Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Libanais – Maladies – Aspect génétique'
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Adaimy, Lynn. "Identification du gène WNT10A responsable de la dysplasie odonto-onycho-dermique, forme rare de dysplasie ectodermique à transmission autosomique recessive." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0003.
Full textOdonto-onycho-derma/ dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia in which the presenting phenotype is dry hair, severe hypodontia, smooth depapillated tongue, onychodysplasia, keratoderma and hyperhidrosis of pa/ms and soles, and hyperkeratosis of the skin. Using a homozygosity mapping strategy, we assigned the disease locus to a 9 cMregion at chromosome 2q3S-q36. 2, located between markers rs168S3834 and D2S3S3 with a maximum multipoint LOD score of 5. 7, in 3 Lebanese consanguineous Muslim Shiite families. Using a candidate gene approach, we identify the same c. 697G> T (p. Glu233X) homozygous nonsense mutation in ail patients in exon 3 of the WNT10A gene. At the protein level, the mutation is predicted to result in a premature truncated protein of 232 aa instead of 417 aa. Finally we started functional studies to try to prove the implication of WnV/3 catenin pathway in this disease
Kyndt, Florence. "Génétique des maladies cardiovasculaires dégénératives." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT02VS.
Full textMaurer, Marie. "Caractérisation génétique et fonctionnelle d'affections canines, modèles de maladies neuromusculaires." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066483.
Full textLambert, Marie-Hélène. "Étude d'associations génétiques entre FLG, les gènes de sa voie biologique ainsi que FLG2 et les maladies atopiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26306.
Full textLoreau, Emilie. "Identification de gènes impliqués dans le développement des Lymphomes Cutanés Primitifs CD30+." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21017.
Full textThe CD30+ Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma (PCL) is a malignant T-cells lymphoproliferation. Its oncogenesis remains currently unknown. The aim of my thesis is to identify genes expressed specifically in CD30+ PCL in order to understand the mechanisms of oncogenesis and also to identify diagnostic or therapeutics markers. The substracted libraries of cDNA are obtained by SSH (suppressive substractive hybridisation) between CD30+ PCL and blood lymphocytes. These libraries are then screened by dot blot techniques with specific radiolabelled probes of the studied samples. The selected clones are finally validated by real time PCR. We have thus found five genes over expressed in CD30+ PCL : THW, p120catenin, SPARC, PTTG1, and CD30 and five genes under expressed : humanin, CIN85, Bcl11B, CD30L and CD30s. It remains to be checked if these genes are responsible for oncogenesis or if they are uniquely phenotypes of CD30+PCL
Lamontagne, Maxime. "Approches en génomique et bio-informatique afin de comprendre les bases moléculaires de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35445.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Currently, no treatment existsto reverse COPD, which is predicted to be the third leading cause of mortality in the world by the year 2030. Important discoveries were made in the last decade, but the pathophysiology of the disease remains largely unknown. The aim of this thesis is to study the genetic component of COPD and more specifically 1) identify genes involved in the development of airflow obstruction, 2) identify lung eQTL in the major histocompatibility complex and find causal genes for lung function and respiratory diseases in this region, 3) find new susceptibility loci for COPD, and 4) evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of DNA sequencing of the SERPINA1 gene as a single test to diagnose alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and test the frequencies of AATD alleles in a Canadian COPD population. In the first study, we identified genes (CST3 and CD22) and signalling pathways (xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, protease–antiprotease and oxidant–antioxidant balance) involved in the development of airflow obstruction. We combined lung gene expression, whole genotyping data and clinical information’s from 1,111 subjects to identify potential causal genesand pathways. This study has identified underlying mechanisms implicated in the development of airflow obstruction. In the second study, westudied a critical genomic region for the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Previous studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located inside this locus with lung diseases and phenotypes (asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, lung cancer and lung function). We have identified new susceptibility genes for lung cancer (BTN3A2 and ZFP57), asthma (AGPAT1 and CDSN), lung function (MICB) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (AGPAT1). Results from this study provide important biological insights about previously associated SNPsin the MHC. We were also involved in the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on COPD. This GWAS was performed by the International COPD Genetics Consortium (ICGC) and identified 22 loci associated at genome-wide significance. Genotypes of 63,192 subjects (15,256 cases and 47,936 controls) from 26 studies were used in the meta-analysis. Results were further replicated in 9,498 cases and 9,748 controls from the UK Biobank. Among the 22 associated loci, 9 were previously associated with COPD, 15 with lung function and 4 (EEFSEC, DSP, MTCL1and SFTPD) werenovel loci. Our findings highlight new loci associated with COPD and demonstrate the genetic overlap between lung function and COPD. Finally, the frequencies of deficient SERPINA1 alleles were evaluated in Canadian patients with COPD and DNA sequencing was evaluated as a single test strategy to detect AATD. DNA sequencing of the coding regions of SERPINA1 was performed in 400 individuals from the CanCOLD study (Canadian Cohort of Obstructive Lung Disease). Nineteen genetic variants were identified, including 15 missense mutations and one new mutation. DNA sequencing of SERPINA1 revealed the true genetic nature of AATD and was demonstrated has an effective, fast, and inexpensive single test strategy to detect AATD. Studies presented in this thesis have identified genes and pathways involved in the development of COPD, which are new targetsfor future studies.
Bouchard-Mercier, Annie. "Génétique, acides gras oméga-3 et facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25719.
Full textChronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex and their risk factors are regulated by many factors, for example the genetic background and dietary intakes. In this project, 210 participants were recruited. Two dietary factors were identified, the Prudent dietary pattern which was characterised by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, whole grain products and non-hydrogenated fats and the Western dietary pattern, characterised by higher intakes of refined grain products, desserts, sweets and processed meats. Both dietary patterns modulated the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response, cancer and/or CVD. The Western dietary pattern was also associated with a metabolite profile which comprised greater concentrations of certain amino acids as well as small chain acylcartinines. To examine the interindividual variability in the response to a nutrient, a 6 week fish oil supplementation was conducted among the 210 participants. SNPs related to genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACLY, ACACA, GCK, RXRA, ACOX1) were associated alone or in an interaction effect with dietary intakes with the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to the fish oil supplementation. The genetic variability within sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) gene was associated with differences in the response of insulin concentrations following fish oil supplementation. In a second cohort of 691 participants, associations between SNPs, identified in a previous GWAS conducted among the 210 participants supplemented with fish oil, and TG as well as plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations were observed. This thesis also comprises a knowledge transfer section where the attitude was identified as the main determinant of the intention of dietitians to discuss nutrigenetics with their patients/clients. Globally, these results demonstrate that dietary patterns modulate the metabolism at several levels and that the response to fish oil is variable depending upon genetic profile and dietary intakes.
Darrichard, Nicole. "Observation de deux frères présentant des anévrismes iliaques bilatéraux." Caen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CAEN3021.
Full textBalazard, Félix. "Contributions à la génétique et l'épidémiologie des maladies complexes pour une médecine personnalisée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS380.
Full textThis thesis concerns the identification of the genetic and environmental causes of complex diseases. Our central application is Isis-Diab a study of type 1 diabetes. We propose a method to use phase information to improve genetic risk predictions. We replicate an estimate of genetic risk on Isis-Diab patients. We prove an asymptotic equivalence result between two paired data analysis methods. We then analyze the Isis-Diab case-control study based on environmental questionnaires. We try to confirm the results of this study by crossing the genetic risk and environemental factors in Isis-Diab patients. This leads us to propose a new methodology based on collider bias and a study of its influence in case-only studies for gene-environment interactions. Finally, we study the possibility of using randomized clinical trials to personalize treatments. We propose a new methodology to evaluate the benefit of personalization and we recommend a choice of personalization strategy
Probst, Vincent. "Approche génétique des pathologies cardiaques rythmiques et valvulaires." Nantes, 2005. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=c5c78ce7-39b2-467b-9c1a-f6d99ff02391.
Full textIn this thesis, we present the results of our work on the role of the genetic factors for cardiac arrhythmias and valvulopathies. Our work allowed the identification of the first gene responsible for progressive cardiac conduction defects (SCN5A). We have performed the electrophysiological characterisation of this mutation and the analysis of the genotype to phenotype relationships. We also present the study of several families affected by progressive cardiac conduction defects. One of these families, allow us to identify the third locus for this disease on the chromosome 16. We have also showed that the genotype to phenotype relationships for SCN5A mutations are complex as in one of the family the same mutation could lead to cardiac conduction defects or Brugada syndrome. We also present our works on myxomatous valvulopathies, which allow us to identify the first gene (Filamin A) for this disease. We also present a very large family affected by a classic and trileaflet form of calcific aortic valve stenosis
Boulard, Olivier. "Contrôle génétique de l'auto-immunité chez la souris Nonobese Diabetic (NOD). Les locus IDD5 et IDD 16 de susceptibilité au diabète." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N119.
Full textNonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is a reference strain for autoimmue diabetes. We have analized more precisely one of the susceptibility loci, Idd5 on chromosome 1. This locus is of special interest because the corresponding genetic region include candidate genes like Ctla4 or Icos. Moreover, the human synteny on chromosome 2q is also a susceptibility region for human diabetes (IDDM 12 locus) and include CTLA4. The Idd5 locus has been investigated using congenic recombinant strains of mice. We have also characterized the genetic control of autoimmune phenotypes associated to NOD mice diabetes, like the inducible thyroi͏̈ditis of chronic evolution and spontaneous infiltration of salivary glands
De, Sandre-Giovannoli Annachiara. "Implication du gène LMNA, codant pour les Lamines A/C, dans les neuropathies périphériques héréditaires et la progeria de Hutchinson-Gilford." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20698.
Full textMeeus, Anne de. "Génétique des troubles de conduction cardiaque." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON11044.
Full textJeannesson, Elise. "Analyse génétique et transcriptomique du transporteur ABCB1 en physiopathologie cardiovasculaire." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10130/document.
Full textABCB1 is an ubiquitously expressed membrane transporter. Resistance to drugs is associated with genetic variations of its gene and with modulation of its expression through the PXR transcription factor. Given that ABCB1 could also transport cholesterol, our goal was to conduct a genomic and transcriptomic analysis of ABCB1 based on the following hypotheses: 1) ABCB1 variants would partly explain plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations, and 2) ABCB1 expression profile in PBMCs would be a new, and easily available, cardiovascular biomarker. We have determined frequency of ABCB1 variants in 371 subjects from the STANISLAS cohort. We have shown in these healthy people that ABCB1 variants modulate lipid concentrations, sometimes in a sex-dependant manner. Significant associations were also observed in subjects with a high cardiovascular risk. In addition, DNA microarray analysis showed that most of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transcription factors are constitutively expressed in PBMCs of healthy subjects. ABCB1 and PXR were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in 83 subjects from the STANISLAS cohort. They are both expressed in PBMCs but their expressions do not correlate. Finally, there is no association between ABCB1, or PXR, expression in PBMCs and lipid plasma concentrations in healthy subjects. To conclude, ABCB1 variants would modulate lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations. However, from our results, we cannot propose ABCB1 expression in PBMCs as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk. It would be of interest to reproduce this study in PBMCs of people at high cardiovascular risk or in an in vitro model of PBMCs with induction studies of ABCB1 expression
Argentin, Vicogne Sabine. "Maladie génétique chez l'enfant : fonctionnement psychique et relations familiales. Enfants et adolescents atteints de mucoviscidose : approche clinique et prévention psychopathologique." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUEL378.
Full textBastié-Chassagne, Sandrine. "Paralysie bulbo-spinale familiale : à propos de deux cas." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2M036.
Full textGraffan, Rodolphe. "Anomalie d'Axenfeld-Rieger : étude génétique d'une famille sur quatre générations." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR23007.
Full textMasson, Anne. "Médecine prédictive et maladies à révélation tardive : l'émergence d'une clinique du risque. Le modèle de la maladie de Huntington et des formes familiales de cancers." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070079.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to study the impact of the practices of the predictive medicine, first, on the conception and the exercise of traditional medicine, and, moreover, on the individual who wonders about his risk to be affected, sooner or later, by the disease which strikes the family. This reflexion is about late onset diseases, with the Huntington disease and the familial cancers. The study was realized on a group of subjects at risk for Huntington disease, and who are requiring genetic testing. The identification of the unfavourable genetic status for a disease brings to a new state which is neither the health nor the illness, but which has the particularity to concern an original knowledge
Rezaei, Human. "Dynamique structurale de la protéine prion ovine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0046.
Full textI have analysed the effects on the physico-chemical and structural properties of ovine prion protein of 4 polymorphisms, which are respectively associated with a high sensitivity (V136R154Q171, A136R154Q171) and a high resistance (A136H154Q171, A136R154R171) of animal towards scrapie infection. I have first set-up an original purification/renaturation technique of the full-length protein expressed in E. Coli. This allowed us to obtain in one step high quantities or the pure monomeric, homogenous and stable protein. CD spectra and profiles of chemical and heat denaturation processes show that VRQ is more structured and more stable than ARR, an astonishing result whish was confirmed by mild proteolysis experiments. By differential microcalorimetry it was shown that, at pH<4. 5 and >6. 0, denaturation occurs in 2 steps with intermediates exhibiting some characteristics of the pathogenic form : high b sheet content and high tendency to polymerize
Shafei-Benai͏̈ssa, Effat. "La naevomatose basocellulaire : prédisposition génétique au cancer et instabilité chromosomique." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2280.
Full textChazara, Olympe. "Diversité génétique structurale et fonctionnelle du CMH chez le Poulet : implication pour la résistance aux maladies." AgroParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/index.php?halsid=35l606vho81sjdsfhrtdi0bke1&view_this_doc=pastel-00601989&version=1.
Full textThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a complex genomic region in Vertebrates, still imperfectly known in the chicken and which shows a great genetic variability. The MHC is also an interesting region for studying the genetic determinism of adaptation to pathogens in an evolutionary context. Moreover, the MHC plays a central role in the immune response of an animal to infectious diseases, while a better understanding of the genetic determinism of the immune response against pathogens is important for developing a comprehensive strategy to fight against infectious diseases. We therefore used recent tools of genomics, including genetic markers such as SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) to characterize the B region of the chicken MHC. First, genetic diversity has been evaluated in more than 80 breeds or populations with the LEI0258 marker. Then, to cover the entire region using SNP markers, we chose to identify these polymorphisms by resequencing 11 genes of interest and comparing the sequences obtained with the genome sequence and reference sequences available in databases. It also led to the improvement of the knowledge of a number of genes, including three DM-like non-classical class II genes. A 96 SNPs chip, dedicated to the B region of the chicken MHC, has been produced and will soon provide the genotypes of a number of infectious challenge studies conducted at INRA
Reny, Jean-Luc. "Polymorphismes génétiques de protéines de l'hémostase et athérothrombose." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P627.
Full textThrombosis plays an important role in the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis. The TF-603A/G polymorphism, located in the promoter region of the tissue factor (TF) gene, was studied in vitro using a reporter gene essay ; ex vivo through the quantification of monocyte mRNA and with the measurement of a whole blood clotting time in 100 healthy volunteers in basal and liopolysaccharide stimulated conditions ; and in a case-control study on peripheral arterial disease (PAD) conducted on 514 subjects. The results suggest that the TF-603A may be responsible for a decreased expression of TF but the effect is weak, without any effect on a propthrombotic phenotype or any association in the clinical study. The factor II 20210G/A polymorphism is associated with PAD with an odds ratio (OR) of 4. 30[1. 3-14. 7] upon adjustement on other risk factors. The estimated risk is major in smokers with an OR =143[17-714]. There is no association between PAD and the factor V 1691G/A polymorphism
Faucher, Geneviève. "Étude de la composante génétique de l'état inflammatoire associé à l'obésité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27311/27311.pdf.
Full textChebil, Sandrine. "Génétique moléculaire des beta thalassémies en Tunisie Centrale." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P021.
Full textFabbrizio, Eric. "Les molécules de la famille dystrophine : identifications et approches fonctionnelles." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T029.
Full textBiard, Agnès. "Les altérations de structure de l'émail et de la dentine d'origine héréditaire, congénitale et acquises au cours de la première enfance." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR20047.
Full textOaxaca, Castillo David Alonso. "L'Acyl-CoA oxydase 1 humaine : caractérisation biochimique de l’enzyme." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS010.
Full textHuman acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in peroxisomal fatty acids B-oxidation and its deficiency is associated with a lethal, autosomal recessive disease, called pseudoneonatal-adrenoleukodystrophy. Two mRNA variants, transcribed from a single gene encode ACOX1a or ACOX1b isoforms respectively. Recently, a mutation in a splice site has been reported, which results in the defective peroxisomal beta-oxidation of C26:0. Here we show that both mRNA splice variants are expressed in human liver and we investigated the biochemical role of the two human ACOX1 isoforms by heterologous expression of the catalytically active ACOX1a and ACOX1b enzymes in E. Coli. ACOX1a seems to be more labile and exhibits only 50% specific activity toward palmitoyl-CoA as compared to ACOX1b
Redondo, Elise. "Cartographie des déterminants moléculaires de la pathogénicité du virus de la mosai͏̈que de la laitue (LMV)." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28836.
Full textLettuce mosaic virus (LMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, induces great damage in lettuce crops worldwide. The current strategy deployed against the propagation of this disease is based on the use of the mol(puissance1) and mol(puissance2) resistance genes and on verification of commercial seed. Recently, the emergence of seed-transmitted LMV isolates able to break the resistance confered by mol(puissance1) or mol(puissance2) has been observed. The elaboration of new control strategies depends on improved understanding of molecular between the host plant and the virus. In order to better understand interactions between the lettuce plant and LMV, pathogenicity determinants were investigated using a reverse genetic approach. This approach was based on two genetically related LMV isolates (97 % homology at the protein level), LMV-0 and LMV-E, which differed in their biological properties. LMV-0 induces mild symptoms in susceptible cultivars, is unable to break-down mol-resistance and is seed-transmitted. On the other hand, LMV-E provokes severe symptoms in susceptible cultivars, is able to break-down the mol-resistance but is not seed-transmitted. A full-length infectious cDNA clone for LMV-E genomic RNA having been previously obtained, construction of a similar cDNA for LMV-0 was undertaken. The conservation of several unique restriction sites between these two LMV isolates allowed the construction of recombinant viruses. Biological analysis of these recombinant viruses in susceptible and resistant cultivars showed that the resistance -breaking molecular determinants are located in the genomic region coding for VPg, the protein covalently linked to the 5' end of the viral genomic RNA. Moreover, HC-Pro was shown to be involved in the necrosis caused by LMV-E in susceptible cultivars. Expression of HC-Pro from the viral vector PVX in Nicotiana benthamiana lead to a synergistic response which suggests an involvement of HC-Pro in the suppression of host defence mechanisms. The analysis of recombinant viruses in which the genomic region coding for CI, an RNA-helicase, has been exchanged showed that these viruses have a non-parental behaviour in susceptible and resistant cultivars. The chimeric structure of this protein lead to the emergence of variants in the progeny of these recombinant viruses, and to the appearance of new phenotypes
Seedy, Ayman Salah Ahmed El. "Études moléculaire et cellulaire des mutations du gène CFTR : de la génétique à la fonctionnalité de la protéine." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1f04df89-c6ec-4a24-a424-49e80e1ea1a4.
Full textCystic fibrosis is a serious genetic disease autosomal recessive most frequent in populations of European origin. This pathology is due to dysfunction of the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) chloride channel present in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The severity of the disease depends on mutations in the CFTR gene. The objective of our work is to understand the impact of CFTR mutations in order to establish a genetic counseling notified. For this, we initially determined which mutations are present in exon 9 and its flanking regions of the gene. As this region is duplicated in the genome, we established new experimental conditions to study exclusively the gene, and thus two pseudomutations were detected. In the second step, we examined complexes containing three frequent CFTR mutations (D443Y, G576A, R668C) and a rare mutation, G149R. In vitro we have demonstrated the deleterious effect of G149R alone or in complex and the decrease the amount of the mature protein complex when other alleles are present. In the last part of this work, we developed the laboratory techniques for the study of splicing. For this, we constructed a minigene hybrid that allows us to define the exact role of nucleotide substitutions on splicing. The results obtained from these three studies allowed us to better understand the impact of the studied mutations and thus to make a molecular diagnosis documented
Elfassihi, Latifa. "Modèles d'analyse simultanée et conditionnelle pour évaluer les associations entre les haplotypes des gènes de susceptibilité et les traits des maladies complexes : Application aux gènes candidats de l'ostéoporose." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27404/27404.pdf.
Full textRicard, Patricia. "La Question de l'hérédité des troubles mentaux en Angleterre (1900-1945) : La génétique à la rencontre de la psychiatrie." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA070024.
Full textThis work examines the diversity of the scientific work and theories in Britain between 1900 and 1945 that contributed to prove, disprove or question the reality of the hereditary transmission of mental disorder. It connects this scientific diversity with the British social context that contributes to make mental disorder an important issue and scientific object: between 1900 and 1945 the problem of the mentally defective and the mentally ill was tackled by no less than 4 national commissions and three specific acts of Parliament. The author examines the role of heredity in these debates, in as much as mentally disordered individuals, because their condition was considered hereditary, could also to some (the eugenists in particular) pose a radical threat. It appears that, until 1930, the inheritance of mental disorder was considered as obvious by both clinicians and academics alike, although all had developed different and incompatible models and proofs of inheritance. This consensus regarding heredity was shattered at the beginning of the 1930s when the debate on the sterilisation of the mentally disordered developed in Britain. Although this social and political context did not lead to legalising sterilisation, it helped set up large scale national surveys on the inheritance of mental disorder. These combined for the first time clinical expertise and Mendelian genetics. These surveys, led, amongst others, by Lionel Penrose and Eliot Slater, resulted in a changed perception of the inheritance of mental deficiency and mental illness amongst academics and clinicians alike. They also contributed to the emergence of two new disciplines in Britain after the war : human genetics and psychiatric genetics
Gibert, Morgane. "Etude anthropologique du polymorphisme HLA-DRB1 : associations HLA-maladies à partir de l'exemple de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20682.pdf.
Full textNicolas, Elsa. "Identification du gène responsable du syndrome CAMOS, une forme autosomique récessive d'ataxie cérébelleuse congénitale non progressive." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20707.
Full textBarnetche, Thomas. "Enjeux méthodologiques de l'analyse de marqueurs génétiques dans les études d'association de maladies multifactorielles : application à la polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/43/.
Full textGenetics of multifactorial diseases raise new methodological challenges because of complex pathophysiological mechanisms, and our technic capability to analyse genomic data. This PhD work aims at highlighting the main methodological features of genetic studies dealing with multifactorial diseases, within the example of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is the most frequent chronic inflammatory rheumatism, and is characterized by synovial joints inflammation and articular destructions. After a review of methodological strategies in genetics of complex diseases, two main questions were addressed. First, a case-control study was performed to search a new susceptibility gene inside the HLA region, and independent from HLA-DRB1. This work also warranted the set up of a new nomenclature of HLA microsatellite markers. Second, a meta-analysis on a worldwide sample of RA patients, caucasoids and non-caucasoids, was conducted to investigate the relevance of the new HLA-DRB1 allele's classification in terms of RA susceptibility. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The first case-control study, with 170 RA patients and 282 healthy controls, tried to identify new genetic markers, associated with susceptibility and / or severity of RA, within the MHC region, using microsatellite markers. Then, a meta-analysis on RA patient's samples from the XIIIth International Histocompatibility Workshop investigated the new SE coding allele's classification on caucasoids and non-caucasoids patients. RESULTS: The study HLA microsatellites/RA highlighted a significant association between HLA-A*02/D6S265*136 and susceptibility to RA, association which is independent from HLA-DRB1 gene effect. No association was found with RA severity. Results from the meta-analysis permit to confirm the relevance of the new SE allele's classification, which differentiates susceptibility and protective alleles
Gérard, Aude. "Profils psychologiques de personnes porteuses d'une maladie génétique et présentant des déficits cognitifs." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10017.
Full textCavaillès, Pierre. "Etude du contrôle génétique de l'atopie et de la résistance à la toxoplasmose, à l'aide de lignées congéniques réciproques de rats BN et LEW." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30149.
Full textVaeze, Chantal. "Le pied creux de l'enfant et la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth : apport au diagnostic différentiel." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25207.
Full textGodefrood, Xavier. "Hybridation in situ fluorescente avec des sondes alphoides des chromosomes 7 et 8 : seuils de sensibilité, application pratique sur populations cellulairees triées." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P092.
Full textChassaing, Nicolas. "Génétique des micro-anophtalmies : revue des phénotypes et des génotypes : stratégies d'identification de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans le développement oculaire." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2551/.
Full textAnophthalmia and Microphthalmia (AM) are the most severe malformations of the eye. Genetic causes are thought to account for most cases of AM but a genetic cause can be identified only in about 25% of patients. We analyzed the precise frequency with which known AM genes were implicated and detailed phenotypes associated with each gene in a large cohort of 150 patients. In order to find new AM genes we used methods such as direct candidate gene sequencing, array-CGH, and a more fundamental approach (transcriptomic, ChIP, high throughput sequencing). We were able to identify of a second major AM gene, PTCH1, and also to participate to identification of other new genes causing isolated and syndromic AM. This information helps to following up patients and providing them with genetic counselling. The discovery that PTCH1 mutations are found in many of our patients opens the door to new hypotheses concerning the pathophysiology of all ocular developmental defects
Raux, Grégory. "Bases moléculaires des pathologies mendéliennes et complexes : stratégies d'études moléculaires et avancées technologiques." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES049.
Full textThis manuscript presents several technological and conceptual approaches in mutational screening. A promising way to study diseases with complex inheritance is to search for hidden mendelian features, the so-called "endophénotype", which corresponds to a favourable background for disease development. Such an approach was selected for the study of schizophrenia : the endophenotype defined as an abnormal sensorial filtering allowed us to focuse upon a single candidate gene for the analysis. As soon as the gene number to be tested is low, specific screening methods may be used. The multiplicity of available molecular biology techniques, some of which are described here-in, theoretically allows the identification of all possible genetic variations. In such a context, we developed a new technique for the detection of genomic rearrangements. A quantitative fluorescent PCR multiplex method dealing with short genomic fragments was put in place with the aim to be quickly transposable from a project to another, whatever the genomic context of the target. Indeed, this technique makes it possible to detect any genomic deletions or duplications, thus corresponding to a powerful alternative to fluorescent in situ hybridisation techniques. Two standard procedures for mutational screening are given with respect to the target under study : a high throughput technique and a procedure directed towards a defined area. Finally we propose a universal procedure to design new fluorescent multiplex PCR methods for short genomic sequences
Robitaille, Julie. "Influence des effets d'interactions gène-diète sur le profil de risque cardiovasculaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23663/23663.pdf.
Full textMichou, Laëtitia. "Approches génétiques de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P603.
Full textThe aim of this work was to search for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) genetic factors using different clinical and molecular genetic approaches. The clinical genetic approach of this work led to exhibit familial aggregation of RA and autoimmune diseases (AID), and to show that some characteristics of the index case (RA age of onset and sex) were associated to an increased risk of RA and/or AID in the relatives. There seemed to be an influence of personal and/or familial autoimmunity on the results of linkage analysis, which probably needs to be studied on larger samples. The modelisation by MASC method of the HLA component in RA has up to now rejected the model in which a unique shared epitope (SE) should explain the disease susceptibility. A new classification based on the presence or not of the RAA motif at position 72 to 74, but modulated by the aminoacid at position 71 and the aminoacid at position 70 was proposed and allowed not to reject the SE hypothesis. This new classification was replicated in an independent sample. The candidate genes approach allowed to select 187 genes among the 1577 genes of known function in the 19 chromosomal regions suggested by the dense genome-wide scan. A linkage/association on a French and European sample of 465 trio families provided a linkage proof between the PTPN22-1858T polymorphism and RA, in the addition of the association reported in numerous publications in the Caucasian population. However, the association study of BlyS and CRLR genes, both located in suggested chromosomal regions by linkage analysis and good candidate genes by their function, were not associated with RA in a sample of 100 trio families. Finally, the search for gene-environment interaction in familial forms of RA led to show an interaction between tobacco, anti-CCP and the HLA-DRB1*0401, underlining a particular role of this allele among SE in this interaction
Proslier, Dominique. "L'atteinte rénale dans le syndrone branchio-oto-rénal." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11145.
Full textLehmann, Sylvia. "Etude de DAX-1 et de sa perte de fonction dans l'hypoplasie congénitale des glandes surrénales." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LEHMANN_Sylvia_2005.pdf.
Full textMutations in DAX-1 gene (DSS-AHC critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1) are responsible for the adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). DAX-1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family, but is an orphan and acts as a transcriptional repressor. The aim of my thesis work was to better characterise DAX-1 and its loss of function induced by mutations identified in AHC patients. Concerning the intracellular distribution of DAX-1, the results obtained show that DAX-1 is nuclear in the majority of cells, but also cytoplasmic and nucleocytoplasmic in some cells. The aminoterminal repeats act cooperatively to determine the nuclear localization of DAX-1. Moreover, all the AHC point mutations induce a reversion in DAX-1 intracellular distribution which is now mainly localized in the cytoplasm even in a heterologous context. The AHC mutant proteins are more sensitive to limited trypsin digestion which suggests that their folding is affected. The AHC mutations induce an incorrect folding of DAX-1 that is not anymore localized in the nucleus and can’t repress target genes. Cell cycle and the pathways of PKA, PI3kinase, ERK and p38 kinases don’t seem to be involved in regulating DAX-1 localization. Among several stress tested, heat shock induce a specific relocalization of DAX-1 in the cytoplasm. Heat shock decreases DAX-1 solubility and changes DAX-1 post-translational modifications. Regarding DAX-1 repression mechanism, my results demonstrate that N-CoR probably doesn’t work as a DAX-1 corepressor. Moreover, the structure-function study shows that DAX-1 seems to act through a unique repression mechanism which differs from the one used by other members of the nuclear receptor family
Goizet, Cyril. "Caractérisation de la région chromosomique 11q14. 3 à la recherche d'un gène responsable d'une leucodystrophie de cause inconnue." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21258.
Full textLeukodystrophies (LD) are a heterogenous group of rare hereditary diseases affecting the myelin of the white matter in the central nervous system. 30 % of all LD remain of undetermined cause (LUC). We describe here a de novo 11q14. 3 microdeletion revealed a new chromosomal region susceptible to bear a gene involved in the pathogenesis of LUC. We constructed a contig of BACs encompassing the entire region of interest in order to obtain a physical map of this region. We then molecularly characterized this microdeletion. The size of the deleted region was evaluated to 1,7 Mb by using a search of hemizygosity with microsatellite markers and FISH analysis with several BACs selected from the contig. We have investigated the potential implication of four candidate genes, GRM5, LOC143680, NOX4 and NAALADase II, both in our patient and in a group of children with LUC. None have been yet demonstrated responsible for the LUC
Petit, François Mickael. "Aspects moléculaires des maladies rares du métabolisme hépatique : à propos de la maladie de Crigler-Najjar." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5dcfa87e-f2cb-468d-8a87-767381d67fe9.
Full textCrigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare hepatic disorder due to partial or total deficiency of enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 involved in bilirubin conjugation. The disease manifests itself during the first hours of life by intense and persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Affected children are at high risk to develop brain non-reversible damages (kernicterus) due to bilirubin encephalopathy. Since 1952 and the description of this syndrome by Crigler and Najjar, molecular studies allowed to identify the gene. UGT1A1 gene is located on the terminal part of the chromosome 2 and is composed of 5 exons. Crigler-Najjar syndrome can take two forms: type I with complete and non-inducible enzymatic deficiency and type II with non-complete and inducible enzymatic deficiency. In this work, we have described new mutations responsible for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or II and we have analysed them in terms of phenotype-genotype correlations. Secondly we have studied two families with non-canonical presentation (first description of paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2, molecular characterisation of a large deletion in UGT1A1 gene), highlighting the importance of familial investigations in this syndrome. In the last part, we have molecularly characterised a founder effect for the mutation c. 1070A>G in the Tunisian population, in whom Crigler-Najjar syndrome is particularly frequent
Colacios, Céline. "Etude du contrôle génétique des maladies immunes : identification des loci Fort1 et Eae4a qui contrôlent les cellules T régulatrices Foxp3+ et la suceptibilité à l'encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30140.
Full textLinkage analyses in F2 (LEWxBN) rats followed by genetic dissection using BN/LEW reciprocal congenic lines identified on chromosome 9 (c9), the Aiid3 locus that plays a major role in the control of Aiid (Atps-induced immunological disorder) and particularly the IgE response. Then we identified the locus Eae4a that controls the susceptibility of LEW rats to EAE, in a 1. 4cM interval on c9 that fully includes the Aiid3 locus. We demonstrate in this model that the resistance to EAE was associated with an increased amount of Foxp3 regulatory T cells in peripheral lymph nodes. We show that Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are more abundant in BN than in LEW rats, and this difference between BN and LEW rats is controlled by a locus named Fort1 for Foxp3 regulatory T cells locus 1, on c9 that colocalize with Aiid3. Aiid3/Fort1 loci are localized in a interval of 700kb that contains a major candidate gene Vav1 in wich we identified a BN/LEW polymorphism
Hebrard, Maxime. "Conception et développement d’un système d’aide au diagnostic clinique et génétique des rétinopathies pigmentaires." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13519/document.
Full textDiagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa could be difficult regarding both to clinics or molecular issues. Firstly, there are rare diseases, so the prevalence of each pathology in the world population is very low. Secondly, the symptoms of diseases are very similar, so their phenotypic characterization is hard. Moreover, the eye and the visual process are complex and numerous genes' products are implicated. Although retinopathies are mainly monogenic and mendelian inherited diseases, the polymorphisms involved in these diseases are very diverse.These both observations lead us to develop two complementary methodological approaches in a view to better understand the retinopathies.The first approach aims to identify all the genes involved in the diseases using genotyping chips. For this purpose, we studied genetic linkage between single nucleotide variations and pathologies. The second approach leads to the representation of clinical knowledge. An ontological compound was built to make explicit the knowledge involved in the process of diagnosis. The data previously collected by experts were labeled by terms that were organized in a specific thesaurus. The clinic profiles of the patients and diseases were handled as features collections and were compared by similarity calculations. The goal of this work is to build a knowledge-based system for diagnosis
Ramspacher, Caroline. "Développement de modèles animaux de maladies génétiques des systèmes cardiovasculaire et musculaire chez le poisson-zèbre." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ095/document.
Full textThe numerous advantages of zebrafish were used to study two hereditary diseases: desminopathy and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Desminopathy is a myofibrillar myopathy characterized by the presence of granulofilamentous aggregates. Two models of loss and gain of function of desmin showed the implication of both loss of functional desmin and presence of desmin aggregates in desminopathy clinical manifestations. Phenotypes observed in these models include in particular a perturbation of the heart contraction biomechanics and of calcium propagation throughout the myocardium. Potential drugs, lowering the aggregate content, were proposed. After validating the use of zebrafish as a model of arterial hypertension, by verifying the implication of the elasticity of the aorta in blood flow regulation, we generated and characterized PVOD models. PVOD is a rare and severe form of pulmonary hypertension. The venous-specificity of the phenotypes observed in this pathology was confirmed
Bauduer, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude anthropobiologique des Basques à partir de l'hémotypologie et de certaines pathologies hématologiques de transmission génétique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20695.
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