Academic literature on the topic 'Liberia France'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liberia France"
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Adams, Melinda. "Context and Media Frames: The Case of Liberia." Politics & Gender 12, no. 02 (May 26, 2016): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x16000039.
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There is a growing body of work examining gender stereotypes in media representations of female candidates, but much of this literature is based on analysis of media sources in developed countries, including the United States (Braden 1996; Jalalzai 2006; Kahn 1994, 1996; Smith 1997), Australia (Kittilson and Fridkin 2008), Canada (Kittilson and Fridkin 2008), France (Murray 2010b), and Germany (Wiliarty 2010). The increase in female presidential candidates and presidents in Latin America has encouraged research on media portrayals of women in Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela (Franceschet and Thomas 2010; Hinojosa 2010; Piscopo 2010; Thomas and Adams 2010). To date, however, there has been little research exploring media representations of female politicians in Africa. (Exceptions include Adams 2010; Anderson, Diabah, and hMensah 2011). A question that emerges is whether the gender stereotypes common in coverage in the United States, Europe, and Latin America are also prevalent in Africa.
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Geysbeek, Tim. "The Anderson-D'Ollone Controversy of 1903–04: Race, Imperialism, and the Reconfiguration of the Liberia-Guinea Border." History in Africa 31 (2004): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003454.
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The years 2003-04 mark the centennial observance of a debate that emerged in Paris, Freetown, and Monrovia over whether or not the Liberian Benjamin Anderson trekked to the fabled town of Musadu in 1868. Musadu, now situated about five miles northwest of Beyla in Guinea-Conakry, or eighty-five miles northwest of the Liberian border town of Yekepa, represented Liberia's interiormost claim in the nineteenth century. Anderson's challenger was a captain in the French army named Henri d'Ollone, who went to West Africa in the late 1890s and surveyed some of the land that the French had recently conquered. Anderson won the debate, given the fact he was still alive and could prove that he went to Musadu, and because eminent persons such as the French diplomat-scholar Maurice Delafosse, and perhaps even the famed pan-Africanist Edward W. Blyden, came to his defense.The controversy was set in the context of Britain, France, and Liberia's competing claims for land during the heyday of the western conquest of Africa. This paper examines the main contours of the debate, sets the debate in historical context, and republishes the most important primary sources so readers can examine the case more closely for themselves. While some have mentioned the controversy that emerged between d'Ollone and Anderson, the first detailed examination of what happened has been published in Fairhead et. al. (2003:79-88). This paper is a followup to that study.
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Kymlicka, Will. "Modernity and Minority Nationalism: Commentary on Thomas Franck." Ethics & International Affairs 11 (March 1997): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1997.tb00026.x.
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Focusing on the nature of modern nationalism, Kymlicka asserts that Franck overstates the dichotomy of so-called romantic tribal nationalism and traditional nationalism as seen in the United States and France, which Franck claims is liberal, inclusive, and based on political principles rather than blood lines. Using examples from France, the United States, and Quebec, Kymlicka shows that language and common identity as well as liberal principles of freedom and democracy compose modern liberal nationalism. More sympathetic to minority nationalism than Franck, Kymlicka argues that minority movements are not irrational but often based upon legitimate claims, claims that majorities frequently fail to take seriously. Kymlicka concludes in agreement with Franck that minority nationalists should have greater representation at the international level, not simply as a means of pacifying minority nationalists but in the interests of international justice.
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McKenna, Christopher D. "The World's Newest Profession: Management Consulting in the Twentieth Century." Enterprise & Society 2, no. 4 (December 2001): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700005322.
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In 1930 Business Week alerted its interested readers to a new professional service: management consulting. As the writers at Business Week explained, the existing system of business professionals had become so complicated that, according to James McKinsey at the University of Chicago, a new type of professional was “increasing in numbers and influence . . . the adviser that tells business what other advisers to use and when.” Although Business Week would go on to chronicle the rise of management consulting over the next seventy years, consultants would continue to style themselves as an emerging profession through the end of the twentieth century.My dissertation title, “The World's Newest Profession,” plays off both the longstanding perception that consulting is an emerging profession and the widespread apprehension that consultants' advice is little more than corporate pandering. In response to these concerns, I address both the origins of management consultants and their influence on the strategies, structures, and operations of large bureaucratic organizations. Because the institutionalization and professionalization of management consulting occurred within firms, not among solo practitioners, I focus on management consulting firms like McKinsey & Company; Booz, Allen & Hamilton; and Arthur D. Little, Inc., which have advised large corporations since the 1920s. During the 1920s and 1930s these consulting firms were integral in reorganizing many of the largest companies in the United States, including General Motors, Swift, U.S. Steel, and Sears. By the 1960s the use of American management consultants had expanded beyond their initial domestic corporate clients to include international nonprofit organizations, businesses, and governments as diverse and influential as Air France, the Bank of England, Volkswagen, the University of Liberia, and the Government of Tanzania.
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Chathuant, Dominique. "Dans le sillage de la marine de guerre, pouvoir et Eglise en Guadeloupe (1940-1943)." Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire de la Guadeloupe, no. 103 (February 15, 2018): 40–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043290ar.
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Genoud, bishop in Guadeloupe from 1912 to 1945, became an unquestioning partisan of the new regime when, in 1940, Marshal Pétain established the government of the National Revolution. Bishop Gay become Genoud's coadjutor in 1943 ; he eventually succeeded him at the head of the diocese. He arrived in Guadeloupe a little after the joining of the island to De Gaulle ’s France. Because of Genoud's well-known unquestioning petainism one may wonder if Jean Gay did not owe his position to a religious purge. According to documents issued by the Minister’s office in charge of the colonies at that time, such a conclusion has to be disproved. In fact, Bishop Genoud was surrounded by government officials that the Vichy regime in Guadeloupe quickly got rid of. The latter opened negotiations with the highest religious authorities to flank Genoud with a coadjutor sympathetic to the National Revolution : Jean Gay. At the same time the regime continued to assure the bishops of its official aid. But the war delayed the new coadjutor’s trip. Ready to leave in the early months of 1943, the German and later the Italian authorities gave him permission to leave for Rome. He was then taken to Spain and Portugal. It is at that time that Admiral Robert, high commissioner to the French Caribbean, realized he had no alternative but to give up to obey Vichy. It appears that Gay was contacted in Lisbon by the Free French whose government was in Algiers. He had to continue his journey with the Allied Forces. Portuguese Guinea, Liberia, Brazil, the Guianas and Trinidad followed one another until the plane landed in Martinique. After a few hesitations, the Gaullist authorities accepted to let him go to Guadeloupe where he landed on August 10, 1943. But what were the real reasons for such an interest in a religious leader by the colonial authorities ? This was probably linked to the picture the ruling circles had of the Church, circles that considered the latter, rightly or wrongly, as a way to maintain power at a time when theology of liberation was unheard of.
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Sereme, D., B. J. Neya, M. Bangratz, C. Brugidou, and I. Ouedraogo. "First Report of Rice stripe necrosis virus Infecting Rice in Burkina Faso." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (October 2014): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-14-0626-pdn.
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Rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) was first described in 1977 as a new virus infecting rice in Cote d'Ivoire (3) and was subsequently observed in Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone (2). RSNV is a soil-borne virus transmitted by the fungus Polymyxa graminis (1) and belongs to the genus Benyvirus (4). During a survey carried out in April of 2013, severe symptoms characterized by seedling death, severe plant malformation, and foliar striping were observed on rice plants in an experimental field of INERA at Banfora located in western Burkina Faso. Disease incidence in the field was estimated to be 80 ± 5%. The symptoms of disease were successfully transmitted to the susceptible rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar IR64 by soil transmission experiments (1). RSNV was detected by ELISA using a polyclonal antiserum (1), kindly provided by Dr. Denis Fargette, IRD, Montpellier, France. Total nucleic acid was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) from IR64 and field infected samples. The presence of the virus was confirmed by RT-PCR using primers 5′-CATCTTGTCGAGATGAG-3′ and 5′-GCGTTGTCTTTATCAGTG-3′ for specific sequences flanking the RNA2 CP gene. The RT-PCR product was directly sequenced and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. LK023710). Sequence analysis showed that the CP gene of the RSNV isolate from Burkina Faso shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.6%) with the known RSNV CP gene sequence from the Colombian isolate (EU099845) available in GenBank, confirming the presence of RSNV in the rice crops in Burkina Faso. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of RSNV in Burkina Faso. Further studies are needed to determine its incidence and spread in the country. Detection of RSNV in Burkina Faso signals the urgent need for adoption of appropriate measures to restrict the spread and impact of this virus within Africa. References: (1) C. Fauquet and J. C. Thouvenel. Proc. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 296:575, 1983. (2) C. Fauquet et al. Develop. Appl. Biol. 2:71, 1988. (3) D. Louvel and J.-M. Bidaux. Agronomie Tropicale 32:257, 1977. (4) I. Lozano and F. Morales. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 124:673, 2009.
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Kovacevic, Maja, and Dejana Vukasovic. "France and the concept of European sovereignism at the integration crossroad." Medjunarodni problemi 72, no. 3 (2020): 499–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2003499k.
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The article examines the politics of French presidents towards European integration, with the focus on President Macron's proposals concerning European sovereignism. The authors apply the Liberal Intergovernmentalism, which models the EU reforms as a three-stage process in which states first define preferences, then engage in interstate bargaining, and finally design common institutions. The main thesis of this article is that France has relatively stable preferences - augmenting its power through European integration, which is also translated into Macron's politics, despite seemingly paradoxical proposals on further delegation of competences to the EU. France is refusing the status quo in the Union divided on key issues, and strongly advocate a Europe of concentric circles. The high intensity of French preferences for the EU reforms is demonstrated through the alternative coalition?s projects, such as the European Intervention Initiative or redefinition of its relations with Russia. Contrary to common interpretations of France as the weaker partner in the Franco-German axis after the Bing Bang enlargement and Eurozone crisis, the authors' thesis is that France is regaining a stronger role at the integration crossroad. In the context of the uncertain future of the transatlantic partnership, China's rise and the threat of further EU marginalization in contemporary international relations, France is determined to have the ?balancing power? status on the global stage. Based on its military and diplomatic power, as well as large geographic influence, France is offering a strong alliance to Germany, which has no serious alternative. The authors conclude that this alliance would provide an opportunity for both countries to further project their power, and create a new context for inevitable re-opening of the ?German question?.
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Ban, Cornel. "Organizing State Intervention in an Authoritarian State: From Fascist Import Substitution to French Developmentalism in Postwar Spain." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 66, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2021-0001.
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Abstract The economics of the authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco in Spain are often narrowed to a bespoke form of fascism. This paper suggests that this regime’s rather inchoate economic regimes were in fact a series of experiments that blended varieties of statism and liberalism. Thus, a form of import-substitution industrialization colored by Italian fascist features (1939-1959) lasted fifteen years longer in Spain than in the country of importation. In contrast, a local version of French developmentalism (1964-1975) was largely in sync with what was being tried in France at the time. However, this French developmentalist template imbued with fiscal Keynesianism was layered with liberal economic projects, particularly in the monetary policy arena. But while fascist import substitution (the so called “autarky”) collapsed mostly due to its internal problems, Spain’s translation of French developmentalism was associated with economic growth and was only extensively damaged by the crisis of the global capitalist core ushered by the 1973 oil shock. Critically, while in the symbolic terrain of Spanish politics the liberal economic projects that accompanied the local translation of French developmentalism were always associated with reformist and even “dissident” elite circles, the stigma of developmentalism’ association with the core elites of authoritarianism removed developmentalism as a source of alternatives to the liberal economic reforms ushered by Spain’s transition to liberal democracy in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
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Kanstroom, Emily. "Justifying Torture: Explaining Democratic States’ Noncompliance With International Humanitarian Law." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 14, no. 1 (December 15, 2007): 51–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v14i1.202.
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This article presents an undergraduate student research project about the relationship of liberal democratic countries to international humanitarian law legislation through a comparison between the United States and France conducted in Paris, France.
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Nikishyna, Т. "The Grammatical Forms of Realization the Concept of LIBERTÉ in the Political Discourse of France." Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University. Series: Philological sciences 15 (April 27, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-933x-2018-1-5-46-52.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Liberia France"
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Juen, Philippe. "La liberté de manifestation." Lyon 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO2A019.
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Dans sa decision du 18 janvier 1995, le conseil constitutionnel consacre le « droit d'expression collective des idees et des opinions », reconnaissant ainsi la valeur constitutionnelle de la liberté de manifestation. Le décret-loi du 23 octobre 1935 organise le régime juridique général de la manifestation, mais, jusqu'à cette date du 18 janvier 1995, les pouvoirs politiques, administratifs et juridictionnels n'avaient pas su, ou pas voulu, faire bénéficier les manifestations du statut lié aux droits et libertés élevés au rang constitutionnel. Soumise à une conception contraignante de la notion d'ordre public, l'activité manifestante s'est longtemps davantage développée comme une tolérance administrative que comme une véritable liberté. S'inspirant du droit comparé et du droit conventionnel européen, le conseil constitutionnel développe une conception plus libérale de la mission d'ordre public tout en prenant soin de définir une liberté de manifestation pacifique, aux limites précises. L'interet de la décision est double. Par la consécration elle-même, le juge permet le passage d'un droit de la manifestation vers une liberté de manifestation qui, même sans constituer une liberté « de premier rang », peut a présent prétendre aux avantages jurisprudentiels liés aux droits et libertés fondamentaux. Par le processus de constitutionnalisation et le choix d'une référence forte à la liberté d'expression, il légitime l'intervention directe des citoyens dans le débat public, développe le principe d'une démocratie plus participative et favorise un approfondissement de l'Etat de droit.
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Boutouba, Nadia. "La liberté de religion : Perspectives comparées France-Canada." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD033/document.
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En France et au Canada, la liberté de religion constitue une liberté de premier rang protégée par de nombreux textes. Si la France a inscrit dans sa Constitution le principe de laïcité de la République, en revanche, au Canada le droit constitutionnel ne le reconnaît pas mais l'Etat canadien repose en matière religieuse sur le principe de neutralité. Le travail de thèse consistera à comparer notamment les décisions françaises et canadiennes afin de distinguer le raisonnement qui sous-tend chaque approche et ainsi mieux comprendre leur fonctionnement en particulier en ce qui concerne les principes de neutralité (Canada) et de laïcité (France) et leurs conséquences quant à la gestion juridique des revendications religieusesIn France and in Canada, freedom of religious beliefs constitutes a freedom of first rank protected by many texts. If France registered in its Constitution the principle of secularity of the Republic, on the other hand, in Canada the constitutional law does not recognize it but the Canadian State rests out of religious matter on the principle of neutrality. The work of thesis will consist in comparing the French and Canadian decisions in particular in order to distinguish the reasoning which underlies each approach and to thus better understand their operation in particular with regard to the principles of neutrality (Canada and of secularity France) and their consequences on the legal management of the religious claims
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Mahouachi, Mohamed. "La liberté contractuelle des collectivités territoriales." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32082.
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La liberté contractuelle est une notion de droit privé qui a connu une large fortune tout au long du 19e siècle. Si la doctrine privatiste a toujours porté un très net intérêt à la liberté contractuelle des particuliers, la doctrine publiciste a, en revanche, occulté cet aspect, préférant étudier l'acte administratif unilatéral et voyant dans le contrat un acte juridique secondaire. Pourtant, il apparâit que les collectivités territoriales, tout comme les individus, bénéficient d'une véritable liberté contractuelle sur le fondement de l'article 72 de la Constitution, elles peuvent ainsi se prévaloir d'une véritable liberté fondamentale, ce qui contraint le législateur à leur reconnaître et à respecter une part irréductible de liberté. L'action des collectivités territoriales étant finalisée, la liberté contractuelle l'est également et doit être tournée uniquement et exclusivement à la satisfaction de l'intérêt général local. Même si la réglementation en droit public est très envahissante, la liberté contractuelle existe néanmoins, et permet aux collectivités territoriales de coclure des contrats assez librement. .Contractual liberty is a notion of private law that has known a huge success troughout the nineteenth century. The doctrine of private law has always been strongly associated to contractual liberty of citizens, while the doctrine of public law has always left it aside. The latter focused on the study of the unilateral administrative act, considering the contract as a secondary legal act. Yet, the regions with a measure od autonomy as well as the citizens both enjoy contractual liberty according to article 72 of the French Constitution. Thus they can cite this genuine fundamental liberty, which compels the legislator to acknowledge and respect an indomitable part of liberty. As the act of the regions with a measure of autonomy is completed, so is its contractual liberty, and the latter must only be concerned with the satifaction of the local general interest. .
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Gardère, Anne. "Coopération intercommunale et liberté communale." Lyon 3, 2006. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2006_in_gardere_a.pdf.
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Afin de remédier au nombre pléthorique de communes françaises, et face à l'échec des fusions, c'est la voie de l'établissement public de coopération intercommunale (EPCI) qui a été préférée. Tout en permettant de conserver la commune en tant que collectivité territoriale, et tout en laissant subsister d'autres modes coopératifs, l'EPCI n'est pas sans poser certaines limites à la liberté communale. En effet, l'EPCI, s'il est fondé sur la volonté des communes, garantie par le principe constitutionnel de libre administration, suppose une intégration plus ou moins poussée de la commune, à la fois sur le plan territorial, matériel, financier et institutionnel. Ce mouvement continu d'intégration des communes, encore accentué depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la loi du 12 juillet 1999 portant réforme de la coopération intercommunale, est peut être le premier pas vers une recomposition plus drastique du paysage communal français, et, au delà, du paysage administratif et institutionnel françaisFrench territorial administration is characterized by a very important number of villages, towns, cities. In order to forestall or to remedy the disadvantages résulting of more than 36 000 of them, french governement has chosen to promote not the merger (rejected by local authorities in the 70's) but the cooperation between these towns and cities. This goal has been reached thanks to special local institutions, named "communities", which have been enforced since 1999. They can be created freely by towns and cities themselves, but can also be imposed on them. They now get their own organization, taxes and almost specific missions, which were originally those of the traditional towns and cities. They are now very powerful and reduce traditional towns and cities autonomy. However, communities should also entail positive evolution for local administration and improve it, maybe by the removal of some of traditional villages or towns
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Destrem, Hélène. "La liberté constitutionnelle de religion en France et aux Etats-Unis." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32069.
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La religion, notion si essentielle dans la vie de beaucoup d'hommes, ne peut etre juridiquement definie par des criteres objectifs pourtant, l'homme revendique un droit a etre religieusement libre si dans les etats theocratiques il est impossible d'affirmer que la liberte de religion existe reellement, dans les pays ou la religion n'est pas consideree comme un element de la vie de la cite, cette liberte est affirmee et reconnue en france et aux etats- unis, l'etat a choisi de ne pas s'immiscer dans la sphere spirituelle la liberte de religion y est pleine et entiere l'etude des textes constitutionnels francais et americains a revele une absence de consecration explicite de la liberte de religion de cette absence de consecration explicite, il est impossible de deduire l'absence de liberte de religion dans ces pays notre etude tend a demontrer que si aucun des deux textes ne mentionne la liberte de religion explicitement, celle-ci est implicitement protegee en france, par l'affirmation de la liberte de conscience, de la liberte de culte et la laicite, aux etats-unis par le biais du premier amendement le sens de ces notions precise, il est apparu qu'en depit de la diversite des concepts constitutionnels, la liberte de religion pouvait etre definie suivant deux axes la liberte du choix religieux et la liberte d'expression des convictions religieuses ces deux elements constitutifs different de par l'etendue de la garantie qui leur est offerte, ils seront etudies successivement si la liberte de choix religieux est absolue - admettre une quelconque entrave a ce niveau serait la nier totalement - la liberte d'expression des convictions religieuses ne peut etre que relative du fait des exigences de la vie en societe la conclusion de ce travail fait apparaitre la necessite de definir constitutionnellement la liberte de religion pour. Eviter des differences de traitement entre les sujets de droit, du fait de cette absence de consecration constitutionnelle explicite
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Bacchetta, Clara. "La liberté d'expression professionnelle des militaires." Paris 13, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA131034.
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L'armee francaise est actuellement en pleine mutation en raison, notamment, de la decision prise par le president de la republique en 1996, de professionnaliser les armees. Si le metier militaire evolue, en revanche le regime applicable aux fonctionnaires militaires en matiere de liberte d'expression professionnelle fait toujours l'objet d'un important cantonnement juridique. Celui-ci trouve sa justification dans la specificite de l'etat militaire et dans l'exigence de discipline propre aux armees. Il se traduit par une liberte d'expression individuelle etroitement surveillee et par une expression collective canalisee. En effet, la liberte d'expression individuelle des militaires est soumise a une vigilance accrue de l'autorite hierarchique. L'expression sur des themes professionnels n'est pas prohibee en tant que telle mais la rigueur et la variete des conditions posees a son libre exercice semblent de nature a decourager les candidats potentiels. En outre, l'autorite hierarchique dispose de prerogatives disciplinaires suffisamment consequentes pour sanctionner l'auteur d'une expression consideree fautive. Le controle lacunaire du juge administratif sur certaines decisions peut egalement offrir au superieur hierarchique la possibilite de punir un subordonne en dehors de toute garantie du respect des droits de la defense. En matiere d'expression collective, les militaires sont les seuls membres de la fonction publique de l'etat a etre prives de toute possibilite de regroupement a objet professionnel de facon independante de la hierarchie. C'est afin de canaliser l'exteriorisation des preoccupations professionnelles que des dispositifs de dialogue internes aux armees ont ete mis en place. Toutefois, au vu des stipulations de certains traites internationaux et en raison des exemples fournis par divers pays europeens, les exigences du metier militaire ne semblent pas necessairement incompatibles avec le principe d'une libre expression collective.
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Monge, Luz. "La liberté de procréer : pouvoir de la femme." Paris 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020064.
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Les progres scientifiques, qui dissocient la procreation de la sexualite, sont a l'origine de l'etendue croissante du pouvoir de l'homme sur la vie humaine. Cette etude analyse les rapports entre procreation, science et pouvoir de la volonte individuelle. Elle montre le role preeminent de la femme dans le refus de la conception et la suppression de la vie en gestation et son incapacite de decidertoute seule de la creation d'une nouvelle vie. Sont successivement abordes le regime juridique de l'assistance medicale a la procreation, les effets juridiques de sa reussite ainsi que les problemes lies a la creation d'embryon in vitro au clonage humain et a la realisation des diagnostics preimplantatoire et prenatal. Sont envisages correlativement les enjeux de la maternite de substitution, de la procreation post- mortem et des demandes parentales des homosexuels et des transsexuels. Sont egalement etudiees les questions relatives a la contraception et la sterilisation. L'interruption de grossesse est analysee parallelement a la situation de l'enfant concu. L'echec de la sterilisation, ia defaillance du diagnostic prenatal et l'echec de l'interruption de grossesse sont traites a la lumiere de la responsabilite medicale. Cette etude constate ainsi que la possibilite d'acceder aux techniques medicales, permettant de refuser ou de provoquer la procreation, doit etre comprise non pas comme un droit subjectif mais comme une liberte qui s'exerce selon les conditions etablies par la loi. La these essaye enfin d'esquisser les grands traits du droit de la procreation.
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Jeanvoine, Elizabeth. "Liberté corporelle et nécessités sociales." Nancy 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN20004.
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La liberté qu'exerce l'individu sur son propre corps a considérablement évolué sous l'effet des progrès biomédicaux. Le régime juridique de la liberté de disposer de son corps par l'individu lui-même subit des modifications. Au système normatif classique émanant du pouvoir politique tend à se substituer un système normatif émanant d'autorités scientifico-médicales. Dès lors, les justifications invoquées pour limiter la liberté corporelle changent de naturePersonal corporal freedom had considerably evolved under the influence of biology and medicine, which have made great strides. Rules of self-determination are changing. The traditional control of the judicial system emanating of political power is progressively supplanted by a control system emanating of scientific and medical authorities. Therefore, justifications to set bounds to self-determination are different
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Josende, Lauriane. "Liberté d'expression et démocratie : réflexion sur un paradoxe." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10059.
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La liberté d’expression désigne autant un fait social fondateur de la démocratie libérale, qu’un droit positif protégé par la Constitution et son juge. L’ordre démolibéral souffre cependant de l’opposition entre deux logiques constitutives mais contradictoires, qui ont présidé à son avènement : l’individualisme qui le justifie est confronté à la nécessité d’assurer un ordre sociopolitique durable. Cette étude du régime constitutionnel de la liberté d'expression permet d’envisager le droit à la liberté d'expression comme l’incarnation d’une valeur fondamentale de l’idéologie libérale classique quand il est posé comme supérieur aux autres droits de l'homme, et comme un principe d’agencement concret de l’ordre démocratique lorsqu’il apparaît fortement limité face à ces derniers. Ces deux dimensions sont intrinsèquement liées et complémentaires. La liberté d'expression est un droit individuel et social qui se situe au cœur de la dialectique fondamentale du constitutionnalisme moderne résidant dans l’opposition entre les postulats de la philosophie libérale et les exigences de la construction démocratiqueThe Constitutional Council asserts the specific nature of the freedom of speech, while this right is being highly limited. We have to understand constitutional law as a discourse allowing to structure and legitimate specifically this type of social organization. However, liberal democracy suffers from the opposition between two logics -constituant but nevertheless contradictory- which were in charge of its advent. The individualism justifying it is confronted with the necessity to maintain a stable sociopolitical order. We have to consider this right as the incarnation of a fundamental value of the classic liberal ideology when presented as superior, and as a concrete construction of the democratic system when it appears highly limited. These two dimensions are closely linked and complementary. This freedom is an individual and social right which depends on fundamental dialectics of modern law lying in the opposition between the premises of liberal philosophy and the requirements of the construction of democracy
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Bresson-Rognon, Isabelle. "La retraite en France : entre contrainte et liberté de choix." Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020066.
Full textBooks on the topic "Liberia France"
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Harmers of London Stamp Auctioneers Ltd. Catalogue of collections foreign countries including France, Liberia and Netherlands ...: Properties of 107 owners to be offered by public auction, Thursday May 15th, 1997. London: Harmers of London, 1997.
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Sa'adah, Anne. The shaping of liberal politics in revolutionary France: A comparativeperspective. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1990.
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L'efficience stratégique du contrat d'affaires: Un champ d'action de la liberté contractuelle. Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2010.
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Sa'adah, Anne. The shaping of liberal politics in revolutionary France: A comparative perspective. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1990.
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Neff, Robert. La liberté de l'est: Le plus fort tirage des Vosges : 50 années d'indépendance d'un journal départemental, 1945-1995. Haroué: Gérard Louis, 2005.
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Democracy without women: Feminism and the rise of liberal individualism in France. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
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Ramos, Rui. João Franco e o fracasso do reformismo liberal (1884-1908). Lisboa: Impr. Ciencias Sociais, 2002.
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Jullien, Marc-Antoine. From Jacobin to liberal: Marc-Antoine Jullien, 1775-1848. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.
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Jullien, Marc-Antoine. From Jacobin to liberal: Marc-Antoine Jullien, 1775-1848. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.
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Quaglieni, Pier Franco, and Maria Comina. Professore di libertà: Scritti in onore di Pier Franco Quaglieni per i suoi trent'anni di direzione del Centro studi "Pannunzio". Torino: Il Centro, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Liberia France"
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Elgie, Robert. "France: Presidential Leadership." In Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies, 51–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24216-0_3.
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Popkin, Jeremy D. "Successes and Failures of the Liberal Revolution." In A History of Modern France, 41–50. Fifth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315150727-6.
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Dagron, Stéphanie. "Country Report on France." In Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, 267–309. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18896-1_12.
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Kolev, Stefan. "“Large Switzerland” or “Large France”? The Ordoliberals and Early European Integration." In The Liberal Heart of Europe, 47–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60368-7_5.
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Spitz, Jean-Fabien. "On the Supposed Illiberalism of Republican Political Culture in France." In In Search of the Liberal Moment, 111–29. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137581266_6.
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Le Gall, Jean-Marie. "Catalogues et séries de vies d’évêque dans la France moderne. Lutte contre l’hérésie ou illustration de la patrie?" In Liber, Gesta, histoire, 367–405. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.stmh-eb.3.2511.
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Batselé, Filip. "Strains on French Freedom: Turks and Nègres in Metropolitan France." In Liberty, Slavery and the Law in Early Modern Western Europe, 139–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36855-5_5.
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Takeda, Chinatsu. "Staël’s Liberal Republicanism in Reaction to the Discourse on Social Dissolution (1795–1799)." In Mme de Staël and Political Liberalism in France, 57–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8087-6_4.
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Jainchill, Andrew. "Liberal Republicanism after the Terror: Charles-Guillaume Théremin and Germaine de Staël." In Pluralism and the Idea of the Republic in France, 25–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137028310_2.
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Price, Roger. "The Search for a New Equilibrium: Towards the Liberal Empire, 1859–1870." In The Church and the State in France, 1789-1870, 239–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63269-8_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Liberia France"
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Ibeas Altamira, Juan Manuel. "El agua en el jardín inglés dieciochesco." In XXV Coloquio AFUE. Palabras e imaginarios del agua. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/xxvcoloquioafue.2016.2619.
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Desde una perspectiva comparatista arquitectura-literatura-pintura y Francia-Inglaterra, hemos abordado la imagen del agua en el «jardín inglés», de moda en el siglo XVIII en la literatura libertina y sentimental, y la pintura llamada «galante» y «pre-romántica» francesas (La Petite Maison de Jean-François Bastide, La Nouvelle Héloïse, de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Les Liaisons dangereuses de Choderlos de Laclos, Point de Lendemain de Vivant Denon; lienzos y dibujos de Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard, Hubert Robert), repertoriando sus representaciones más emblemáticas, a partir de los tratados arquitectónicos sobre jardines de la época, y su trasposición ficcional e imaginaria en las obras de los escritores y pintores anteriormente indicados. Dicha trasposición se presenta en oposición al agua dentro del jardín «a la francesa», inmóvil, estanca, dominada por la mano del hombre, encerrada en estanques, lagos artificiales perfectamente simétricos y artificialmente armónicos, y fuentes-construcción arquitectónica. En efecto, en el jardín inglés, el agua se representa bajo todas sus formas naturales, libre, fluyente, brava, viva, naciente, desembocando, fuera de todo encierro arquitectónico, al menos en apariencia. Ello nos lleva a la conclusión de que el elemento acuático, si bien cohabita con los otros tres elementos esenciales que en la visión clásica componen el universo, adquiere una importancia primordial en el panorama paisajístico europeo, inglés pero también francés por influencia británica, y su representación imaginaria, y ello de manera paradójica en una época donde triunfa la razón en el pensamiento, pero donde fluye de manera libre un imaginario fresco y cambiante. Se expondrán planos de los jardines ingleses en Francia más representativos de la época y realizados por los arquitectos más notables, así como las obras de los pintores citados anteriormente donde aparecen representaciones de jardines ingleses, que se presentarán en contraste a jardines franceses que coexistieron en el siglo de las Luces con los estudiados.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.2619
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De Podestá, Nathan Tejada, and Silvia Maria Pires Cabrera Berg. "New University: liberal education and arts in Brazil." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9514.
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This paper is part of an ongoing research on the issue of music education in Brazilian universities. It aims to identify educational models that structure pedagogical practice at this level of studies. It distinguishes the types of professional and human education promoted in each one of the presented models (French, German and American) as well as liberal education, identified as a global trend. Relating the current socio-cultural political and economic context with education with the support of Godwin (2015), Berg (2012) and Jansen (1999) we argue that liberal education provides a structure can favor the development of competences and skills demanded on the current conjuncture. In this frame, we will analyze, with the help of Paula (2008) and Santos & Filho (2008), the historical dynamics of Brazilian higher education and show how liberal education and post-colonial philosophy is restructuring Brazilian universities. This “new university” allows the implementation of a multicultural, multi-epistemic pedagogy that overcome fragmentary disciplinary views and renders feasible the proposition of new ways of conceiving training, studying, teaching and research in music and arts.
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Alves De Freitas Neto, Jose, and Celso Antonio Amadeu Junior. "Liberdade e Igualdade na conformação do ideário político das Revoluções Americana e Francesa: um estudo do Pensamento Liberal." In XXIII Congresso de Iniciação Científica da Unicamp. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoá, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2015-38079.
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Méndez Landa, Francisco Javier. "ATACAR LA FRONTERA: LA POESÍA COMO POLÍTICA EN LA OBRA DE FRANCIS ALŸS." In IV Congreso Internacional Estética y Política: Poéticas del desacuerdo para una democracia plural. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cep4.2019.10288.
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Desde finales de los años 90’s el artista belga radicado en México, Francis Alÿs (1959) ha extrapolado su labor artística al abandonar el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México como su principal laboratorio social, para incidir en diversas regiones del mundo -principalmente territorios de conflicto bélico, socioeconómico, político y migratorio-, en un afán de imaginar realidades distintas a las establecidas por medio de la activación de relatos urbanos, fábulas, moralejas, actividades fútiles y juegos de niños; deviniendo en variadas y aparentemente inocentes metáforas que esconden complejas y poderosas reflexiones sociales. El presente trabajo plantea trazar una acupuntura que sigue algunas acciones de Francis Alÿs fuera del territorio mexicano para construir un imaginario global desde lo poético de su labor: en un mundo gobernado por la desesperanza, y las tensiones generadas por las fronteras de los países, la voz de Alÿs se vuelve un bálsamo necesario que permite visualizar otras soluciones posibles a los conflictos políticos derivados de la independencia y la consecuente autonomía de un determinado territorio. I. En 1997, Alÿs viaja de Tijuana, Baja California, México a San Diego, California, EUA, -ciudades vecinas separadas únicamente por la valla Internacional-; pero el artista lo hace sin cruzar la frontera norte; imaginando una nueva y absurda ruta migratoria que evade la burocracia necesaria para ingresar legalmente a los Estados Unidos; iniciando su viaje en Tijuana, y prosiguiendo por Ciudad de México, Panamá, Santiago de Chile, Auckland, Sydney, Singapore, Bangkok, Rangún, Hong Kong, Shanghái, Seul, Anchorage, Vancouver, Los Ángeles y concluir finalmente en San Diego, California, arribando 35 días después de haber iniciado su travesía. II. En 2005, Alÿs convoca a lancheros voluntarios de Cayo Hueso, Florida, EUA y de La Habana, Cuba, a construir con sus endebles barcas un sólido puente que permita enlazar estas dos naciones sobre el Golfo de México. III. En 2004, Alÿs recorre la ‘Línea verde’, demarcación establecida para promover un alto al fuego entre Israel y Palestina, con una lata de pintura verde agujereada, trazando con su andar una línea verde, que materializa esta división naturalmente imaginaria. IV. En 2008, Alÿs invita a niños de las comunidades pesqueras de Tánger, Marruecos y Tarifa, España a construir una línea humana que permita liberar pequeños barcos de juguete para navegar de norte a sur, y viceversa el Estrecho de Gibraltar. Para Alÿs, la poesía posee una cualidad disruptiva, capaz de hacernos imaginar otros futuros posibles.
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Marinković, Milica. "RAZVITAK FRANCUSKE ADVOKATURE U XIX VEKU." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.1067m.
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The paper is dedicated to the development of advocacy in France throughout history, and special attention is paid to the struggle of lawyers to repair the damage caused to their position by the Bourgeois Revolution. The goals of the legal struggle were fully achieved in the period of the Third Republic, rightly called the "Republic of Lawyers", when they took over the legislative and executive power. French lawyers, especially in the 19th century, were often real political dissidents. With their work as a politival opposition, they redefined the relationship between the state and society and set a clear border of state power, all of which enabled the easier emergence of a liberal constitutional monarchy, and then a republic. Due to the constant opposition activities in the courtroom, the lawyers demonstrated in the best possible way how closely law and politics stand in each state. In the introductory chapter of the paper, the author gives an overview of the historical development of advocacy from the Frankish period to the Revolution itself. During the Old Regime, lawyers enjoyed the status of "secular clergy" and, although members of the Third Class, were an unavoidable political factor in absolutist France. The second chapter contains an analysis of the devastating impact of the Revolution on the legal profession and timid attempts to improve the position of the legal profession with the advent of the Restoration. The third chapter provides an overview of the period from 1830 to 1870, which was characterized by the increasingly serious interference of lawyers in politics in order to fight for the advancement of the profession. The chapter on the Third Republic talks about the successful outcome of the lawyer's fight for their own rights, and the final chapter talks about the tendencies in the French legal profession in the 20th century.
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Santamaria-Varas, Mar, and Pablo Martinez-Diez. "New Data-driven Analysis and Policies to Regulate Commerce and Tourism: The Examples of Barcelona and Madrid." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.5.
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The regulation of economic activity is a question of the utmost relevance in urban planning as urbanism meants to support coexistence of citizens necessities while preserving the health of the commercial economic fabric. In this context, the model of diversity embodied by the city of Barcelona (paradigm of other European cities where commercial and leisure activities play a fundamental role in constructing the social, civic and economic values) is under discussion from the urban and political perspective. The saturation of public access activities, food retailers and tourist services -consequence of previous boosting liberal policies- is affecting the habitability and the quality of life of the residents. Using the new land-use plan of Ciutat Vella (Barcelona, Spain, 2018) as a case study, we intend to frame the regulation of public access and commercial activities in an international context, explain how this particular type of plan works and discuss the circumstances of its implementation.
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Barbieri, Luca. "« Je fais l’eau avec ma voix » : Paul Claudel et la (méta)physique de l’eau." In XXV Coloquio AFUE. Palabras e imaginarios del agua. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/xxvcoloquioafue.2016.2939.
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De retour en Chine en juin 1906 en tant que consul de France, Claudel entreprend l’écriture de L’Esprit et l’Eau, sa deuxième des Cinq Grandes Odes qui paraîtront en 1910. Le 9 septembre il renseigne son ami et écrivain André Suarès à propos de l’avancement du texte : « J’écris en ce moment une espèce d’Ode sur cette eau essentielle en nous qui est le besoin d’être parfaitement liquide et translucide. Ce n’est point l’impur qui fermente, c’est le pur qui est séminale ». Ces quelques lignes ne sauraient pas du tout réduire la symbolique claudélienne de l’eau telle qu’elle est élaborée dans ce poème de Claudel. Elles suffisent, pourtant, à donner une idée de la profondeur avec laquelle le poète s’approprie le thème de l’eau. Image de vie et d’éternité, de liberté et de pureté, mais aussi de purification, ainsi que « lien liquide » réunissant les êtres entre eux et avec leur Créateur, l’élément fluide ne pouvait pas faire défaut dans la poésie claudélienne. Et, de fait, il est présent dans toutes ses manifestations physiques et métaphysiques. Ainsi eaux bibliques, liturgiques, terrestres, marines et corporelles sont toutes idéalement canalisées dans l'immense bassin symbolique que constitue cette ode. Un poème grandiose, par lequel le poète entendait célébrer le siècle nouveau, mais aussi fermer définitivement une période turbulente de sa vie passée (« Et moi aussi, je l’ai donc trouvée à la fin la mort qui me fallait ! […] J’ai connu l’amour de la femme. / […] J’ai connu cette source de soif »). Public et privé, divin et humain, corporel et spirituel se diluent donc dans ce poème, à l'image de ce qu’écrivait Gaston Bachelard : « l’eau, dans son symbolisme, sait tout réunir ». C’est justement la variété de ce symbolisme que je me propose d’illustrer dans ma communication.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.2939
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Buongiorno, Vincenzo. "From Global to Local: spontaneous consciousness and artisanal attitude in the self-built city in Latin America - San Martin de las Flores-Mexico’s self-built fabric. A perspective and tools for contemporary design." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5934.
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In a world stressed by a cultural crisis, carachterised by excessive abstraction and virtuality (ex: R.Reich’s Symbolic-analysts or/and R. Florida’s Creatives), observing self built city constitute not an escape but an exploration to change our point of view and find a new path of development. Self building involves at any scale, a practical attitude and return to an psychosomatic interaction among inhabitants and built environment. Focusing in self-building can become a Slowskij’s “estragement” to reactivate different sensibilities, for a new philosophy in contemporary design. Morphological reading of self-built environments has a double importance: for self-built cities themselves, to give response to the need of social cohesion, for a restructuring that traduces these needs into building and transforms the plural individual needs into a collective urban structure; for the enrichment that this reading can give to the architectural community culture, a new panorama where we can search new path to go over the crisis; The paper focuses on the scales that goes from building and construction material scale to urban fabric scale. Starting from the observation of a brick’s furnace, through the observation of an original constructive system, up to the aggregation of each built organism in the urban fabric it will be possible to read and interpret the formative process and to evaluate, through design experience cases, some new path for the contemporary design that come from this interpretation of self-built: design as a formative process re-activation, artisanal-not authorial sensorial design; References G. Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 1. Lettura dell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1979; Gianfranco Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 2. Il progetto nell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1987; L. Pareyson, Estetica : teoria della formatività, Bompiani, Milano 2005; G. Strappa, L’architettura come processo. Il mondo plastico murario in divenire, Franco Angeli, Milano 2014; V. B. Šklovskij, Teoria della prosa, Einaudi, Torino 1976; R. Sennet, L’uomo artigiano, Feltrinelli, Milano 2008; J. F. C. Turner, Abitare come Verbo, in J. F. C. Turner, R. Fitcher (a cura di), Libertà di costruire, Il Saggiatore, Milano 1979;
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Lima, Alan Gomes, and Mickie Takagi. "AVALIAÇÃO DO CRESCIMENTO DE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TIPO B EM MEIO SÓLIDO ISENTO DE SANGUE DE CAVALO." In I Congresso de Engenharia de Biotecnologia. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1383.
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Introdução: A bactéria Haemophilus Influenzae tipo b (Hib) apresenta uma grande importância médica em todo mundo, pois, é causadora de diversas doenças, sendo mais agravante a meningite. A capsula polissacarídica que é composto por moléculas de poliribosil-ribitol-fosfato (PRP) é considerada como principal fator de virulência sendo utilizada como antígeno vacinal. Por ser considerada um microrganismo fastidioso, Hib necessita de condições especificas para seu crescimento, por esse motivo o meio solido amplamente utilizado é o Ágar chocolate, onde, adiciona-se sangue de cavalo, carneiro ou coelho em temperatura alta para que liberem compostos fundamentais para seu desenvolvimento. Com a crescente discussão sobre o uso de animais e seus componentes para estudos laboratoriais, a busca por alternativas que diminua o uso destes é extremamente importante, desse modo objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a viabilidade célular de hib utilizando meio alternativo suplementado com fatores de crescimento NAD e Hemina; preparar o lote de trabalho utilizando o meio alternativo definido; quantificar a concentração de PRP obtida em frasco agitados. Material e métodos: O teste de viabilidade celular foi feito através da contagem do número de colônias viáveis que existem em 1 mL de amostra analisada expressa em UFC/mL; O teste de pureza da colônia foi feito através de Coloração de Gram; O acompanhamento do crescimento celular em meio líquido foi feito através da medida de Densidade Óptica em 540 nm (DO540); a determinação da concentração de PRP foi realizada através do método modificado de Bial (ASHWELL, 1957). Resultados: O meio solido suplementado proposto, proporcionou a manutenção da viabilidade celular em 1,4 x 1010 UFC/mL, muito similar a viabilidade atingida com o agar chocolate. Os ensaios em frascos agitados, em meio líquido apresentaram velocidade máxima específica de crescimento (µmax) de 0,515 h-1 e concentração de PRP na 8ª hora de cultivo de 360,9 mg/L de PRP reproduzindo aos ensaios cujo lote de trabalho fora realizado em agar chocolate. Conclusão: O meio sólido utilizado sem o uso de sangue de cavalo se mostrou eficiente para garantindo a viabilidade celular e a produção de PRP.
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Menon, Shankar, Luis Valencia, and Lucien Teunckens. "The Nuclear Decommissioner and the Regulation of Low Dose Radiation." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4665.
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The management of the large quantities of very low level radioactive material that arise during the decommissioning of the increasing numbers of nuclear power stations reaching the end of their commercially useful lives, has become a major subject of discussion. This has very significant economic implications for the nuclear decommissioner. Much larger quantities — 2–3 orders of magnitude larger — of material, radiologically similar to the candidate material for recycling from the nuclear industry, arise in non-nuclear industries like coal, fertiliser, oil and gas, mining, etc. In such industries, naturally occurring radioactivity is artificially concentrated in products, by-products or waste to form TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material). It is only in the last decade that the international community has become aware of the prevalence of TENORM, specially the activity levels and quantities arising in so many non-nuclear industries. The first reaction of international organisations seems to have been to propose different standards for the nuclear and non-nuclear industries, with very stringent release criteria for radioactive material from the regulated nuclear industry and up to thirty to a hundred times more liberal criteria for the release/exemption of TENORM from the as yet unregulated non-nuclear industries. The radiological effects of these TENORM releases have recently been dramatically highlighted by the Marina II study, which showed that over 90% of the total exposures of the European population from discharges into the North European marine waters are from radioactive discharges from non-nuclear industries. The results of an international project to validate, by actual measurement, dose calculation codes RESRAD-RECYCLE (USA) and CERISE (France) for recycling, have indicated an overestimation of doses by the codes by an order of magnitude. For the nuclear decommissioner and other producers of large volumes of slightly radioactively contaminated material, clearance levels determined on the basis of such a degree of conservatism in calculations can lead to huge volumes of material unnecessarily being condemned to burial as radioactive waste. Earlier estimates of the quantitative risk levels of exposure to ionising radiation have almost exclusively been based on doses taken by exposed populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (ICRP 60). The populations studied have been exposed to over 200 mSv at a dose rate of 6 Sv/s. The effects of such high dose/dose-rate exposure are being used as the basis for risk judgment at doses/dose-rates lower by a factor 1012–1015. The validity of such an extrapolation in risk judgement is an area of prime interest for discussion. In this connection, an interesting development, for both the nuclear and non-nuclear industries, is the increased scientific scrutiny that the populations of naturally high background dose level areas of the world are being subject to. Preliminary biological studies have indicated that the inhabitants of such areas, exposed to many times the permitted occupational doses for nuclear workers, have not shown any differences in cancer mortality, life expectancy, chromosome aberrations or immune function, in comparison with those living in normal background areas. The paper discusses these and other strategic issues regarding the management of redundant low radiation material from both the nuclear and non-nuclear industries, underlining the need for consistency in regulatory treatment.