were to incorporate and provide for the determination of risk and liability in the
case of environmental damage caused during international trade practices.
In light of the above, this dissertation investigates whether provisions under
the lncoterms provide for liability for environmental damage caused during
international trade practices, and if so, to what extent.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
15
Mmusinyane, Boitumelo Obert. "Africa's environmental protection challenge : social responsibility and liability of non-state actors." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1068.
Full textAbstract:
"In Africa non-state actors (NSAs) are causing an alarming concern with the destruction of the environment and indigenous communities in the name of development; such environmental degradation leaves indigenous or economically marginalized groups in an unsatisfactory environment to their health, standard of living and basic necessitites of life and the land for future development. In most instances, the host country does not get good value from the vast amount of resource extraction. In other words, this kind of investment does not benefit the affected people; rather, it transfers a country's resources outside. In the end the poor pays for the lust of the rich. In some cases, African governments are simply not interested in the impact of the activities of NSAs on the people as they personally benefit from their presence due to corruption. As a result, it is correct to note that 'the local partners (African governments)' are selling indigenous communities on for their personal gain. In spite of the fact that some of these African countries have strong environmental laws in operation, they are often unwilling to force NSAs to comply with environmental rights and labour standards since they badly need the investment and capital that NSAs bring into their economies. Some of these NSAs pressurise national governments and even threaten them with lawsuits to open their doors for them. Others completely close down and relocate in order to blackmail the governments to follow through on the permits after exploration had started. Globalisation and an increase in international trade have joined with the growth of the human rights movement. These dual trends have cast an increasing attention on the role that NSAs play in environmental rights violation throughout the Sub-Saharan African region. The criitical issue in this period of globalisation, and which is also a challenge to it, is the liability and social responsibility of NSAs in times of violation of enviornmental rights, since today they figure prominently within the human rights field. Most of their activities are not in accordance with national or international environmental standards. While NSAs enjoy sovereign immunity within local jurisdictions, primary responsibility lies with states, which in most cases, are held liable for wrongful acts committed by NSAs, since they are regarded as the ultimate guardian of the welfare of their populations. As state authority declines, NSAs play a direct and indirect role in a wide range of environmental human rights violations, and this has now led to a point where there is a need to attach more concrete obligations to them. The thesis provides a framework with which th NSAs can be held directly and indirectly accountable for their role in fuelling the instability in the Sub-Saharan African region. The purpose of the thesis is to determine the approaches or guidelines that can be followed in order to ensure that NSAs behave appropriately in host states in realisation of the right to development by preserving the harmonious environment that local communities are entitled to. The creation of a viable and sustainable environment for everyone is of paramount importance in today's society." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
16
Moodley, Alecia Genise. "Analysing the international civil liability regime for oil pollution damage caused by ships and aligning with it the South African civil liability regime for oil pollution damage cause by ships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29257.
Full textAbstract:
Oil-fouled beaches, dying seabirds and severe economic loss from the closure of fishing grounds and holiday resorts is the picture painted by oil spills, and these consequences often arouse public outrage. Oil spills cause extensive damage to the marine environment and to human society. Indeed, the economic consequences are often extensive, and it is for this reason that the internationalisation of a civil liability regime for oil pollution damage was initially proposed. The first move towards an international civil liability regime came when states which were affected by an unprecedented oil spill made it clear that individual states could not cope alone with these negative effects. The tanker held responsible for the oil spill which has been described as ‘the greatest peace-time menace ever to have confronted Britain’s shores’ was Liberian-registered tanker, the Torrey Canyon About 6 000 nautical miles south of Pollard rock, which was struck by the Torrey Canyon in 1967, lays the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (SA). The route that runs through the Cape of Good Hope is one of the busiest oil tanker routes in the world and this contributes to the large volume of oil traffic in this route. The Cape of Good Hope is also known as the ‘Cape of Storms’ and many vessels have faltered off this hazardous coastline of SA. The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) to address pollution prevention, the 1969 Intervention Convention to deal with emergency response, the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund convention) were enacted after the Torrey Canyon disaster, once it was clear that the international regime was not sufficient to deal with such an immense oil spill. 8 In addition, and of paramount importance, is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which is known as the “framework” or ”umbrella” convention in the international law of the sea. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse and compare the International and the South African civil liability regimes on oil pollution damage caused by ships. This comparative analogy will be done with the view of ascertaining whether the legal regime of South Africa (SA) is in line with the international civil liability regime and to ascertain what improvements can be made to SA’s civil liability regime. During this analysis, any inadequacies identified in these regimes will be addressed briefly. South Africa gave effect to the 1969 CLC and the 1971 Fund convention by enacting the Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act 6 of 1981 (MPA)(own emphasis). SA, however, only acceded to the 1992 protocols of amendment on 1 October 2005 (own emphasis) and, subsequently, did not implement these amendments domestically. Eight years later, the government finally updated the domestic law by providing for the domestic enactment of the provisions as contained in the 1992 protocols. In December 2013 (own emphasis), the Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability Convention) Act 25 of 2013 (“MSCLC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 24 of 2013 (“the IOPC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Administrations Act 35 of 2013 (“Administrations act”), and the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Contributions Act 36 of 2013 (“Contributions act”) was enacted by Parliament. This dissertation serves to explore these laws of SA against the backdrop of the relevant international conventions including the UNCLos which provides a general framework. Prior to these amendment laws, SA’s regime was outdated and provided insufficient compensation for a major oil spill. The primary research question of this dissertation is: Is SA’s civil liability regime consistent with, aligned with and adequate in light of, the international civil liability regime? In order to answer the abovementioned research question, this dissertation adopts the following structure: It is divided into five chapters which will follow one another as the civil liability regime is being unpacked and analysed. Chapter 1 contains an introduction, background, and sets out the scope and limits of this topic; It furthermore provides a brief literature review on civil liability to aid in understanding the main topic of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 it will be beneficial to look at the brief history behind the international regulation of marine oil pollution in order to grasp the reasoning behind the existing international regime. Therefore, the international history will first be addressed, and thereafter a comprehensive analysis of the various conventions that make up the international regime will be done. There will also be an indication of certain inadequacies which may be contained therein, before concluding and moving the focus to SA in the next chapter. It will then be of importance to address SA’s liability regime critically. In Chapter 3 the new marine pollution acts are dissected whilst keeping in mind the broad themes that originate in the international conventions. This third chapter also addresses whether the MSCLC act has strengthened the South African regime and whether SA will have access to the compensation funds after the enactment of the IOPC Fund Act. Chapter 4 will accordingly look at the laws of general application in SA with a view of ascertaining how these laws complement the civil liability regime and how reliance on them could improve the South African regime. Furthermore, recommendations will be made with regards to improving SA’s regime. Finally, this dissertation will come to a conclusion in Chapter 5 which will also briefly summarise the findings of the previous chapters.
17
Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond. "A study of polluter pays principle policy in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31365097.
Full text
18
Nabileyo, Oversea. "The polluter pays principle and environmental liability in South Africa / by Oversea Nabileyo." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4712.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental liability rules are crucial in a country such as South Africa. The issue of liability pertaining to pollution of or harm to the environment is a critical area in our law as environmental liability is not adequately addressed in terms of South African law.1 Liability law is thus directed towards the objectives of damage prevention and the distribution of loss in accordance with considerations of social justice. Liability law is necessary in order to prevent environmental pollution or degradation. An example of pollution to the environment is when goods are transported and a traffic accident occurs, which results in the spillage of harmful substances. Harmful substances may for instance be easily transmitted to surface water or underground water. These substances may have adverse effects on human health and the environment.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
19
Valencia, Martín Germán. "The death throes of the old spanish system of liability for environmental damage." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116751.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes the last judgments in the case of the Aznalcóllar mines (or Boliden case). A well-known event in Spain that produced significant environmental damage, and that, having occurred before the new Law on Environmental Liability and to be resolved under the previous legislation, is causing countless problems for reimbursement of the substantial expenditures invested by the Spanish Public Administration inrepairing the damage. Posed a negative conflict of jurisdiction between civil and administrative courts, the Special Chamber of Conflicts of Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has just returned the matter back to the former. To the author, it is, however, a false or apparent conflict, because of loopholes in that previous law, fortunately overcome for the future.Este trabajo analiza las últimas resoluciones judiciales en el caso de las minas de Aznalcóllar (o caso Boliden). Un suceso bien conocido en España que produjo importantes daños ambientales y que, por ser previo a la nueva Ley de Responsabilidad Medioambiental y tenerse que resolver con arreglo a la legislación anterior, está causando innumerables problemas para obtener el reembolso de los cuantiosos gastos invertidos por las administraciones públicas españolas en la reparación de los daños. Planteado un conflicto negativo de competencia entre las jurisdicciones civil y contencioso-administrativa, la Sala Especial de Conflictos de Competencia del Tribunal Supremo acaba de devolver el conocimiento del asunto a la primera. A juicio del autor, se trata,sin embargo, de un falso o aparente conflicto, provocado por las lagunas de aquella legislación, afortunadamente superada de cara al futuro.Una versión ligeramente distinta de este trabajo, con el título de «Boliden: un extraño conflicto negativo de competencia», se va a publicar en el número 24 (2013) de la Revista Aranzadi de Derecho Ambiental, actualmente en prensa.
20
Tollmann, Claus. "Die umweltrechtliche Zustandsverantwortlichkeit : Rechtsgrund und Reichweite ; eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung unter Berücksichtigung der Zustandsverantwortlichkeit gesicherter Kreditgeber /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/526946733.pdf.
Full text
21
Lawson, Nitoni George. "The doctrine of absolute liability and the right to a safe environment : issues and challenges in the liability of environmental polluters in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/620999.
Full textAbstract:
Oil and gas exploitation and production in Nigeria, particularly in the Niger Delta region, is awash with pollution incidents with its attendant impact on the health of locals as well as foreseeable damage on the biodiversity of the region. Owing to this development, victims of environmental pollution have repeatedly instituted legal actions against transnational corporations (TNCs) and the Federal Government with a view to recovering damages and enforcing rights via statutory claims (which basically reflects traditional English common law rules on liability). Notwithstanding, it is observed that such claims have not availed victims of pollution with the basic reliefs sought, and this is seemingly traceable to the ‘economic interest’ which government retains in oil and gas activities, the technicalities in proving negligence on the part of TNCs; as a vast majority of oil pollution incidents are caused by ‘acts of third parties’, and under such scenarios, TNCs will only be liable where they neglect to protect oil facilities, and the lack of direct legal provisions to provide for fundamental rights to a clean environment, although even before Nigeria attained her independence in 1960 the Oil Pipelines Act of 1955 addressed some oil-related environmental problems. These challenges, amongst others have prompted victims of environmental pollution in Nigeria, in recent years, to seek for legal redress in foreign jurisdictions. The current research opted for turnaround in the environmental justice system by considering whether there is any legal nexus between environmental pollution and breach of fundamental rights (‘rights to a healthy environment’) of the people, and whether such right will generate an absolute liability against TNCs? It is recognised that ‘fundamental rights’ which are found in the Nigerian Constitution have higher status over other rights as contained in statutes, and where these rights are violated, liability will be either strict or absolute as the case may be; this is pursuant to findings in the current research that the defence of ‘act of third parties’ and others may not be sustained in fundamental rights enforcement proceedings, and owing to this, victims of environmental pollution incidents in Nigeria will be able to get adequate redress and secure higher standards of environmental quality. This conclusion is reached through a close examination of legal instruments, case-law and opinions of experts in Nigeria and a limited number of other jurisdictions.
22
Hayajneh, Abdelnaser Zeyad. "Civil liability for environmental damage : a comparative study between Jordanian and English legal systems." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3119.
Full textAbstract:
As environmental degradation continues to grow and presents fatal misfortunes to humankind and nature, efforts have been made to prevent and restore environmental damage as well as compensate its victims. A considerable debate was launched to discuss and figure out how this problem could be best handled. In the centre of this debate was the role of the law and its potential application to protect the environment and compensate victims of environmental damage. A critical question in this context was the role of civil liability. This thesis attempts to investigate the role and application of civil liability rules in environmental damage cases both in the UK and Jordan. The significance of this study lies in the fact that the UK is considered to be the mother of the common law system where courts play a crucial role in forming and revising the law, whereas Jordan follow the Latin or civil law system where the role of courts assimilates in applying the applicable law to cases brought before it. This thesis consists of six chapters through which, the issue of civil liability has been examined where environmental damage is in question. This analysis is made in the hope that it will reveal the different aspects of efficiency and deficiency attached to tort law when used to remediate environmental damage and compensate its victims. The thesis reveals that, civil liability as it stands now does not fit in an environmental context, and there will be an urgent need for reform whether in adapting traditional rules of civil liability to cope with the complications involved in environmental damage cases, or to abandon traditional civil liability rules, and introduce a liability regime to handle the issue of restoration and compensation in environmental damage cases.
23
Lanegra, Quispe Iván Kriss. "Environmental damage in the General Environmental Law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116482.
Full textAbstract:
This paper looks at environmental damage definition stipulated by Peruvian General Environmental Law as well as its implications for the environmental policy development. It also outlines complexities involved identifying environmental damage as much as designing and implementing public policies according to Peruvian legislation processing.El presente ensayo analiza la definición de daño ambiental querecoge la Ley General del Ambiente, así como sus implicancias para el desarrollo de la política ambiental. Describe las complejidades presentes en la identificación del daño ambiental así como en el diseño y aplicación de las políticas públicas relacionadas a su tratamiento en la legislación peruana.
24
Guneyli, Yamac. "Determination Of Environmental Problems Of The Transboundary Pipeline And Applicable National And International Legal Framework." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1055714/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Regarding historical tendency and today’
s future estimations, the global demand of petroleum is expected to reach a huge amount and this will be supplied by fossil fuels. Turkey&
#8217
s geographic location will make it an optimum route for transportation between the energy-rich Caspian regions, and the energy-consuming nations of Europe. Therefore, the transboundary pipeline, the most efficient means of transporting large quantities of hydrocarbons across long distances over land, will gain importance and the decision of a route through Turkey is a logical selection. However, despite all the security measures, pipelines have caused much significant environmental pollution due to accident, intention or negligence. Law is the major applied tool for compensating this environmental pollution and for determining the liable person or organization. According to international law, the rights and obligations of the source State and potentially affected states should be defined in such a way that all transit states can proceed with their operations. Moreover, the source state acts in compliance with its international obligations and adopts the necessary regulations in order to safeguard that the person in control of a potentially harm-causing activity has to bear the costs of additional measures to comply with those regulations. However, if the source state acts in violation of its international obligations, not the person in control of the activity but the state would be primary liable ex delicto. Equally significant, Turkey requires some changes in the existing laws and additional new regulations for constituting more effective Turkish Liability law and being a reference source for internationally liability law. Regarding hazardous facilities, Turkey needs some common provisions to derive new solution possibilities and to identify some criteria for cases in the future.
25
Pinto, Erica Rusch Daltro. "Ação civil pública de responsabilidade por danos ambientais." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10740.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-15T12:05:31Z
No. of bitstreams: 4
Erica 4.pdf: 1237849 bytes, checksum: d963966a8219b258438f4085b04b915b (MD5)
Erica 3.pdf: 754829 bytes, checksum: c8bbd883a4fe0175ff6cc279dbf70f67 (MD5)
Erica 2.pdf: 499425 bytes, checksum: 6ea3da2074f11c19a0b54fcaa2fcf5a2 (MD5)
Erica 1.pdf: 87081 bytes, checksum: 623447dc41bde9d92e7ee723c4905c0f (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:35:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 Erica 4.pdf: 1237849 bytes, checksum: d963966a8219b258438f4085b04b915b (MD5) Erica 3.pdf: 754829 bytes, checksum: c8bbd883a4fe0175ff6cc279dbf70f67 (MD5) Erica 2.pdf: 499425 bytes, checksum: 6ea3da2074f11c19a0b54fcaa2fcf5a2 (MD5) Erica 1.pdf: 87081 bytes, checksum: 623447dc41bde9d92e7ee723c4905c0f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Erica 4.pdf: 1237849 bytes, checksum: d963966a8219b258438f4085b04b915b (MD5) Erica 3.pdf: 754829 bytes, checksum: c8bbd883a4fe0175ff6cc279dbf70f67 (MD5) Erica 2.pdf: 499425 bytes, checksum: 6ea3da2074f11c19a0b54fcaa2fcf5a2 (MD5) Erica 1.pdf: 87081 bytes, checksum: 623447dc41bde9d92e7ee723c4905c0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Na presente dissertação pretende-se discutir a questão da ação civil pública para a reparação de danos ambientais. Para tanto faz-se inicialmente no primeiro capitulo uma analise da responsabilidade civil ambiental enfrentando-se a questão da natureza objetiva e das teorias da natureza de risco. Aborda-se também a dificuldade no estabelecimento do nexo causal para ensejar o dever de reparação do dano ambiental e as características e os efeitos da responsabilidade civil ambiental identificando o estabelecimento de uma nova função para este instituto . O estudo da responsabilidade civil neste capitulo. Faz-se uma analise da jurisprudência tratando deste tema e das técnicas disponíveis no direito brasileiro para apurar a responsabilidade do infrator por um dano causado ao meio ambiente. Em seguida no segundo capitulo parte-se para a analise dos aspectos processuais da ação de reparação de danos ambientais no qual serão analisados os seguintes aspectos as tutelas de urgências a legitimação ativa e passiva a competência a denunciação da lide a litispendência conexão e continência a assistência e litisconsórcio a distribuição do ônus da prova a coisa julgada e por fim o termo de julgamento de conduta. Ao final no terceiro capitulo faz-se um estudo da problemática em torno da reparação dos danos ambientais iniciando-se pela conceituação e analise das características desse dano. Em seguida parte-se para a sua classificação e conseqüente estudo do dano individual reflexo e do dano extrapatrimonial ambiental. Analisa-se no trabalho as formas de reparação do dano ambiental e as dificuldades em torno de sua valoração com enfrentamento dos precedentes judiciais sobre o assunto. Ao final será realizado um breve estudo da aplicação do instituto da prescrição indenizatória do dano ambiental.
Salvador
26
McGraw, Patricia A. "Changing contracts, the impact of lender environmental liability on secured debt, corporate financing and public policy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ36588.pdf.
Full text
27
Murungi, Jane Enid Nganzi. "Environmental liability under the terminal operators convention : a South African perspective / by Jane Enid Nganzi Murungi." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/180.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the Convention on the Liability of Operators of
Transport Terminals in International Trade Terminal Operators Convention
(hereafter the TOC) in light of South Africa's environmental law. Entrenched
in section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and other
sectoral environmental legislation, are environmental rights and responsibilities,
that may govern a terminal operator's activities irrespective of other
international environmental obligations. This dissertation explains the role of a
terminal operator and illustrates how his activities pose potential adverse effects
the environment. Under South African law, a terminal operator who pollutes
the environment will under certain circumstances be liable for environmental
damage and loss. The dissertation focuses on interpreting article 5( 1) of the
TOC by using some South African modes of judicial interpretation. In
particular, it considers whether under the TOC, a terminal operator could be
liable for loss or damage to the environment. To facilitate this determination, a
comprehensive study of the principle of remoteness, and the role it plays in
determining the extent to which loss or damage can be covered, is made. The
dissertation postulates that the TOC would use similar principles to determine
the scope of damages it governs.
The dissertation notes the inadequacies of the TOC, the greatest being that it is
unlikely to cover environmental loss and damage. The author draws ideas from
the TOC and other international environmental instruments, and proposes that
South Africa should promulgate suitable legislation that imposes rigorous
liability on a terminal operator, for environmental pollution.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
28
Irowarisima, Macdonald. "Devising a legal framework for environmental liability and regulation for mitigating risks of shale gas extraction." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2019. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/efb47565-0d70-4e69-b26f-877900e878d0.
Full textAbstract:
The safe extraction of shale gas resources has become a controversial issue in the energy sector and within energy law and policy circle. These issues have transcended to other areas of the society such as the environment, public health, and geopolitics. In fact, in environmental issue and regulation, it has become a norm in the minds of many that finding a model individual to do the right thing is a onerous task. One solution to this problem currently would be to realise the benefits energy resource extraction presents by devising the right regulatory strategies to improve the compliance level of those operating such risky activity to do the right thing. However, the strategic solutions to achieve the benefits are not that complex when compared with the strategic measures for achieving compliance to set regulatory standards for mitigating risks from energy extraction activity. This thesis argue for a complementary regulatory instrument mix (self-regulation and command & control regulatory strategies) to improve effective compliance for mitigating risks associated with energy extractive and consumption activities. One fundamental problem for this disparity is that the available regulatory strategies and approaches are fraught with diverse limitations that makes it unable to accommodate the dynamic of energy resource extraction. Also, industry and regulators of such activity's dependence on regulatory approaches has been centred on command and control regulation that inhibits the incentive for the operator to go beyond the set standards. Hence, the urgency to devise an effective framework to balance costs that comes with the quest to relaise the benefits from resource extraction activities and the need for the preservation of the environment and health. Though achieving full compliance is far-fetched but optimal compliance is achievable within the context of collective participation amongst all industry players. One pragmatic means of achieving these conflicting interests within the global energy sector is through alternatives or a combination of regulatory instrument mixes (self-regulation and command and control regulation). This thesis intends that these alternatives should serve as complements to the command and control regulation and not to replace them. Such alternatives to regulation which this thesis argue and formulate that can help mitigate especially water contamination risk which has an increased frequency of occurrence is what it calls: 'the risk/segment based strict liability rule.' In addition, 'self-regulation' as a complement to command and control environmental regulation. While self-regulation helps to address the problem of information asymmetry that regulation grapple with, the risk based strict liability rule helps to address risks that have a highly probable or increased frequency level of occurrence. By risk based strict liability rule being proposed in this thesis, it means a risk from an activity can be subject to a strict liability cause of action without necessarily subjecting the entire activity to stricter environmental laws. This is based on the legal rationale that where particular risks' has an increased frequency level of occurrence or the impacts could lead to transgenerational harm, it should be classified as abnormal. Therefore, should be subject to strict liability cause of action. Thus, the philosophy behind this thesis is to see how regulation can deal with particular risks under strict liability when they have an increased frequency to occur and not necessarily the entire activity. Thus, the significance of this thesis is that it resonates the ability of self-regulation and liability systems to direct the costs of the harms to those who create them. More so, these innovative policy options embedded in the properties of self-regulation and liability system will force operators to incur additional costs needed to forestall or control their actions that might result in externalities beyond the socially optimal level. Thus, environmental governance through self-regulatory and risk/segment liability rule systems as alternatives to command and control regulation will erode that complacency on the part of the creators of such possible negative impacts to act sustain-ably. These alternatives to command and control regulation are cogent in mitigating risks associated with shale gas as an energy source on two grounds. Based on the above problems, this thesis shall examine the critical question of whether stricter environmental liability and regulatory approaches is required to achieve a sustainable shale gas extraction. Also, what other features should be included in these environmental protectionist tools to achieve effectiveness in managing water contamination and dispersed risks associated with fracking activity. This thesis, argue for a stricter liability and regulatory approach as a complement to the limitations of command and control regulation with some added features to address dispersed harms associated with energy extraction activity especially the risk of water contamination.
29
Wessels, Johannes Albertus. "Environmental authorisations and mining organisations / J.A. Wessels." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/548.
Full textAbstract:
Mining is essential to the human well-being in many aspects. Mining activities,
however, contribute significantly to pollution and other environmental impacts in
South Africa. Recently much more stringent environmental legislation has been
developed in South Africa due to increased public awareness and environmental
disasters caused by mining activities. Authorisations constitute one of the main
"command and control" instruments that can be used to influence and direct the
behaviour of individuals and organisations to achieve sound environmental
protection ultimately. The problem is that in the ever-changing maze of South
African environmental legislation, it is often difficult for individuals and organisations
to identify, obtain and maintain environmental authorisations. This article provides a
legislative framework for the mining sector, explores the purpose and importance of
environmental authorisations, gives an overview of the underlying relationship
between environmental authorisations, risk assessment and environmental
management systems before proposing a generic procedure for identifying,
obtaining and maintaining environmental authorisations.Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
30
Kühn, Matthias. "Umweltschutz durch Privatrecht : eine Studie zur ökologischen Analyse der privatrechtlichen Schutzrechte und des Vertragsrechts in Deutschland und England /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015602400&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full text
31
Münter, Andreas. "Die Vermeidung und Sanierung von Umweltschäden : der Beitrag der Umwelthaftungs-Richtlinie 2004/35/EG unter dem Aspekt der Versicherbarkeit /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995159882/04.
Full text
32
Chetty, Sarika. "Legal measures for the prevention of oil pollution by ships and civil liability for oil pollution damage in South African marine and coastal waters." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15169.
Full textAbstract:
This paper will look at whether the legislation passed in South Africa aimed at preventing and prohibiting oil pollution, as well as current civil liability regimes for oil pollution accidents are adequate or if they fail to meet the standard required by international law. For instance, compensation for the damage and harm caused to the environment is vital in order to restore the sea and prevent further accidents. In terms of civil liability, South Africa ratified the Convention on Civil Liability, but failed to enact domestic legislation in terms of the Convention to regularly update current legislation so that the standards are high and enforceable in national law. The result was that South Africa was left financially unprepared to deal with future oil spills and prevention thereof.
33
Emeseh, Engobo. "Regulatory and institutional framework for enforcing criminal liability for environmental damage : a study of the oil industry in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2005. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/facfa96a-af6e-4be0-958c-cd71627f5a46.
Full text
34
Dias, Sara Isabel Catarino. "Passivo ambiental: estudo de caso." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/15117.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e FinançasA questão ambiental é um fator relevante para qualidade de vida das pessoas, uma vez que com o grande avanço tecnológico e industrial, começou-se a produzir grandes quantidades bens e em menor período de tempo, consumindo grandes quantidades de recursos, em especial os naturais. O delapidar desses recursos e os efeitos para a sociedade começam a manifestar-se em forma de poluição do ar, contaminação de rios e mares, contaminação dos solos, entre outros. A sociedade passou então a cobrar das empresas uma maior responsabilidade ambiental. No início do século XX as empresas, finalmente, ganharam consciência da problemática ambiental e na tentativa de minimizar os impactos ambientais surgem os órgãos fiscalizadores, que aplicam multas e coimas às empresas que não respeitassem o meio ambiente. Havendo a possibilidade de incorrem em algumas penalidades ambientais, as empresas acabam por encontrar dificuldades em obter financiamento junto das instituições de crédito ou captar investidores, reduzindo assim a possibilidade de financiamento. Neste contexto, a contabilidade pode ser vista como um importante instrumento para controlar e proporcionar melhores tomadas de decisões sobre as atividades das empresas. As informações ambientais são do interesse de todos os grupos de stakeholders, como fornecedores, governo, acionistas, bancos, entre outros, uma vez que afetam, direta ou indiretamente, o futuro da empresa, daí que, a assumpção de passivos ambientais condiciona rendibilidades futuras ou a sobrevivência da própria empresa. No entanto, a contabilidade tradicional pouco proporciona em termos de qualidade das informações ambientais, pois essas são evidenciadas em conjunto com as informações financeiras e operacionais. Para complementar as informações específicas e diferenciadas sobre o meio ambiente, a contabilidade teve que se desdobrar em mais ramificações: a Contabilidade Ambiental (Paiva, 2003).
The environmental issue is a relevant factor for quality of life, as with the great technological and industrial progress, they began to produce large quantities goods and in a shorter period of time, consuming large amounts of resources, especially natural. The squandering of these features and effects for society begin to manifest itself in the form of air pollution, contamination of rivers and seas, soil contamination, among others. The society then went on to charge companies a greater environmental responsibility. At the beginning of the twentieth century, companies, finally, became aware of environmental issues and trying to minimize the environmental impacts arise regulatory agencies, imposing fines and fines on companies that do not respect the environment. With the possibility of incurring some environmental penalties, companies end up encountering difficulties in obtaining funding from credit institutions or attract investors, thus reducing the possibility of financing. In this context, accounting can be seen as an important tool to control and provide better decision making on the activities of companies. Environmental information is in the interests of all stakeholder groups, such as suppliers, government, shareholders, banks, among others, since they affect, directly or indirectly, the company's future, so that the assumption of environmental liabilities determines future performance or survival of the company. However, traditional accounting provides little in terms of quality of environmental information, as these are evidenced in conjunction with the financial and operational information. In addition to the specific and different information about the environment, accounting had to unfold more branches: Environmental Accounting (Paiva, 2003).
35
Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "A study of polluter pays principle policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012738.
Full text
36
Pigrau, Antoni, and Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann. "Intertwined Actions against serious environmental damage: The impact of Shell in Nigeria." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115581.
Full textAbstract:
The demand for natural resources and energy continues to growin the developed world and, with it, the negative impacts on the environment and the rights of the peoples directly affected by extractive activities undertaken by the largest transnational corporations. Three factors compel victims of serious environmental damage to resort simultaneously to any available avenue of legal action (whether judicial or non-judicial, national or international): (1) the link between environmental damage and human rights abuses; (2) weak legislation, combined with the inability or unwillingness of the law-enforcing institutions in many countries where such extractive activities take place; and (3) the absence of international avenues to claim direct liability from corporations. We call this phenomenon intertwined actions, as the various judicial actions undertaken by the victims end up mutually reinforcing and increasing the visibility of the problem. The aim of this paper is to show this reality on the basis of the various instances of litigation that are taking place in the specific context of Shell’s activities in the Niger delta.La presión de la demanda de recursos naturales y de energía en el mundo desarrollado sigue creciendo y, con ello, los impactos negativos sobre el medio ambiente y los derechos de las personas vinculados en especial a las actividades extractivas llevadas a cabo por las mayores empresas transnacionales. La suma de tres factores —la vinculación entre daños al medio ambiente y vulneración de derechos humanos, la debilidad de la legislación y la incapacidad o la falta de voluntad de la institucionalidad que debe aplicarla en muchos de los países donde se desarrollan dichas actividades y la inexistencia de vías internacionales para reclamar la responsabilidad directamente a las empresas— ha llevado a las víctimas de graves daños ambientales a utilizar a la vez todo tipo de vías disponibles (judiciales y nojudiciales, nacionales e internacionales), en lo que cabe denominar acciones entrelazadas, puesto que todas ellas acaban por reforzarse mutuamente y aumentan la visibilidad del problema. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar esta realidad a partir del caso concreto del impacto de las actividades de la empresa petrolera Shell, una de las empresas que opera en el delta del Níger.Este artículo se basa en uno de los estudios de caso realizados en el marco de un proyecto más amplio de investigación vinculado al Proyecto Environmental Justice Organizations, Liabilities and Trade (EJOLT), VII Programa Marco de la Unión Europea, Número FP7-SCIENCE-IN-SOCIETY-2010–1, y al proyecto de investigación, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, «La garantía jurídica de la vertiente intrageneracional de la justicia ambiental como aspecto social del desarrollo sostenible» (DER2010-19529).
37
Joubert, Deon Ernst. "The business judgment rule and the liability of directors for the environmental damage caused by the South African mining industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/62540.
Full textAbstract:
The South African mining industry is viewed as the locomotive of the economic
development in South Africa and has been a leading contributor to the economy for
more than a century. However, the price paid for economic growth has left South
Africa with a "mining legacy" and mining companies now face an upsurge of politically
and regulatory induced challenges. Directors of mining companies have to act with a
certain level of duty of care, skill and diligence in order for them to navigate through
these various challenges. The heightened awareness of environmental degradation
caused by mining has seen a rise in stricter mining liability legislation in South Africa,
with a specific focus on company and director liability. The result is that directors are
now faced with the possibility of personal liability when performing their executive
function. According to the business judgment rule, directors will be shielded from
liability if they acted with the necessary duty of care.
The objective of this dissertation is to examine to what extent the business judgment
rule will offer protection to a director of a mining company where the director caused
environmental damage. The analysis of this study will be conducted in the context of
the environmental damage caused by a mining company due to the decision making
and 'governance' of the mining company's director or directors.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
38
Horníčková, Lenka. "Pojištění environmentálních rizik." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85346.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis focuses on environmental liability insurance as a representative of various methods of financial guarantee with respect to the environmental damage risk. The environmental risk is explained in the context of the theory of insurance and the specific features of this risk, which may lead to a discussion about insurability of environmental damage risk, are pointed out. The thesis is also aimed at the legal rules in the Czech republic, because there is a close relationship between the environmental insurance and existing legal rules. Last but not least, the thesis also provides an overview of the environmental insurance products available in the Czech republic.
39
Lu, Chang. "A comparative study of liability arising from the carriage of dangerous goods between Chinese and English Law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/111213.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about the rights and liabilities arising under English and Chinese law in respect of the carriage of dangerous cargo. It is noted that the danger in dangerous cargoes was not necessarily something in the goods themselves, but might well lie in the way they were packaged, looked after or transported. Accordingly, the responsibilities and liabilities of the various parties with regards to the carriage of dangerous cargoes are usually intertwined and complex. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the dangerous cargoes liabilities in English and Chinese law, by providing suggestions for existing problems in each country based on three sources: contract, tort and statute. Moreover, the chain of causation and concept of remoteness has particular importance in order to establish liability and decide which type and what amount of damage is recoverable. This thesis compares both countries’ liability regimes and how to secure compensation for its victims, and the restoration of the environment, with reference to the EU Environmental Liability Directive and relevant international conventions. The author draws her final conclusions from four important issues: (1) the meaning of dangerous cargo, the packing and handling; (2) the scheme of liability; (3) the channelling of liability; and (4) the type of recoverable damage.
40
Nene, Thami Wellington. "An analysis of the appropriateness of statutory financial security mechanisms for mine closure and rehabilitation in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76744.
Full textAbstract:
A lot of mine were left abandoned, unrehabilitated or unclosed prior to the introduction National Environmental management Act 107 of 1998 and most did not have plans for rehabilitation or mine closure. The law requires that no exploration or production operations may commence unless financial provision has been made that is guaranteeing the availability of sufficient fund. planning is a prerequisite in the early development planning phase and must continue throughout the mine life cycle and closure phase. The financial provisions must be maintained for the duration of the life of the mine until closure when the closure certificate is issued. The financial provision is critical in ensuring that environmental liabilities for rehabilitation and closure are addressed. The purpose thereof is to mitigate the negative impacts of mining operations on the environment. This paper will investigate financial provisions system which is currently in use in South Africa from the financial security methods employed, the setting up, determination, quantification as well as general rules applicable thereto. The surveys undertaken in this regard and records held by the DMR will be relied on. When mine operations stop, a closure certificate must be issued to serve as proof that the plans relating to reclamation and closure have been complied with. The effect of a closure certificate exonerates the holder of such right from any residual or latent environmental liabilities. The paper will further look into the reasons and barriers to proper mine closure. The overall SA legislative framework for environmental liability relating to closure and rehabilitation generally conforms with international expectations. This paper examines the principal legislation and in particular the 2015 proposed regulations for securing financial provision for environmental liabilities. The main objectives of the research were to evaluate whether the current financial provision systems are appropriate in guaranteeing mine rehabilitation and closure. Moreover, whether they can realistically alter the legacy inherited from past abandoned or unclosed mines. Lastly, examination of the correlation between closure certificate and financial provision in relation to mine closure. Findings indicate that money set aside as financial provision for environmental liabilities is not being spent by the state. The law is clear which steps mine companies must take for rehabilitation and closure of new and old mine sites including legacy abandoned sites. The law is only as good as its implementation and enforcement. The Success of any financial surety instrument depends on the care, effort put into setting it up, managing it and meticulous calculation. Most will work if they are done properly.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
41
Albuquerque, Josà Alfredo de. "Evaluation of environmental liabilities of degradeted soils by salts in Curu Pentecoste Perimeter irrigated, Ceara." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14817.
Full textAbstract:
nÃo hÃA pesquisa tem como base fÃsica o PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu Pentecoste, jurisdicionado ao Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, e como objetivo geral quantificar a extensÃo, o custo da reversÃo e a responsabilidade legal pelo passivo ambiental. A irrigaÃÃo pÃblica no semiÃrido brasileiro tem gerado como subproduto a degradaÃÃo dos solos por sais, formando um passivo ambiental, cuja responsabilidade legal da reversÃo à do poder pÃblico. Para quantificar a extensÃo e o custo da reversÃo do dano ambiental, inicialmente, aplicou-se um questionÃrio aos agricultores irrigantes para analisar o significado que eles dÃo aos problemas relacionados com a irrigaÃÃo, com a Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo e com a degradaÃÃo dos solos. Posteriormente, utilizou-se um sensor de induÃÃo eletromagnÃtica para medir a condutividade elÃtrica no solo, estimando-se o total de sais solÃveis em sua soluÃÃo. Os valores da condutividade elÃtrica aferidos pelo sensor nortearam a coleta de amostras de solo para fins de anÃlise fÃsica e quÃmica, procedendo-se à identificaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas por sais. Com a definiÃÃo da extensÃo dos danos ambientais, levantaram-se os valores de produtividade das principais culturas e o valor bruto da produÃÃo agrÃcola, para aferir os custos da reversÃo do passivo ambiental. Os resultados demonstraram uma hipossuficiÃncia financeira e tÃcnica dos agricultores irrigantes; que a degradaÃÃo ambiental por sais atinge 67,27% da Ãrea do perÃmetro irrigado. Conclui-se que, em decorrÃncia dos aspectos de solidariedade, a responsabilidade civil objetiva na reparaÃÃo do dano ambiental provocado pela irrigaÃÃo à do poder pÃblico.
The research has as a physical basis the Curu Pentecoste Irrigated Perimeter, under jurisdiction of the Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (National Department of Works to Combat Drought) and as an objective quantify the extent, the cost of reversal and legal responsibility for the environmental liability. The public irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid has generated salt-induced soil degradation as a by-product, originating a legal liability, and its legal responsibility lies with the state authority. To quantify the extent and cost of reverting the environmental damage, initially, a survey was conducted among irrigating farmers to analyze the meaning they give to the problems related to the irrigation, the water used in irrigation and the degradation of the soil. Beforehand an electromagnetic induction sensor was used to measure the electrical conductivity in the soil, estimating the total of soluble salts in its solution. The electrical conductivity values obtained by the sensor oriented the collection of soil samples for the purposes of physical and chemical analyses, proceeding to the identification of the areas degraded by salt. With the definition of the extent of the environmental damage, the values of the main crops and the gross value of the agricultural production were collected to assess the costs of reverting the environmental liability. The results showed financial and technical insufficiencies of the irrigating farmers; that the environmental degradation by salt reaches 67,27% of the irrigated perimeter. In conclusion, as a result of the solidarity aspects, the strict civil liability in repairing the environmental damage caused by irrigation lies with the state authority.
42
Caldecott, Benjamin. "Stranded assets and environment-related risk." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:36137d36-8392-4ce9-8a51-709bc6495a17.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis represents the first comprehensive attempt at providing conceptual and scholarly coherence to the topic of stranded assets and the environment. Over the last five years the topic has risen up the agenda and has become of significant interest to scholars and practitioners alike, as it has influenced a number of pressing issues facing investors, companies, policymakers, regulators, and civil society in relation to global environmental change. The thesis reveals how the topic developed and emerged, notably through a unique first-person account based on autoethnography and close dialogue. Four self- contained papers demonstrate the wide applicability of stranded assets, and further existing, relatively well-developed literatures (namely carbon budgets and stranded costs) and also two much less developed literatures (namely the calibration of climate policy to minimise stranded assets and policy mechanisms to quickly and efficiently strand assets). Though a significant amount has been written on stranded assets over a short period, there remain significant gaps in the literature. The thesis identifies substantial research opportunities, particularly to better connect our understanding of physical and societal environment-related risks; to improve our knowledge of perception and behaviour in relation to the creation and management of stranded assets; to expand the scope of work into new sectors and geographies; and to place stranded assets in an appropriate historical perspective. Stranded assets is, if anything, a geographical concept. The thesis makes the case for economic geography as the disciplinary home for stranded assets. The sub-discipline can both contribute to the development of stranded assets as a scholarly endeavour and itself benefit from interacting with a topic that intersects with some of the most pressing contemporary issues related to environmental sustainability.
43
Bardy, Jennifer. "Le concept comptable de passif environnemental, miroir du risque environnemental de l'entreprise." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0001.
Full textAbstract:
A travers les risques que l’entreprise fait peser sur l’environnement ou à travers les risques qui pèsent surelle eu égard à la multiplication des obligations légales visant à protéger l’environnement, l’entreprise nepeut plus se permettre d’ignorer le risque environnemental. L’exigence d’appréhension du risqueenvironnemental doit dorénavant accompagner l’entreprise tout au long de son existence. Le droitcomptable, autant pour ses capacités historiques d’appréhension des risques qu’en sa qualitéd’ordonnateur du langage de l’entreprise, apparaît comme l’instrument idoine d’identification et demaîtrise du risque environnemental. Par le biais du concept de passif environnemental, le droitcomptable offre une grille de lecture du risque environnemental mettant en lumière la plupart desnuances de ce risque. Toujours grâce au concept de passif environnemental, le droit comptable révèleson aptitude à contrôler les conséquences dommageables que le risque environnemental fait peser surl’entreprise ou l’environnement. Les mérites du droit comptable dans l’appréhension du risqueenvironnemental de l’entreprise ne doivent cependant pas masquer une conception originelleexclusivement basée sur la reconnaissance des atteintes portées au capital financier de l’entreprise. Parceque persister dans la voie de l’ignorance d’un capital environnemental a pour effet de restreindrel’appréhension du risque environnemental, la refondation du droit comptable dans le sens del’intégration d’un capital environnemental offre au droit comptable l’opportunité de s’affirmer en tantque branche du droit qui, bien que spécifique, n’en est pas moins vivante et à ce titre, douée d’évolutionWhether it is through the risks that the company imposes on the environment or through the risks thatweigh on it with regard to the multiplication of legal obligations aimed at protecting the environment,the company can no longer afford to ignore the environmental risk. Henceforth, the environmental riskapprehension requirement must guide the company throughout its existence. The accounting law, asmuch for its historical abilities to apprehend the risks of the company as for its quality of organizing thelanguage of the company, appears as the instrument that can help in the identification and control of theenvironmental risk. Through the concept of environmental liability, the accounting law offers, on onehand, an environmental risk reading grid that highlights most of the nuances of this risk. On the otherhand, because of the concept of environmental liability, the accounting law reveals its ability to controlthe damaging consequences that the environmental risk imposes on the company or the environment.The merits of the accounting law as regards the apprehension of the environmental risk of the companymust not however mask an original conception exclusively based on the recognition of the violations ofthe financial capital of the company. Because persisting in the path of ignorance of an environmentalcapital has the effect of restricting the apprehension of environmental risk, the refoundation of theaccounting law in the direction of the integration of an environmental capital offers to the accountinglaw the opportunity to assert itself as a branch of law which, although specific, is none the less alive andas such, capable of evolution
44
Albuquerque, José Alfredo de. "Avaliação do passivo ambiental de solos degradados por sais no perímetro irrigado Curu Pentecoste, Ceará." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18982.
Full textAbstract:
ALBUQUERQUE, José Alfredo de. Avaliação do passivo ambiental de solos degradados por sais no perímetro irrigado Curu Pentecoste, Ceará. 2015. 82 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2015.Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T15:40:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jaalbuquerque.pdf: 962070 bytes, checksum: 0f076f8e5aa488dfdcd3e60443022493 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T15:41:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jaalbuquerque.pdf: 962070 bytes, checksum: 0f076f8e5aa488dfdcd3e60443022493 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T15:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jaalbuquerque.pdf: 962070 bytes, checksum: 0f076f8e5aa488dfdcd3e60443022493 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
The research has as a physical basis the Curu Pentecoste Irrigated Perimeter, under jurisdiction of the Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (National Department of Works to Combat Drought) and as an objective quantify the extent, the cost of reversal and legal responsibility for the environmental liability. The public irrigation in the Brazilian semi-arid has generated salt-induced soil degradation as a by-product, originating a legal liability, and its legal responsibility lies with the state authority. To quantify the extent and cost of reverting the environmental damage, initially, a survey was conducted among irrigating farmers to analyze the meaning they give to the problems related to the irrigation, the water used in irrigation and the degradation of the soil. Beforehand an electromagnetic induction sensor was used to measure the electrical conductivity in the soil, estimating the total of soluble salts in its solution. The electrical conductivity values obtained by the sensor oriented the collection of soil samples for the purposes of physical and chemical analyses, proceeding to the identification of the areas degraded by salt. With the definition of the extent of the environmental damage, the values of the main crops and the gross value of the agricultural production were collected to assess the costs of reverting the environmental liability. The results showed financial and technical insufficiencies of the irrigating farmers; that the environmental degradation by salt reaches 67,27% of the irrigated perimeter. In conclusion, as a result of the solidarity aspects, the strict civil liability in repairing the environmental damage caused by irrigation lies with the state authority.
A pesquisa tem como base física o Perímetro Irrigado Curu Pentecoste, jurisdicionado ao Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, e como objetivo geral quantificar a extensão, o custo da reversão e a responsabilidade legal pelo passivo ambiental. A irrigação pública no semiárido brasileiro tem gerado como subproduto a degradação dos solos por sais, formando um passivo ambiental, cuja responsabilidade legal da reversão é do poder público. Para quantificar a extensão e o custo da reversão do dano ambiental, inicialmente, aplicou-se um questionário aos agricultores irrigantes para analisar o significado que eles dão aos problemas relacionados com a irrigação, com a água de irrigação e com a degradação dos solos. Posteriormente, utilizou-se um sensor de indução eletromagnética para medir a condutividade elétrica no solo, estimando-se o total de sais solúveis em sua solução. Os valores da condutividade elétrica aferidos pelo sensor nortearam a coleta de amostras de solo para fins de análise física e química, procedendo-se à identificação das áreas degradadas por sais. Com a definição da extensão dos danos ambientais, levantaram-se os valores de produtividade das principais culturas e o valor bruto da produção agrícola, para aferir os custos da reversão do passivo ambiental. Os resultados demonstraram uma hipossuficiência financeira e técnica dos agricultores irrigantes; que a degradação ambiental por sais atinge 67,27% da área do perímetro irrigado. Conclui-se que, em decorrência dos aspectos de solidariedade, a responsabilidade civil objetiva na reparação do dano ambiental provocado pela irrigação é do poder público.
45
Hübnerová, Petra. "Pojištění environmentálních rizik." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124914.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the insurance of environmental risks. Introduction to the whole issue is environmental policy, which is a tool for environmental insurance. The second part is devoted to explain the concepts of risk and environmental risk. This section deals with the specific environmental risks and the possibilities for its management within the insurance company. Another part of the work with insurability of environmental risks and highlights the features of these risks, which it more difficult. The following section deals with legislative responsibility for damage to the environment and is focused mainly on the implementation of Directive 2004/35/EC in the Member States of the European Union. In the part focused on the legislation of the Czech Republic is described environmental harm under the law 167/2008 and marginally also Act No. 353/1999 Coll. as amended č.59/2006 Coll., on the prevention of major accidents. The fifth part is devoted to the modern history of environmental damage with a practical demonstration of selected damage and its consequences. The conclusion focuses on the issue of the insurance market in the Czech Republic. Environmental analyzes offer insurance on the Czech market. It deals with the question of why the market is so small that offer insurance, why is this insurance for insurance companies less attractive, and the effects on the whole issue of the legislation.
46
Ribeiro, Maisa de Souza. "Custeio das atividades de natureza ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-04102007-142546/.
Full textAbstract:
Os fatos econômicos, políticos, sociais e ambientais estão levando as empresas a se conscientizarem da responsabilidade social que cabe a cada uma delas. Ao longo dos séculos, as atividades econômicas se desenvolveram sem muitas preocupações com fatores externos. Todavia, o elevado nível de degradação do patrimônio natural mundial acabou impulsionando a sociedade em geral (clientes, credores, governo, comunidade etc.) a exigir das empresas uma atuação mais responsável e enérgica no que tange à proteção ambiental. Porém, dada a complexidade dos diversos processos operacionais existentes em cada companhia e, em muitos casos, a dimensão do parque operacional, aliados aos inúmeros tipos de resíduos poluentes passíveis de serem produzidos, os mecanismos de proteção ambiental são, via de regra, enormes e complexos, implicando gastos vultosos. Tratando-se de fluxo de caixa ou de rentabilidade, qualquer investimento de ordem relevante deve merecer cuidadosos e rigorosos estudo e avaliação, devido ao fato de afetar a continuidade ou a forma de continuidade da organização. Diante da inevitabilidade destes gastos, é mister que se adote uma metodologia estratégica para o gerenciamento de custos, visando à otimização dos recursos consumidos e à identificação de estratégias competitivas. O custeamento das atividades realizadas para o controle, preservação e recuperação ambiental evidencia-se como a metodologia mais apropriada para identificar e apurar os custos ambientais, em função do nível de detalhamento do consumo de recursos. A metodologia tradicional da Contabilidade, de alocação de custos por meio de rateio, impossibilita a visualização dos fatores que realmente consomem os recursos econômicos e financeiros da empresa. A gestão estratégica de custos ambientais é fundamental para o bom desempenho das empresas, como também para informar, adequadamente, aos usuários externos acerca da atuação da empresa, relativamente à proteção ambiental. Informar que investimentos estão sendo realizados não é o bastante; necessário se faz acrescentar dados sobre o sucesso destes investimentos, a evolução dos impactos de natureza ambiental sobre os resultados de cada período, assim como dos passivos ambientais da companhia.The economic, political, social and environmental events are making companies aware of its social responsibilities. Over the centuries, economic activities have been carried out without much concern about external factors. However, with the increasing depletion of natural resources, society as a whole (customers, creditors, governments, communities etc) has been forced to demand more responsibility and determination on the part of companies, when it comes to environmental protection. Nevertheless, given the complexity of the various operating processes used by each company and, quite often, the size of the industrial complex, and the numerous types of pollutants likely to be released, the environmental protection mechanisms ares usually huge and complex, and as such, extremely expensive. As regards cash flow or profitability, any significant investment calls for careful, in-depth study and evaluation, because both affect an organization?s ability to continue in business, or the way it does so. Given the inevitability of such expenses, it is essential to adopt a cost management strategy aimed at optimizing resouces used and identifying competitive methods. Costing activities involved in environmental control, preservation and recovery is the most suitable method for identifying and determining overall environmental costs, due to the level of detail required in breaking down resource expenditures. Under the traditional accounting methods of appropriating cost on a prorated basis, it is impossible to identify factors that actually drain a company?s economic and financial resources. The strategic management of environmental costs is essential no only for the companies good performance, but also to properly maintain external users abreast of the company?s actions, as far as environmental protection is concerned. Simply informing about investments being made is not enough. More is needed, namely, provide additional data on the success of such investments, the way environmental developments impact each period?s results, and the company?s environmental obligations.
47
Ugo, Émilie. "Préjudices environnementaux et responsabilité civile." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1087.
Full textAbstract:
Le constat scientifique est sans appel : nous subissons une crise environnementale mondiale et endémique. Par ailleurs, nous ne sommes pas sans savoir que l'essentiel des préjudices environnementaux procède des activités humaines, et notamment de l'exploitation d'activités dangereuses pour l'environnement. Les personnes privées sont donc directement intéressées. Pourtant, l'étude du droit positif révèle clairement que nos mécanismes classiques de responsabilité civile ne répondent pas avec pertinence à la spécificité des préjudices environnementaux, et notamment au besoin de prévention. Notre projet de thèse consiste à dépasser les lacunes et incohérences juridiques actuelles afin de dégager un régime de responsabilité civile adapté. Pour ce faire, il est impératif de s'engager dans un effort de conceptualisation des préjudices environnementaux. En effet, cette approche préalable dévoile sous un jour nouveau les imperfections actuelles et révèle toutes les potentialités du droit de la responsabilité civile. Dans cette perspective, nos travaux tendent à démontrer que la conceptualisation des préjudices environnementaux doit être « unitaire ». Pour être plus précis, cette « conception unitaire des préjudices environnementaux » repose sur deux axes complémentaires. Le premier, dévoile l'unité existante entre les préjudices environnementaux et l'homme. Quant au second, il soutient une acception large des préjudices environnementaux à l'aune des risques environnementaux générés par les activités dangereuses. Cette approche est d'autant plus vertueuse qu'elle encourage et justifie le déploiement du régime de responsabilité civile en la matièreThe scientific conclusion is clear: we are experiencing a global environmental crisis and endemic. Moreover, we are not aware that most of the environmental damage proceeds from human activities, including exploitation activities dangerous to the environment. Private persons are directly concerned. Yet the study of positive law makes clear that our traditional civil liability mechanisms do not respond appropriately to the specificity of environmental damage, including the need for prevention. Our thesis project is to go beyond current legal gaps and inconsistencies in order to identify a suitable system of civil liability. To do this, it is imperative to engage in a process of conceptualization of environmental harm. Indeed, this preliminary approach throws new update existing imperfections and reveals the full potential of the law of civil liability. In this perspective, our work tends to show that the conceptualization of environmental damage must be "unitary". To be more precise, the "unitary concept of environmental damage" is based on two complementary approaches. The first reveals the existing unity between environmental damage and man. As for the second, it supports a broad definition of environmental damage in terms of environmental risks caused by hazardous activities. This approach is all the more virtuous it encourages and justifies the deployment of the system of civil liability in the matter
48
Cziesla, Michael. "Die Sanierungsverantwortlichkeit von Rechtsnachfolgern im Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz (BBodSchG) : im Rechtsvergleich mit der Sanierungshaftung von Nachfolgegesellschaften im US-amerikanischen Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) /." Aachen : Shaker Verlag GmbH, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/365018236.pdf.
Full text
49
Neyret, Laurent. "Atteintes au vivant et responsabilité civile /." Paris : L.G.D.J, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/514608811.pdf.
Full text
50
Basurto, Gonzáles Daniel. "Mexican Environmental Legislation." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118481.
Full textAbstract:
The evolution of environmental law in Mexico has developed efficient mechanisms for environmental protection. Mexico’s legal system stems from the civil law tradition and therefore is a system of positivelaw. Thus, the Mexican legal system is based in written laws, regulations and other legalprovisions, created by the legislature (Federal Congress) and applicable in the Mexicanterritory, without losing sight of Mexican Official Standards (NOM’s) and Mexican Standards (NMX).The present article will make and overview on the transformation of environmental law since 1987’s constitutional reforms, to the present day.El tiempo y la experiencia en la aplicación de la Legislación Ambiental Mexicana ha sido detonante para el desarrollo de mecanismos cada vez más eficientes para la protección al medio ambiente.El Sistema Legal Mexicano es un sistema de derecho positivo. Así, el Derecho mexicano se encuentra basado en leyes escritas, reglamentos y otras disposiciones legales, creadas por el Congreso de la Unión y el Ejecutivo Federal; todas, aplicables en el territorio mexicano; sin perder de vista el rol de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM’s) y las Normas Mexicanas (NMX).El presente artículo hará un recorrido en la transformación de la legislación ambiental desde las reformas constitucionales de 1987, hasta el día de hoy.