Academic literature on the topic 'Liability for water pollution damages'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liability for water pollution damages"
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Krainiukov, O. M., I. A. Kryvytska, A. M. Krainiukova, and M. Lineman. "The problem of assessing the economic consequences from chemical pollution of surface water." 26, no. 26 (May 30, 2022): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-4259-2022-26-08.
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Purpose. Analysis of domestic and foreign experience in solving the problem of chemical pollution of surface waters and improving the existing "Methodology for calculating the amount of compensation for damages caused to the state as a result of violations of legislation on protection and rational use of water resources." Methods. Information analysis, theoretical and calculation, systems analysis. Results. In European countries, the assessment of the economic consequences of chemical pollution of surface waters is based on the provisions of Directive 2004/35 / EC "On environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage". The implementation of this Directive is carried out by creating a system of environmental liability based on the "polluter pays" principle not only for non-compliance with the limit of discharge of pollutants into water bodies, but also for violation of the properties and nature of aquatic ecosystems and their restoration. It is established that the consequences of not all forms of environmental damage can be eliminated by using the mechanism of environmental responsibility. For this mechanism to be effective, one or more sources of pollution must be identified, the damage must be specific and calculable, and a causal link must be found between the damage and one or more identified sources of pollution. In addition, liability is not an appropriate tool for large-scale, diffuse pollution, when it is impossible to establish a link between negative environmental impacts and the actions or inaction of certain individuals. Based on the analysis of national regulations and methodological approaches to assessing the economic consequences of chemical pollution of surface waters in European and other foreign countries, an algorithm is proposed to take into account the levels of acute lethal toxicity of return waters. Conclusions.. The algorithm for assessing the environmental impact of chemical pollution of surface waters must take into account the provisions of Article 16 of WFD 2000/60 / EC "Strategies against water pollution", in particular in paragraph 1.2.6 of Annex V "Surface water status" emphasizes " obtain data on the acute and chronic effects of chemical pollution of surface waters on the representatives of the "basic set of taxa" - algae, crustaceans and fish.
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SUDINI, Luh Putu, Anak Agung Gede RAKA, and Tutut HERAWAN. "Strict Liability Principle Application in the Management of Straits Marine Pollution for International Navigation according to the Indonesia Sea Convention Law." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.7(47).01.
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Congested crossings going vessels in the strait used for international navigation such as the Malacca Strait, allowing the serious pollution of the sea water in the strait. How does the application of the principle of strict liability in the management of marine pollution in the Straits used for international navigation under the Convention on Law of the Sea 1982 in Indonesia? This research is a normative law, the main approach in legislation (statute approach), with the source material through the law library research. Indonesia has ratified the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 through Law no. 17 In 1985 the Indonesian government should establish laws that regulate a legal product on the management of marine pollution in particular in the straits used for international shipping considering Indonesia as an archipelago crowded waters traversed by large foreign ships in an easy and highly probable do pollution at sea. The application of the principle of strict liability is appropriate and relevant use in marine pollution liability for damages in the Straits used for international shipping as Idi Indonesian waters in the Strait of Malacca and the weapon system of archipelagic sea-groove Indonesia because Indonesia as favorable to the State Island Countries. compensated by the mean absolute responsibility, obligations to pay compensation to the beach arises immediately upon the oil spill in the sea without regard to guilt or innocence tanker or ship traffic in the Strait of Malacca done by using the right of transit passage and responsibility for compensation is associated with a number of limited liability or the ceiling or ceiling system.
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Bally, J. "Recent development in the field of international liability regimes to tackle environmental risks." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 6 (September 1, 2005): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0150.
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The polluter-pays principle requires States to take any actions that may be necessary to ensure that polluters bear the full environmental and social costs of their activities. One step to implement this principle is the development of regulations on environmental Civil Liability. The adoption of the UN-ECE Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters (Kiev Protocol) in May 2003 was the result of a three-year negotiation process undertaken in the aftermath of the Baia Mare accident in Romania. The accident caused transboundary water pollution in the downstream countries Hungary and Yugoslavia. Owing to the absence of applicable liability rules, no compensation was ever paid for the damage caused by the pollution. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety mandates the Parties to establish rules and procedures in the field of liability and redress. Here there is likely to be a longer negotiation process before an agreed regime on liability and redress for damage arising from the use of living modified organisms (LMOs) becomes available, owing to the complexity and the particularities of gene technology.
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Ghaly, Tamer M., Khaled H. Abdel Rahman, Noha S. Donia, and Hoda I. Helal. "CIVIL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM POLLUTION OF THE NILE RIVER WATER AND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA AN APPLIED STUDY." Journal of Environmental Science 51, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 173–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jes.2022.148093.1274.
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Movchan, Roman, Andrii Vozniuk, Maria Burak, Vitalii Areshonkov, and Dmitriy Kamensky. "Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.2.
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The main goal of the article is to study both advantages and disadvantages of the approaches of the European Union (EU) states to criminal law prevention of land pollution. As a result of this an optimal legislative model should be developed to protect this element of the environment from criminal encroachment, which can be further used by the EU states in improving existing or creating new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution or the creation of new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution. The following research methods have been used to study criminal law provisions of the selected countries, to prove the stated hypotheses and to formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal-logical, dialectical and modeling method. As a result of the study of various models of criminal law protection of land resources embodied in the legislation of nineteen European Union states, it has been proved that: 1) such protection should be carried out by a single universal rule on criminal liability for pollution not only of land but also of other components of the environment (water, air, forest); 2) only such land pollution shall be considered criminal, which has led to real (non-potential) damage to the environment, human health or property damage; 3) liability for land pollution should be differentiated depending on: a) weather guilty person’s act was intentional or negligent; b) what the consequences of land pollution have been.
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Mauseth, Gary S., and Frank G. Csulak. "Damage Assessment and Restoration Following the JULIE N Oil Spill: A Case Study." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-409.
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ABSTRACT On September 27, 1996, the T/V JULIE N inbound with a cargo of 8.8 million gallons of #2 fuel oil struck the Million Dollar Bridge, spanning Portland Harbor between Portland and South Portland, Maine. The incident resulted in a spill of approximately 180,000 gallons of oil, which spread throughout a large area of Portland Harbor. The marine and coastal resources of Portland Harbor and the Fore River, including water resources, shellfish, wetlands, sediments, and birds were exposed and/or injured by the oil. The spill also had an adverse impact on several different public use services. The natural resource trustee agencies (including the State of Maine, NOAA, and the Department of the Interior) and Amity Products Carriers, Inc. (Responsible Party, RP) conducted a cooperative natural resource damage assessment to assess and restore natural resources exposed and/or injured by the spill. The trustees and RP operated under an initial verbal agreement to cooperate until a written agreement was executed over a year after the incident. The cooperative process and lessons learned are described in the paper. Particularly positive components included cooperative data collection and active collaboration on study design and endpoints. The trustees expended $782,860 in assessment costs. The RP expended an additional $169,101 in cooperative laboratory and field investigations, as well as $364,720 in consultant costs. The total assessment costs were $1,316,681. The trustees and the RP were then able to successfully negotiate a $1 million dollar settlement for the purpose of planning, implementing, and overseeing selected restoration projects. These projects included reducing the discharge of PAH's into the Fore River, wetland and bird habitat restoration, and construction of a recreational trail along the Fore River. The RP sought compensation from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund under the limitation of liability provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Compensation included expenses beyond statutory liability for response, NRDA assessment, and damages to natural resources among others.
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Thuring, Allen R. "Oil Spill Response Under the NCP and the NRF/Stafford Act - Incompatible Regimes?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1050–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1050.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines oil pollution response during disaster situations when the Stafford Act is invoked by the President and the National Response Framework provides funding under ESF-10. The interrelationship between the National Contingency Plan (NCP), created by various pollution statues (Clean Water Act/CWA, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability/CERCLA, Oil Pollution Act/OPA) and the National Response Framework (NRF), created to deal with declared disasters under the Stafford Act, is becoming more fractious as time passes and the financial scope of disasters grows. The paradigm that existed when Hurricane Katrina made landfall in 2005 was not in evidence when Hurricanes Isaac and Sandy made landfall in the fall of 2012. The NCP envisions oil and chemical spill response in the context of a single spill, ideally with a known responsible party (RP), who takes action to respond to the spill. That RP is liable for costs and damages resulting from the spill. Action commences when the spill occurs and the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) determines that federal action is required. If the federal funds (Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund/OSLTF, CERCLA/SUPERFUND) are used, the federal government seeks cost recovery afterwards. The NRF envisions the federal government acting like a “no-fault insurance” regime, providing federal resources/funds to states when their capabilities are overwhelmed and their citizens require immediate succor. FEMA action commences when the State requests and the President approves aid. The states agree to a cost share – not to exceed 25% of Federal funding. There is no private party liability when actions are complete. The Homeland Security Act established the NRF, and operationally subsumes the NCP under it. However, the Homeland Security Act does not address what fund (Stafford or the pollution funds) will be used when a declared disaster occurs. Furthermore, the Stafford Act structure (State requests, Presidential approvals, Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Coordinating Officer (FEMA FCO) appointment, area surveys, mission assignments) becomes sclerotic in a large incident when compared to the much more nimble NCP process (spill, FOSC decision, immediate funding). The effect for Coast Guard (CG) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field responders is to lean forward with NCP processes to protect the public. FEMA, faced with dwindling resources, observes this tendency and declines to provide disaster funding when the other federal funds “can be used”. The paper proposes a new paradigm for the “Makris-Suiter” Agreement of 1998 between EPA and FEMA. The opinions stated in this paper are the author's alone, and do not reflect the official policies of the United States Coast Guard.
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Anisimov, A. P., Yu I. Isakova, and G. S. Pratsko. "Theory and Practice of Legal Liability for Environmental Offences: A Regional Aspect." Legal Order and Legal Values 2, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2949-1843-2024-2-1-26-38.
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Introduction. The XXI century is becoming not only an era of great discoveries and achievements, but also a time of extreme anthropogenic pressure the humans have on the various ecosystems. Alongside, the condition of all the natural components of the environment (water, forests, lands, air, etc.) deteriorates, which affects the human life and health, food quality, working and resting conditions. As soon as the state and society became aware about the danger of this trend, the various legal acts regulating the negative impact of the humans on the nature and containing a mechanism of ensuring the ecological rights of a person and a citizen began to be adopted. One of such ensuring mechanisms is the environmental liability institution, which envisages the liability of the environmental law breakers to be subject to the certain measures of the state coercion (of personal, property or organisational nature). The present article studies the efficiency of this mechanism. The aim of the paper is to investigate the general theory of legal liability for environmental offences, to express the authors' point of view on the debatable issues of improving the regulation thereof, as well as to demonstrate the dynamics of the environmental liability at the regional scale (in three Caspian regions). Materials and Methods. The research was carried out using the methods of scientific cognition commonly applied in Russia: general scientific (dialectical method) and specific scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, historical case-specific, logical, comparative legal, systemic methods and others). Results. Within the research the theory and practice of legal liability for environmental offences (in the frame of the criminal, administrative, civil laws) have been analysed. The authors have substantiated their point of view on the main debatable issues in the frame of each type of legal liability, expressed a number of critical comments regarding the concept of independent environmental liability, implying reparation of environmental damage. Cases of judicial practice for the regional level environmental offenses (in three Caspian regions of the Russian Federation — the Astrakhan region, theRepublics of Dagestan and Kalmykia) have been presented, the identified trends have been assessed. Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted research is important for the Russian legal science, since the efficiency of functioning the environmental liability institution is a condition for achieving the sustainable development goals and transition to the green economy, however its current state arises a number of doctrinal and practical issues. Among them could be distinguished: the insufficient activity of the Russian Federation subjects in development of the administrative liability sub-institution for the environmental offences, on-going problem of differentiation between the administrative and criminal liability, high latency of the environmental crimes, inefficient work of the law-enforcement authorities, insufficient elaboration of the issues of environmental damage reparation (e.g., harm to the health of citizens, compensation for the moral damage caused by the environmental offense, etc.). The study of judicial practice of three Caspian regions made it possible to conclude that within their boundaries there is no distinct specificity that would differ them completely from the other subjects of the Russian Federation having access to the sea or located in the large river basins. The same as in the other regions, the cases of soil, water and air pollution; poaching; the nature reserve protection regime violations; negligence of the owners towards the sunken vessels; restricted access to the shores of water bodies, etc. are quite widespread here. In these regions the specificity of liability lies not in the statistics of the separate offenses, but in the need to combat the environmental offences at the scale of the whole Caspian Sea, which requires coordination and political will of the Governments of all five littoral states (Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran).
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Finley, J. Heather Warner, James G. Hanifen, Pasquale F. Roscigno, Karolien Debusschere, Maura J. Newell, Brian E. Julius, and Johannes von Beek. "A COOPERATIVE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: LESSONS FROM THE GREENHILL SPILL1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-355.
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ABSTRACT Following a September 1992 natural gas and oil well blowout in Timbalier Bay, Louisiana, natural resource trustees took action under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to restore the natural resources injured by the spill. Trustees appointed by the State of Louisiana and the U.S. Government worked cooperatively with the well owner, Greenhill Petroleum Corporation, in a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA). The resolution of the Greenhill NRDA marks an early success for all parties involved. The process was concluded in December 1993, only 14 months after the spill, when Greenhill and the trustees signed a natural resource restoration agreement. The cooperative assessment and innovative approaches used by the trustees and the well owner resulted in the rapid resolution of the case, rapid environmental restoration, and relatively low assessment costs.
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Savchuk, O., and V. Butenko. "LEGAL REGULATION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINS THE ENVIRONMENT." Archives of Criminology and Forensic Sciences 3 (October 3, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/acfs.3.2021.09.
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The article analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of criminal liability crimes against the environment. The paper analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of criminal liability for crimes against the environment. Special attention is paid to the importance of enhancing criminal liability to ensure provided by the Constitution of Ukraine as a fundamental law and guarantor of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and citizen, for the crimes against the environment and to compensate for the damage caused by the violation of this right.
Research methods were general scientific and (dialectical, systematic), and special scientific methods. The use of dialectical method allowed to determine the general state and research prospects of issues on legal regulation of criminal liability for crimes against the environment. The systematic method was used in the process of studying the system of legislation in the outlined issue. Regarding the special method, the formal legal method was chosen, according to which the analysis of the current legislation of acts of Ukraine in the field of criminal liability for committing crimes in the field of the environment is carried out.
Today, one of the global problems is climate change due to increasing industrial pollution (excessive concentration of environmentally hazardous industries, outdated and inefficient environmental equipment, unreliable technical systems and lack of qualified personnel in enterprises with high environmental risk), a significant number of vehicles, that do not meet environmental standards, and other factors that pollute the environment.
All of these are significant threats to the global economy and international security due to increased direct and indirect risks related to energy security, food and drinking water supply, stable ecosystems, and risks to human health and life.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liability for water pollution damages"
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Tollmann, Claus. "Die umweltrechtliche Zustandsverantwortlichkeit : Rechtsgrund und Reichweite ; eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung unter Berücksichtigung der Zustandsverantwortlichkeit gesicherter Kreditgeber /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/526946733.pdf.
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Chetty, Sarika. "Legal measures for the prevention of oil pollution by ships and civil liability for oil pollution damage in South African marine and coastal waters." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15169.
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This paper will look at whether the legislation passed in South Africa aimed at preventing and prohibiting oil pollution, as well as current civil liability regimes for oil pollution accidents are adequate or if they fail to meet the standard required by international law. For instance, compensation for the damage and harm caused to the environment is vital in order to restore the sea and prevent further accidents. In terms of civil liability, South Africa ratified the Convention on Civil Liability, but failed to enact domestic legislation in terms of the Convention to regularly update current legislation so that the standards are high and enforceable in national law. The result was that South Africa was left financially unprepared to deal with future oil spills and prevention thereof.
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Wu, Yan. "An investigation on compensation for damage of oil pollution from ships with a specific reference to law and practice in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880441.
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Zhu, Ling. "Compulsory Insurance and Compensation for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage /." Berlin : Springer Berlin, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2853667&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Wan, Zahari Wan Mohd Zulhafiz Bin. "Unbalanced indemnities : a comparative analysis of risk allocation in oilfield service contracts in Malaysia, the UK and USA." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230170.
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Isik, Haci Bayram. "Performance-based voluntary group contracts for nonpoint source water pollution control." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1076970341.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 129 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: D. Lynn Forster, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-129).
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Altfuldisch, Rainer. "Haftung und Entschädigung nach Tankerunfällen auf See : Bestandsaufnahme, Rechtsvergleich und Überlegungen de lege ferenda /." Berlin : Springer, 2007. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=197043.
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Vianna, Goncalves Raphael. "Exploitation offshore d'hydrocarbures et responsabilité civile : droit comparé : Brésil, France et Etats-Unis." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010271.
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La situation actuelle des règles relatives à la responsabilité civile de l'entrepreneur pour les dommages environnementaux provoqués par l’exploitation offshore d’hydrocarbure et le transport de ce produit par des navires pétroliers, démontre que le législateur a été de plus en plus concerné par la question de la santé environnementale. Cependant, il y a beaucoup de lacunes dans les lois nationales qui peuvent entraîner une incertitude juridique considérable pour l'entrepreneur et en même temps, ne pas fournir une protection adéquate à l'environnement et à l’homme. L’étude comparée des systèmes juridiques démontre qu’il est extrêmement important que les pays qui sont exposés aux périls des marées noires, notamment ceux qui exploitent des hydrocarbures dans la mer, disposent d’un fonds spécial d’indemnisation pour garantir et faciliter la restauration de l’environnement et le payement des indemnisations aux victimes. Outre la protection de l’environnement et des droits des citoyens, le fonds offre aussi la possibilité d’application des cas exceptés et de la limitation de responsabilité. Le fonds serait utilisé pour couvrir les préjudices au-delà de la limite de responsabilité de l’entrepreneur ou dans les cas où la responsabilité de celui-ci est écartée par un cas exceptéThe current situation of the rules governing the liability of the entrepreneur for environmental damage caused by offshore oil exploration and by the transportation of this product by oil tankers, shows that the legislator is more concerned with environmental health issues. However, there are many gaps in national legislations that can lead to considerable legal uncertainty for the responsible parties. While, at the same time it does not provide adequate protection for the environment and to human beings. The comparative study of legals systems shows the importance that countries that are exposed to the dangers of oil spills, especially those exploiting oil in the sea, to have a special indemnisation fund to guarantee and facilitate environmental restoration and payment of compensation to victims. Besides protecting the environment and citizens' rights, the fund also offers the possibility of applying the defenses of liability and limitation of liability. The funds would be used to cover the losses beyond the limit of liability of the responsible partie or when the responsibility for the accident is ruled out by a liability defense cause
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Bai, Song. "L'unification des régimes de responsabilité civile en matière de pollution marine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1049.
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Depuis le sinistre du pétrolier Torrey Canyon, l'OMI a élaboré les Conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbure. Celles-ci ont mis en place les régimes d'indemnisation des dommages par pollution causés par les navires. Les victimes de la pollution peuvent agir en responsabilité contre le propriétaire du navire ou directement contre l'assureur du propriétaire du navire pour les dommages par pollution (y compris les frais de nettoyage). Selon ces conventions internationales, le propriétaire du navire est en droit de limiter sa responsabilité dont l'indemnité est calculée en fonction du tonnage du navire en cause. De plus, le fonds FIPOL, créé par la convention portant création du fonds FIPOL, prend le relais de la convention CLC lorsque l'indemnité dépasse la limitation de responsabilité prévue par cette dernière convention. Mais est-ce que ces conventions prévoient une indemnisation suffisante pour les dommages par pollution ? Et existe-t-il des conflits entre les conventions internationales ? Il est vrai que la plupart des pollutions marines de faible ampleur sont suffisamment indemnisées. Mais tel n'est pas le cas pour les pollutions majeures. De plus, les conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbures de soute n'ont pas prévu des champs d'application identiques. C'est ainsi que ces conventions internationales sont susceptibles d'être en conflit dans le cas où la pollution est causée par les substances polluantes transportées par le navire et les hydrocarbures de soute du navire en cause. La présente thèse a pour objet de présenter les régimes internationaux de responsabilité civile du propriétaire du navire en matière de pollution marine et essaie de proposer une solution pour résoudre les conflits entre les conventions internationalesSince the Torrey Canyon oil spill, the International Maritime Organization began drafting three international conventions (CLC, HNS and bunker oil conventions) to establish civil liability for compensation for ship-source pollution damages. Claims for compensation for pollution damages (including clean-up costs) may be brought against the owner of ships which caused the damages or directly against the owner's insurer. The ship-owner is normally entitled to limit his liability to an amount which is linked to the tonnage of his ship. Furthermore, the IOPC funds which was set up in 1992 under the IOPC convention 1992 is able to compensate the victims when compensation under the CLC 1992 is not available or not adequate. But do these international regimes work well ? And are there conflicts between the International conventions ? Certainly, the most of loss resulting from oil spills from sea can be compensated by the CLC/ IOPC system. But the compensation under CLC/IOPC is not able to be enough for the major pollution events. If the CLC, HNS and bunker oil Conventions don't set up the same scopes, these International Conventions might be in conflict in case of transportation of dangerous goods or hazardous goods by sea, because the spill of the bunker oil and the hazardous goods would cause a major marine pollution. This paper gives an overview of international liability and compensation regime, and tries to give a proposal to resolve the conflicts between the international conventions
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TALLARICO, LENITA de F. "Avaliacao dos efeitos toxicos e mutagenicos de amostras ambientais do Rio Tiete na regiao de Suzano em Biomphalaria glabrata (SAY, 1818)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9382.
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Books on the topic "Liability for water pollution damages"
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Barriga, Mercedes Campos Díaz. La responsabilidad civil por daños al medio ambiente: El caso del agua en México. México, D.F: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, c2000., 2000.
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Meschede, Franz-Josef. Die industrielle Gewässerschaden-Haftpflichtversicherung: Eine Problemanalyse. Karlsruhe: VVW, 1989.
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Brüggen, Silvia. Der zeitliche Deckungsschutz bei Altlasten in der Gewässerschaden-Haptpflichtversicherung. Dresden: [s.n.], 1993.
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Gavouneli, Maria. Pollution from offshore installations. London: Graham & Trotman/M. Nijhoff, 1995.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management. Legal pollution of the Great Lakes: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, October 4, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Superfund Ocean and Water Protection. Lender liability issues under Superfund: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean, and Water Protection of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, April 11, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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M, Prysi︠a︡z︠h︡nyĭ V., ed. Zabrudnenni︠a︡, zasmichenni︠a︡ ta vysnaz︠h︡enni︠a︡ vodnykh ob'i︠e︡ktiv: Vidpovidalʹnistʹ, dosudove i sudove slidstvo ta zapobihanni︠a︡. Kyïv: KNT, 2007.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. Hazardous waste contamination of water resources (Compensation of victims exposed to hazardous wastes): Hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session, July 20, 21, 26, 27; November 8, and 9, 1983. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.
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Wolff, Sabine. Der ökologische Schaden aus kontinentaler und maritimer Sicht. [Germany?: s.n.], 1997.
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Mandri-Perrott, X. Cledan. Public and private participation in the water and wastewater sector: Developing sustainable legal mechanisms. London, UK: IWA Pub., 2009.
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Le Coent, Philippe, Roxane Marchal, Cécile Hérivaux, Jean-Christophe Maréchal, Bernard Ladouche, David Moncoulon, George Farina, Ingrid Forey, Wao Zi-Xiang, and Nina Graveline. "Can NBS Address the Challenges of an Urbanized Mediterranean Catchment? The Lez Case Study." In Water Security in a New World, 269–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25308-9_14.
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AbstractThe Lez catchment is characterized by a rapid urbanization, due to the attractiveness of the city of Montpellier, and is exposed to a typical Mediterranean weather with high risk of flash flood and other emerging issues, such as air pollution, heat island effects and biodiversity losses. We present the evaluation of two types of NBS to address these challenges, (i) urbanization strategies that have an impact on the conservation of agricultural and natural land and (ii) a network of green infrastructure (GI), with a focus on the economic analysis. Our results reveal that our most ambitious GI strategy can reduce up to a 20% of the mean annual damages due to annual flood damages. The largest share of the economic value of our NBS however lies in the co-benefits they generate. Overall, the two GI strategies present a positive cost-benefit analysis. We finally identify a pathway towards implementation in terms of financing and organizational challenges.
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"Common Law Liability For Environmental Damage." In Environmental Law, edited by David Woolley, QC John Pugh-Smith, Richard Langham, William Upton, Sasha Blackmore, NoxÉmi Byrd, Matthew Reed, Jonathan Wills, and Katrina Yates, 745–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199232802.003.0016.
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Abstract The major powers of environmental control are contained in statute law, with the common law having a subsidiary role. In Cambridge Water Company v Eastern Counties Leather Limited, the House of Lords was presented with the opportunity to develop general principles to provide for liability in respect of environmental pollution. Lord Goff, in the leading judgment, acknowledged that the protection and preservation of the environment were now perceived as of crucial importance to the future of mankind, and that significant steps had been taken nationally and internationally to promote this. However, it was the House’s view that:
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Richardson, Benjamin J. "Horizontal Instruments." In The Yearbook of European Environmental Law, 381–96. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199289271.003.0014.
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Abstract Horizontal instruments are policy mechanisms that can be applied across a wide range of economic sectors and ecological problems. They are generic policy instruments that can be adapted to numerous contexts, ranging from nature conservation, pollution control, natural resource management, and so on. Up to now, the four main horizontal instruments used in European Community (EC) environmental law were environmental impact assessment, public participation in environmental decision-making, eco-management and auditing systems, and environmental labelling. In recent years, there have been significant reforms to expand the use of these mechanisms in EC environmental law. Most importantly however, 2004 marks the adoption of a seminal new horizontal instrument, the long-awaited EC Directive on environmental liability, which is the focus of the following section. The prevention and remedying of environmental damage are among the most pressing environmental policy issues confronting industrial societies. Environmental liability is a foundational horizontal policy tool that enables responsibility for environmental damage to be assigned in a variety of contexts including water pollution, contamination of soil, and damage to wildlife. Environmental liability standards serve to specify the conduct or situations that incur responsibility and the means of remedying that damage. Thereby, liability standards may also deter future environmentally risk activities.
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Dewees, Don, David Duff, and Michael Trebilcock. "Environmental Injuries." In Exploring The Domain Of Accident Law, 265–345. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195087970.003.0005.
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Abstract In 1970 public concern regarding the harm caused by air and water pollution reached a climax, which was reflected in the first Earth Day celebrations and in the passage of environmental protection legislation by the U.S. Congress and by other legislatures across North America. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created from existing federal agencies and given a new and ambitious mandate. There was good reason for this concern: urban smog was an unpleasant and unhealthy accompaniment to the advent of summer in a growing number of cities, Lake Erie was dying, the Cuyahoga River had caught fire, and there was increasing evidence that air pollution could cause respiratory illness and even death. Later in the 1970s new concerns arose over pollution caused by toxic substances, and by 1980 the hazards of abandoned toxic waste disposal sites had been revealed at Love Canal. Environmental pollution may cause as many as 10,000 excess cancer deaths each year,.and the harm caused by air and water pollution may be valued at many tens of billions of dollars per year..These concerns gave rise to extensive government regulation of pollution discharge and to litigation over damage caused by that pollution. Indeed, alarm arising from certain types of environmental liability became so great that by the 1980s insurance for environmental liability had all but disappeared. This chapter will examine the role tort law has played in controlling pollution, compensating victims, and fulfilling the goals of corrective justice. We will also examine the role played by government regulation and by some nonregulatory policies that may have affected pollution discharge.
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"Deficiencies in Technical and Economic Knowledge – Damages, Treatment, and Abatement Costs." In Water Pollution, 57–85. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315677231-6.
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Nelliyat, Prakash. "Valuation of Ecosystem Damages: A Case Study of Textile Pollution in Noyyal River Basin, South India." In Ecosystems and Integrated Water Resources Management in South Asia, 229–53. Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003157847-9.
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Khang, Alex, Vugar Abdullayev Hajimahmud, and Vusala Alyar Abuzarova. "Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Sustainability." In Revolutionizing Automated Waste Treatment Systems, 16–28. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6016-3.ch002.
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Environmental sustainability is the result of a set of actions carried out within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals to effectively use natural resources, protect nature, eliminate damage, prevent harmful processes such as pollution, greenhouse effect, and leave a cleaner nature for both current and future generations. Pollution is one of the main causes of environmental damage. Pollution of land, water, and air with various substances and materials has a negative effect on nature, and then on all living beings, causes the emergence, spread, and increase of diseases. In the ranking, the biggest pollution is air, then water, and lastly soil pollution. Water pollution, which ranks second, damages the environment at least as much as air pollution, causing the emergence and spread of diseases. Various technologies are used to ensure environmental sustainability. These technologies are mainly referred to as green technologies and are known as eco-friendly technologies. Green technologies are applied for various purposes. Such technologies are also applied to pollution prevention. In this chapter, wastewater treatment to ensure environmental sustainability and the technologies considered for this are considered in a theoretical form. In the end, as a practical part, the issue of phenol decomposition with the participation of UV radiation in wastewater treatment was considered.
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Kinna, Rémy. "Non-discrimination and liability for transboundary acid mine drainage pollution of South Africa's rivers: could the UN Watercourses Convention open Pandora's mine?" In The Water Legacies of Conventional Mining, 48–68. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315267722-4.
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Thompson, Paul B., and Patricia E. Norris. "Sustainability and Environmental Quality." In Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190883249.003.0004.
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Pollution damage and resource depletion cause hardship, disease, and distress for human beings and other living things by threatening important ecosystem services. Limiting and reversing these damages is a key aim for sustainability. These goals are pursued by identifying environmental indicators that allow managers and policy makers to monitor the overall quality of the biophysical environment and to test the effectiveness of interventions to improve it. Representative indicators for water quality, climate change, and other environmental concerns are discussed, and the reasons for controversy over indicators are reviewed.
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Bernasconi-Osterwalder, Nathalie, and Edith Brown Weiss. "International Investment Rules and Water: Learning from the NAFT A Experience." In Fresh Water and International Economic Law, 263–88. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199274673.003.0012.
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Abstract In the ten years since its entry into force in 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1 between the Governments of Canada, the United Mexican States, and the United States of America has drawn much attention from environmentalists, academics, politicians, and media. To the surprise of many, it has not been the trade rules that have raised concern, but rather the rules on investment contained in NAFTA ‘s Chapter 11. Over half of the disputes between investors and host States initiated under Chapter 11 to date have involved challenges by investors of measures relating to environmental and health protection, including the protection of water resources. Decisions in many of the disputes are still pending, but both those decided as well as those initiated have reinforced fears that Chapter 11 ‘s set of investor guarantees (and corresponding host State obligations) may inhibit host governments from adopting environmental and health measures. On the issue of water, investors can sue host States to pay monetary damages for setting standards to ensure safe drinking water, to support aquatic life, or to sustain the recreational use of water. This calls for an analysis of how Chapter 11 can put limits on a government ‘s ability to manage its water resources and control water pollution from industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources.
Conference papers on the topic "Liability for water pollution damages"
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Popham, William B., and Libby Ford. "Recent and Upcoming Environmental Developments in the Optics Industry." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owc2.
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As the 1990s mature, voluntary compliance and market-based incentives are receiving increasing emphasis by state and federal agencies. This is particularly true because of the newly emerging emphasis on meeting environmental protection goals in a less than satisfactory business climate. During 1994, congressional debate on such environmental programs as the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund) will increasingly focus on economic issues. Because of the growing attention being paid to unfunded mandates and their effect on local resources, legislators and regulators will be addressing the issue of “who pays and how” when considering additional environmental requirements and deadlines for compliance with these new requirements. For these reasons, pollution prevention, waste minimization, energy efficiency, and total environmental quality management will become legislative and regulatory buzz words, designed, at least at the public-relations level, to encourage companies to take the lowest-cost approach to environmental improvement.
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Carcasci, Carlo, and Riccardo Ferraro. "Thermodynamic Optimization and Off-Design Performance Analysis of a Toluene Based Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery From Medium-Sized Gas Turbines." In ASME 2012 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2012-9645.
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In the last years, the accelerated consumption of fossil fuels has caused many serious environmental problems such as global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and atmospheric pollution. Similarly, low-temperature waste heat which is discharged in several industrial processes, contributes to thermal pollution and damages the environment. Furthermore, many industrial applications use low enthalpy thermal sources, where the conventional systems for the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy, based on a Rankine water cycle, work with difficulty. Thus, the Organic Rankine Cycle can be considered a promising process for the conversion of heat at low and medium temperature whenever the conventional water cycle causes problems. Using an organic working fluid instead of water, the ORC system works like the bottom cycle of a conventional steam power plant. This kind of cycle allows a high utilization of the available thermal source. Moreover, the choice of the working fluid is critical, because it should meet several environment standards and not only certain thermophysical properties. This paper illustrates the results for the simulations of an Organic Rankine Cycle based on a gas turbine with a diathermic oil circuit. The selected working fluid is toluene. The design is performed with a sensitivity analysis of the main process parameters, the organic Rankine cycle is optimized by varying the main pressure of the fluid at different temperatures of the oil circuit. The off-design is performed by varying the temperature of the air condenser.
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Yılmaz, Baki, Fatma Özlem Yılmaz, and Naim Ata Atabey. "Environmental Accounting and Environmental Costs." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00828.
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The result of economic improvement and growth; rapidly population increase, technologic development, rapid industrialization, extreme water, air and soil pollution bring the enviromental problems. The increase lived in the environmental problems has caused an environmental conscious emerges, roots, and spills. With environmental conscious aganist the environmental problems; in the environmental costs and environmental accounting topics significant developments appear. Environmental Accounting aims at explaining the interaction between economy and environment by the information that it produces. The main approach in understanding of environmental accounting and environmental costs are to include changes in the natural environment into the national/regional accounts or corporate balance sheet. Our this Study serves the goal of the necessity of the subject of Environmental Accounting and Environmental Costs by aiming at providing for evaluating the damages in the natural environment in our world inside the process of globalization, in both a macro and micro level, and in a social, cultural, and economical structure.
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Branduini, Paola Nella, Federico Zaina, Fereshteh Zavvari, and Yasaman Nabati Mazloumi. "QANATS AS AN ENDANGERED TRADITIONAL HYDRAULIC HERITAGE. AN INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY FOR DOCUMENTING, RESTORING AND REUSING AN ANCIENT IRANIAN." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12102.
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Qanats represented a major technological solution for water supply in arid and semi-arid regions for millennia. Thanks to their multiple social and economic benefits, qanat-like systems spread from Iran through the Middle East in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In recent years, this valuable traditional hydraulic technology has been neglected in preservation and reuse due to the lack of management as well as the lack of legal support. This precious heritage and sustainable water supply system according to their sustainable structural features has been replaced by modern water collection and management systems such as dams and other hydroelectric infrastructures along with new pumping technologies. However, there is a growing consensus on the number of short, medium and long-term issues emerging from these systems including pollution and other environmental damages, regional conflicts, political pressures as well as their limited lifetime and structural instability. The purpose of this paper is to show qanats as an example of endangered heritage which could also represent a sustainable and clean technology. To do so, we apply a multi-disciplinary perspective integrating archaeological, architectural, sociological and conservation methodologies on a specific case study from the Tabriz region in Northern Iran: the “No-Ras” qanat.
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Negi, Keizo, Keizo Negi, Takuya Ishikawa, Takuya Ishikawa, Kenichiro Iba, and Kenichiro Iba. "MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION IN ENCLOSED COASTAL SEAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b940c149362.66419597.
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Japan experienced serious water pollution during the period of high economic growth in 1960s. It was also the period that we had such damages to human health, fishery and living conditions due to red tide as much of chemicals, organic materials and the like flowing into the seas along the growing population and industries in the coastal areas. Notable in those days was the issues of environment conservation in the enclosed coastal seas where pollutants were prone to accumulate inside due to low level of water circulation, resulting in the issues including red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass.
In responding to these issues, we implemented countermeasures like effluent control with the Water Pollution Control Law and improvement/expansion of sewage facilities. In the extensive enclosed coastal seas of Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea, the three areas of high concentration of population, we implemented water quality total reduction in seven terms from 1979, reducing the total quantities of pollutant load of COD, TN and TP. Sea water quality hence has been on an improvement trend as a whole along the steady reduction of pollutants from the land. We however recognize that there are differences in improvement by sea area such as red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass continue to occur in some areas. Meanwhile, it has been pointed out that bio-diversity and bio-productivity should be secured through conservation/creation of tidal flats and seaweed beds in the view point of “Bountiful Sea”
To work at these challenges, through the studies depending on the circumstances of the water environment in the enclosed coastal seas, we composed “The Policy of Desirable State of 8th TPLCS” in 2015. We have also added the sediment DO into the water quality standard related to the life-environmental items in view of the preservation of aquatic creatures in the enclosed water areas.
Important from now on, along the Policy, is to proceed with necessary measures to improve water quality with good considerations of differences by area in the view point of “Beautiful and bountiful Sea”.
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Negi, Keizo, Keizo Negi, Takuya Ishikawa, Takuya Ishikawa, Kenichiro Iba, and Kenichiro Iba. "MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION IN ENCLOSED COASTAL SEAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316091bec.
Full textAbstract:
Japan experienced serious water pollution during the period of high economic growth in 1960s. It was also the period that we had such damages to human health, fishery and living conditions due to red tide as much of chemicals, organic materials and the like flowing into the seas along the growing population and industries in the coastal areas. Notable in those days was the issues of environment conservation in the enclosed coastal seas where pollutants were prone to accumulate inside due to low level of water circulation, resulting in the issues including red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass.
In responding to these issues, we implemented countermeasures like effluent control with the Water Pollution Control Law and improvement/expansion of sewage facilities. In the extensive enclosed coastal seas of Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea, the three areas of high concentration of population, we implemented water quality total reduction in seven terms from 1979, reducing the total quantities of pollutant load of COD, TN and TP. Sea water quality hence has been on an improvement trend as a whole along the steady reduction of pollutants from the land. We however recognize that there are differences in improvement by sea area such as red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass continue to occur in some areas. Meanwhile, it has been pointed out that bio-diversity and bio-productivity should be secured through conservation/creation of tidal flats and seaweed beds in the view point of “Bountiful Sea”
To work at these challenges, through the studies depending on the circumstances of the water environment in the enclosed coastal seas, we composed “The Policy of Desirable State of 8th TPLCS” in 2015. We have also added the sediment DO into the water quality standard related to the life-environmental items in view of the preservation of aquatic creatures in the enclosed water areas.
Important from now on, along the Policy, is to proceed with necessary measures to improve water quality with good considerations of differences by area in the view point of “Beautiful and bountiful Sea”.
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Bogomolov, Denis, Nicola Testoni, Luca de Marchi, Tommaso Borzone, Antonio Terribile, Giuseppe Giunta, and Alessandro Marzani. "Aboveground Storage Tanks Leak Detection Through Acoustic Emission Sensor Nodes." In 2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75182.
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Abstract In oil depots and fuel storage facilities, undetected storage tanks damages can lead to the leakage of the oil stored in the soil leading to pollution and economical losses. Leaks are generally due to the perforation of the storage tank floor due to corrosion. The detection of corrosion and leaks is a complicated task, especially for operative tanks with inaccessible floor for detailed inspections and is generally attempted by mean of acoustic emission systems operating from the outer skin of the tank. In this paper, we present a compact sensor node (SN) designed for long-term and real-time acoustic emission monitoring. The SN exploits up to three inexpensive low-frequency sensors based on piezoelectric diaphragms, and it is capable by means of built-in Digital Signal Processing functionalities to process the acquired time waveforms extracting the AE features usually required by testing protocols. An experimental validation on a floating-roof aboveground storage tank 17 m high and 18 m in diameter, filled with water to a level of about 6.2 m, is proposed. Leaks were induced by opening and closing a drainage valve existing at the bottom skirt of the storage tank while acoustic emission signals were recorded at three sensors and processed in real time. Designed nozzles of different diameter, from 1 mm to 9 mm, where used to simulate leakages of different entities. The results confirm the possibility of detecting and monitoring leaks of various diameters in the low-frequency region 1–2 kHz not traditionally considered by state-of-art acoustic-emission monitoring systems.
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Yu, Dongliang, Ji Wang, Quan Cao, Xinglong Zhang, and Xueguang Liu. "Numerical Simulation of Crude Oil Spreading in a Complex River Channel." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9565.
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Abstract Crude oil leaking in rivers may cause serious damages, such as environmental pollution and death of river animals. The crude oil spreading in rivers could be much faster than that on lands, as the leaking crude oil may flow rapidly downstream with the flowing water. Therefore, accurately estimating the transient crude oil spreading area in rivers is a vital task for emergency response and disaster rescue. However, the estimating methods in the literature mainly refer to spreading process in underwater, ocean and soil, which commonly happened in the history. The crude oil transportation pipelines in China pass through many rivers with very complex channel geometries, introducing the necessity of estimating of leaking crude oil spreading in actual river channels. In the current study, the crude oil spreading process along an actual river channel is numerically simulated. The river channel geometry is extracted from a map database, which is further treated using image binarization and edge extraction to obtain the discrete river channel data. The river channel data is then smoothed by picking less data representing main geometric characteristics. The smoothed data is used to reconstruct the river geometry and generate calculation mesh. The mesh is a two-dimensional structured grid with several possible leaking points along the actual crude oil transportation pipeline passing through the river. A multi-fluid MIXTURE model is used to simulate the crude oil spreading process on the water surface, meaning crude oil blending in the flowing water. Cases with a leaking mass flow rate of 240 kg/s and a river flow velocity of 1.58 m/s are simulated for 10 possible leaking sources on the traversing pipeline. The effect of leaking locations and river channel bending on crude oil spreading on river surface were significant according to the simulation results. Sudden widening river channel may result in vortexes and slightly delays the crude oil spreading. The simulated data could be used to make the rescue strategy of crude oil leaking in this specific river.
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Jeongsoo, Kim, Park Min-Su, Jeong Youn-Ju, and Hwang Yoon-Koog. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Hybrid 3kW Ocean Wave-Power Generation System Subjected to Regular and Irregular Wave Forces." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61245.
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In particular of coastal area, needs of ocean energy development have emerged with global demands on non-pollution energy. Although there are several types of wave-power generation systems, such as an attenuator and an overtopping device, these have problems related to frequent damages or limited applicable area. This study is concerned with development of a new hybrid wave-power system, which is expected to provide higher power efficiency than the previous system, and experimental and numerical estimations on performance of the new system. The proposed wave power absorber is composed of a generator embedded in the floating shield cylinder, pendulum plate to accelerate rotation of generator, self-dynamic positioning devices, and a support column to fix the entire power generation system to the seabed. To determine major design parameters and to conduct a specific concept design of the proposed power generation system, hydrodynamic tests of the floating shield cylinder were carried out. The cylinder was scaled with a scale factor 0.12. Several test specimens were fabricated to examine effects of the following physical characteristics on the system performance: draft depth of the cylinder, diameter of the cylinder, longitudinal projective area of the cylinder, a number of blades attached on the cylinder, blade length. Each specimen was subjected to 8 regular and 4 irregular wave loads for 5 minutes; an extreme water wave condition was also included. In the hydrodynamic tests, rotation numbers of the cylinder per a minute were measured. Although consistent patterns of the angular velocity of the cylinder was not observed from the experimental results, the results showed that the ratio of draft depth to diameter mainly effects on the angular velocity of the cylinder, and that the cylinder quickly rotates at the crest of an incident wave while it inversely and slowly rotates at the through. Furthermore, to supplement the above tests and to analyze mechanical behaviors of the support system, numerical simulations of the system were also conducted. To calculate water pressure on the cylinder and the support column, the commercial computational program ANSYS AQWA was used. The distribution and the magnitude of the predicted water pressure were then mapped into the finite element model of the cylinder and the support structure to examine the structural responses and stability against overturning.
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Gabriela Ene, Alexandra, Carmen Mihai, Mihaela Jomir, and Constantin Jomir. "Analysis of the behavior of the floating systems used for boundary of river-sea recreational activities area." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003768.
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The network of river courses that cross the territory of Romania has a total length of 118,000 km, to which is added the aquatic part of the Romanian coast (the Black Sea and the harbors), with an area of 39,940 km2. From this territory the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (the shore of the Delta Danube and the Razim Sinoe complex) cover an area of over 6000 ha. Under these conditions, tourism that includes recreational activities (if the environment allows it) can be extended within the arranged natural aquatic reserves, mainly including the swimming. The natural areas for swimming are protected areas to avoid possible risks of pollution and are specially arranged, respectively: for depths up to 1.50 m, the slope is uniform and the inclination respects the ratio of 1:10 - 1:15, while, for greater depths, the inclination of the slope does not exceed the ratio of 1:3. Considering the strict restrictions imposed on the recreation area, the swimming areas must be strictly and visibly delimited from the areas where other recreational activities are carried out (mooring of charter ships, practicing water sports, etc.) with possible health risks. Additionally, special attention is paid to the delimitation of the bathing area with a depth of less than 0.70 m, for children and people who do not swim for various reasons. In these particular situations, to avoid possible accidents, the delimitation and marking is performed with the help of floating systems made of composite material based on woven structure matrix. For the purpose of ensure the delimitation and signalling of the maritime and fluvial areas, for a depth of 3 m, the researches were focused on the digital development of a flexible composite structure. The geometric, dimensional and structural elements of the composite architecture were predicted based on FEM modeling and were calculated for a solid body in the form of a right circular cylinder. The design and developed flexible structure was experimented at the shore and the main conclusions leaded to the following: i) the composite material behaved appropriately, and, during the monitoring period of 72 hours, no potentially interventions caused by damages were needed; ii) no damage of the textile material or change in geometrical of the solid shape was recorded. The experiments carried out in open sea conditions required the consideration of the specific features of a continuously moving surface (due to sea waves and currents), with large temperature variations and difficult weather conditions. During the experimental trials, the floating systems were placed at Lat. 43.985 Lon. 28.607 Altitude 50m and the meteorological observation were made at every 24 hours within a period of 10 days, during May when dangerous phenomena, such as descending gusts (white squalls, formed as a result of the rise of water in the atmosphere with the cumulonimbus clouds development) and nebulousness were recorded. Regular inspections were performed and the appropriate behavior of the composite material used as core part of the floating marking/signalling systems was registered.
Reports on the topic "Liability for water pollution damages"
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Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.
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When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.