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Journal articles on the topic 'LiB waste'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lin, Jiao, Ersha Fan, Xiaodong Zhang, et al. "A lithium-ion battery recycling technology based on a controllable product morphology and excellent performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 34 (2021): 18623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta06106b.

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A LIB recycling technology based on a controllable product morphology and excellent performance was reported. We constructed a “cycle-fail-regeneration” new closed-loop utilization model of waste LIBs. Through this mode, waste materials can be regenerated in situ for LIB anode materials, providing multiple reuse scenarios. Density functional theory calculation is used to analyze the transformation mechanism of this process and provide theoretical support.

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2

Calvert, Giles, Anna H. Kaksonen, Ka Yu Cheng, Jonovan Van Yken, Barbara Chang, and Naomi J. Boxall. "Recovery of Metals from Waste Lithium Ion Battery Leachates Using Biogenic Hydrogen Sulfide." Minerals 9, no. 9 (2019): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9090563.

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Lithium ion battery (LIB) waste is increasing globally and contains an abundance of valuable metals that can be recovered for re-use. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery of metals from LIB waste leachate using hydrogen sulfide generated by a consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in a lactate-fed fluidised bed reactor (FBR). The microbial community analysis showed Desulfovibrio as the most abundant genus in a dynamic and diverse bioreactor consortium. During periods of biogenic hydrogen sulfide production, the average dissolved sulfide concentration was 507 mg L−1 and the average

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3

He, Ze. "Towards Zero Waste Recovery of Li-Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 28 (2023): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02283287mtgabs.

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The proliferation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has prompted a critical exploration of sustainable waste management strategies within the battery life cycle. This abstract focuses on waste materials generated during LIB recycling, specifically emphasizing waste water, including the presence of lithium ions, which is most generated at delamination and leaching process, and waste graphite. Waste water, a significant outcome of LIB recycling, often contains valuable lithium ions. Efficient extraction and purification of lithium ions from waste water not only recovers a precious resource but als

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4

Rinne, Tommi, Anna Klemettinen, Lassi Klemettinen, et al. "Recovering Value from End-of-Life Batteries by Integrating Froth Flotation and Pyrometallurgical Copper-Slag Cleaning." Metals 12, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010015.

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In this study, industrial lithium-ion battery (LIB) waste was treated by a froth flotation process, which allowed selective separation of electrode particles from metallic-rich fractions containing Cu and Al. In the flotation experiments, recovery rates of ~80 and 98.8% for the cathode active elements (Co, Ni, Mn) and graphite were achieved, respectively. The recovered metals from the flotation fraction were subsequently used in high-temperature Cu-slag reduction. In this manner, the possibility of using metallothermic reduction for Cu-slag reduction using Al-wires from LIB waste as the main r

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Choi, Jae-Hyuk, Dae-Yeong Kim, Won-Ju Lee, and Jun Kang. "Conversion of Black Carbon Emitted from Diesel-Powered Merchant Ships to Novel Conductive Carbon Black as Anodic Material for Lithium Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (2019): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091280.

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Waste soot generated from diesel engine of merchant ships has ≥ 2 µm agglomerates consisting of 30–50 nm spherical particles, whose morphology is identical to that of carbon black (CB) used in many industrial applications. In this study, we crystallized waste soot by heat treatment to transform it into a unique completely graphitic nano-onion structure, which is considerably different from that of commercial conductive CB. While commercial CB has a large specific surface area because of many surface micropores generated due to quenching by water-spraying in the production process, the heat-tre

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Hariyadi, Asful, Afryanti Restia Masago, Rabbani Febrianur, and Dian Rahmawati. "Optimization Fungal Leaching of Cobalt and Lithium from Spent Li-Ion Batteries Using Waste Spices Candlenut." Key Engineering Materials 938 (December 26, 2022): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lkr100.

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Lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications in consumer electronics nowdays are rapidly growing resulting the increase of batteries solid waste containing toxic and corrosive substances for the environment. On the other hand, the main active cathode components in LIB are Lithium and Cobalt, which are hazardous and limited in nature but are valuable metals. This study aims to use bio-hydrometallurgical techniques to recover heavy metals from LIB using microorganisms to avoid toxic waste from used solvents which are usually generated in conventional chemical leaching. Filamentous fungi have an import

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7

Noudeng, Vongdala, Nguyen Van Quan, and Tran Dang Xuan. "A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (2022): 16169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316169.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a hot topic worldwide because they are not only the best alternative for energy storage systems but also have the potential for developing electric vehicles (EVs) that support greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and pollution prevention in the transport sector. However, the recent increase in EVs has brought about a rise in demand for LIBs, resulting in a substantial number of used LIBs. The end-of-life (EoL) of batteries is related to issues including, for example, direct disposal of toxic pollutants into the air, water, and soil, which threatens

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8

YAMASHITA, Yu, and Junichi TAKAHASHI. "Effect of Elements Contained in Waste LIB on Slag Melting Temperature." Journal of MMIJ 137, no. 10 (2021): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.137.98.

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9

Chuang, Yu-Sen, Hong-Ping Cheng, and Chin-Chi Cheng. "Reuse of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) from the Perspective of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Taiwan." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 3 (2024): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030105.

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Over the last 50 years since Whittingham created the world’s first lithium-ion battery (LIB) in 1970, LIBs have continued to develop and have become mainstream for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. However, when an LIB for an EV reaches 80% of its state of health (SOH), although it still retains about 80% of its capacity, it is no longer suitable for use in general EVs and must be retired. This is problematic because not only is a retired LIB still viable for use and not totally obsolete, if not properly disposed of, a retired LIB may cause environmental pollution on top of being a waste of res

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10

Zhang, Xumei, Yangyi He, Yan Wang, Wei Yan, and Nachiappan Subramanian. "Assessing the GHG Emissions and Savings during the Recycling of NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles in China." Processes 10, no. 2 (2022): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020342.

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Driven by the global campaign against the dual pressures of environmental pollution and resource exhaustion, the Chinese government has proposed the target of carbon neutrality. On account of this, the increasing number of waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs) is causing emergent waste-management challenges and it is urgent that we implement an appropriate waste-LIB recycling program, which would bring significant environmental benefits. In order to comprehensively estimate the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from waste-LIB recycling, the GHG savings also need to

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11

Werner, Denis, Urs Alexander Peuker, and Thomas Mütze. "Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." Metals 10, no. 3 (2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030316.

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The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is becoming increasingly important with regard to environmental, economic, geostrategic, and health aspects due to the increasing amount of LIB produced, introduced into the market, and being spent in the following years. The recycling itself becomes a challenge to face on one hand the special aspects of LIB-technology and on the other hand to reply to the idea of circular economy. In this paper, we analyze the different recycling concepts for spent LIBs and categorize them according to state-of-the-art schemes of waste treatment technology. T

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12

Zhang, Wenxuan, Chengjian Xu, Wenzhi He, Guangming Li, and Juwen Huang. "A review on management of spent lithium ion batteries and strategy for resource recycling of all components from them." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 2 (2017): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17744655.

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The wide use of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has brought great numbers of discarded LIBs, which has become a common problem facing the world. In view of the deleterious effects of spent LIBs on the environment and the contained valuable materials that can be reused, much effort in many countries has been made to manage waste LIBs, and many technologies have been developed to recycle waste LIBs and eliminate environmental risks. As a review article, this paper introduces the situation of waste LIB management in some developed countries and in China, and reviews separation technologies of electr

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13

Werner, Denis Manuel, Thomas Mütze, and Urs Alexander Peuker. "Influence of Cell Opening Methods on Electrolyte Removal during Processing in Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling." Metals 12, no. 4 (2022): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040663.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are an important pillar for the sustainable transition of the mobility and energy storage sector. LIBs are complex devices for which waste management must incorporate different recycling technologies to produce high-quality secondary (raw) materials at high recycling efficiencies (RE). This contribution to LIB recycling investigated the influence of different pretreatment strategies on the subsequent processing. The experimental study combined different dismantling depths and depollution temperatures with subsequent crushing and thermal drying. Therein, the removal

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14

Akhmetov, Nikita, Anton Manakhov, and Abdulaziz S. Al-Qasim. "Li-Ion Battery Cathode Recycling: An Emerging Response to Growing Metal Demand and Accumulating Battery Waste." Electronics 12, no. 5 (2023): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051152.

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Due to the accumulation of waste mobile devices, the increasing production of electric vehicles, and the development of stationary energy storage systems, the recycling of end-of-life Li-ion batteries (EOL LIBs) has recently become an intensively emerging research field. The increasing number of LIBs produced accelerates the resources’ depletion and provokes pollution. To prevent this, the global communities are concerned with expanding and improving the LIBs recycling industry, whose biggest problems are either large gaseous emissions and energy consumption or toxic reagents and low recycling

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15

Santos, Anna Luiza, Wellington Alves, and Paula Ferreira. "Challenges Faced by Lithium-Ion Batteries in Effective Waste Management." Sustainability 17, no. 7 (2025): 2893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072893.

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Electric vehicles are regarded as key players in reducing CO2 emissions. However, managing the end-of-life (EoL) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses significant environmental and technical challenges. This presents a daunting task for governments, companies, and academics when discussing and developing initiatives for the EoL of LIBs. As more LIBs reach the end of their vehicular use, it becomes essential to identify key challenges. This research aims to analyze possible pathways, identify LIBs’ challenges in reaching the appropriate destinations, and propose actions to overcome these obstac

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16

Gaye, Nango, Rokhaya Sylla Gueye, Gorgui Awa Seck, et al. "Improvement Study of Hydrometallurgical Treatment Process for Li-ion Batteries Waste." Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research 14, no. 2 (2023): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i2263.

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This study concerned the search for a method aimed at improving the safety of the treatment of Li-ion (Lib) battery waste. It consisted in the extraction of the electrolyte from used Libs by methanol before the hydrometallurgical treatment. As a result, the infrared extracts characterization, after concentration, revealed the presence of characteristic vibrations of organic functions or chemical bonds other than those of the methanol used, prompting the search for other constituents (P, F, Li) generally found in the electrolyte compositions of Lib. Furthermore, the pretreated cathodes are cut

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17

Onwucha, Chizoom N., Cyril O. Ehi-Eromosele, Samuel O. Ajayi, Tolutope O. Siyanbola, and Kolawole O. Ajanaku. "Valorising waste PET bottles into Li-ion battery anodes using ionothermal carbonisation." Nanomaterials and Energy 11, no. 3-4 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jnaen.22.00047.

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Waste PET bottles (WPB) is fast becoming an environmental nuisance and its valorization to carbon anode could be a sustainable method to manage this waste and also develop cheap and high-performance carbon materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Carbonaceous materials derived from WPB were prepared using an ionothermal carbonization (ITC) method in choline chloride urea-deep eutectic solvent system. The ITC-derived materials were subsequently annealed in air to obtain carbonaceous materials. The ITC-derived carbon displayed ultra-high nitrogen doping but lesser carbonization and graphitic order

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18

Ashoka Sahadevan, Suchithra, Mohamed Shahid Usen Nazreen, Shrihari Sankarasubramanian, and Vijay K. Ramani. "Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable Efficient and Selective Electrochemical Recovery of Critical Component Metals." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 55 (2024): 2955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01552955mtgabs.

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The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and energy storage systems has led to a rise in LIB waste. Efficient metal recovery from LIB waste is critical to meet the growing demand sustainably. However, traditional recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, have limitations regarding energy consumption, efficiency, and environmental impact. In this work, we address these challenges by exploring the potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESes) as an alternative. DESes are compounds formed by mixing hydrogen bond donors and acceptors and exhibit a

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19

Guo, Jingyi. "Recycling and Prospects of Lithium-Ion Batteries." MATEC Web of Conferences 410 (2025): 01021. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202541001021.

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There is widespread employment of Lithium - ion batteries (LIBs) in various applications, covering portable electronics as well as electric vehicles, because of their high energy density and long cycle life. However, their improper disposal and the extraction of raw materials pose significant environmental and resource challenges. This review focuses on LIB recycling, a critical area for mitigating these issues. By comprehensively analyzing numerous relevant studies, it explores current recycling technologies, challenges, and future prospects. The results show that pretreatment, pyrometallurgi

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20

Klemettinen, Anna, Lassi Klemettinen, Radosław Michallik, Hugh O’Brien, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Time-Dependent Behavior of Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries in Secondary Copper Smelting." Batteries 8, no. 10 (2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100190.

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As the electrification sector expands rapidly, the demand for metals used in batteries is increasing significantly. New approaches for lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling have to be investigated and new technologies developed in order to secure the future supply of battery metals (i.e., lithium, cobalt, nickel). In this work, the possibility of integrating LIB recycling with secondary copper smelting was further investigated. The time-dependent behavior of battery metals (Li, Co, Ni, Mn) in simulated secondary copper smelting conditions was investigated for the first time. In the study, copper

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21

Song, Young-Jun. "Recovery of Lithium as Li3PO4 from Waste Water in a LIB Recycling Process." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 56, no. 10 (2018): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2018.56.10.755.

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22

Sekar, Sankar, Youngmin Lee, Deuk Young Kim, and Sejoon Lee. "Substantial LIB Anode Performance of Graphitic Carbon Nanoflakes Derived from Biomass Green-Tea Waste." Nanomaterials 9, no. 6 (2019): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9060871.

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Biomass-derived carbonaceous constituents constitute fascinating green technology for electrochemical energy-storage devices. In light of this, interconnected mesoporous graphitic carbon nanoflakes were synthesized by utilizing waste green-tea powders through the sequential steps of air-assisted carbonization, followed by potassium hydroxide activation and water treatment. Green-tea waste-derived graphitic carbon displays an interconnected network of aggregated mesoporous nanoflakes. When using the mesoporous graphitic carbon nanoflakes as an anode material for the lithium-ion battery, an init

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23

Rica, Brunilda, Elsa Briqueleur, Denis Mankovsky, Ilona Royer, Mickael Dolle, and Karen Waldron. "A Sustainable Recycling Approach to Regenerate Graphite from Industrially Sourced Failed Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 55 (2024): 2950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01552950mtgabs.

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Recycling graphite from Li-ion battery (LIB) waste plays an important role in increasing the accessibility of graphite resources and sustainable recovery. This presentation describes our work to purify graphite from failed (i.e., out-of-specification) anodes in LIB manufacturing by focusing on the most common contaminant: copper, used as the current collector in LIB anodes. A new, three-step scalable and environmentally friendly approach was used to provide a cost-effective and sustainable method in industrial settings to recycle failed anodes during the early stages of battery manufacturing.

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Rinne, Marja, Heini Elomaa, Antti Porvali, and Mari Lundström. "Simulation-based life cycle assessment for hydrometallurgical recycling of mixed LIB and NiMH waste." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 170 (July 2021): 105586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105586.

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25

Gupta, Varun, Xiaolu Yu, Hongpeng Gao, Weikang Li, and Zheng Chen. "Scalable Direct Recycling of Cathode Black Mass from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 2 (2023): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012608mtgabs.

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End of life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are piling up at an intimidating rate which is alarming for the environmental health and balance. The rise of renewable technologies such as electric vehicles (EV) needs to be balanced with LIB recycling to reduce the carbon footprint, ensure sustainable development, and create a circular supply chain. LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) cathode materials being a dominant chemistry in high energy LIBs makes a huge portion of this waste accumulation. Direct recycling is one of the most promising ways to turn this waste to wealth but has been limited to lab-scale d

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Pavón, Sandra, Doreen Kaiser, Robert Mende, and Martin Bertau. "The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries." Metals 11, no. 2 (2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020259.

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The global market of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been growing in recent years, mainly owed to electromobility. The global LIB market is forecasted to amount to $129.3 billion in 2027. Considering the global reserves needed to produce these batteries and their limited lifetime, efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are mandatory. A selective process for Li recycling from LIB black mass is described. Depending on the process parameters Li was recovered almost quantitatively by the COOL-Process making use of the selective leaching properties of supercritical CO2/water. Optimizat

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27

Park, Gyori, Hyun-Suk Kim, and Kyung Jin Lee. "Solvent-Free Processed Cathode Slurry with Carbon Nanotube Conductors for Li-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 13, no. 2 (2023): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13020324.

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The increase in demand for energy storage devices, including portable electronic devices, electronic mobile devices, and energy storage systems, has led to substantial growth in the market for Li-ion batteries (LiB). However, the resulting environmental concerns from the waste of LiB and pollutants from the manufacturing process have attracted considerable attention. In particular, N-methylpyrrolidone, which is utilized during the manufacturing process for preparing cathode or anode slurries, is a toxic organic pollutant. Therefore, the dry-based process for electrodes is of special interest n

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28

Hussein K. Amusa, Ahmad S. Darwish, Tarek Lemaoui, Hassan A. Arafat, and Inas M. Nashef. "LITHIUM EXTRACTION FROM SPENT LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES WITH GREEN SOLVENTS: COSMO-RS MODELING." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 37, no. 3 (2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/22370303.som.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) wide usage constitutes a disposal threat to the environment. As a result, several laws are being introduced to encourage the recycling of this waste, particularly, in lithium recovery. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been reported as an efficient solvent in valuable metal recovery from spent LIB. However, efficient deep eutectic solvent design requires a smart selection of components. This study developed a COSMO-RS model to screen several components as DES starting material in lithium extraction from spent LIB. The model consists of 188 different constituents. The

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29

Kaya, Muammer, and Hossein Delavandani. "State-of-the-Art Lithium-Ion Battery Pretreatment Methods for the Recovery of Critical Metals." Minerals 15, no. 5 (2025): 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050546.

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Today, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widespread and play a vital role in advancing portable electronics (laptops and mobile phones), green energy technology (electrical vehicles), and renewable energy systems. There is about 30% off-spec scrap LIB production during manufacturing. This trend has caused the accumulation of a huge number of spent LIBs. In addition to containing chemicals that are harmful to the environment, these batteries also contain critical metals; their recycling will greatly help to maintain a green and sustainable economic transition. Therefore, this issue has forced re

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Furtado, A., U. Iyer-Raniga, R. Shumon, and A. Gajanayake. "Exploring key factors to achieve circularity for end-of-life electric vehicle lithium batteries in Australia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (2024): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012053.

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Abstract Globally, there has been an increase in the production and deployment of lithium batteries (LiB). Specifically, this is due to the recent energy transition and electrification of vehicles. However, as the dependence of electric vehicles (EV) continue to increase, a large volume of LiBs are expected to reach end-of-life (EOL) in the coming years. The circular economy approach has been proposed for EOL EV LiBs to intensify the application of products and minimize waste. Circular business models (CBMs) act as a tool to implement this approach and create value-adding opportunities for bus

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Ahn, Jae-Woo, and Yeon-Chul Cho. "Current Status and Prospect of Waste Lithium Ion Battery(LIB) Recycling Technology by Hydrometallurgical Process." Resources Recycling 32, no. 4 (2023): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2023.32.4.3.

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Lu, Yingqi, Xu Han, and Zheng Li. "Enabling Intelligent Recovery of Critical Materials from Li-Ion Battery through Direct Recycling Process with Internet-of-Things." Materials 14, no. 23 (2021): 7153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237153.

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The rapid market expansion of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) leads to concerns over the appropriate disposal of hazardous battery waste and the sustainability in the supply of critical materials for LIB production. Technologies and strategies to extend the life of LIBs and reuse the materials have long been sought. Direct recycling is a more effective recycling approach than existing ones with respect to cost, energy consumption, and emissions. This approach has become increasingly more feasible due to digitalization and the adoption of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). To address the question of how IoT

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Bahri, Syaiful, Yuli Ambarwati, Yul Martin, Lina Marlina, and Sri Waluyo. "STUDY ON GC-MS PROFILE OF FUELS PRODUCED FROM PLASTIC WASTE CONVERSION VIA THREE-CONDENSER PYROLYSIS REACTOR." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 10, no. 1 (2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i1.33-40.

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The problem of plastic waste is very flourished in the current era of modern life. In this study, a three-condenser pyrolysis reactor was applied to obtain fuels in the form of oil#1, oil#2, and oil#3 from plastic waste. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique was carried out to analyze the fuel for profiling study. Characterization using GC-MS indicated the domination of hydrocarbon compounds was found oil#1. The existence of hydrocarbon compounds from oil#2 and oil#3 was displayed by chromatogram and MS database from Library Wiley 7.LIB. Meanwhile, alcohol, ether, and fatty ac

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Pasaribu, T., and I. P. Kompiang. "Utilization of chitosan waste in chicken diet." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 5, no. 4 (2015): 215–18. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v5i4.1100.

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An experiment has been conducted to determine the possibility of using waste from chitosan processing, which contain shrimp soluble, as poultry feed. The fresh waste was immediately mixed with wheat pollard (1:1, w/w) and sun dried. Another portion of the waste was stored, at low pH (4.5) for 1 month before sun drying. Experimental rations were formulated to be isoprotein (21%) and isoenergy (3000 kcal/kg), with 25% wheat pollard (R1), WPUL 26.3% (R2), wheat polard 12.5% (R3) WPUL 13.2% (R4), WPUB 13.2% (R5). Each ration was fed to 40 doc broiler, divided into 5 cages (4 male and 4 female/cage

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Paul, Sabyasachi, and Pranav Shrotriya. "Efficient Recycling Processes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 18, no. 3 (2025): 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030613.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are an indispensable power source for electric vehicles, portable electronics, and renewable energy storage systems due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, the exponential growth in production and usage has necessitated highly effective recycling of end-of-life LIBs to recover valuable resources and minimize the environmental impact. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are the most common recycling methods but pose considerable difficulties. The energy-intensive pyrometallurgical recycling process results in the loss of critica

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Woo, Hee In, Soon Young Kim, and Hyung Jun Kim. "Study on the Explosion Risk of LIB Waste according to Changes in Environment Factors and SOC." Magazine of Fire Investigation Socity of Korea 12, no. 4 (2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31345/fisk.2021.12.4.6.

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He, Bowen, Han Zheng, Karl Tang, et al. "A Comprehensive Review of Lithium-Ion Battery (LiB) Recycling Technologies and Industrial Market Trend Insights." Recycling 9, no. 1 (2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010009.

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Adopting EVs has been widely recognized as an efficient way to alleviate future climate change. Nonetheless, the large number of spent LiBs associated with EVs is becoming a huge concern from both environmental and energy perspectives. This review summarizes the three most popular LiB recycling technologies, the current LiB recycling market trend, and global recycling magnates’ industrial dynamics regarding this subject. We mainly focus on reviewing hydrometallurgical and direct recycling technologies to discuss the advancement of those recycling technologies and their future commercialization

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Parvizi, Pooya, Milad Jalilian, Alireza Mohammadi Amidi, Mohammad Reza Zangeneh, and Jordi-Roger Riba. "From Present Innovations to Future Potential: The Promising Journey of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Micromachines 16, no. 2 (2025): 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020194.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become integral to modern technology, powering portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. This document explores the complexities and advancements in LIB technology, highlighting the fundamental components such as anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and separators. It delves into the critical interplay of these components in determining battery performance, including energy density, cycling stability, and safety. Moreover, the document addresses the significant sustainability challenges posed by the widespread adoption of LIBs,

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Sun, Yi, Jingyi Wu, Xingjie Chen, and Chunyan Lai. "Reutilization of Silicon-Cutting Waste via Constructing Multilayer Si@SiO2@C Composites as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 14, no. 7 (2024): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14070625.

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The rapid development of the photovoltaic industry has also brought some economic losses and environmental problems due to the waste generated during silicon ingot cutting. This study introduces an effective and facile method to reutilize silicon-cutting waste by constructing a multilayer Si@SiO2@C composite for Li-ion batteries via two-step annealing. The double-layer structure of the resultant composite alleviates the severe volume changes of silicon effectively, and the surrounding slightly graphitic carbon, known for its high conductivity and mechanical strength, tightly envelops the silic

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Miswanto, Agus, Tatang Wahyudi, Agus Prakosa, and David Candra Birawidha. "Techno-economic of graphite anode recycling process of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries." Indonesian Mining Journal 26, no. 2 (2023): 93–106. https://doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol26.no2.2023.1528.

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Graphite is the primary material for battery anodes used in electronic devices such as cell phones, laptops, and electric vehicles. Exploiting natural graphite in Indonesia is still in the exploration stage. The ever increasing demand for energy storage devices poses challenges in producing battery-grade graphite. One possible approach is to recycle the graphite anode (AG) from used Lithium-ion Batteries (LIB) into battery components. By utilizing waste as a raw material, production costs are lower as well as the use of LIB becomes more sustainable. This study discusses the techno-economics of

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Coyle, Jaclyn, and Ashley Gaulding. "PV Silicon Recovery for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 2 (2023): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012687mtgabs.

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As solar photovoltaic (PV) devices across the globe reach the end of their approximately 30-year lifetimes, an emerging challenge is how to handle the waste from large volumes of end-of-life (EOL) PV modules. It is projected that the cumulative mass of EOL PV modules could be up to 8 million tonnes (Mt) by 2030 so recovery of high value materials from these EOL modules through a cost efficient recycling process would minimize environmental impacts compared to disposing them in landfills[1]. A typical recycling process for EOL PV modules involves mechanical disassembly, separation of the temper

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Yang, Inchan, Seonhui Choi, Sang-Wook Kim, Man Youl Ha, Sei-Min Park, and Jung-Chul An. "Utilizing Graphite Waste from the Acheson Furnace as Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (2024): 11353. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311353.

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This study investigates the potential of graphite waste (GW) from the Acheson furnace as a sustainable and cost-effective anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Conventional anode materials face challenges such as energy-intensive production processes and reliance on virgin graphite resources, leading to high costs and environmental concerns. GW from the Acheson furnace, which already possesses high carbon purity (98.5%–99.9%) and crystallinity (93.5%), offers a promising alternative by eliminating the need for graphitization and extensive purification. Through spheronization and car

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Tuya, Nathalie, Brandon Dye, Richard May, and Dan Steingart. "Radicals on Tap for Green Hydrometallurgical Ore Extraction and Li-Ion Battery Recycling." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 25 (2024): 2018. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02252018mtgabs.

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The widespread use of lithium-ion batteries has resulted in an increased demand for critical minerals, accentuating the need for efficient and green processes for both ore extraction and LIB recycling. Conventional hydrometallurgical leaching to extract and isolate elements from mineral ores or LIB waste leverages strong acids (e.g., sulfuric or hydrochloric) in tandem with a reducing agent (e.g., peroxide or sulfide). A composition of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, colloquially known as piranha, is utilized at elevated temperature and pressure conditions to achieve fast leaching kinetic

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Badenhorst, Charlotte, Iwona Kuzniarska-Biernacka, Alexandra Guedes, et al. "Recovery of Graphite from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries." Recycling 8, no. 5 (2023): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8050079.

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Critical raw materials, such as graphite and lithium metal oxides (LMOs), with a high supply risk and high economic importance are present in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The recovery and recycling of these critical raw materials from LIBs will contribute to the circular economy model, reduce the environmental footprint associated with the mining of these materials, and lower their high supply risk. The main aim of this paper is to present a separation process to recover graphite from black mass (BM) from spent LIB. Simultaneously, LMO and copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) foils were also r

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Wei, Qiang, Yangyang Wu, Sijia Li, Rui Chen, Jiahui Ding, and Changyong Zhang. "Spent lithium ion battery (LIB) recycle from electric vehicles: A mini-review." Science of The Total Environment 866 (March 2023): 161380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161380.

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Handayani, Sri, Wahyudi Isqi Shahril, Ismojo Ismojo, et al. "Mass balance of nickel manganese cobalt cathode battery recycle process." Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences 3, no. 3 (2024): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.61435/jbes.2024.19939.

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Batteries made from lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt are widely used, especially in the electrical industry, because they have high specific capacity, high safety, and low production costs. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the consumption of batteries used for electric vehicles will increase from 8 million in 2019 to 50 million in 2025 and to 140 million in 2030. As a result, the waste produced is also increasing. This type of lithium ion battery (LIB) which contains heavy metal elements such as nickel, manganese and cobalt can be recycled. This research aims to calcul

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Ruismäki, Ronja, Tommi Rinne, Anna Dańczak, Pekka Taskinen, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Integrating Flotation and Pyrometallurgy for Recovering Graphite and Valuable Metals from Battery Scrap." Metals 10, no. 5 (2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050680.

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Since the current volumes of collected end-of-life lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are low, one option to increase the feasibility of their recycling is to feed them to existing metals production processes. This work presents a novel approach to integrate froth flotation as a mechanical treatment to optimize the recovery of valuable metals from LIB scrap and minimize their loss in the nickel slag cleaning process. Additionally, the conventional reducing agent in slag cleaning, namely coke, is replaced with graphite contained in the LIB waste flotation products. Using proper conditioning procedure

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Chigbu, Bianca Ifeoma, Fhulu H. Nekhwevha, and Ikechukwu Umejesi. "Electric Vehicle Battery Remanufacturing: Circular Economy Leadership and Workforce Development." World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 10 (2024): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100441.

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Given the increasing momentum globally towards sustainable transportation, the remanufacturing of used electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries (EV LIBs) emerges as a critical opportunity to promote the principles of the circular economy. Existing research highlights the significance of remanufacturing in resource conservation and waste reduction. Nevertheless, detailed insights into South Africa’s (SA’s) specific capabilities and strategic approaches in the context of used EV LIBs remain sparse. By utilizing in-depth interviews with fifteen key industry stakeholders and drawing on institutional

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Rehman, Sheikh, Maher Al-Greer, Adam S. Burn, Michael Short, and Xinjun Cui. "High-Volume Battery Recycling: Technical Review of Challenges and Future Directions." Batteries 11, no. 3 (2025): 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11030094.

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The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), driven by their use in portable electronics and electric vehicles (EVs), has led to an increasing volume of spent batteries. Effective end-of-life (EoL) management is crucial to mitigate environmental risks and prevent depletion of valuable raw materials like lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn). Sustainable, high-volume recycling and material recovery are key to establishing a circular economy in the battery industry. This paper investigates challenges and proposes innovative solutions for high-volume LIB recycling, fo

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Rada, Simona, Alexandra Barbu Gorea, and Eugen Culea. "Graphite–Phosphate Composites: Structure and Voltammetric Investigations." Materials 17, no. 20 (2024): 5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17205000.

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The utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing sharply with the increasing use of mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and electric vehicles worldwide. Technologies are required for the recycling and recovery of spent LIBs. In the context of the circular economy, it is urgent to search for new methods to recycle waste graphite that comes from the retired electrode of LIBs. The conversion of waste graphite into other products, such as new electrodes, in the field of energy devices is attractive because it reduces resource waste and processing costs, as well as preventing environmenta

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