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Journal articles on the topic '"lian" sentence'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Kuralova, Jansoya Turg'un qizi. "汉语句式教学要点与策略 KEY POINTS AND STRATEGIES OF CHINESE SENTENCE TEACHING". Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences 2, № 26 (2022): 124–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7333868.

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<em>This chapter first uses a section to briefly introduce seven common sentence patterns - continuous verb sentence, concurrent sentence, subject predicate predicate sentence, double object sentence, can wish verb sentence, bei sentence, "lian" sentence, etc. As the three sentence patterns of existential sentence, "bi" sentence and "ba" sentence are used frequently in daily language, their structural and functional characteristics are also significant, and learners have a high probability of error, they are separated into one section as the key part of this chapt

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Martínez-Fernández, José, and Sergi Oms. "The many faces of the Liar Paradox." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 28, no. 1 (2024): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2024.e96700.

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The Liar Paradox is a classic argument that creates a contradiction by reflection on a sentence that attributes falsity to itself: ‘this sentence is false’. In our paper we will discuss the ways in which the Liar sentence (and its paradoxical argument) can be represented in first-order logic. The key to the representation is to use first-order logic to model a self-referential language. We will also discuss several related sentences, like the Liar cycles, the empirical versions of the Liar and the Truth teller sentences.

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3

Bodanza, Gustavo. "Yablo’s Paradox, the Liar, and Referential Contradictions from a Graph Theory Point of View." Логико-философские штудии, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52119/lphs.2021.32.43.005.

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F -systems are useful digraphs to model sentences that predicate the falsity of other sentences. Paradoxes like the Liar and the one of Yablo can be analyzed with that tool to find graph-theoretic patterns. In this paper we studied this general model consisting of a set of sentences and the binary relation ‘... affirms the falsity of...’ among them. The possible existence of non-referential sentences was also considered. To model the sets of all the sentences that can jointly be valued as true we introduced the notion of conglomerate, the existence of which guarantees the absence of paradox. C

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Read, Rupert, and Christian Greiffenhagen. "Can sentences self-refer? : Gödel and the liar." Ethnographic studies 16 (September 24, 2019): 181–201. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3459372.

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In this article we discuss the issue of ‘self-reference’, i.e., the question whether (or in which sense) sentences may be said to refer to themselves. Following Wittgenstein, we suggest that the clearest thing to say is that sentences cannot of themselves ‘do’ or ‘say’ anything, but that it is human beings that ‘do’ and ‘say’. Consequently, instances of self-reference have to be considered as part of specific human practices. We illustrate these general remarks through the examination of the Liar Paradox and Gödel’s Incompl

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Rezakhany, Hassan John. "Jalāl ad-Dīn ad-Dawānī’s Solution to the Liar Paradox and Its Reception in Qāḍī Mubārak and Mullā Mubīn." Journal of South Asian Intellectual History 1, no. 2 (2018): 183–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425552-12340007.

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AbstractI examine the views of Jalāl ad-Dīn ad-Dawānī (d. 1502) on the Liar paradox and their reception in the work of Qāḍī Mubārak (d. 1748) and Mullā Mubīn (d. 1810). Dawānī argues that the Liar sentence is neither true nor false since it is not the kind of utterance that is capable of bearing a truth-value (i.e., it is not truth-apt). In the course of justifying this view, he proposes a criterion for a sentence’s being truth-apt and attempts to counter a number of objections. I address two of these: one involves certain intuitively true or false self-referential sentences and the other is

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Moorcroft, Francis. "Why Russell's Paradox Won't Go Away." Philosophy 68, no. 263 (1993): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100040080.

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In ‘The Mind's I is Illiterate’, G. S. Miller discusses several paradoxes and paradoxical sentences which Miller claims are related by a common abuse of language. The Whiteley sentence ‘Lucas cannot consistently believe this sentence’ fails to be meaningful for want of a referent outside of the sentence for the phrase ‘this sentence’; the Liar Paradox when formulated as ‘I am lying’ is similarly disposed of when it is seen that the verb is defective and the sentence fails to refer to anything outside of itself. The same point is made concerning the Russell Paradox of the set of all sets that d

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Cook, Roy T. "Patterns of paradox." Journal of Symbolic Logic 69, no. 3 (2004): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1096901765.

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We begin with a prepositional language Lp containing conjunction (Λ), a class of sentence names {Sα}αϵA, and a falsity predicate F. We (only) allow unrestricted infinite conjunctions, i.e., given any non-empty class of sentence names {Sβ}βϵB,is a well-formed formula (we will use WFF to denote the set of well-formed formulae).The language, as it stands, is unproblematic. Whether various paradoxes are produced depends on which names are assigned to which sentences. What is needed is a denotation function:For example, the LP sentence “F(S1)” (i.e., Λ{F(S1)}), combined with a denotation function δ

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Perini-Santos, Ernesto. "John Buridan’s Theory of Truth and the Paradox of the Liar." Vivarium 49, no. 1-3 (2011): 184–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853411x590499.

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AbstractThe solution John Buridan offers for the Paradox of the Liar has not been correctly placed within the framework of his philosophy of language. More precisely, there are two important points of the Buridanian philosophy of language that are crucial to the correct understanding of his solution to the Liar paradox that are either misrepresented or ignored in some important accounts of his theory. The first point is that the Aristotelian formula, ‘propositio est vera quia qualitercumque significat in rebus significatis ita est’, once amended, is a correct way to talk about the truth of a s

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9

Cristante, Valentina, and Sarah Schimke. "The processing of passive sentences in German." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11, no. 2 (2020): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.19013.cri.

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Abstract This study examines the processing and interpretation of passive sentences in German-speaking seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, and adults. This structure is often assumed to be particularly difficult to understand, and not yet fully mastered in primary school (Kemp, Bredel, & Reich, 2008), i.e. in children aged between six and eleven. Few studies provide empirical data concerning this age range; it is therefore unknown whether this assumption is warranted. Against this background, we tested whether the three age groups differed in their off-line comprehension of passive sentences.

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10

Levi, Don S. "The Liar Parody." Philosophy 63, no. 243 (1988): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100043126.

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The Liar Paradox is a philosophical bogyman. It refuses to die, despite everything that philosophers have done to kill it. Sometimes the attacks on it seem little more than expressions of positivist petulance, as when the Liar sentence is said to be nonsense or meaningless. Sometimes the attacks are based on administering to the Liar sentence arbitrary if not unfair tests for admitting of truth or falsity that seem designed expressly to keep it from qualifying. Some philosophers have despaired of ever beating the Liar; so concerned have they been about the threat posed by the Liar that they ha

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Alwishah, Ahmed, and David Sanson. "The Early Arabic Liar: The Liar Paradox in the Islamic World from the Mid-Ninth to the Mid-Thirteenth Centuries CE." Vivarium 47, no. 1 (2009): 97–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853408x345909a.

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AbstractWe describe the earliest occurrences of the Liar Paradox in the Arabic tradition. The early Mutakallimūn claim the Liar Sentence is both true and false; they also associate the Liar with problems concerning plural subjects, which is somewhat puzzling. Abharī (1200-1265) ascribes an unsatisﬁable truth condition to the Liar Sentence—as he puts it, its being true is the conjunction of its being true and false—and so concludes that the sentence is not true. Tūsī (1201-1274) argues that self-referential sen-tences, like the Liar, are not truth-apt, and defends this claim by appealing to a c

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Rajeevan, E. "On The Liar Sentence: A Fregean Analysis." Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research 35, no. 1 (2017): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40961-017-0109-7.

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Shyu, Shu-ing. "The scope of even." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 19, no. 1 (2018): 156–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00006.shy.

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Abstract One of the issues in the study of even is concerned with the ambiguous scope interpretations contributed by the focus adverb even. There have been two main camps: the lexical approach and the scope approach. Unlike English, which does not have distinct lexical items for even, Mandarin Chinese (Chinese hereafter) utilizes two constructions to express the notion of even: (1) The lian … dou ‘including … all’ construction, and (2) focus adverbs, such as shenzhi. This paper aims to demonstrate that the lian … dou construction expresses the typical implicatures in even sentences predicted b

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14

Marton, Peter. "Truth, Meaning, and Yablo’s Paradox – A Moderate Anti-Realist Approach." Southwest Philosophy Review 36, no. 1 (2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview202036112.

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Yablo’s Paradox, an infinite-sentence version of the Liar Paradox, aims to show that semantic paradox can emerge even without circularity. I will argue that the lack of meaning/content of the sentences involved is the source of the paradoxical outcome.I will introduce and argue for a Moderate Antirealist (MAR) approach to truth and meaning, built around the twin principles that neither truth nor meaning can outstrip knowability. Accordingly, I will introduce a MAR truth operator that both forges an explicit connection between truth and knowability and distinguishes between truth and factuality

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Čulina, Boris. "How to Conquer the Liar and Enthrone the Logical Concept of Truth." Croatian journal of philosophy 23, no. 67 (2023): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52685/cjp.23.67.1.

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This article informally presents a solution to the paradoxes of truth and shows how the solution solves classical paradoxes (such as the original Liar) as well as the paradoxes that were invented as counterarguments for various proposed solutions (“the revenge of the Liar”). This solution complements the classical procedure of determining the truth values of sentences by its own failure and, when the procedure fails, through an appropriate semantic shift allows us to express the failure in a classical two-valued language. Formally speaking, the solution is a language with one meaning of symbol

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Mills, Andrew P. "Unsettled Problems with Vague Truth." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 1 (1995): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1995.10717407.

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A tempting solution to problems of semantic vagueness and to the Liar Paradox is an appeal to truth-value gaps. It is tempting to say, for example, that, where Harry is a borderline case of bald, the sentence(1)Harry is baldis neither true nor false: it is in the ‘gap’ between these two values, and perhaps deserves a third truth-value. Similarly with the Liar Paradox. Consider the following Liar sentence:(2)(2) is false.That is, sentence (2) says of itself that it is false. If we accept the Tarskian schema(T) S is true iff pwhere ‘S’ is a name of a sentence ‘p,’ we are led into paradox. Both t

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Littmann, Greg. "Dialetheism and the Graphic Liar." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 42, no. 1 (2012): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2012.0007.

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A Liar sentence is a sentence that, paradoxically, we cannot evaluate for truth in accordance with classical logic and semantics without arriving at a contradiction. For example, consider LL L is falseIf we assume that L is true, then given that what L says is ‘L is false,’ it follows that L is false. On the other hand, if we assume that L is false, then given that what L says is ‘L is false,’ it follows that L is true. Thus, L is an example of a Liar sentence.Several philosophers have proposed that the Liar paradox, and related paradoxes, can be solved by accepting the contradictions that the

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Nekhaev, Andrei V. "Yablo’s Paradox: Is the Infinite Liar Lying to Us?" Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56, no. 3 (2019): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201956351.

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In 1993, the American logic S. Yablo was proposed an original infinitive formulation of the classical ≪Liar≫ paradox. It questioned the traditional notion of self-reference as the basic structure for semantic paradoxes. The article considers the arguments underlying two different approaches to analysis of proposals of the ≪Infinite Liar≫ and understanding of the genuine sources for semantic paradoxes. The first approach (V. Valpola, G.-H. von Wright, T. Bolander, etc.) imposes responsibility for the emergence of semantic paradoxes on the negation of the truth predicate. It deprives the ≪Infini

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Schmeißer, Anika, Nadine Eichler, Laia Arnaus Gil, and Natascha Müller. "Mélanges interpropositionnels chez les enfants bilingues franco-allemands." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 7, no. 2 (2016): 238–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.7.2.04sch.

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The literature on the mixing of two languages in children bilingual from birth distinguishes code switching on different levels, switching within the same sentence or utterance (‘intra-sentential switching’, ‘intra-utterance switching’ following Genesee, Boivin & Nicoladis, 1996 : 428–429) and mixing between sentences or utterances in the same conversation (‘inter-sentential switching’, ‘inter-utterance switching’). This article presents a longitudinal study on inter-sentential switching, still rarely investigated, in four bilingual French-German children between the age of two and four ye

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Karipbayeva, Aidana, Alena Sorokina, and Zhenisbek Assylbekov. "A Critique of the Smooth Inverse Frequency Sentence Embeddings (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (2020): 13835–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7190.

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Ramadhan, Choky Risda. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA TERHADAP SATWA LIAR." Jurnal Yudisial 14, no. 2 (2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.29123/jy.v14i2.471.

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ABSTRAK Tulisan ini merupakan studi terhadap Putusan Nomor 562/Pid.Sus-Lh/2016/PN.Rgt dan Nomor 563/Pid.Sus-Lh/2016/PN.Rgt. Dalam pertimbangannya, hakim menyatakan tindak pidana yang dilakukan mengancam hilangnya kekayaan keanekaragaman hayati di Indonesia sebagai alasan memperberat. Majelis hakim menjatuhkan pidana penjara empat tahun penjara, lebih lama dari tuntutan jaksa berupa pidana penjara tiga tahun penjara, dan pidana denda seratus juta rupiah, subsidair satu bulan kurungan. Beberapa hal dari putusan tersebut yang menarik untuk dibahas dalam tulisan ini apakah penyidik dapat melakukan

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박경순. "Affirmative & negative form of “lian” sentences in Dream of the Red Chamber." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 55 (2010): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.15792/clsyn..55.201006.299.

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23

Hájek, Petr, Jeff Paris, and John Shepherdson. "The liar paradox and fuzzy logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 65, no. 1 (2000): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586541.

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AbstractCan one extend crisp Peano arithmetic PA by a possibly many-valued predicate Tr(x) saying “x is true” and satisfying the “dequotation schema” for all sentences φ? This problem is investigated in the frame of Łukasiewicz infinitely valued logic.

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SCAMBLER, CHRIS. "INEFFABILITY AND REVENGE." Review of Symbolic Logic 13, no. 4 (2018): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020318000473.

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AbstractIn recent work Philip Welch has proven the existence of ‘ineffable liars’ for Hartry Field’s theory of truth. These are offered as liar-like sentences that escape classification in Field’s transfinite hierarchy of determinateness operators. In this article I present a slightly more general characterization of the ineffability phenomenon, and discuss its philosophical significance. I show the ineffable sentences to be less ‘liar-like’ than they appear in Welch’s presentation. I also point to some open technical problems whose resolution would greatly clarify the philosophical issues rai

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Arenhart, Jonas R. B., and Ederson S. Melo. "Dialetheists’ Lies About the Liar." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 22, no. 1 (2018): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2018v22n1p59.

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Liar-like paradoxes are typically arguments that, by using very intuitive resources of natural language, end up in contradiction. Consistent solutions to those paradoxes usually have difficulties either because they restrict the expressive power of the language, or else because they fall prey to extended versions of the paradox. Dialetheists, like Graham Priest, propose that we should take the Liar at face value and accept the contradictory conclusion as true. A logical treatment of such contradictions is also put forward, with the Logic of Paradox (LP), which should account for the manifestat

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Beall, Jc, and Graham Priest. "A Tale of Excluding the Middle." Logical Investigations 27, no. 1 (2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-1472-2021-27-1-20-30.

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he paper discusses a number of interconnected points concerning negation, truth, validity and the liar paradox. In particular, it discusses an argument for the dialetheic nature of the liar sentence which draws on Dummett’s teleological account of truth. Though one way of formulating this fails, a different way succeeds. The paper then discusses the role of the Principle of Excluded Middle in the argument, and of the thought that truth in a model should be a model of truth.

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Jun, Ma. "On Constructional Approach to the Chinese Character, Word and Sentence." Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2021): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/lin.0302021.

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Novaes, C. Dutilh. "A Comparative Taxonomy of Medieval and Modern Approaches to Liar Sentences." History and Philosophy of Logic 29, no. 3 (2008): 227–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340701614464.

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ROSSI, LORENZO. "A UNIFIED THEORY OF TRUTH AND PARADOX." Review of Symbolic Logic 12, no. 2 (2019): 209–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020319000078.

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AbstractThe sentences employed in semantic paradoxes display a wide range of semantic behaviours. However, the main theories of truth currently available either fail to provide a theory of paradox altogether, or can only account for some paradoxical phenomena by resorting to multiple interpretations of the language, as in (Kripke, 1975). In this article, I explore the wide range of semantic behaviours displayed by paradoxical sentences, and I develop a unified theory oftruth and paradox, that is a theory of truth that also provides a unified account of paradoxical sentences. The theory I propo

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Stepanov, Vladimir A. "Dynamic Approximation of Self-Referential Sentences." Studia Humana 11, no. 3-4 (2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2022-0013.

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Abstract Non-classical logic via approximation of self-referential sentences by dynamical systems are consistently presented. The new 6-valued truth values <T, va, A, V, av, F> (here A=Liar, V=TruthTeller) are presented as a function of the classical truth values x i ∈ {0,1}, which resulted in a philosophical standpoint known as Suszko’s Thesis. Three-valued truth tables were created corresponding to Priest’s tables of the same name. In the process of constructing 4-valued truth tables, two more new truth values (va, av) were revealed that do not coincide with the four original ones. The

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Borse, Alpana A., Gajanan K. Kharate, and Namrata G. Kharate. "4HAN: hypergraph-based hierarchical attention network for fake news prediction." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15, no. 2 (2025): 2202. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2202-2210.

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Fake News presents significant threats to both society and individuals, highlighting the urgent need for improved news authenticity verification. To deal with this challenge, we provide a novel strategy called the 4-level hierarchical attention network (4HAN), designed to enhance fake news detection through an advanced integration of hypergraph convolution and attention neural network mechanisms. The 4HAN model operates across four hierarchical levels: paragraphs, sentences, words, and contextual information (metadata). At the highest level, the model employs hypergraph-based attention and con

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Borse, Alpana A., Gajanan. K. Kharate, and Namrata G. Kharate. "4HAN: hypergraph-based hierarchical attention network for fake news prediction." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15, no. 2 (2025): 2202–10. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp2202-2210.

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Fake news presents significant threats to both society and individuals, highlighting the urgent need for improved news authenticity verification. To deal with this challenge, we provide a novel strategy called the 4-level hierarchical attention network (4HAN), designed to enhance fake news detection through an advanced integration of hypergraph convolution and attention neural network mechanisms. The 4HAN model operates across four hierarchical levels: paragraphs, sentences, words, and contextual information (metadata). At the highest level, the model employs hypergraph- based attention and co

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SCHLENKER, PHILIPPE. "SUPER LIARS." Review of Symbolic Logic 3, no. 3 (2010): 374–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020310000067.

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Kripke’s theory of truth offered a trivalent semantics for a language which, like English, contains a truth predicate and means of self-reference; but it did so by severely restricting the expressive power of the logic. In Kripke’s analysis, the Liar (e.g., This very sentence is not true) receives the indeterminate truth value, but this fact cannot be expressed in the language; by contrast, it is straightforward to say in English that the Liar is something other than true. Kripke’s theory also fails to handle the Strengthened Liar, which can be expressed in English as: This very sentence is so

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LEE, SEUNGHWAN, and BYEONGKWAN LEE. "A Study on the Topic Sentence “First Chapter of Mencius’ King Hui of Liang”." Chinese Language Education and Research 40 (July 31, 2023): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24285/cler.2023.7.40.87.

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Arseneault, Madeleine, and Robert Stainton. "Holisme et homophonie." Dialogue 39, no. 1 (2000): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300006429.

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AbstractWe believe that, granting radical holism, a homophonie (or disquotational) definition of truth for a language achieves no progress towards guaranteeing the material equivalence of the left- and right-hand-side sentences for T-sentences. In order to avoid paradoxes such as the antinomy of the liar, Tarski requires that the metalanguage be semantically richer than the object language. For a radical holist, the difference in semantic powers of the meta- and object languages means that homophony is no guarantee of synonymy; therefore, worries about the indeterminacy of translation still ap

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Oms, Sergi. "Articulation and Liars." Disputatio 9, no. 46 (2017): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/disp-2017-0011.

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Abstract Jamie Tappenden was one of the first authors to entertain the possibility of a common treatment for the Liar and the Sorites paradoxes. In order to deal with these two paradoxes he proposed using the Strong Kleene semantic scheme. This strategy left unexplained our tendency to regard as true certain sentences which, according to this semantic scheme, should lack truth value. Tappenden tried to solve this problem by using a new speech act, articulation. Unlike assertion, which implies truth, articulation only implies non-falsity. In this paper I argue that Tappenden’s strategy cannot b

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Idris, Hatmi. "Kalimat dengan Reduplikasi Verba." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 2, no. 2 (2016): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v2i2.27.

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<p>When complement and object appears all together in one sentence, some verbs can be reduplicated, can not be reduplicated, or can be both reduplicated or not be reduplicated. Reduplicated verb’s example: Ta jiao zhongwen jiao le liang ge xiaoshi ‘He has been teaching Mandarin Chinese for two hours’. Verb can or can not be reduplicated depends on the complement types, the verb meaning and the object charactheristic. This paper will analyze this construction semantically, syntactically, and pragmatically.</p>

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Boyan, Chen. "On the Two Counter-Expectation Functional Sentences Formed by the Phrase Ni Haibieshuo." Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2021): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/lin.0301008.

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Qingxuan, Dai. "On the Translations of Nie Xiao Qian from the Perspective of Pragmatic Adaptation." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 5 (2020): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.5.16.

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Nie Xiao Qian, translated into THE MAGIC SWORD by Herbert Giles and THE MAGIC SWORD AND THE MAGIC BAG by John Minford, is one of the most famous stories in Liao Zhai Zhi Yi. Despite the fact that there are a lot of English translations for Liao Zhai Zhi Yi, few scholars have paid attention to Minford’s version and none of them have ever compared two translations from the perspective of pragmatic adaptation, more specifically, Chinese and English orientation differences. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a new perspective for Liao Zhai Zhi Yi’s translation analysis to bridge the gap and f

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Lulu, Ge. "Study on the Translation Techniques in English Chinese Translation of Passive Sentences in Educated." Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2021): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/lin.0302022.

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Roberts, Leah. "Parsing the L2 input, an overview." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 1, no. 2 (2010): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.1.2.03rob.

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The acquisition of second language (L2) syntax has been central to the study of L2 acquisition, but recently there has been an interest in how learners apply their L2 syntactic knowledge to the input in real-time comprehension. Investigating L2 learners’ moment-by-moment syntactic analysis during listening or reading of sentence as it unfolds — their parsing of the input — is important, because language learning involves both the acquisition of knowledge and the ability to use it in real time. Using methods employed in monolingual processing research, investigations often focus on the processi

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Aziz, A. Saiful. "PERATURAN PRESIDEN NOMOR 87 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG (PUNGUTAN LIAR) DALAM HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM." IQTISAD 3, no. 1 (2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/iq.v3i1.2463.

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AbstrakSuap atau pungutan liar di jalan, terutama dalam transportasi barang di jembatan timbang, di pelabuhan,di pajak cukai masih merajalela.Hal ini menyebabkan berbagai dampak negatif, seperti kecelakaan, kerusakan jalan dan hilangnya kas negara. Operasi tangkap tangan (OTT) kasus pungutan liar (pungli) perizinan di Kementerian perhubungan perintah langsung dari Presiden. Secara umum pungli sebagai pungutan yang dilakukan secara tidak sah atau melanggar aturan, oleh dan untuk kepentingan pribadi oknum petugas. Pungli merupakan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Pungutan liar dalam hukum pidana Islam,

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Bücking, Sebastian. "Zur Komposition von insofern als im Deutschen." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 37, no. 1 (2018): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2018-0001.

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Abstract This paper is about the compositional interpretation of adverbial clauses as introduced by insofern als (lit. ‘insofar as’) in German (= IAs); for example, Die Lösung ist insofern attraktiv, als sie günstig ist. (lit. ‘The solution is insofar attractive as it is cheap.’). I argue that IAs always contribute dimensional restrictions, but do so in two distinct structure-sensitive ways: IAs can be structurally integrated into their host clauses and, thus, dimensionally specify a lexical component of the matrix VP (= LIAs) (‘The solution is attractive in price.’); alternatively, they can b

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Wang, Huilei. "Interaction of dou and scope effects in Mandarin relative clause." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 1 (December 29, 2022): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5350.

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How to analyze the multi-functional focus-sensitive operatordouinMandarin has been a long-standing debate (Lin 1998; Giannakidou & Cheng 2006;Xiang 2008; Liao 2011; Liu 2017, 2018; Xiang 2020, a.o.). In this paper, I providenovel arguments for the analysis ofdouin analogy toonlyproposed in Xiang (2020),by examining the interaction ofdouwith scope effects in relative clauses embeddedin different matrix clauses. I propose that the scope effects in RCs embedded innon-specificational sentences are derived from long QR of the embedded QP, whilethose in specificational sentences result from a na

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Xueqing, Zhang. "Liang Hong Cross-Model Comparison: the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Translating Political Texts." MODERN VECTORS OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND UKRAINE, no. 10 (October 2024): 350–60. https://doi.org/10.24195/2414-4746-2024-10-32.

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The swift evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) technologies has underscored their expansive applicability across a broad spectrum of disciplines, notably within the realms of natural language processing and machine translation. Thus, to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of machine translation applications in translating political texts under different technological and algorithmic contexts, a curated test dataset comprising 200 typical sentences pertinent to political contexts was developed. leveraging the unique linguistic structural nuances of political texts.

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Li, Danrui. "On the Performability of Drama Translation: A Case Study of Zhu Shenghao’s and Liang Shiqiu’s Versions of A Midsummer Night’s Dream." English Language and Literature Studies 12, no. 4 (2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v12n4p65.

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Drama translation, as a part of visual art, is more than just textual translation; it is a component of dramatic performance portrayed in the form of verbal action. Lines in drama translation are thus dialogues that render the drama performance rather than descriptive languages that provide information. Translators must use a variety of translation strategies to achieve performability in drama translation. Following Lev&yacute;&rsquo;s (2011) translation theory, the paper conducts a contrastive analysis of Zhu Shenghao&rsquo;s and Liang Shiqiu&rsquo;s Chinese versions of A Mids

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Castaldo, Luca. "Fixed-point models for paradoxical predicates." Australasian Journal of Logic 18, no. 7 (2021): 688–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v18i7.6576.

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This paper introduces a new kind of fixed-point semantics, filling a gap within approaches to Liar-like paradoxes involving fixed-point models à la Kripke (1975). The four-valued models presented below, (i) unlike the three-valued, consistent fixed-point models defined in Kripke (1975), are able to differentiate between paradoxical and pathological-but-unparadoxical sentences, and (ii) unlike the four-valued, paraconsistent fixed-point models first studied in Visser (1984) and Woodruff (1984), preserve consistency and groundedness of truth. Keywords: Semantic Paradoxes · Fixed-point semantics

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WELCH, P. D. "SOME OBSERVATIONS ON TRUTH HIERARCHIES." Review of Symbolic Logic 7, no. 1 (2014): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020313000361.

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AbstractWe show how in the hierarchies${F_\alpha }$of Fieldian truth sets, and Herzberger’s${H_\alpha }$revision sequence starting from any hypothesis for${F_0}$(or${H_0}$) that essentially each${H_\alpha }$(or${F_\alpha }$) carries within it a history of the whole prior revision process.As applications (1) we provide a precise representation for, and a calculation of the length of, possiblepath independent determinateness hierarchiesof Field’s (2003) construction with a binary conditional operator. (2) We demonstrate the existence of generalized liar sentences, that can be considered as diago

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Garðarsdóttir, María, and Sigríður Þorvaldsdóttir. "A processability approach to the development of case in L2 Icelandic." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11, no. 1 (2020): 68–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.00008.gar.

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Abstract This article presents the findings of a study on the development of case assignment in Icelandic as a second language within the context of Processability Theory (PT) and compares them with previous PT studies on the development of case in L2 German, Russian, and Serbian. We argue that initially, learners are only able to appropriately mark subjects and objects in canonical positions (e.g., subjnom v objacc ). Later they are also able to mark arguments with the appropriate case in sentences that deviate from canonical word order (e.g., objacc/dat v subjnom ). In order to examine the c

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Dantas, Danilo Fraga. "Minimalismo e suas mentiras generalizadas." Analytica - Revista de Filosofia 21, no. 2 (2019): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35920/arf.v21i2.22472.

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A teoria minimalista da verdade consiste em todas as instâncias do esquema ‘‘φ’ é verdadeira sse φ’ e na afirmação de que nossa aceitação (primitiva) dessas instâncias é suficiente para explicar nossas atitudes em relação a todas sentenças envolvendo ‘verdade’. Filósofos têm apontado que o minimalismo tem dificuldades em explicar nossas atitudes em relação a generalizações envolvendo ‘verdade’ e em lidar com instanciações contraditórias do esquema para sentenças paradoxais (ex. paradoxo do mentiroso). Proponentes do minimalismo apresentam soluções para esses problemas. Nesse artigo, argumento

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