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Journal articles on the topic 'Liberian'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Allen, William E. "Historical Methodology and Writing the Liberian Past: the Case of Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century." History in Africa 32 (2005): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0002.

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Some of the late nineteenth century success of Liberia coffee, sugar, and other commodities can be attributed to the leasing of plantations to enterprising foreigners, although a few leading politicians did own successful farms … For most Americo-Liberians, the role of dirt farmer was decidedly beneath their station.Yet the reasons for this apathy among most Americo-Liberians for agriculture, which prevailed up to the early 1870s, were not far to seek. The majority of them being newly emancipated slaves, who had in servitude in America been used to being forced to work, erroneously equated their newly won freedom with abstinence from labour.Both arguments are inaccurate, yet the authors made essential contributions to the writing of Liberian history. J. Gus Liebenow became renowned within Liberian academic circles for his earlier book, Liberia: the Evolution of Privilege. In that book he analyzed the policy that enabled the minority Americo-Liberians (descendants of free blacks from the United States who founded Liberia in 1822), to monopolize political and economic power to the exclusion of the majority indigenous Africans for more than a century. M. B. Akpan dissected Liberia's dubious political history and concluded that Americo-Liberian authority over the indigenous population, was identical to the discriminatory and oppressive policy practiced by European colonizers in Africa.
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2

Ludwig, Bernadette. "A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia." Migration Letters 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i1.265.

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In 1822 Liberia was founded as a place where free(d) enslaved African Americans could find freedom and liberty. While many of them did, the indigenous African population was, for a long time, excluded from citizenry despite fulfilling one of the essential criteria to be eligible for Liberians citizenship: Being Black. This prerequisite remains part of Liberian law today, rendering non-Blacks ineligible for Liberian citizenship. Today, this mostly affects the Lebanese community who originally came as traders and entrepreneurs to Liberia. This article analyses why Liberians defend race-based exclusionary citizenship practices.
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3

WEBB, JAMES L. A. "Historical Settlement of Liberia and Its Environmental Impact. By SYRULWA L. SOMAH. Lanham, MD, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1995. Pp. i–xvii [unpaginated] + 153. $42.00 (ISBN 0-8191-9653-3); $29.50, paperback (ISBN 0-8191-9654-1)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796516907.

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This book will disappoint readers who expect an historical study of the environmental impact of Americo–Liberian settlement. It is, rather, a polemical survey of the environmental problems which have beset Liberia and a normative prescription for Liberia's environmental and political future.
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4

Spilkin, H. "Liberia: Liberian foundations in a nutshell." Trusts & Trustees 17, no. 6 (April 18, 2011): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttr061.

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5

Goralski, E. "Liberia: Focus on Liberian private foundations." Trusts & Trustees 20, no. 6 (June 10, 2014): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttu073.

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6

Osborne, Myles. "A Note on the Liberian Archives." History in Africa 36 (2009): 461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0012.

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Two decades of civil war have left Liberians facing many challenges. One such group includes those concerned with the preservation and maintenance of Liberia's archives, which were severely compromised during the period of conflict. This paper provides a brief introduction for scholars as to the nature of Liberia's archival materials available in-country, the impact of the war on the collections, and details about how scholars interested in the history of Liberia may access these records.There are three archival collections in Liberia. The first is at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Tubman Boulevard, between 12th and 13th Streets. The second is at the Center for National Documents and Records (National Archives) at 96 Ashmun Street, while the third—the Presidential Archives—is at the Executive Mansion on Capitol Hill.
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7

Whyte, Christine. "A State of Underdevelopment: Sovereignty, Nation-Building and Labor in Liberia 1898–1961." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000084.

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AbstractIn the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Liberia was in the unusual position of being a colony with no metropole. Without military or financial support, the settlers’ control over their territory remained weak. Surrounding European empires preyed on this weakness, and Americo-Liberian rule was often at risk from coalitions of European forces and indigenous African resistance. From the early twentieth century, the political elite took on the concept of “development” as a central part of government policy in an attempt to gain political and economic control of the hinterland areas and stave off European incursions. This policy involved the extension and reinforcement of labor policies and practices that had developed through the nineteenth century as means to incorporate settlers and indigenous people into Liberian society. When these plans failed, huge swathes of territory were turned over to foreign commercial interests in an attempt to bolster Liberian claims to sovereignty. And after the Second World War, new policies of “community development” introduced by international agencies again tried to solve Liberia's “land and labor” problem through resettlement. At each stage developmentalist rationales were deployed in order to facilitate greater government control over the Liberian interior territory.
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8

Gobewole, Stephen H. "Land in Liberia: The Initial Source of Antagonism Between Freed American Blacks and Indigenous Tribal People Remains the Cause of Intense Disputes." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 4 (June 27, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n4p19.

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This study examines factors of land grabbing in Liberia, especially from tribal communities, due originally to different social expectations regarding land and contracts between indigenous people and settlers from America. In addition, land appropriation throughout the history of the Liberian nation is due largely to the Americo-Liberian oligarchy and public corruption. The study analyzes survey, empirical, and concession contracts data gathered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sustainable Development Institute, Government of Liberia, Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia, and United Nations Mission in Liberia. It then correlates associations between a number of concession companies, their land acreage under operation, county acreage, and incidence of land grabbing to demonstrate an increase in disputes during the early 2000s due to practices of corrupt public officials. This has resulted from the consistent implementation of inequitable land laws, which have perpetuated land transfer from tribal communities to mostly Americo-Liberian descendants and foreign concessionaires. This land appropriation has fostered public corruption, increased land related disputes, and raised the level of conflict in Liberian society.
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9

Scott, Rena L. "Moving from Impunity to Accountability in Post-War Liberia: Possibilities, Cautions, and Challenges." International Journal of Legal Information 33, no. 3 (2005): 345–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500011227.

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Liberia has become the quintessential example of an African failed state. Though Liberia's civil war is officially over, war criminals are free and some are even helping run the transitional government under the authority of Liberia's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). This peace agreement calls for the consideration of a general amnesty for those involved in the Liberian civil war alongside the parceling of governmental functions among members of various rebel groups. The drafters of the agreement claim that this was the only viable solution for sustainable peace in Liberia. Meanwhile, Charles Taylor relaxes in Nigeria's resort city of Calabar.
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10

Kesselly, Jerome M. "The Role Professional Accountant Firms play within the Liberian Market in Terms of Strategic Implementation of Financial Statement Audit." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.01.art011.

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The study has evaluated the role Professional Accountant Firms play in the Liberian market and to understand the strategic tools used in implementing financial statement Audits [1]. A deductive approach was adopted, and information was collected from thirty respondents via Unstructured face-to-face interviews. Purposive sampling was engaged as this technique aided the cognizant arrangement of targeted respondents (Audit Associates, Staff Auditors, Semi Senior Auditors, Senior Auditors, Asst. Audit managers, Audit Managers, and Audit Partners). The findings show that Professional Accountant Firms in Liberia play a positive and significant role in the Liberian market. Professional Accountant Firms make great contributions in keeping Liberian businesses at full compliant with international financial reporting standards, legal and regulatory requirements, and their own policies and procedures. It is recommended that to be more efficient, Liberian businesses should embrace the role Professional Accountant Firms play within the Liberian market. It is concluded that the Liberia Institute of certified Public Accountants (LICPA) should strengthen, trained, and Licensed all Professional Accountant Firms to meet the growing need of the Professional Accounting industry in the Country.
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11

Stevens, Caleb J. "The Legal History of Public Land in Liberia." Journal of African Law 58, no. 2 (April 4, 2014): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855314000059.

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AbstractThis article demonstrates that there has never been a clear definition of public land in Liberian legal history, although in the past the government operated as if all land that was not under private deed was public. By examining primary source materials found in archives in Liberia and the USA, the article traces the origins of public land in Liberia and its ambiguous development as a legal concept. It also discusses the ancillary issues of public land sale procedures and statutory prices. The conclusions reached have significant implications for the reform of Liberia's land sector.
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12

Tweh, Clement G., Menladi M. Lormie, Célestin Y. Kouakou, Annika Hillers, Hjalmar S. Kühl, and Jessica Junker. "Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey." Oryx 49, no. 4 (April 8, 2014): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191.

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AbstractLiberia has the largest blocks of continuous forest in West Africa, providing habitat for numerous wildlife species. However, there is a lack of empirical data about the status of Liberia's wildlife populations. During 2010–2012 we conducted the first nationwide survey in Liberia along c. 320 km of systematically located transect lines to estimate the abundance of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus, the diversity of large mammals and the nature and degree of anthropogenic threats. With > 7,000 chimpanzees, Liberia is home to the second largest population of West African chimpanzees and is therefore a priority for conservation of the species. Compared to the fragmented populations in other range countries the Liberian population is potentially one of the most viable. Our study revealed that the majority of chimpanzees and some of the most species-diverse mammal communities in Liberia exist outside protected areas. High hunting rates and plans for large-scale exploitation of natural resources necessitate rapid implementation of effective strategies to ensure the protection of one of West Africa's last strongholds for chimpanzees and other rare and threatened mammal species. We provide a country-wide baseline dataset that may serve as a platform for Liberian wildlife authorities, policy-makers and international conservation agencies to make informed decisions about the location and delineation of proposed protected areas, to identify conservation gaps and to devise a conservation action plan to conserve Liberia's wildlife resources.
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13

Tarr, S. Byron. "The ECOMOG Initiative in Liberia: A Liberian Perspective." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 21, no. 1/2 (1993): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1166288.

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14

Tarr, S. Byron. "The ECOMOG Initiative in Liberia: A Liberian Perspective." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 21, no. 1-2 (1993): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050167x.

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This is a Liberian perspective on the unique initiative by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to resolve the Liberian conflict by organizing and deploying a Peace Monitoring Group in Liberia. It considers whether ECOWAS’ initiative can become a self-reliant security system that can end a civil war and institutionalize deterrence to subregional inter-state and internal conflicts. Can this self-generated, West African initiative set the stage for democratization? Is the initiative the start of an inter-African cooperative security system? Is the model of Nigerian leadership a harbinger of a regional hegemony in the making? Is the modest role of the USA constructive in resolving the conflict, in light of the fact that Liberia is a country with which the USA has had an historic relationship?
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15

Burin, E. "Maps of Liberia, 1830-1870 * The Liberian Letters." Journal of American History 100, no. 2 (August 13, 2013): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat337.

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16

Taylor, Mark E. "The Liberian mongoose." Oryx 26, no. 2 (April 1992): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023413.

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The Liberian mongoose Liberiictis kuhni, the only member of its genus, was described as a new species from skulls in 1958. The first two complete specimens were obtained as recently as 1974. Although several more animals have been captured since then, all in Liberia, the species's status and ecology remain poorly known. In 1988 the FFPS contributed £500 towards a field study of the mongoose in Liberia and while this expedition succeeded in finding only one animal that had been killed by a hunter, a subsequent attempt in 1989 was more successful.
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17

Parr, Nicholas J. "Pre-Marital Fertility in Liberia." Journal of Biosocial Science 27, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006957.

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SummaryThis analysis of the 1986 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey data finds remarkably high fertility levels among women who have never married or lived with a man, reflecting widespread pre-marital sex and a lack of use of contraception. It is found that single Liberian women are more likely to foster out children than married Liberian women of the same age.
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18

Saye Gbatu, Andy. "Access to Finance: The Determinants and Limitations to the Supply Side of Finance for Liberia’s Rural Market." Texila International Journal of Academic Research 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.04.art006.

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This critical piece of research paper reviews the literature on the key determinants of finance for Liberia’s rural market. It also takes into account the limitations of the supply of finance for the rural market of Liberia, with the unabated need for the diversification of the Liberian economy in the face of intermittent shocks in the global economy. The study unearthed that investment in agricultural small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) will prove adequate in triggering sustainable economic growth and development through poverty alleviation, job creation, and food security which are the drivers of the supply of finance for rural dwellers in Liberia. Notwithstanding, the study found that the supply of finance for Liberian agricultural SMEs is constrained by the lack of creditworthiness information, weak judicial enforcement of contracts and corporate transparency, land ownership, high non-performing loans, and financial literacy. The keywords used in this article include gross domestic product, small and medium-sized enterprises, non-performing loans, inflation, credit rating, bankruptcy, value chain, urbanization, food security, human capital, and risk aversion. Keywords: Bankruptcy, Credit rating, Human capital, Inflation, Small and medium-sized enterprises, Value chain.
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19

SANDBERGER, LAURA, ANNIKA HILLERS, JOSEPH DOUMBIA, NÉMA-SOUA LOUA, CHRISTIAN BREDE, and MARK-OLIVER RÖDEL. "Rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1978) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), and reassessment of its taxonomic status." Zootaxa 2355, no. 1 (February 10, 2010): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.3.

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We report on the search and rediscovery of the Liberian Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis, 30 years after its original description. A small surviving population could be traced in the surroundings of the type locality Mount Alpha, Liberia. The type locality was meanwhile destroyed by open cast mining. Similar to the Guinean Nimba toad, Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis, the Liberian toad lives exclusively in open, savanna like habitats above 1200 m a.s.l. The presumably few surviving individuals and the small and patchy distribution classify the Liberian toads as Critically Endangered (Stuart et al. 2008). A morphological, acoustical and genetic comparison of Liberian and Guinean populations revealed only minor, but distinct morphological (size, colour) differences. Genetically and acoustically the two taxa were indistinguishable. We therefore propose to consider the two populations as conspecific and to consider Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (Xavier, 1978) as junior synonym of Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis (Angel, 1943). Because of the morphological differences we propose to treat the Liberian population as a subspecies of the Guinean toad and herein introduce the new name: Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis liberiensis.
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20

Ngovo, Bernard L. "The dominance of English among Liberian children." English Today 15, no. 4 (October 1999): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400011263.

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21

Imanuella, Johana, and Renitha Dwi Hapsari. "Peran FFPU Sebagai Norm Entrepreneur Agenda Women, Peace and Security (WPS) dalam RSK di Liberia." Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 24–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.4.1.24-62.2022.

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Peacekeepers are front-line actors who are not only in direct contact with communities in post-conflict setting, but are also involved in the country’s security sector reform. This study is intended to find out how FFPU plays the role as WPS Agenda norm entrepreneur in SSR in Liberia. This study uses descriptive methodology using secondary data sources. The study shows that FFPU acted as a norm entrepreneur of the WPS agenda in SSR in Liberia through the unit’s involvement in Liberian police reform (Liberia National Police, LNP), which can be seen though the unit’s position as a role model for Liberian women, as well as given the responsibility to communicate the transformation of the police, from a corrupt institution to a trustworthy guardian.
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22

McCleary, Ann E., and Emma Kelley Bussard. "Review: Waves of Time, Liberian National Museum, Monrovia, Liberia." Public Historian 41, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2019.41.3.135.

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23

Marong, Alhagi, and Chernor Jalloh. "Ending Impunity: The Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia." African Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2005): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221097312x13397499735986.

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AbstractThis article argues that Liberia owes a duty under both international humanitarian and human rights law to investigate and prosecute the heinous crimes, including torture, rape and extra-judicial killings of innocent civilians, committed in that country by the warring parties in the course of fourteen years of brutal conflict. Assuming that Liberia owes a duty to punish the grave crimes committed on its territory, the article then evaluates the options for prosecution, starting with the possible use of Liberian courts. The authors argue that Liberian courts are unable, even if willing, to render credible justice that protects the due process rights of the accused given the collapse of legal institutions and the paucity of financial, human and material resources in post-conflict Liberia. The authors then examine the possibility of using international accountability mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court, an ad hoc international criminal tribunal as well as a hybrid court for Liberia. For various legal and political reasons, the authors conclude that all of these options are not viable. As an alternative, they suggest that because the Special Court for Sierra Leone has already started the accountability process for Liberia with the indictment of Charles Taylor in 2003, and given the close links between the Liberian and Sierra Leonean conflicts, the Special Court would be a more appropriate forum for international prosecutions of those who perpetrated gross humanitarian and human rights law violations in Liberia.
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24

Kieh, George Klay. "The American style of development aid to Liberia." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/71.

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There is a growing corpus of literature on the critical issue of the various styles used by donors in giving development aid to recipient states in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. This article seeks to contribute to the body of literature by examining the nature and dynamics of the American style of development aid to Liberia and the resulting implications for the latter’s social and economic development. Using the realpolitik model as its analytical framework, the article situates the American style of development aid giving within the broader context of Liberia-United States (US) relations. Based on this foundation, the article then interrogated the flows of US development aid to Liberia from 1946–2013. The findings indicate that the American style of aid giving is ostensibly designed to serve the economic, political, military and strategic interests of the US. In this vein, Liberia is required to serve as a foot soldier in the promotion of American national interests in the former and elsewhere. Accordingly, in terms of the implications for social and economic development, for the past six decades American development aid has not helped to advance the material conditions of Liberia’s subaltern classes. However, in order to change this situation, the US would need to rethink the realpolitik foundation of its development aid programme and the Liberian government would need to press for such a policy rethinking. However, both of these possibilities are highly unlikely, given the US’ determination to prosecute its imperial project and its clientelist relationship with the Liberian government.
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25

Tenny, Lester Zomatic. "The Macroeconomics of Fiscal Policy Behavior in Liberia: An Error Correction Methodology." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.102.11709.

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The debate of the size of government and economic growth has been popular especially in Africa. This study examined the relationship between fiscal variables, inflation and economic growth in Liberia. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is employed. Results from the Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis reveal that the response of inflation to growth in the Liberian economy over the study period, was weak, though significant and negative in the short run. However, it became positive and normalized in the medium and long runs. This means that inflation retarded growth only in the short run which is consistent with Barro (1996) empirical findings that inflation impact growth negatively and significantly. Also observed is the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. For the Liberian economy and despite the interruption of the war, government expenditure impact on growth is a short run positive event, In medium to long run, it has a negative effect. This means that government expenditure only spur growth in the short run slightly but did not bring about growth in the medium to long run. This makes Keynesian theory relative to the intervention of government through spending given rise to growth invalid for the Liberian economy in the long run. However, the impact of growth on expenditure in the medium and long run is significant and strong. This suggests that indeed Wagner’s Law of increasing State spending is valid for the Liberian economy. Hence, fiscal policy is still a mix in stirring economic growth in Liberia. This study recommends well stirred fiscal policies that would positively impact on long run development in the Liberian economy
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Gbellay, Jeremiah Momo. "Assessing the Social and Economic Impact of Logistics Management on the Liberian Economy (the National Transit Authority 2015-2018)." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.09.02.art012.

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Under the able leadership of Her Excellency Madam Sirleaf, the government envisioned that to address the many unemployment in Liberia, it was prudent to decentralize governance and all government services appertaining transportation from the transport ministry to the national transit authority (NTA) to alleviate huge unemployment deficiency with employment. Therefore, affordable public transportation for Liberians was identified as one of the areas for strategic intervention. Significantly, the remodeling of the Monrovia Transit Authority (MTA) into the National Transit Authority (NTA) tries to pursue decentralization to provide affordable, convenient, and reliable mass transit services to citizens throughout the breadth of the country for all citizenries. After over a decade of post-conflict growth and relative peace and stability since the end of the 1989-2003 conflict, Liberia’s transport infrastructure and logistics sector have the potential for enormous growth and development. Over the past period, there has been an increasing emphasis on supply chain and logistics management as a medium for firms to achieve competitive advantage in markets (Collins, 2003. P. 8). A large number of examples in the 1990s show how countries have made significant investments to streamline the supply chain to improve customer satisfaction and increase the internal productivity of their economy. In conclusion, this paper fully explores both the framework for and an analysis of such reflections of the civil unrest conflicts in Liberia and assessing the social and economic impact of logistics management of the Liberian economy.
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BLAIR, ROBERT A., SABRINA M. KARIM, and BENJAMIN S. MORSE. "Establishing the Rule of Law in Weak and War-torn States: Evidence from a Field Experiment with the Liberian National Police." American Political Science Review 113, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000121.

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How to restore citizens’ trust and cooperation with the police in the wake of civil war? We report results from an experimental evaluation of the Liberian National Police’s (LNP) “Confidence Patrols” program, which deployed teams of newly retrained, better-equipped police officers on recurring patrols to rural communities across three Liberian counties over a period of 14 months. We find that the program increased knowledge of the police and Liberian law, enhanced security of property rights, and reduced the incidence of some types of crime, notably simple assault and domestic violence. The program did not, however, improve trust in the police, courts, or government more generally. We also observe higher rates of crime reporting in treatment communities, concentrated almost entirely among those who were disadvantaged under prevailing customary mechanisms of dispute resolution. We consider implications of these findings for post-conflict policing in Liberia and weak and war-torn states more generally.
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28

Sumo, Peter Davis, Kollie Samuel Himbye, Alieu A. Sanoe, Mercy Gono, and Dorris Z. Sumo. "Assessment of factors influencing natural rubber production among smallholder farmers in Liberia using Fuzzy AHP." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 4 (June 5, 2022): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i4.1799.

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Natural Rubber (NR) is an important agricultural product utilized in various sectors. NR is one of the world's biggest industries and a critical component in many industries such as automotive, manufacturing, and medicine. Liberia is a top producer of NR with over 127 years of production history. However, since 2014, Liberia's NR net production has decreased by 0.7% year on year and has fallen behind Sri Lanka. NR production in Liberia has experienced scant performance due to many factors. In this project, we employ mixed-method research to examine the factors influencing the decline of the Liberian NR supply chain and propose solutions that will further stimulate the industry's growth. We conduct an MCDM study among 34 smallholder rubber farmers from Grand Bassa, Margibi and Bong counties. Their grading of ten policy objectives and recommendations are programmed using Fuzzy AHP.
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29

Svärd, Proscovia. "Has the Freedom of Information Act enhanced transparency and the free flow of information in Liberia?" Information Development 34, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666916672717.

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This article investigates if the adoption of the Liberian Freedom of Information (FOI) law 2010 has led to a transparent government and increased the free flow of government information. Freeing government information is expected to create transparent and accountable governments. It brings forth democratic and inclusive government institutions that work for the people. Inclusivity, transparency and accountability are expected to address sustainable development challenges and democracy deficits. Transparency and accountability can only be achieved through access to government information. The right to access government information is also included in the national constitution of Liberia. The citizens of Liberia in West Africa suffered from a protracted civil war between 1989–1996 and 1999–2003 respectively. These wars were partly caused by non-accountability of the governments, endemic corruption and the mismanagement of the countries’ resources. Efforts are being made by the government with the help of the international community to embrace a new democratic dispensation. Liberia was also one of the first African countries to enact a Freedom of Information (FOI) Law that would enable Liberians to access government information.
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30

Kreitzer, Linda. "Liberian refugee women." International Social Work 45, no. 1 (January 2002): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872802045001319.

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31

Senter, P. J., and J.-P. Chippaux. "Biogeography of snakes in Liberia: Review and synthesis of current knowledge." Ghana Journal of Science 63, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v63i1.3.

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The Liberian Forest is a biodiversity hotspot. Detailed knowledge of biogeographical distributions of species could aid conservation efforts there, but such knowledge is sparse for reptiles through most of Liberia. To alleviate this, we present here a synthesis of current biogeographical knowledge of snakes in Liberia. To create the synthesis, we combined information gleaned from a literature search, unpublished records, and a personal communication. This synthesis expands the known ranges of many Liberian snake species and increases their number from 63 to 64 via a new record of Python regius. Our results show that most snake species in Liberia are known from both the coastal plain and the inland mountains. Our results also show that most locality records are from cultivated areas, with very few fully forested areas represented, and that locality records are lacking for large areas within Liberia. We, therefore, recommend that more fully forested areas be included in future biodiversity surveys and that they include localities within areas for which locality records are currently lacking. We further recommend that abundance within species be compared between forested and cultivated areas, to determine which species are put at risk by deforestation.
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32

Nettles, Darryl. "Liberia: Study of Liberian Government and its Relationship to American Government." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Annual Review 2, no. 4 (2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1882/cgp/v02i04/59333.

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33

J Pullen, Samuel, Augusta R Herman, Brittany CL Lange, Nicole Christian-Brathwaite, Melissa Ulloa, Michael P Kempeh, Dyujay G Karnga, et al. "Towards a better understanding of attitudes and beliefs held by traditional healers and recipients of traditional medicine concerning mental health conditions in post-conflict Liberia: a qualitative investigation." African Health Sciences 21, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 1396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i3.51.

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Background: A better understanding of attitudes and beliefs held by traditional healers and utilizers of traditional medicine concerning mental health conditions in Liberia is important as Liberia seeks to improve its delivery of mental healthcare in the context of scarce resources and recovery from civil war. Methods: A qualitative research design was used to collect data from 24 Liberian traditional healers, and 11 utilizers of Liberian traditional medicine. Participants were queried about mental health problems in Liberia, treatments, and attitudes towards modern healthcare. Qualitative data were probed and aggregated using content analysis. Results: Mental health problems described by study participants included: Open Mole, African Science, Epilepsy, Depres- sion and Mental Illness (trauma/substance use). Mental health problems were often associated with socioeconomic distress, and participants described their attitudes and beliefs concerning mental healthcare, traditional medicine, and modern health- care. Conclusion: Traditional medicine is an important part of mental healthcare in Africa. Mental illness, social factors, and healthcare access were important problems in Liberia. Mental health problems blended local cultural beliefs with Western- ized nosology and social factors. Traditional healer’s attitudes towards Western medicine reflected ambivalence. There is a desire for collaboration with ‘modern’ health care providers, but this will require reciprocal trust-building. Keywords: Traditional healer; mental healthcare; Liberia; qualitative research.
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Morales, Helen. "Aristophanes' Lysistrata, the Liberian ‘sex strike’, and the Politics of Reception." Greece and Rome 60, no. 2 (September 16, 2013): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383513000107.

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In October 2011 the Liberian peace activist Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her tireless campaign to end violence in Liberia. Part of her campaign involved a so-called ‘sex strike’. Gbowee is said to have organized women protestors to solicit their husbands' cooperation by withdrawing sex until the men, too, made peace a priority. The Western media, both through official reporting in newspapers and through the less formal commentating in blogs, have repeatedly reported the women's political action by drawing comparisons with the ‘sex strike’ dramatized in Aristophanes' play Lysistrata, and between Leymah Gbowee and the character Lysistrata. In a review in the Huffington Post, Jericho Parms wrote: ‘Employing the strength of Lysistrata, and Aristophanes’ heroines of the Peloponnesian War, they withheld sex from their men'. R. Weinrich commented in Gossip Central, ‘Self-assured and instinctively political, Gbowee is a modern day Lysistrata, as in the ancient Greek satirist Aristophanes’ play'. A report in the Daily Telegraph went even further, and suggested a causal relationship between Lysistrata and the resistance in Liberia: ‘perhaps her [Gbowee's] most famous moment came in 2002, when she persuaded many Liberian women to withhold sex from their warring menfolk unless they came to the negotiating table, a devastatingly successful campaign inspired by the Aristophanes’ Lysistrata [sic], who used the same strategy during the Peloponnesian War'. Reports in the Liberian press, to the best of my knowledge, do not mention Aristophanes' Lysistrata.
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Woods, Tryon P. "Marronage, Here and There: Liberia, Enslavement's Conversion, and the Settler-Not." International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000206.

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AbstractThis proposed contribution to the special issue of ILWCH offers a theoretical re-consideration of the Liberian project. If, as is commonly supposed in its historiography and across contemporary discourse regarding its fortunes into the twenty-first century, Liberia is a notable, albeit contested, instance of the modern era's correctable violence in that it stands as an imperfect realization of the emancipated slave, the liberated colony, and the freedom to labor unalienated, then such representation continues to hide more than it reveals. This essay, instead, reads Liberia as an instructive leitmotif for the conversion of racial slavery's synecdochical plantation system in the Americas into the plantation of the world writ large: the global scene of antiblackness and the immutable qualification for enslavement accorded black positionality alone. Transitions between political economic systems—from slave trade to “re-colonization,” from Firestone occupation to dictatorial-democratic regimes—reemerge from this re-examination as crucial but inessential to understanding Liberia's position, and thus that of black laboring subjects, in the modern world. I argue that slavery is the simultaneous primitive accumulation of black land and bodies, but that this reality largely escapes current conceptualization of not only the history of labor but also that of enslavement. In other words, the African slave trade (driven first by Arabs in the Indian Ocean region, then Europeans in the Mediterranean, and, subsequently, Euro-Americans in the Atlantic) did not simply leave as its corollary effect, or byproduct, the underdevelopment of African societies. The trade in African flesh was at once the co-production of a geography of desire in which blackness is perpetually fungible at every scale, from the body to the nation-state to its soil—all treasures not simply for violation and exploitation, but more importantly, for accumulation and all manner of usage. The Liberian project elucidates this ongoing reality in distinctive ways—especially when we regard it through the lens of the millennium-plus paradigm of African enslavement. Conceptualizing slavery's “afterlife” entails exploring the ways that emancipation extended, not ameliorated, the chattel condition, and as such, impugns the efficacy of key analytic categories like “settler,” “native,” “labor,” and “freedom” when applied to black existence. Marronage, rather than colonization or emancipation, situates Liberia within the intergenerational struggle of, and over, black work against social death. Read as enslavement's conversion, this essay neither impugns nor heralds black action and leadership on the Liberian project at a particular historical moment, but rather agitates for centering black thought on the ongoing issue of black fungibility and social captivity that Liberia exemplifies. I argue that such a reading of Liberia presents a critique of both settler colonialism and of a certain conceptualization of the black radical tradition and its futures in heavily optimist, positivist, and political economic terms that are enjoying considerable favor in leading discourse on black struggle today.
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Stuhlträger, Julia, Ellen Schulz-Kornas, Ottmar Kullmer, Marcel M. Janocha, Roman M. Wittig, and Kornelius Kupczik. "Dental wear patterns reveal dietary ecology and season of death in a historical chimpanzee population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): e0251309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251309.

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Dental wear analyses have been widely used to interpret the dietary ecology in primates. However, it remains unclear to what extent a combination of wear analyses acting at distinct temporal scales can be beneficial in interpreting the tooth use of primates with a high variation in their intraspecific dietary ecology. Here, we combine macroscopic tooth wear (occlusal fingerprint analysis, long-term signals) with microscopic 3D surface textures (short-term signals) exploring the tooth use of a historical western chimpanzee population from northeastern Liberia with no detailed dietary records. We compare our results to previously published tooth wear and feeding data of the extant and continually monitored chimpanzees of Taї National Park in Ivory Coast. Macroscopic tooth wear results from molar wear facets of the Liberian population indicate only slightly less wear when compared to the Taї population. This suggests similar long-term feeding behavior between both populations. In contrast, 3D surface texture results show that Liberian chimpanzees have many and small microscopic wear facet features that group them with those Taї chimpanzees that knowingly died during dry periods. This coincides with historical accounts, which indicate that local tribes poached and butchered the Liberian specimens during dust-rich dry periods. In addition, Liberian females and males differ somewhat in their 3D surface textures, with females having more microscopic peaks, smaller hill and dale areas and slightly rougher wear facet surfaces than males. This suggests a higher consumption of insects in Liberian females compared to males, based on similar 3D surface texture patterns previously reported for Taї chimpanzees. Our study opens new options for uncovering details of feeding behaviors of chimpanzees and other living and fossil primates, with macroscopic tooth wear tracing the long-term dietary and environmental history of a single population and microscopic tooth wear addressing short-term changes (e.g. seasonality).
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Greer, Brenna W. "Selling Liberia: Moss H. Kendrix, the Liberian Centennial Commission, and the Post-World War II Trade in Black Progress." Enterprise & Society 14, no. 2 (June 2013): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/kht017.

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This article examines the activities of Moss H. Kendrix, a budding black entrepreneur and Public Relations Officer for the Centennial Commission of the Republic of Liberia, during the years immediately following World War II. To secure US investment in Liberia’s postwar development, Kendrix re-presented African Americans and Americo-Liberians as new markets valuable to US economic growth and national security. This article argues that his tactics advanced the global significance of black peoples as modern consumers and his worth as a black markets specialist, while simultaneously legitimating notions of progress that frustrated black claims for unconditional self-determination or first-class citizenship. Kendrix’s public relations work on behalf of Liberia highlights intersections between postwar black entrepreneurialism and politics and US foreign relations, as well as the globalization of US business and consumerism.
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38

Quest, Hendrik. "Reforming Masculinity? The SSR-Induced Change of Violence-Centred Masculinities in the Liberian Security Sector." Sicherheit, Militär und Geschlecht 29, no. 1-2020 (May 11, 2020): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/feminapolitica.v29i1.04.

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When it comes to understanding how peacebuilding affects violence-centred masculinities that emerge during civil wars, the literature on gender and post-conflict reconstruction reveals large gaps. To address this shortcoming, the article analyses the way in which security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia has changed institutional practices of masculinity within the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) and the Liberian National Police (LNP). Based on interviews conducted during field research in Monrovia in 2017 and the analysis of policy documents, the author shows that, indeed, SSR has contributed to a change of violence-centred masculinities in both institutions. Women are now, to some extent, accepted as part of both organisations. Sometimes they are even regarded as crucial for mission success. Institutionally, citizen orientation has replaced the practice to abuse civilians and, in the case of the AFL, there are now procedures in place that allow for a prosecution of sexual violence. The Liberian case shows that for changes to occur, especially disarmament and demobilisation, vetting, and the development and reinforcement of new institutional cultures via training and legislation are essential.
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Yoroms, Gani J. "ECOMOG and West African Regional Security: A Nigerian Perspective." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 21, no. 1-2 (1993): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700501681.

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For the first time in the history of Africa, a regional conflict, such as that in Liberia, has succeeded in producing an indigenous regional mechanism for conflict management. The conflict may not yet be resolved, but its management demands an in-depth understanding. This attempts an interpretation of the Liberian crisis from Nigeria’s perspective.
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40

Hart, William. "Liberian Chiefs' Horns Revisited." African Arts 47, no. 2 (June 2014): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00138.

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41

Lloyd, Robert. "Rebuilding the Liberian State." Current History 105, no. 691 (May 1, 2006): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.691.229.

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42

Clapham, Christopher, and Mark Huband. "The Liberian Civil War." International Journal of African Historical Studies 31, no. 1 (1998): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220899.

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43

KRÜGER, ANDREAS. "Notes on Afrotropical Enicocephalidae and Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with emphasis on vehicle-mounted net samples from Liberia, West Africa." Zootaxa 4688, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4688.2.4.

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Notes on the Enicocephalidae and Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) fauna in Liberia, sampled with various methods including a vehicle-mounted net, the species taxonomy and general distribution are presented, including 19 new country records. In addition, new country records are provided for Uganda, Togo, and Burkina Faso. Previously published Liberian records for 42 reduviids supplement the checklist.
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Botto, C., A. Escalante, M. Arango, and L. Yarzabal. "Morphological differences between Venezuelan and African microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus." Journal of Helminthology 62, no. 4 (December 1988): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00011755.

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AbstractComparative morphological and biometric characteristics of microfilariae of Onchocerca gutturosa and O. volvulus from different geographical areas (Upper Orinoco, Venezuela; Togo; Liberia) were assessed. “Stepwise” discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis estimators were applied to measure distance between populations. The results indicate a strong similarity between the two strains from the Upper Orinoco (Venezuela) and the Togo strain, as well as a clear separation between these strains and that of O. gutturosa. The Liberian strain was easily distinguishable from microfilariae from Togo and Venezuela. Discriminant analysis showed the Liberian deme to be as different from the Venezuelan and Togo demes as these demes were from microfilariae of the reference species, O. gutturosa. Although it is necessary to confirm these data using formalin-fixed specimens obtained from the skin, the present findings suggest the existence of geographically-different strains of O. volvulus in America and Africa.
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45

Graham, T. W. "(A343) Rebuilding Post Conflict Food Security in Liberia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s96—s97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1100327x.

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Liberia's 14 year civil war destroyed domestic agricultural production, veterinary and agricultural education, extension services and domestic food security. These losses severely limited domestic food production, and basic hygiene and sanitation: potable water, abattoirs, cold chain and food storage were greatly diminished. The average Liberian life expectancy fell from 45.8 in 1990 to 41.8 years presently. The population birth and death rate are two of the highest globally with a resulting population growth rate, of 2.7% per annum; this growth rate requires an immediate and concerted focus on domestic food production to alleviate nutritional inadequacy and hunger, trade imbalances and loss of foreign exchange credits. Food supply nationally is presumed adequate because of importation, though domestic production is inadequate. Unequal distribution precludes food security for all Liberians. Value chain augmentation, enhancing food availability across all sectors of Liberian society and ensuring distribution of a safe food supply needs critical development. Infant mortality remains one of the highest in the world (approximately 160/1000 births), much of which is attributed to food insecurity, food contamination and lack of uniformly available potable water. Recreation of Liberia's public health and food security requires redevelopment of disease monitoring and laboratory diagnostic capability to re-establish safe food production and handling practices across all sectors. This will allow determination of endemic disease burden for the principal livestock species: poultry, sheep, goats, cattle and swine. Creation of a national disease surveillance/monitoring system allows for targeted disease intervention, ensuring vaccination for correct serotypes and most critically prevalent diseases. Creation of community level training and support will target intervention of local diseases, but also allow for national prioritization of diseases. Targeting which are most prevalent or most likely to cause production limiting effects will require periodic surveillance, targeted vaccination, and chemotherapeutic intervention and evaluation of therapeutic success.
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46

Boye Dolo*, Alvin. "An Examination of the Role Female Traders Play in the Liberian Economy." Noble International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, no. 62 (March 3, 2021): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51550/nijefr.62.44.55.

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This study access the Investigation into the Involvement of Liberia Women in cross Border Trade at the Guinea Border with Liberia; 2014-2016.” The significance of the include: The research findings are of value to the various industries in the region that will have available information on the functions of the cross border trade. Government and policy makers. The study was carried out through a descriptive survey design. The target group for the purposes of this study was importers and exporters at border point. The study focused on female traders on the Liberia side of the border. The total population of the study is 500 registered female traders with a sample size of 70 respondents. The study used both primary and secondary data was used in this research. The study shows that 25 respondents representing 42% and all comprising of females in the study were between 30 – 39 years and another 16 respondents representing 26% and all comprising of female in the study were between 20– 29 years. The study shows that 30 respondents representing 50% in the study agreed that Liberia Females are involved in Traders at the border between Guinea and Liberia, 20 respondents representing 33% and all comprising of females in the study agreed that the involvement of Liberia Female Traders at the Liberian and Guinean has an impact on the development of trade at the Liberian and Guinean border. Base on the findings the researcher concludes that: The regional Governments have made considerable efforts in reducing the incentives to trade informally, by diminishing the costs of formal importing/ exporting; enhancing compliance levels with existing regulations; and improving trading opportunities and services for traders in the formal sector. The study recommends that: 1) Formulation of the Customs Management Act, the Customs Management Regulations outlining standard forms and fees payable across the region. 2) Simplifying and reducing documentation.
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Kanagasabai, Udhayashankar, Kayla Enriquez, Richard Gelting, Paul Malpiedi, Celina Zayzay, James Kendor, Shirley Fahnbulleh, et al. "The Impact of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Improvements on Hand Hygiene at Two Liberian Hospitals during the Recovery Phase of an Ebola Epidemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073409.

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Fourteen years of civil war left Liberia with crumbling infrastructure and one of the weakest health systems in the world. The 2014–2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak exposed the vulnerabilities of the Liberian health system. Findings from the EVD outbreak highlighted the lack of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, exacerbated by a lack of essential services such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities. The objective of this intervention was to improve IPC practice through comprehensive WASH renovations conducted at two hospitals in Liberia, prioritized by the Ministry of Health (MOH). The completion of renovations was tracked along with the impact of improvements on hand hygiene (HH) practice audits of healthcare workers pre- and post-intervention. An occurrence of overall HH practice was defined as the healthcare worker practicing compliant HH before and after the care for a single patient encounter. Liberia Government Hospital Bomi (LGH Bomi) and St. Timothy Government Hospital (St. Timothy) achieved World Health Organization (WHO) minimum global standards for environmental health in healthcare facilities as well as Liberian national standards. Healthcare worker (HCW) overall hand hygiene compliance improved from 36% (2016) to 89% (2018) at LGH Bomi hospital and from 86% (2016) to 88% (2018) at St. Timothy hospital. Improved WASH services and IPC practices in resource-limited healthcare settings are possible if significant holistic WASH infrastructure investments are made in these settings.
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Gobewole, Stephen H. "Neopatrimonialism: The Immense Power of Appointment of the Liberian Presidency." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 3, no. 2 (October 14, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v3i2.5044.

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This study examines important factors of disenfranchisement of political subdivisions in Liberia, especially counties and districts due largely to the presidential power of appointment. The study analyzes survey, empirical, and constitutional amendment data gathered by Afrobarometer (Round 7 Survey), election statistics, and public officials’ appointment information. It then correlates associations between the number of county executives, presidential tenure, and referendum approvals to demonstrate a diminishment of democracy due to denying citizens’ right to vote for their local leaders. This has resulted from a gradual enhancement of the Liberian president’s power of appointment, which developed neopatrimonialism in Liberia and continues to foster a patronage system of governance that increases public corruption, a practice that has minimized state capacity, fostered state instability, and raised the potential for conflict.
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Everill, Bronwen. "‘Destiny seems to point me to that country’: early nineteenth-century African American migration, emigration, and expansion." Journal of Global History 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000581.

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AbstractTraditional American historiography has dismissed the Liberian settlement scheme as impractical, racist, and naïve. The movement of Americans to Liberia, and other territorial and extraterritorial destinations, however, reveals the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors that influenced movement in the African diaspora. The reaction of different African Americans to these factors influenced the political and social development of Liberia as well as the colony's image at home. Africans migrating within and beyond US borders participated in a broader movement of people and the development of settler ideology in the nineteenth century.
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Rösch, Ricarda. "A New Era of Customary Property Rights? – Liberia’s Land and Forest Legislation in Light of the Indigenous Right to Self-Determination." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 52, no. 4 (2019): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2019-4-439.

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After the end of Liberia’s civil war in 2003, the country embarked upon the reform of its forest and land legislation. This culminated in the adoption of the 2009 Community Rights Law with Respect to Forest Lands and the 2018 Land Rights Act, which NGOs and donors have described as being amongst the most progressive laws in sub-Saharan Africa with regard to the recognition of customary land tenure. Given these actors commitment to human rights, this article takes the indigenous right to self-determination as a starting point for analysing customary property rights and their implementation in Liberia. This includes the examination of the Liberian concept of the 1) recognition and nature of customary land rights, 2) customary ownership of natural resources, 3) jurisdiction over customary land, 4) the prohibition of forcible removal, and 5) the right to free, prior and informed consent.
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